Academic literature on the topic 'Dwellings – Foundations'
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Journal articles on the topic "Dwellings – Foundations"
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Irvine, J. D., and Geoff C. Thomas. "Adequacy of existing house foundations for resisting earthquakes." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 41, no. 1 (March 31, 2008): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.41.1.31-37.
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The past performance of foundations in earthquakes for timber dwellings prompted a practical investigation into the adequacy of existing sub-floor bracing, connection capacity and the overall adherence to NZS3604:1999. Using information gathered from a sample of 80 Wellington dwellings and by using the results from an Earthquake Loss modeller, it was found that the cost of upgrading “at risk” foundations is almost 30 times less expensive than the complete cost of rebuilding dwellings. Potential damage mitigation saves around 5 times the calculated total damage costs. This saving has the potential to reduce temporary shelter costs and other large unknown costs of post-earthquake rehabilitation and reconstruction.
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Omoniyi, Sunday Samuel, Bashir Olufemi Odufuwa, and Festus Osarumwense Uzzi. "Residents’ Perception of Housing Quality Index for Dwellings’ Physical Characteristics in the Core Area of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria." Jurnal Kejuruteraan 34, no. 2 (March 30, 2022): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2022-34(2)-05.
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This study examines residents’ perception of housing quality index for dwellings’ physical characteristics in the core area Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria, South-west Nigeria. A survey of 602 households randomly selected from the core area was done. The results of the study revealed that more than half of the respondents indicated that the present condition of the dwellings components like (roofs, walls, windows, floors, foundations and fascia boards) in the study area was in a very bad state. Subsequently, housing quality index (H.Q.I) for the entire sample was evaluated and the housing quality indexes results were found to be below average (fair) using a five-point Likert scale, starting from very bad (rated as 1), fair (rated as 3) to very good (rated as 5) to calculate the total weighted values of all rated attributes and means values of rated attributes in the study area. Surveyed results have shown significant deterioration in quality of dwellings components in the core area, due to age of buildings and lack of maintenance. The study concluded that there is an urgent need to replace the bad dwellings components, build new structures, provides basic amenities like electricity, pipe-borne water, roads/drainages and to refurbish the existing ones to ensure that the residents do not lack all these amenities.
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Beisenov, Arman Ziyadenovich. "Round dwellings of the saka epoch." Samara Journal of Science 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201761202.
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Based on the excavation materials from the settlement Tuyetas studied by the author on the territory of Karaganda Region, the characteristics of such a type of Saka dwellings as round houses are considered. According to archaeological research, on the territory of Kazakhstan rounded frame dwellings, along with rectangular, were commonly widespread in the Bronze Age. The frame house with round plan is known from the materials of Saka time Zhetysu (settlement Butakty-1). On the settlement Tuyetas on the excavated area of 408 square meters the remains of foundations of round houses and two annexes were revealed. The author suggests that it was the house of the yurt-shaped form with a powerful stone base with a minimum width of 1 m and a wooden top. The construction with the overall diameter of about 13 m had several rooms, extensive grounds which were also made of stone. One round room with a diameter of about 3-3,5 m was in the centre. Wooden poles on the frame walls of the room at the same time supported the upper structure of the house. Houses of round plan were opened at the Saka settlement Sarybuyrat, located near the settlement of Tuyetas. This type of construction is recorded in a number of other not yet studied settlements in Central Kazakhstan. The study of Saka settlements in Central Kazakhstan is at the initial stage. The source base should be broadened for a comprehensive analysis of many aspects, including features and types of dwellings.
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Hao, Yan’e, and Yongqiang Lan. "Study on Mechanical Calculation Model of Arch Ring in Freestanding Stone Cave-Dwelling." Sustainability 15, no. 12 (June 14, 2023): 9545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15129545.
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The freestanding stone cave-dwelling is a kind of arched and sheltered house built with stones in the Loess Plateau region of northwest China. Amazingly, before construction, this kind of cave-dwelling was not formally calculated and designed in theory, but only built on the experience passed down by predecessors. The arch ring is the main load-bearing component of the freestanding stone cave-dwelling, through which the upper loads are transmitted to the legs on the left and right sides of the cave-dwelling and then to the foundations. Therefore, it is a prerequisite to ensure the safety of cave dwellings by adopting a reasonable and accurate mechanical calculation model for the arch ring of a stone cave-dwelling to reveal the distribution of internal forces in the arch ring and scientifically design the arch ring accordingly. Three mechanical calculation models (structural calculation diagrams) are adopted for the arch ring of stone cave-dwelling, namely, hingeless arch, two-hinged arch, and three-hinged arch. Based on the force equilibrium and the force method from the structure mechanics, the formulae for calculating the internal force of the stone arch ring under these three different mechanical calculation models are derived respectively. The mechanical calculation results of three calculation models are compared and analyzed to clarify the difference and rationality of the stress results of the arch ring under the three mechanical calculation models and the degree of influence on the force of the lower cave-dwelling leg members. Lastly, in accordance with the internal force calculation results, the calculation formulae for the design of the arch ring thickness are proposed. The study shows that the hingeless arch and two-hinged arch models are more consistent with the actual failure characteristics, two-hinged arch calculation model is safer, more accu-rate, and more reliable than the hingeless arch calculation model when it is used in the mechanical analysis of circular arc arch ring. The findings are intended to serve as theoretical references for the design and construction, protection and reinforcement, and sustainable development and inheritance of cave dwellings in the future.
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Kriswandhono, Albertus, and Dwi Yani Yuniawati Umar. "Etno-Arsitektur Umpak-Umpak Batu Tinggalan Budaya Megalitik Masa Protohistori di Lembah Behoa, Kabupaten Poso, Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah." KALPATARU 31, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.55981/kpt.2022.2335.
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Several structural stones were discovered during research in 1995 – 2004 in Behoa Valley that, if a line is drawn, would form a rectangular polygon with two types of stone, large and small. In 2013, researchers conducted an ethno-architectural study at three megalithic cultural heritage sites in Hanggira Village. The aim is to find out the function of these structured stones. From the results of the ethno-architecture analysis, these structured stones are umpak foundations from dwellings or residential places (Tambi) or places to store special goods or agricultural products (Buho). There is no absolute chronology in the context of the structured stones in the form of umpak foundations. However, from the age of the site, it is expected that these stone umpak foundations had been used since the beginning of the AD century (early metal period) to the protohistoric period.
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Takaya, Kazuki, Kazuto Ota, Cem Yenidogan, Takehiro Takahashi, Shohei Yamada, Hisatoshi Kashiwa, Yosuke Kawamata, Kazuhiro Hayashi, and Takuya Nagae. "Comprehensive wood dwelling tests for Post‐and‐Beam and Shear‐Wall structures reflecting foundation boundaries." Earthquake Engineering and Resilience 3, no. 1 (March 2024): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eer2.66.
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AbstractThis paper focuses on the ultimate state of three‐story wood dwellings with high aspect ratios, which are increasing in Japan's urban areas. Using shaking table test results from the 2019 full‐scale shaking table test, a comprehensive study is conducted on the accuracy of evaluating ultimate state through the story shear failure mode at the first story, the tension fracture mode at the wall base of the first story, and foundation sliding mode on the soil. Methods evaluating the dynamic response behaviors of the building systems are also investigated. In the test, the current Japanese seismic design guidelines were applied, and two Grade‐3 buildings were prepared. One adopted the Post‐and‐Beam structure (A‐building), and the other the Shear‐Wall structure (B‐building). A series of tests planned very different physical boundary conditions surrounding their reinforced concrete (RC) mat foundations. The sills, column bases and wall bases of the upper wood structures were anchored to the RC foundations by steel anchor bolts, according to the current Allowable Stress Design (ASD) requirements. In the first stage, A‐building equipped a Base‐Isolation system, while B‐building represented a generic foundation constructed on a 1.5 m‐height real soil ground by preparing a rigid soil box (Foundation‐Soil system). In the second stage of A‐building and B‐building, the foundation was firmly fixed (Fixed‐Foundation system), and shaking table motions were fully applied to the foundations. The entire test system was setup on the large shaking table facility at E‐Defense, and a series of tests were conducted using JMA‐Kobe motion and JR‐Takatori motion recorded in the 1995 Kobe earthquake as Maximum‐Considered‐Earthquake motions. Confirmed was the change in the structural mechanism due to the upper structural systems and the foundation boundaries. Regarding the upper wood structure performance in the Fixed‐Foundation system, a story shear failure mode was observed at the first story in A‐building, while a tension fracture mode at the base of the first story in B‐building. This difference of failure mode is difficult to determine with ASD. The maximum strength were more than four times higher than the ASD base shear force. Tension fracture capacity at the wall base was mainly enhanced by the presence of the steel anchor bolts. Regarding the foundation performance in Foundation‐Soil system of B‐building, a horizontal displacement up to 240 mm was observed between the foundation and soil when JMA‐Kobe 100% was applied. A response reduction effect was observed in the upper wood structure, similar to the Base‐Isolation system of A‐building. The initial friction and cyclic friction strength capacities between the foundation and soil were quantitatively evaluated considering the horizontal two‐directional sliding. The representative test results were converted to the corresponding SDOF systems based on the first mode response assessment. In the Fixed‐Foundation system, the dynamic response characteristics of the upper wood structures were properly represented using Ibarra‐Medina‐Krawinkler pinching model in the equivalent SDOF system.
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Swedjemark, G. A. "Search for Buildings with High Radon Levels in Sweden: Measurements Carried out by Local Authorities in Both Older and Newly Built Homes." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 24, no. 1-4 (August 1, 1988): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a080311.
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Abstract Local authorities in Sweden have made about 58,000 radon daughter measurements with the following aims: (1) to search for houses with high radon daughter levels, (2) to determine the level above which the house would be regarded as an insanitary dwelling, and (3) to check that the radon daughter concentrations in newly built houses are below the established limit. The sampling of dwellings is therefore not representative for Swedish homes. 5300 homes were found to have levels above the limit 400 Bq.m-3 EER. The highest level found was 28,000 Bq.m-3. In about one third of the homes found to have levels exceeding the limit, measures had been carried out to decrease the radon daughter concentration. About half of the homes in which the levels were decreased had levels below the limit for rebuilding, e.g. 200 Bq.m-3. Measurements in order to ascertain levels in newly built houses were made in about 1100 homes out of 200,000 built since 1981 which was the year in which requirements for newly built houses came into force. Of those built with radon-safe or radon-protective foundations, 94% had concentrations below the 70 Bq.m-3 EER limit, compared to 80% for traditional building techniques.
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S., Tataurov, and Tikhonov S. "Archaeological Heritage of the Town Tara." Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 33, no. 2 (2021): 146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2021)33(2).-08.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of archaeological materials obtained during the excavations of the Tara fortress / town Tara by Omsk archaeologists. In the more than four-meter cultural layer, seven building horizons have been preserved, in which all of its history has been contained. The peculiarities of the cultural layer contributed to the unique preservation of large objects (dwellings, outbuildings, defensive structures, pavements), as well as cultural and household items made of leather (shoes, belts, covers), wood (plates and cups, tues, whorls, shovels). Perfectly preserved foundations of churches and lower crowns (up to the ninth) of fortress and prison towers, powder magazines, lower crowns of huts with furniture and stoves make it possible not only to study data on material culture not reflected in written materials, but to raise the question of creating museum complexes «under open air», combining them with full-fledged reconstruction of these buildings. The temples of the 18th — 19th centuries, of which only one has survived, and are still known from excavations of foundations, merchant mansions and residential buildings of the late 19th century complement archaeological materials and allow studying the culture of the Tara population for four centuries. Keywords: Western Siberia, Tara, Russian archaeology, historical cities
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Day, Linda L. "Vernacular Houses in Nineteenth-Century California." California History 101, no. 3 (2024): 27–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2024.101.3.27.
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Colonists and settlers of nineteenth-century California built simple houses with available materials and skills. This bounded case study of selected Northern California houses for artisans, agriculture workers, shopkeepers, public servants, gold diggers, and industrial workers is informed by Dell Upton’s vernacular housing studies. It explains how specific regional contexts influenced local dwelling design, construction, and amenities, while acknowledging that housing was a part of larger economic, transportation, and information networks. Early Spanish/Mexican pueblo (town) and rancho (cattle ranch) adobes were typically one-room buildings with thatched roofs, dirt floors, and few windows. Construction of adobes was time-consuming and produced high-maintenance structures better suited to Southern California than to the high-rainfall, forested landscapes to which the Gold Rush drew American and international settlers. These newcomers sought shelter in tents or in crudely constructed log- and wood-frame dwellings. As the cultural context evolved from Spanish/Mexican to American/Northern European dominance, trade and immigration increased, with adobe and wood-frame builders taking advantage of the transition from an economy controlled by Spain and Mexico to one shaped by international market forces. Increased economic prosperity, the emergence of a California merchant class, industrialization of lumber production, the arrival of immigrants with building skills, and the growing availability of new and readily available building materials improved California’s housing stock. Interspersed among crude frontier shelters came adobes with stone foundations, wood floors, and interior fireplaces, and redwood cottages framed of dimensional, sawmill-cut lumber. By the end of the nineteenth century, wood structures outnumbered those of adobe. While wood prevailed as a structural material, builders often reproduced the form, massing, and style of earlier adobes, as expressed in the California ranch houses that were twentieth-century America’s most popular housing style.
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Yu., Elikhina. "The Finds from Mezhegey Settlement (Republic of Tyva), Stored in the State Hermitage." Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 33, no. 1 (2021): 162–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2021)33(1).-10.
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The article describes a small collection of finds from the Mezhegei settlement with the total of 105 items which were included in the collection of the State Hermitage in 1987. The artifacts were discovered by the Tuvan archaeological expedition of Moscow State University under the leadership of L. R. Kyzlasov in 1960. The excavations showed that the buildings of the settlement were constructed in the architectural traditions of the 11th — 13th centuries. Local builders used a frame, the foundations were made of large adobe bricks, the dwellings were heated with kangs, massive bases for columns were preserved, the roof was tiled, there were many bas-reliefs to decorate the walls and the ridge of the roof. The settlement was the remains of a Mongolian city founded in the first half of the 13th century with the area of about twenty-five hectares. There were many buildings in the city, the remains of a rampart and other structures have been preserved. The finds, according to the inventories, come from a Buddhist temple and stupa. These are mainly architectural decorations, tiles and gray clay ceramics. The article describes five findings from the Mezhegey Settlement. Keywords: Mezhegey settlement, archaeology, tiles, architectural fragments
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Dwellings – Foundations"
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Eriksson, Albin. "Två rum och kök : En jämförande studie om medeltida bokultur på Gotlands landsbygd." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Arkeologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-295832.
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Medieval dwelling houses of a similar type have been documented on Gotland in archaeological investigations. They all have common planning, a rectangular house foundation divided into two rooms and a square-shaped fireplace which is located in one of the corners. In this study the aim is to find out when this type of building was first introduced on Gotland as well as why it was adopted. Another aim is to compare the gotlandic houses with similar buildings from other places in Scandinavia? The method used to answer these questions consists of a comparison between visually similar houses from Gotland and the mainland based on orientation, dimensions, construction and dating. The comparison shows that the majority of the foundations investigated frequently are oriented west east, that the average dimensions are approximately 8 × 6 m and that the houses approximately can be dated between the 12th and 13th century.
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Julínek, Dan. "Horský penzion s restaurací." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226682.
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This thesis deals with newly built detached house of a mountain boarding house with a restaurants. The building is designed in the town of Loučná above Desna River in the Šumperk district, on plot No. 134 /21, 134/22 , 134/23 on the cadastral territory Kociánov . The built-up area of the site is 383 m2 . The mountain guest house has two floors, partial basement, and an attic. In the first ground floor, there is an entrance with a reception area, a restaurant with an entrance to the summer garden, guest toilet, kitchen, food and beverage storage rooms, changing rooms, and toilets combined with showers for employees. In the second floor, the guest rooms with private bathrooms, bed linen storage room, and the manager’s office are designed. In the basement, there is a utility room , workshop, ski and shoe depot rooms , a utility room , a storage for non- perishable food, and a garage. The building is based on the foundation walls of concrete C20/25, perimeter load-bearing walls in the basement are of BTB fittings, and other vertical supporting as well as the non-bearing structures are from Porotherm construction system. Ceilings are made of pre-bound concrete panels Goldback . The staircase is made of prefabricated stair parts. The roof is gabled with a construction of hambalek system at an inclination of 40 ° with a metal covering Lindab.
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Krejsa, Jan. "Bytový dům." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227600.
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Diploma thesis "Block of flats" is processed in the form of project documentation for the construction, according to valid standards and regulations. Residential house is designed as a four-storey building with warm flat roof. It is a detached house on flat terrain. There is a workshop, storage and technical facilities of the building on the first floor, in the other floors are located 8 dwelling units. The whole building is made of the sand-lime brick blocks and reinforced concrete ceilings. The building is based on reinforced concrete strip foundations. Material and structural solutions were chosen so that the object is approaching to the passive standard. The project also includes specialization of the diploma thesis processing at the Institute of building services
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Kolesa, Jiří. "Polyfunkční dům ve Strakonicích." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-265574.
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The subject of this thesis is the design and project documentation of a new multifunctional house in Strakonice. The building has four floors, without basement, and is located on a slightly sloping land in the suburban part of the town of Strakonice. It is based on shallow foundations and covered with a flat roof. It is a transverse wall structural system, build with clay block masonry, with the semi-assembled ceiling structures of ceramic and concrete beams and inserts. It is conceived as a double-aisle layout. The ground floor of each wing consists of the establishment of shops and house facilities. The overground floors are designed as six residential units of varying size category. Both tracts have separate entrances to both the residential portion and to individual businesses. The building is designed from traditional building materials. In addition to the architectural construction and civil-engineering design, a part of this project is also a fire safety design and an assessment from the perspective of building physics.
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Štěrba, Marek. "Sadová, Bytový dům M1 - stavebně technologický projekt." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-372154.
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The aim of the diploma thesis is construction-technological project of the whole construction focusing on the main building object - Apartment building, which is based on large-diameter drilling piles. The basis of the work is the budget of the main building and its timetable. Part of the thesis is a solution of organization of construction and design of building site equipment, technological regulation of selected activities, quality control and solution of transport relations including oversized transport. In addition, the design of the machine assembly, assessment of lifting mechanisms, safety and health protection and protection of the environment are solved.
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CHENG, SHIANG-WEI, and 鄭翔瑋. "Effects of Foundation Training and elastic band exercise training on Functional Fitness Performance in Community-Dwelling Older Adults." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ecgt65.
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碩士國立中正大學
運動競技系運動與休閒教育研究所
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Background: The aging of the population has become the trend of developing countries in the world, but the aging has brought the elderly physiological function degradation, increased incidence of chronic disease and increased risk of falling; resulting in the loss of daily living function of the elderly. The elderly physical condition is longevity but not healthy, and the costs of medical or social has become a heavy burden on governments. So that the various social problems caused by aging are becoming important issues for all developed countries. Muscle strength is very important for elderly adults. Muscle strength is not only could decrease muscle mass lose, low density of bone mass and poor circulation of vein due to aging, but also improve ability of activity, balance and gait for elderly adults. Purposes: The purpose of this study that combine preventive medicine, exercise science and health promotion, and development of an effective foundation training and elastic band training program to promote the functional fitness of elderly people in the community. In the future, the course will become a reference to elderly in the community and institutions. There is the contribution of health promotion. Methods: The subjects were healthy middle-aged people aged over 65 years, 8 weeks of foundation training and elastic band training, observe the performance on the functional fitness in the elderly adults in the community. Results: 1. The intervention of foundation training course for the elderly in the community in the upper and lower muscle strength before and after the test has made significant progress. 2. The intervention of elastic band training course for the elderly in the community in the lower limb flexibility and grip strength pre and post-test has made significant progress. Conclusions: Through effective foundation training and elastic band training, integrated group resistanse exercise program training could enhance upper and lower body strength, and grip strength, in turn. These results suggest that foundation training and elastic band training are needed to promote increased in physical activity participation for more elderly communities for a bigger population of rural older adults. This study provides evidence for the future study of preventive medicine in rural community elderly.
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Cairns, Joseph. "Aging in seniors' multiple housing in the Vancouver area : a comparative study of three organizations." Thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/1284.
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The intention of this thesis is to provide observations and concepts for those persons concerned with the delivery of seniors' living arrangements, which may contribute in the planning and operation of these facilities. The thesis first looks at the topic of aging-in-place from a broad context using Lawton's ecological housing model as a framework. It consists of four separate interrelated categories: the macrosystem, the exosystem, the microsystem and the individual. At the macro level, demographic trends suggest that future needs for supportive environments will be high among the older seniors group. Assisting aging-in-place will offset increasing health care costs. At the exosystem level, remaining in one's neighbourhood is both desired by and supportive of seniors aging-in-place. Avoiding the negative effects of institutionalization further supports the argument for aging-in-place. The competence/press model is a useful means of conceptualizing changing needs of seniors as they age-in-place at the micro level. At the individual level, a typology of competencies is introduced along with a discussion on control theory. The need to provide environments which maintain and enhance all the competencies is suggested. Next, the case studies investigate whether aging-in-place in seniors' multiple housing projects is occurring and whether there are differences by building type (high/low rise) or by organization. Case studies of three seniors housing organizations are presented; New Vista Society (NVS), British Columbia Housing Foundation (BCHF), and British Columbia Housing Management Corporation (BCHMC). Data on median age of tenants, duration of stay, original to total tenants, sex distribution, age subgroups, tenant replacement rate and proportion of couples to all tenants are analysed. Case study findings indicate that the median age of tenants remained almost constant over the study period. Distinct differences in median age are evident by organization. The relationship of aging-in-place to building type is not significant, although in low rise buildings the median age was lower. Of the four key variables analysed, differences in median age of tenants by organisation are best explained by differences in median age of replacement tenants. The proportion of tenants in the older seniors age subgroup increased substantially with only small increases in median age across the six buildings studied. BCHMC had a substantially lower median age of tenants and also a much lower proportion of older seniors than the other two organizations. The evidence suggests that the differences are likely due to policies being more formally applied by BCHMC than by NVS or BCHF. The fact that there are higher median ages at NVS and BCHF, suggests that tenants could be kept longer by BCHMC. Recommendations include the utilization of an accommodating model in programming seniors housing; relaxation of BCHMC housing policy in relationship to tenant admissions and separations; standardization of record keeping by agencies responsible for the delivery of seniors living environments, and an interdisciplinary approach in the delivery of seniors living environments. The need to study where tenants move to after leaving seniors' multiple housing was identified. In closing, the merits of the Abbeyfield housing model are discussed in relation to the thesis findings. It is suggested that this model will gain in popularity in meeting the challenge of providing appropriate living environments for aging-in-place.
Books on the topic "Dwellings – Foundations"
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Carr, Jim K. Residential foundations. Washington: National Association of Home Builders, 1999.
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Vivian, Powell Michael John, and National House-Building Council, eds. Registered house-builder's foundations manual: Preventing foundation failures in new dwellings. London: National House-Building Council, 1988.
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Corporation, Meridian Education. Foundations. Lawrenceville, NJ: Meridian Education Corporation, 2005.
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Grahame, Russell G. Building damage due to ground movement. Beckenham: STEM Systems Ltd, 1996.
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Lstiburek, Joseph W. Water management guide. 3rd ed. Westford, MA: Building Science Press Inc., 2006.
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Massachusetts. General Court. Senate. Committee on Post Audit and Oversight. A crack in the foundation: Unlicensed home inspectors in Massachusetts. [Boston, Mass.]: The Committee, 1998.
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C, Driscoll R. M., Littlejohn G. S, Institution of Civil Engineers, and Building Research Establishment, eds. Has your house got cracks?: A homeowner's guide to subsidence and heave damage. 2nd ed. London: Institution of Civil Engineers and Building Research Establishment, 2002.
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S, Littlejohn G., Driscoll R. M. C, Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain), and Building Research Establishment, eds. Has your house got cracks?: A guide to subsidence and heave of buildings on clay. London: Institution of Civil Engineers, 1994.
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ltd, Buchan Lawton Parent, and Ontario Research Foundation, eds. Cellulose Insulation Manufacturers' Association of Canada developmental house monitoring: Prepared for the Ontario Research Foundation. Ottawa: Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, 1988.
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1947-, Führ Eduard, and Heidegger Martin 1889-1976, eds. Bauen und Wohnen: Martin Heideggers Grundlegung einer Phänomenologie der Architektur = Building and dwelling : Martin Heidegger's foundation of a phenomenology of architecture. Münster: Waxmann, 2000.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Dwellings – Foundations"
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Tanner, A., and H. J. Craig. "A case study of the effects of unsuitable foundations for residential dwellings constructed on collapsing sands and the remedial measures required." In Geotechnics in the African Environment, 367–73. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203753330-54.
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"Jamaica Triumphant (1937): Daniel Lord, Pageantry, and the Foundations of Jamaican National Theater." In Crossings and Dwellings, 454–95. BRILL, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004340299_013.
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"Unstable Foundations." In Building and Dwelling, 21–62. Yale University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/jj.5666735.5.
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Magalhães, Fernanda, Diego Machado, and Manuela Martins. "A casa romana na Hispânia: aplicação dos modelos itálicos nas províncias ibéricas." In Arqueologia em Portugal 2020 - Estado da Questão - Textos, 1221–33. Associação dos Arqueólogos Portugueses e CITCEM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21747/978-989-8970-25-1/arqa88.
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The model of the italic house was spread since the end of the 2st century BC, from the Iberian Levant, gradually expanding into the territories of the interior of the Iberian Peninsula, eventually becoming generalized in the context of the new urban foundations that will take place after the end of the Cantabrian wars. Thus, it is possible to verify that, from Augustus, the different regions of Hispania will know a broad process of cultural standardization of elite urban dwellings, in which the dissemination of an architectural language, quite flexible, is recognized, which takes advantage of a lexicon of forms, originally developed in Italy, although some of its traits go back to the Hellenistic traditions of the East. An unprecedented process of broad cultural standardization begins.
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"2 Unstable Foundations." In Building and Dwelling, 21–62. Yale University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/9780300274769-003.
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Masson, Marilyn A., and Carlos Peraza Lope. "Animal Consumption at the Monumental Center of Mayapán." In Archaeology of Mesoamerican Animals, 233–79. Lockwood Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5913/2013055.ch09.
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Patterns of animal use in central political and religious buildings at the Postclassic Maya political capital of Mayapán reveal the value of staple and exotic faunal resources that linked the foundations of daily subsistence to rites practiced by the most prestigious and powerful members of the city. We review evidence for the widespread use of white-tailed deer and turkey at individual buildings and architectural groups of site center and nearby dwellings, and also variable patterns of the use of dog, brocket deer, and iguana, along with a range of other more uncommon fauna. We provide an archaeological perspective that complements rich Contact-period accounts of use of animals in rituals of sacrifice and other ceremonious events. The inclusion of deer bones as mortuary offerings and the representation of ani- mals in sculptural form provide further indicators of the symbolic value of animal resources to the city’s economy, politics, and religion.
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Barton, Christopher P. "The Davis Home." In Archaeology of Race and Class at Timbuctoo, 69–80. University Press of Florida, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813069272.003.0005.
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This chapter focuses on the architecture, construction, and building materials of the Davis home. The architecture of the Davis home, a 12 x 16 plan resting atop a brick pier foundation, is compared to two contemporaneous dwellings from New Jersey. The construction of the home is a result of William Davis’s experience as a brickyard worker. Through experimental archaeology the reader comes to understand that even though the Davis foundation of poor-quality brick that it still offered the best possible materials for a family of limited economic means. This chapter takes a unique approach to interpreting the effects of poverty on people’s homes.
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Guha, Malini. "Global Paris: Topographies and Dwelling Spaces." In From Empire to the World. Edinburgh University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748656462.003.0002.
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This chapter explores the film Deux ou trois choses que je sais d'elle (1967) and discusses how its staging of the spatial dynamics of the modernized post-war Paris lays a foundation for the analysis of topographical space and dwelling space. It establishes the concept of “network narrative,” which, when subjected to particular modes of reconfiguration, tells a series of migrant narratives that bring the past and present together through encounters and collisions. The network narrative, as rendered in its modernist, art cinema form, gives rise to an exorbitant experience of the global city. This exorbitance becomes a way of grasping the kinds of relationships between the imperial past and the global present as they emerge through distinctly topographical means.
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"7. The Dwelling of the Light and the Paths to Its Home: Winds, Ocean Currents, and the Global Energy Balance." In Foundations of the Earth, 153–82. Columbia University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/shug16908-007.
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"A Short History of Well-Being in Interiors." In Advances in Media, Entertainment, and the Arts, 28–51. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4231-6.ch002.
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Although well-being studies started in the psychological field (1961) when well-being was discussed in terms of “the good life,” the concept dates back to ancient times from Aristotle's idea of eudaimonia to the human-centered understanding of the Renaissance. During the last decades, different studies focused on social, physiological, and psychological impacts of the dwelling and the neighborhood, and some even applied neurosciences to architecture. The contribution of studies carried in healthcare contexts has been crucial, as well as experimental results in workplaces, but also biologists, psychologists, and sociologists supported theory and practice, starting from the 1960s. Nevertheless, the specific role of architecture and interior space has been quite under-evaluated. This chapter aims to discuss the foundations of the concept of living well evaluating the understanding of “space for human well-being” in different cultural contexts at different times.
Conference papers on the topic "Dwellings – Foundations"
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А А, Завойкин А. А., and В. Д. Кузнецов. "THE CHRONOLOGY OF AN ARCHAIC DWELLING IN PHANAGORIA." In Hypanis. Труды отдела классической археологии ИА РАН. Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2020.978-5-94375-324-4.129-140.
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Раскопки на «Верхнем городе» Фанагории в последние полтора десятилетия открыли на площади более 3 тыс. м 2 остатки городской застройки позднеархаического – раннеклассического времени. На протяжении примерно столетия этот район, обжитой с момента основания апойкии (ок. 540 гг. до н. э.), пережил по крайней мере дважды события катастрофического характера: в 480 г. и в середине 5 в. до н. э. его постройки были полностью разрушены, по всей видимости, в результате военных действий. В то же время, в истории некоторых зданий (как общественных, так и частных) выделяется три периода. Первый из них завершился пожаром на рубеже первой и второй четверти 5 в. до н. э., а последний – пожаром середины того же столетия. В разработке вопросов хронологии событий важную роль здесь играет анализ наиболее массового датирующего материала – тарных амфор. И особое значение имеет тщательное изучение состава комплексов находок этой категории, стратиграфически связанных с моментами строительства зданий или их разрушения. В настоящей заметке рассматривается один из таких комплексов, происходящий из здания (839), построенного еще в 6 в. до н. э. и разрушенного в 480 г. до н. э., над остатками которого в дальнейшем были последовательно возведены два более поздних дома, последний из которых не пережил события середины 5 в. до н. э. In the last fifteen years, excavations at the Upper City of Phanagoria on the area of over three thousand square meters brought to light plenty of remains of late archaic and early classical city structures. In the course of about a hundred years this area, which had been settled starting from the very foundation of the apoikia (ca. 540 B. C.), went through at least two catastrophic events. In 480 B. C. and in the middle of the 5th century B. C. its structures were totally demolished, most probably – by some military activities. At the same time, in the history of certain buildings (both public and private) three periods can be distinguished. The first one was terminated by a fire that hit the city between the first and the second quarters of the 5th century B. C.; the last one – by a similar fire of the middle of the same century. The analysis of the most numerous dating material – transport amphorae – is crucial for the development of the chronology of these events. Special attention here should be given to the groups of these objects associated with the times when the buildings were constructed or destroyed. The present article considers one such group originating from building No. 839, constructed in the 6th century B. C. and demolished in 480 B. C. Two later buildings were subsequently erected above its ruins, the last one perished in the middle of the 5th century B. C.
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Teixeira, Maria Cristina Villefort, Marieta Cardoso Maciel, and Staël Alvarenga Pereira Costa. "The role of the plot in engendering environmental quality: from unplanned favelas to the planned subdivisions of new blocks." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5966.
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This work discusses the importance of the site in the morphological structuring of urban centres. Studies on the implantation of the city of Belo Horizonte, located in the state of Minas Gerais Brazil, show that the occupation of the city occurred initially in the valleys. This was due to the favourable conditions of the topography, which allowed an orthogonal layout in the central area. In spite of this, since the city’s foundation, the most rugged areas have been occupied by favelas, whose layout differed from the dominant pattern. As flat areas became scarce, the hilly regions, possessing long strips of land, were also subdivided and exploited due to their substantially lower land prices. Although the favelas sprung up spontaneously and the new settlements were planned, both had similarities in the layout of the streets which were adjusted to the steep contours and the geological conditions of the terrain. At the same time, the plot defined another configuration in the subdivisions, in which the building was occupied by only a single family and, in most cases, the building was separated from the street by high walls. As a consequence, the relationship between public and private space became severely compromised. In the case of the favelas, the formal inexistence of the plot is demonstrated in the juxtaposition of the dwellings, in which each residence is constructed above another in extremely confined space. The relationship with the street also differs in these places, since the first floor often freely connects to the street, integrating the dwelling with the public space and thus contributing to the social life of the community. This is furthermore in contrast to the previously noted walled environments characterising planned areas. The analysis of these parameters could profitably be utilised in new designs that appropriate some of the popular solutions better suited to the environment, and in turn, integrate them into public policy.References: FERREIRA, M. G.(1997) O sítio e a formação da paisagem urbana: um estudo do município de Belo Horizonte. 1997. Dissertação (Mestrado em Geografia). Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. MASUO, K. (2015). An organic method of village rehabilitation through a reconstruction archetype based on vernacular architecture. International Seminar on Urban Form, ISUF 2015, Rome. McHARG, Ian L. (1992). Design with nature. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Washington.
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Soroceanu, Eudochia. "Building rituals of gagauz people from Chok Maidan gagauz village (Republic of Moldova)." In Patrimoniul cultural: cercetare, valorificare, promovare. Institute of Cultural Heritage, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52603/9789975351379.33.
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In the article „Building rituals of Gagauz people from Chok-Maidan village (Republic of Moldova)” on the ritual materials and mythological representations, collected by the author from this village, is made an attempt to reconstruct the Gagauz building rituals, to reveal their semantics and to show the role of dwelling in the system of Gagauz’ world perception. A characteristic feature of the building rituals of the Chok-Maidan village is the variety of types of sacrifice. Here, each stage of construction is marked by a certain type of sacrifice: when marking the corners of the future house, bread and salt are served, when laying the foundation, coins are walled up in all four corners, a rooster is slaughtered at the alleged threshold, live chickens are gifted at the four corners of the house before the roof is erected, and with the installation of rafters on a wooden cross and a green branch (cherry / walnut) they tie a towel and a shirt for the master, and the rest of the participants in the ceremony are given pieces of ritual bread with salt.
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Смирнова, Л. О. "The Dating of a Manor at the Site of Hisorak in Tajikistan." In Hypanis. Труды отдела классической археологии ИА РАН. Crossref, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2019.978-5-94375-307-7.142-161.
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Городище Хисорак известно уже давно, и последние 10 лет его активно исследует Пенджикентская археологическая экспедиция. Однако несмотря на это, да - тировка городища не установлена. В статье описана история изучения городища Хисо - рак, сделано общее описание памятника, прослежен порядок возведения исследуемых на городище объектов. Самым поздним из видимых на поверхности объектов казался Замок коридорно-гребенчатой планировки (Цитадель II), для его строительства были частично разобраны стены Дворца, украшенного живописью и резными панелями (Цита - дель I). Основным материалом для настоящей работы стали раскопки объекта Усадьба 1 на шахристане, при исследовании которого было выделено три строительных периода. Для датировки Усадьбы 1 автор проанализировал как формировались слои на объекте, выделил строительные периоды и максимально чистые комплексы керамики. Особен - ность Усадьбы в том, что лишь в одном из девяти помещений на полу была найдена керамика почти целый котел. Так как основной керамический материал это фраг - менты из строительных конструкций (кирпичей и строительного раствора), то мы мо - жем говорить только о строительных периодах Хисорака и лишь предполагать периоды обживания. Поиск аналогий формам и, в основном, венчикам сосудов осуществлялся как в памятниках верховьев Зеравшана (Холикназар, Мустафотепа, Тали Хамтуда), так и за пределами этого региона: на Афрасиабе, в Топрак-кале, Мерве, Зар-тепе, Термезе, Дальверзин-тепе, Кампыртепа и др. памятниках. Результатом исследования стало два вывода: 1. Два первых строительных периода Усадьбы можно датировать 4 и рубежом 56 вв. соответственно, третий 1011 в. 2. На самом городище в целом можно выде - лить три независимых периода обживания 35 вв. (Усадьба 1 и Дворец (Цитадель I)), 78 вв. замок (Цитадель II) и период обживания развалин 1011 вв. In the course of the last ten years the site of Hisorak has been actively explored by the Penjikent archaeological expedition of the State Hermitage. However, the date of the foundation of the site is still unknown. The present article surveys the results of archaeological works at the site, presents its general description and traces the sequence of the principal struc - tures built there. The latest of these buildings is the Castle with corridors (Citadel 2). Materials for the Castle were obtained from the partly dismantled Palace (Citadel 1), its walls decorated with paintings and carved panels. The principal interest for our study presents the object convention - ally indicated as Manor 1 within the Shahristan. Three building periods have been distinguished there. To date them it was necessary to distinguish sets of pottery obtained from each strata. Only one of the nine excavated rooms revealed a whole ceramic form, a cattle. The major part of ceramic materials are small fragments found within walls and other constructions, so one can talk only of the building periods but not of the time when the structures were used as dwellings. Parallels to the forms discovered, most of them rims of vessels, come from the sites of the Upper Zeravshan (Kholiknazar, Mustafotepa, Tali Hamtuda) as well as beyond this area (from Aftasiab, Topraq Qala, Merv, Zar-tepe, Dalverzin, Kampyr-tepe and other sites). The results of our investigations allow us to make two statesments: 1) The first two building periods of Manor 1 can be dated to the turn of the 5th and 6th centuries ad, and the third to the 10th11th centuries. 2) there were three distinct periods of dwelling traceable for the whole site: the 3rd5th centuries (Manor 1 and the Palace Citadel 1), 7th8th centuries (the Castle Citadel 2) and the period of its inhabitants living among ruins 10th11th centurues.
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Кукушкина, И. А. "Austria 1918–1920: From Empire to Federation." In Конференция памяти профессора С.Б. Семёнова ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЗАРУБЕЖНОЙ ИСТОРИИ. Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55000/semconf.2023.3.3.031.
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В статье анализируется становление австрийского федеративного государства в 1918–1920 гг. В течение этого времени Австрия прошла путь от классической империи с монархической формой правления к федеративной республике. Государство возникло на части территории Австро-Венгрии в результате ее распада осенью 1918 г., причиной которого стал рост национально-освободительных движений населявших ее народов. Становление австрийского государства происходило двумя путями: «сверху», через взаимодействие политических партий, и «снизу», благодаря инициативе земель. Законами от 30.10 и 12.11.1918 провозглашалось создание республики Немецкая Австрия как части немецкого государства. В 1920 г. была принята демократическая конституция, закрепившая федеративное государственное устройство. Поскольку принятию Конституции предшествовали переговоры между представителями политических партий и земель, ее можно характеризовать как договор. Важнейшим источником австрийской конституции стал Сен-Жерменский мирный договор, которым утверждалась независимость Австрии. В соответствии с ним государство стало называться «Республика Австрия». Автор приходит к выводу об успешности создания австрийского федеративного государства в годы Первой республики. Федерализм как принцип государственного устройства предотвратил дезинтеграцию собственно австрийских земель и заложил основы государственности Австрии. Одновременно он способствовал развитию самостоятельности, инициативы и культурного многообразия австрийских земель. Социал-демократы, придя к власти в Вене, получили возможности проведения там социальных реформ «Красной Вены». The article analyzes the formation of the Austrian federal state in 1918-1920. During this time, Austria went from a classical empire with a monarchical form of government to a federal republic. The state was created on a part of the territory of Austria-Hungary, which disintegrated in the autumn of 1918, due to the growth of national liberation movements of the peoples dwelling in the empire. The formation of the Austrian state took place in two ways: through the interaction of political parties, and thanks to the initiative of the lands (Länder). The acts of 30.10 and 12.11.1918 proclaimed the foundation of the republic of German Austria as part of the German state. In 1920 a democratic constitution was adopted, which created the Austrian Federation. The Constitution can be characterized as a contract, because its adoption was preceded by negotiations between representatives of political parties and lands. An important source of the Austrian constitution was the Saint-Germain Peace Treaty, which consolidated the independence of Austria. In accordance with it, the state became known as the "Republic of Austria". The author comes to the conclusion about the success of the creation of the Austrian federation in the years of the First Republic. Federalism as a principle of state structure prevented the disintegration of the Austrian lands and laid the foundations of Austrian statehood. At the same time, it promoted the development of autonomy, initiative and cultural diversity of the Austrian lands. The Social Democrats who came to power in Vienna were given the opportunity to carry out social reforms of the "Red Vienna" there.
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Шевченко, А. А. "FORTIFIED SETTLEMENTS OF THE SCYTHIAN PERIOD IN THE FOREST-STEPPE DON AREA." In Hypanis. Труды отдела классической археологии ИА РАН. Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2021.978-5-94375-350-3.218-228.
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До недавнего времени в изучении памятников скифского времени на Среднем Дону существовал ряд мало изученных направлений. Одним из таких направлений остается поселенческая археология. С самого начала исследования древностей раннего железного века в этом регионе археологов в большей степени привлекали подкурганные захоронения, а не городища и неукрепленные поселения. Однако именно исследования укрепленных и неукрепленных поселений являются весьма важным звеном в реконструкции целостной картины, сложившейся на территории Подонья в скифское время. В статье рассматриваются основные принципы создания оборонительных сооружений на укрепленных поселениях лесостепного Дона в скифское время – 5–4 вв. до н. э. При возведении укреплений важную роль играла топографическая составляющая. Рельеф местности диктовал создание оборонительных сооружений в местах наиболее уязвимых при нападении неприятеля. Что касается топографии, то все городища довольно однообразны. В ландшафтном отношении эти памятники имеют общие черты. Они расположены либо на краю возвышенных плато, либо на береговых мысах, ограниченных реками или оврагами. С напольной, незащищенной естественными преградами стороны городища укреплены валами и рвами. На данной территории укрепления городищ были изучены более чем на тридцати памятниках. Практически на всех из них присутствовали следы деревянных конструкций, которые защищали эти поселения в начале их существования. На примере наиболее ярких и информативных памятников сделаны выводы об этапах строительства и технологических особенностях фортификационных систем. В работе рассмотрены некоторые специфические приемы при сооружении укреплений. Например, при исследовании городища Россошки I, мы столкнулись с попыткой усилить конструкцию вала путем планомерного обжига его глиняной основы. На многих памятниках выявлена тенденция к усложнению оборонительных систем в ходе их перестройки. Несомненно, что подобные укрепления несут в себе ряд технологических особенностей, некоторые из которых остаются непонятыми. Объединяет их одно – все они служили защитой на ранних этапах существования поселений. В результате проделанного анализа укреплений, можно сказать, что население лесостепного Дона в строительной области достигло высокого уровня, по праву заняв свое место среди наиболее развитых племён раннего железного века Восточной Европы. Основные технические приёмы при возведении оборонительных конструкций, также как при строительстве жилых и хозяйственных сооружений во многом схожи с теми, что применялись другими племенами лесостепной Скифии. Однако особенности историко - географического расположения (пограничье с сарматскими племенами), а также благо приятные природно-климатические условия (развитые речные системы, обилие лесных массивов) наложили свой отпечаток на местную культуру и позволяют выделить эту территорию как локальный регион. So far in the studies of the Scythian period culture of the Middle Don area there were several not properly investigated subjects, among them the archaeology of settlements. From the very beginning of the Early Iron Age studies scholars were for the most part attracted by barrows and burial mounds, not by fortified or unfortified settlements. However, only the study of these settlements can provide an important contribution to our understanding of the Scythian culture of the Don area. The paper considers the main principles of building defensive structures at fortified settle ments of the forest-steppe Don area in the Scythian time – 5th–4th centuries BC. The landscape was an important factor affecting the process. It required the building of defensive structures in the most vulnerable places. As for their topography, all the settlements are more or less standard in terms of the landscape features. They are located either by the edges of high plateau or on forelands by river banks, terminated by rivers or ravines. Walls and trenches defended the settlements from the side opening towards flat fields. Fortifications of over thirty settlements have been studied. Almost at all of them traces of wooden structures are visible, remnants of the initial defensive walls. Most vivid and informative sites provide data on the stages of work and technological peculiarities. When studying the site of Rossoshki I we came over an attempt to strengthen the construction of the wall by continuous firing of its clay foundation. There are doubtless some technical peculiarities which can not be explained. They all had, however, one common feature – they served to defend. One can speak of a high level of defensive architecture of the forest-steppe Don area, prominent even among the most developed Early Iron Age tribes of Eastern Europe. The principal technologies were the same as used for erecting walls, dwellings and stores of the forest steppe regions of Scythia. The forest-steppe Don area can be distinguished as a local region, taking into account its proximity to Sarmatian tribes and its comfortable landscape (developed river systems, huge forests).
Reports on the topic "Dwellings – Foundations"
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Rojas, Eduardo. The Long Road to Housing Reform: Lessons from the Chilean Experience. Inter-American Development Bank, July 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008522.
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Chile's housing policy is widely regarded as a success. For almost a decade, new construction has been above the level required to provide houses for new families and replace obsolete structures. This raises hopes that within the next decade all families in Chile will occupy dwellings that comply with minimum quality and service standards. This is no small accomplishment for a country just entering the middle ground in the development scale. Moreover, the private sector is taking an increasingly active role in housing production and financing. This too is a significant achievement considering that in the 1970s most housing was built and financed by the government. Further, government assistance is effectively reaching the poor, and most public resources are benefiting low-income households. Confidence in the housing policy is high among the low-income population as expressed in their high level of participation in a housing savings program and by the absence of land invasions. These accomplishments are the result of a long maturation process in the Chilean housing sector. Fifty years of government policy have consolidated the legal, institutional, and entrepreneurial foundations of the current housing production and financing system. Several success factors can be identified: an integrated sector approach (which incorporates the housing needs of all income groups); an efficient subsidy system (the result of a long process of experimentation); and reforms of the general banking system and the social security system (which created strong institutions to intermediate the financial resources accumulated by pension funds and life insurance companies). Even with its accomplishments, Chile's housing sector still faces significant challenges. Improvements are needed to more effectively mobilize the resources devoted to housing. The lack of coordination between housing and urban development policies is becoming a major liability for both efficient housing production and equitable urban growth. Direct government involvement in house construction and home financing enforce uniformity in design and repayment schedules failing to fully meet the diversified demand of the target households and to fully mobilize the repayment capacity of beneficiaries. It is suggested that it may be time for housing policy to move beyond this basic approach introducing more flexibility through greater market participation in low-income housing.
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Schiller, Brandon, Tara Hutchinson, and Kelly Cobeen. Cripple Wall Small-Component Test Program: Wet Specimens I (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/dqhf2112.
Full textAbstract:
This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 4: Testing and focuses on the first phase of an experimental investigation to study the seismic performance of retrofitted and existing cripple walls with sill anchorage. Paralleled by a large-component test program conducted at the University of California [Cobeen et al. 2020], the present study involves the first of multiple phases of small-component tests conducted at the UC San Diego. Details representative of era-specific construction, specifically the most vulnerable pre-1960s construction, are of predominant focus in the present effort. Parameters examined are cripple wall height, finish materials, gravity load, boundary conditions, anchorage, and deterioration. This report addresses the first phase of testing, which consisted of six specimens. Phase 1 including quasi-static reversed cyclic lateral load testing of six 12-ft-long, 2-ft high cripple walls. All specimens in this phase were finished on their exterior with stucco over horizontal sheathing (referred to as a “wet” finish), a finish noted to be common of dwellings built in California before 1945. Parameters addressed in this first phase include: boundary conditions on the top, bottom, and corners of the walls, attachment of the sill to the foundation, and the retrofitted condition. Details of the test specimens, testing protocol, instrumentation; and measured as well as physical observations are summarized in this report. In addition, this report discusses the rationale and scope of subsequent small-component test phases. Companion reports present these test phases considering, amongst other variables, the impacts of dry finishes and cripple wall height (Phases 2–4). Results from these experiments are intended to provide an experimental basis to support numerical modeling used to develop loss models, which are intended to quantify the reduction of loss achieved by applying state-of-practice retrofit methods as identified in FEMA P-1100, Vulnerability-Base Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of One- and Two-Family Dwellings.