Journal articles on the topic 'Dwellings Australia Heating and ventilation'
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1
Barnett, Paul. "SUSTAINABLE MICRO-VILLAGES AND THE CARWOOLA HOUSE PROJECT IN CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA." Journal of Green Building 13, no. 4 (September 2018): 167–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.13.4.167.
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INTRODUCTION Our needs as social and familial beings change over the course of our lives; however, it has become common practice to build as though these needs remain static through time. The needs of a child, young adult, family, middle age and the elderly are dynamic between generations, and adding to these evolving life needs is the crisis of housing affordability. Three decades ago a house could cost 3–4 times an individual's annual income, today that cost is closer to 10–12 times. In response to these challenges, this article explores the concept of Sustainable Micro-Villages, providing insight into a new approach to energy-efficient housing with reference to our case-study project—Carwoola House. Sustainable Micro-Villages can be defined as a cluster of integrated dwellings, referred to here as Living Pods. Essentially a “single house” on a single site, these micro-villages can be comprised of two or more smaller buildings that provide private dwelling space for a single person, couples, couples with children, parents, elderly, friends and any combination of social groups. Living pods cluster around a natural garden setting, enhanced by water-harvesting, and are connected with covered, open or enclosed links depending on the climate of the site. The recent iterations of this type of dwelling also incorporate solar passive design, passive house and greenhouse technology. In Australia, new house designs are evaluated as part of an approvals process for their energy rating. 1 The Australian Building Code requires a minimum 6-star rating, ranging up to 10 stars for any new home to be built. A 6-star rating provides a good level of insulation and energy performance if built correctly, while 10 stars represent the highest level of energy performance and refers to a dwelling that needs no heating or cooling. Sustainable Micro-Villages consistently achieve an 8 to 10-star rating by combining Solar Passive Design principles (good orientation, thermal mass and thermal performance) and Passive House Technology (high thermally performing building with low air leakage, no thermal bridging, high performance glazing and heat recovery ventilation) in various combinations to suit the climate, context and budget.
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Alders, E. E. "Adaptive heating, ventilation and solar shading for dwellings." Architectural Science Review 60, no. 3 (April 9, 2017): 150–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2017.1300132.
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Kong, Xiangrui, Yuexia Sun, Louise B. Weschler, and Jan Sundell. "Dampness problems in Tianjin dwellings: A cross-sectional study of associations with building characteristics and lifestyles." Indoor and Built Environment 28, no. 1 (February 7, 2018): 132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x18756169.
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This study investigated the association of building characteristics and occupant behaviours with building dampness indicators. Data were from a cross-sectional study in urban Tianjin and rural Cangzhou, China, from 2013 to 2014. We studied two fundamental types of Chinese dwellings: bungalows typical of rural locales and apartments in low- and high-rise buildings typical of urban settings. Occupants of bungalows reported more dampness indicators than apartment dwellers. Risk factors for one or more dampness indicators included natural ventilation without fans, older dwellings and coal stove or Kang heating system (a brick bed installed in the bedroom for heating and sleeping). All these factors were typical of bungalows, which generally used older building technologies including non-insulated external walls, wooden frame windows, electric fans for cooling and no exhaust fan ventilation. Occupant behaviours that decreased the risk for dampness indicators included frequent window opening and daily cleaning, regardless of the type of dwelling. Indoor dampness was highly correlated with mouldy and humid odour, and paradoxically (although not a new finding) with the perception of air dryness.
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Blom, Inge, Laure Itard, and Arjen Meijer. "LCA-based environmental assessment of the use and maintenance of heating and ventilation systems in Dutch dwellings." Building and Environment 45, no. 11 (November 2010): 2362–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.04.012.
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Zheng, Yuan, Yuan Sun, Zhu Wang, and Feng Liang. "Developing Green–Building Design Strategies in the Yangtze River Delta, China through a Coupling Relationship between Geomorphology and Climate." Land 12, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12010006.
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Many studies have developed green strategies and technologies for urban construction, but they sometimes ignored the intensive and dynamic relationships between people, buildings and the natural environment. This study focused on how to generate green building design strategies dealing with a coupling relationship between geomorphology and climate, which took an insight into the built environment in a particular locality of the Yangtze River Delta region in China. First, we imported climatic data from six cities into a bioclimatic evaluation tool, named ‘Weather Tool’, to assess the effectiveness of the existing passive design strategies (passive solar heating, thermal mass effects, exposed mass and night purge ventilation, natural ventilation, direct evaporative cooling and indirect evaporative cooling). Second, we employed the topological method to identify the characters of the vernacular dwellings by interpreting their adaptations to the local topographical and climatic conditions. Consequently, the green building design strategies in the Yangtze River Delta region were developed through the macro, middle and micro levels to examine group patterns, single-building forms and building components in a particular locality. The main findings were shown as follows: (1) the common passive strategies played a role with different effects in the Yangtze River Delta region, which acted as a basis for choosing the most effective strategies; (2) the local dwellings presented a comprehensively sustainable paradigm with architectural prototypes that could be selectively inherited and applied in contemporary design. (3) Those particular strategies, which were evaluated through bioclimatic tools and developed from the vernacular dwellings, gave specific suggestions on green building design in the Yangtze River Delta region, providing approaches for architects and developers to promote more environmentally responsive sustainable development.
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J, Vijayalaxmi, and S. P. Sekar. "Indoor Thermal Performance of Ventilated Dwellings Using Fly Screens in the Hot-Humid Climate of Chennai, India." Journal of Green Building 4, no. 2 (May 1, 2009): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.4.2.150.
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In a hot-humid tropical climate, indoor thermal performance can be enhanced by comfort ventilation. Indoor ventilation depends upon building opening size. But risks involved in providing openings include ingress of mosquitoes and insects which thrive in the tropical climate. A practical and prevalent option to prevent insects in ventilated dwellings of the tropical, hot-humid city of Chennai, India is through the use of fly screens. Fly screens, when used over openings, prevent a certain quantum of solar radiation and wind from entering inside the rooms. Reduced direct solar radiation prevents the indoors from heating up, while reduced wind movement prevents the cross ventilation. Therefore, it is important to know the indoor thermal performance of ventilated rooms in the presence of fly screens with changing opening sizes. The criterion to evaluate indoor thermal performance in this paper is indoor air temperature. The aim of this research is to investigate the influence of fly screens on openings with varying sizes, in a naturally ventilated dwelling in the hot-humid climate of Chennai, India, during the summer period. The results of the study show that fly screens raise the indoor air temperature when openings are in the range of 100% to 35% of the room floor area. There is no significant change in the indoor air temperature when the opening sizes are less than 30% of the room floor area.
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Rincón, Lídia, Ariadna Carrobé, Marc Medrano, Cristian Solé, Albert Castell, and Ingrid Martorell. "Analysis of the Thermal Behavior of an Earthbag Building in Mediterranean Continental Climate: Monitoring and Simulation." Energies 13, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010162.
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Nearly 30% of humanity lives in earthen dwellings. Earthbag is a sustainable, cheap, feasible and comfortable option for emergency housing. A comparative monitoring-simulation analysis of the hygrothermal behavior of an Earthbag dwelling in Mediterranean continental climate, designed under bioclimatic criteria, is presented. The dome shape Earthbag dwelling has a net floor area of 7.07 m2, a glass door facing south and two confronted windows in the east and west facades. A numerical model (EnergyPlus v8.8) was designed for comparison. Twenty-four hour cross ventilation, night cross ventilation, and no ventilation in free floating mode and a controlled indoor temperature were the tested scenarios. Comparisons between experimental data and simulation show a good match in temperature behavior for the scenarios studied. Reductions of 90% in summer and 88% in winter, in the interior thermal amplitude with respect to exterior temperatures are found. Position of the glazed openings was fundamental in the direct solar gains, contributing to the increase of temperature in 1.31 °C in winter and 1.37 °C in the equinox. Night ventilation in the summer period had a good performance as a passive system. Passive solar gains made a reduction of heating energy consumption of 2.3% in winter and 8.9% in equinox.
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Heide, Vegard, Håkon Selstad Thingbø, Anne Gunnarshaug Lien, and Laurent Georges. "Economic and Energy Performance of Heating and Ventilation Systems in Deep Retrofitted Norwegian Detached Houses." Energies 15, no. 19 (September 26, 2022): 7060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197060.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the life-cycle costs (LCC) and energy performance of different heating and ventilation systems (HVAC) in deep-energy renovation of Norwegian detached houses. Eight different HVAC combinations based on heat pumps are compared using two case buildings, with different performance levels for the building envelope. The case buildings are small wooden dwellings without a hydronic heating system, which is representative of existing Norwegian detached houses. The insulation level had only a limited effect on the relative performance of the various HVAC combinations. Many solutions with medium and higher investments have a payback time close to the technical lifetime. Uncertainty regarding investment costs is important and affects the relative performance between HVAC combinations. Electricity prices also have a decisive influence on the relative performance. Solutions with lower investment costs often lead to low total costs but higher energy use. However, solutions with medium investment cost lead to a significant reduction in energy use and only a minor increase in total costs. Improving the cost-effectiveness of these technologies (reduced investment costs, grants, increased electricity price) would unlock large energy-saving potential. The lack of hydronic distribution systems in existing Norwegian buildings is a barrier to implementing air-to-water and ground-source heat pumps. For the investigated cases, the current government subsidies in Norway do not seem large enough to make investments in deep-energy renovation profitable.
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Feist, Wolfgang, Rainer Pfluger, and Wolfgang Hasper. "Durability of building fabric components and ventilation systems in passive houses." Energy Efficiency 13, no. 8 (March 9, 2019): 1543–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12053-019-09781-3.
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Abstract The passive house concept specifically improves insulation of exterior building components, utilisation of passive solar gains, airtightness and heat recovery from ventilation air. Reducing also heat losses from thermal bridges, the energy balance is improved significantly resulting in net heating demands lower than 15 kWh/(m2a) which is less than one-tenth of the typical heating energy in the average of existing buildings. The design concept can be used for every new building, and many thousand examples have so far been built for different use, in several climates and based on different construction type (e.g. concrete, timber, mixed). The very first prototype is a terraced house with four dwellings built 1990/1991 in Darmstadt. This building uses typical masonry external walls, concrete floors and a timber roof and can be seen as a representative example for highly energy-efficient construction. By monitoring all relevant energy flows through the building’s envelope during a period of more than 25 years, it has been confirmed that the energy consumption is as extraordinarily low as designed and stable over the whole period. This article especially investigates how this has affected the indoor climate, the indoor air quality and the durability of all components. By thorough investigation, an assessment of the maintenance cycles is given, which are representative for this construction type. The main characteristics of the components and the ventilation system after 25 years of performance of the pilot building have been determined; these are typical for passive house quality components; therefore, the results are indicative for the concept. The passive house concept turns out to be not only energy-saving but also most notably very durable and extraordinarily low-maintenance.
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Hussein, Tareq, Brandon E. Boor, and Jakob Löndahl. "Regional Inhaled Deposited Dose of Indoor Combustion-Generated Aerosols in Jordanian Urban Homes." Atmosphere 11, no. 11 (October 25, 2020): 1150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111150.
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Indoor combustion processes associated with cooking, heating, and smoking are a major source of aerosols in Jordanian dwellings. To evaluate human exposure to combustion-generated aerosols in Jordanian indoor environments, regional inhaled deposited dose rates of indoor aerosols (10 nm to 25 µm) were determined for different scenarios for adult occupants. The inhaled deposited dose rate provides an estimate of the number or mass of inhaled aerosol that deposits in each region of the respiratory system per unit time. In general, sub-micron particle number (PN1) dose rates ranged from 109 to 1012 particles/h, fine particle mass (PM2.5) dose rates ranged from 3 to 216 µg/h, and coarse particle mass (PM10) dose rates ranged from 30 to 1600 µg/h. Dose rates were found to be dependent on the type and intensity of indoor combustion processes documented in the home. Dose rates were highest during cooking activities using a natural gas stove, heating via natural gas and kerosene, and smoking (shisha/tobacco). The relative fraction of the total dose rate received in the head airways, tracheobronchial, and alveolar regions varied among the documented indoor combustion (and non-combustion) activities. The significant fraction of sub-100 nm particles produced during the indoor combustion processes resulted in high particle number dose rates for the alveolar region. Suggested approaches for reducing indoor aerosol dose rates in Jordanian dwellings include a reduction in the prevalence of indoor combustion sources, use of extraction hoods to remove combustion products, and improved ventilation/filtration in residential buildings.
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Kalair, Ali Raza, Mehdi Seyedmahmoudian, Muhammad Shoaib Saleem, Naeem Abas, Shoaib Rauf, and Alex Stojcevski. "A Comparative Thermal Performance Assessment of Various Solar Collectors for Domestic Water Heating." International Journal of Photoenergy 2022 (June 16, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9536772.
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Growing population, depleting fossil fuels, economic expansions, and energy intensive life style demand are resulting in higher energy prices. We use energy as of heat and electricity, which can directly be obtained from sun using thermal collectors and solar cells. Solar thermal systems are gaining attention for water and space heating applications due to green aspects of solar energy. A solar thermal collector is a vital part of solar thermal energy system to absorb radiant energy from the sun. In this study, a solar water heating (SWH) system has been designed and simulated in the TRNSYS ® software using thermal and chemical properties of heat transfer fluids using REFPROP for dwellings located on ±31° latitudes (+31 Lahore in Pakistan and -31° Perth in Australia). We present an efficiency parametric optimization-based model for water and space heating. Simulation results for four types of solar thermal collectors are presented, and performance is analyzed on the basis of output temperature ( T out ), solar fraction ( f ), and collector efficiency ( η ). This study evaluates the comparative performance of evacuated tube collector (ETC), flat-plate collector (FPC), compound parabolic concentrator (CPC), and thermosiphon-driven systems. Our findings conclude the evacuated glass tube collector achieves the highest solar fraction, i.e., 50% of demand coverage during August in Pakistan and February in Australia, with an overall average of 43% annually.
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Ilomets, Simo, Targo Kalamees, and Juha Vinha. "Indoor hygrothermal loads for the deterministic and stochastic design of the building envelope for dwellings in cold climates." Journal of Building Physics 41, no. 6 (July 12, 2017): 547–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744259117718442.
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In this study, several years of field measurements of indoor hygrothermal loads in 237 dwelling units are analysed. Moisture excess is calculated from hourly values of temperature, and relative humidity measured both indoors and outdoors. Air change rate and moisture production in bedrooms are calculated on the basis of carbon dioxide measurements. It is found that indoor temperature profiles differ depending on whether a building has central heating, a stove or combined heating system. The determined average moisture excess value, 2.8 g/m3 with a standard deviation of 1.6 g/m3 for cold periods, can be used in stochastic calculations. Critical values for moisture excess at the 90th percentile, ranging from 3–8 g/m3, depending upon occupancy rates, can be used in the deterministic analysis. Averages and weekly maxima of moisture excess in the study are reported at different percentiles. Considerable deviations from the EN ISO 13788 standard are discovered, concerning the breaking point depending on outdoor temperature and moisture excess during the summer. The average and critical moisture production in bedroom is presented and insufficient ventilation determined based on measurements. During the heating period, the air change rate is relatively stable while moisture production levels increase along with the dropping outdoor temperature. Two indoor temperatures and three humidity models with different levels of detail and influencing factors are proposed. Temperature and humidity loads derived using the proposed models can be used to determine the indoor hygrothermal boundary conditions for the building envelope of dwellings in cold climates.
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Torresin, Simone, Rossano Albatici, Francesco Aletta, Francesco Babich, Tin Oberman, Agnieszka Elzbieta Stawinoga, and Jian Kang. "Relaxing and working from home: associations between heating, ventilation and cooling system typologies and indoor soundscape evaluation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2069, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2069/1/012174.
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Abstract Data from an online survey conducted in January 2021 by 464 participants living in London and working from home (WFH) after the COVID-19 outbreak were analysed, focusing on: (1) types of building services at home, (2) perceived sound dominance of building services, and (3) the perception of the indoor acoustic environment (i.e. the indoor soundscape) in relation to two main activities, i.e. WFH and relaxation. Results show that most of participants’ houses had radiators for heating and relied on window opening for ventilation and cooling. Air systems (e.g., HVAC systems) resulted in higher perceived dominance compared to other systems, but only when evaluated for WFH. Sound dominance from building services was in turn related to soundscape evaluation. Spaces with less dominant sounds from building services were more appropriate for both WFH and relaxation, and spaces with fewer dominant sounds were assessed better, but just for WFH. Participants’ evaluations generally did not differ according to building service typology. The presence of air-cooling systems was associated with better perceived sound environments, most likely due to better acoustics conditions in newly built or retrofitted dwellings, more probably equipped with air cooling systems. Preliminary findings point out the importance of carefully considering the dominance of sounds by building services, especially for air systems, in relation to traditional and new uses of residential buildings.
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McGill, Grainne, Lukumon O. Oyedele, and Keith McAllister. "An investigation of indoor air quality, thermal comfort and sick building syndrome symptoms in UK energy efficient homes." Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 4, no. 3 (November 16, 2015): 329–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sasbe-10-2014-0054.
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Purpose – Concern of the deterioration of indoor environmental quality as a result of energy efficient building design strategies is growing. Apprehensions of the effect of airtight, super insulated envelopes, the reduction of infiltration, and the reliance on mechanical systems to provide adequate ventilation (air supply) is promoting emerging new research in this field. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of an indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal comfort investigation in UK energy efficient homes, through a case study investigation. Design/methodology/approach – The case study dwellings consisted of a row of six new-build homes which utilize mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR) systems, are built to an average airtightness of 2m3/m2/hr at 50 Pascal’s, and constructed without a central heating system. Physical IAQ measurements and occupant interviews were conducted during the summer and winter months over a 24-hour period, to gain information on occupant activities, perception of the interior environment, building-related health and building use. Findings – The results suggest inadequate IAQ and perceived thermal comfort, insufficient use of purge ventilation, presence of fungal growth, significant variances in heating patterns, occurrence of sick building syndrome symptoms and issues with the MVHR system. Practical implications – The findings will provide relevant data on the applicability of airtight, mechanically ventilated homes in a UK climate, with particular reference to IAQ. Originality/value – IAQ data of this nature is essentially lacking, particularly in the UK context. The findings will aid the development of effective sustainable design strategies that are appropriate to localized climatic conditions and sensitive to the health of building occupants.
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Cui, Hai Hong. "Research on Amending the Energy Efficiency Provisions in the Building." Applied Mechanics and Materials 568-570 (June 2014): 1991–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.568-570.1991.
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The purpose of this paper is to identify the main requirements of the Building Regulations Part L1A for new dwellings. An explanation of the technical basis for energy rating is given including how they are calculated, how fuel costs are used, the role of the standard occupancy pattern, and an appreciation of the Building Research Establishment Domestic Energy Model (BREDEM). The aims and requirements of the European Directive on the Energy performance of Buildings and its implementation for new and existing domestic buildings is also considered. Design/methodology/approach – The requirements of Part L1A of the Building Regulations are developed. These relate to the thermal properties of the building fabric including insulation, thermal bridging, air tightness and glazing, the efficiency and responsiveness of heating and hot water systems, ventilation and lighting. The methodology for calculating thermal transmittance coefficients (U-values) is also demonstrated.
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ZepedaRivas, Daniel, Sergi Aguacil Moreno, and Jorge Rodríguez Álvarez. "Effectiveness of passive climate change adaptation measures in Switzerland: A climate-based analysis on natural ventilation and overheating risks reduction in dwellings." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2042, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2042/1/012151.
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Abstract Building energy codes have been implemented in Switzerland as well as across the world to reduce building energy consumption, however, due to the progressive effect of climate change phenomena and the precipitate change in occupancy patterns due to the global pandemic, their effectiveness and limitations must be constantly re-examined. This paper explores the effectiveness of natural ventilation as a passive cooling strategy, as well as the overheating patterns in dwellings across the Swiss territory. The work is based on a climate-based simulation model at a territorial scale, from which the building performance is further analysed considering the heating energy consumption and overheating risk hours above 26.5°C. The effectiveness of natural ventilation through the operable window operable area in reducing overheating risk was also estimated. The results show the effectiveness across the whole territory of the current regulation (SIA 380/1:2016), which is focused on the performance of the building envelope to reduce heat losses. An unattended alarming overheating pattern was spotted in locations with altitudes below 1500 meters as a direct consequence of the climate change phenomena, hence a series of recommendations are proposed to update and improve the current legal requirements.
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Mossad, R. R. "Optimization of the Ventilation System for a Forced Ventilation Piggery." Journal of Green Building 4, no. 4 (November 1, 2009): 113–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.4.4.113.
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Pigs are subjected to intensive environment control and management in order to achieve higher productivity. This is due to their sensitivity to climatic variation, which strongly affects their growth. This paper reports the design optimization of a forced ventilation piggery using computational fluid dynamics. This numerical investigation determined the effect of varying the number of ventilation openings and their location on the air flow pattern, speed, temperature, power needed, ability to remove heat and residence time. The effect of varying the ventilation rate in a range (0.05 – 0.8 m3/s), and ambient temperatures of 5°C and 32°C was also investigated. The modeled piggery has dimensions 40 m × 15 m × 2.6 m, with central walkway and gable roof with the apex at 3.9 m and is a common design in Australia. A steady-state two-dimensional numerical model based on the integral volume method, including the effects of buoyancy and heat generated by the pigs, was solved using the computational fluid dynamics software “Fluent.” Four designs were investigated and an optimum design, which facilitates better ventilation of the majority of the room, has been identified. In summer, an inlet velocity has been recommended which achieves optimum environment inside the piggery meeting the pigs' thermal comfort criteria with minimum power usage. During winter it became obvious that heating has to be used in all designs to be able to meet the pigs' thermal comfort criteria.
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Janssens, A., E. Vandenbussche, K. Van den Brande, W. Bracke, and M. Delghust. "Influence of climate change on the energy performance assessment of NZEB houses." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2069, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2069/1/012064.
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Abstract The Energy Performance of Buildings (EPB) regulations aim to reduce primary energy use and carbon dioxide emissions of buildings, which are the result of creating a comfortable and healthy indoor environment. In this study, the influence of climate change on the regulatory EPB calculation results is analysed for the Flanders region in Belgium. The results of the analysis may be used by authorities to better define nearly zero energy building (NZEB) requirements today. Meteonorm has been used to simulate future climate change based on IPCC scenarios and urban heat island effect. These future climates have been implemented in a Revit-and Excel-based tool that calculates the stochastic variation of energy performance for six different dwelling typologies, based on the semi-steady state energy use calculation method applied in the regional rating method. Four different packages of measures to achieve NZEB performance (thermal insulation, energy efficient ventilation, renewable energy technologies,…) have been considered. The results for primary energy use, overheating indicator and net energy use for heating and cooling have been analysed. As may be expected, climate change is found to lead to an increase in overheating risk, an increase in cooling energy use, and a decrease in heating energy use in the analysed dwellings. Since in most cases the decrease in heating energy use outweighs the increase in cooling energy use, the total primary energy use decreases in most cases for the 2050 future climate.
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Albatayneh, Aiman, Dariusz Alterman, Adrian Page, and Behdad Moghtaderi. "The Significance of Temperature Based Approach Over the Energy Based Approaches in the Buildings Thermal Assessment." Environmental and Climate Technologies 19, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rtuect-2017-0004.
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Abstract The design of low energy buildings requires accurate thermal simulation software to assess the heating and cooling loads. Such designs should sustain thermal comfort for occupants and promote less energy usage over the life time of any building. One of the house energy rating used in Australia is AccuRate, star rating tool to assess and compare the thermal performance of various buildings where the heating and cooling loads are calculated based on fixed operational temperatures between 20 °C to 25 °C to sustain thermal comfort for the occupants. However, these fixed settings for the time and temperatures considerably increase the heating and cooling loads. On the other hand the adaptive thermal model applies a broader range of weather conditions, interacts with the occupants and promotes low energy solutions to maintain thermal comfort. This can be achieved by natural ventilation (opening window/doors), suitable clothes, shading and low energy heating/cooling solutions for the occupied spaces (rooms). These activities will save significant amount of operating energy what can to be taken into account to predict energy consumption for a building. Most of the buildings thermal assessment tools depend on energy-based approaches to predict the thermal performance of any building e.g. AccuRate in Australia. This approach encourages the use of energy to maintain thermal comfort. This paper describes the advantages of a temperature-based approach to assess the building’s thermal performance (using an adaptive thermal comfort model) over energy based approach (AccuRate Software used in Australia). The temperature-based approach was validated and compared with the energy-based approach using four full scale housing test modules located in Newcastle, Australia (Cavity Brick (CB), Insulated Cavity Brick (InsCB), Insulated Brick Veneer (InsBV) and Insulated Reverse Brick Veneer (InsRBV)) subjected to a range of seasonal conditions in a moderate climate. The time required for heating and/or cooling using the adaptive thermal comfort approach and AccuRate predictions were estimated. Significant savings (of about 50 %) in energy consumption in minimising the time required for heating and cooling were achieved by using the adaptive thermal comfort model.
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Akhai, Shalom. "Apprehending Air Conditioning Systems in Context to COVID-19 and Human Health: A Brief Communication." International Journal of Healthcare Education & Medical Informatics 07, no. 01 (October 7, 2020): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2455.9199.202004.
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Nowadays human race which is strongest of all creatures on the planet is frightened to move out without precautions because of coronavirus. In the current article, a brief overview of the use of air-conditioners available in different designs is addressed in context to COVID-19. Since this virus is often transmitted by exhalations from infected airways, so Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems may be important to enhance or mitigate the spread of the infection in indoor dwellings. The design of the building is directly related to the airflow through the structure of the building. One of the biggest problems that is mushrooming out of this crisis is the use of air-conditioners. The air-conditioners produce artificial built environment, which in some cases may not be good for human beings. But at home for attaining thermal comfort, it remains a question mark, whether building architecture using air-conditioner is safe or not. The paper herein tries to co-relate the literature available for providing a brief communication to these questions.
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Karmanov, Victor N., and Natalia E. Zaretskaya. "Radiocarbon Chronology of Chuzhjajol Culture." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 3, no. 37 (September 30, 2021): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2021.3.37.55.69.
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Authors summarize and analyze the data on the 14C chronology of the Chuzhjajol culture in the Far northeast of the Europe (the Komi Republic and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug or the basins of the Pechora, Vychegda and Mezen rivers). As a result of the study of dwellings at the sites Vadniur I/7A, Vadniur I/5 and Muchkas, 17 new dates were obtained and its most probable age was determined within the framework of 4th – mid. 3rd millennium BC. These data make possible to attribute more convincingly the earliest manifestations of the Chuzhjajol traditions in the region to the Neolithic, and their further development to the Chalcolithic. However, evidence of metalworking at the sites of this culture has not been identified, and its dynamics is so far expressed only in pottery: the use of natural organic inclusions in clay and the simplification of the design of «lips». This probably indicates a connection with the bearers of porous ceramics of the Garino tradition. It was determined that dwellings of the Vadniur type on the Vychegda and Mezen rivers are the oldest structures in Northern Eurasia with a complex system of ventilation and heating of living space in the form of horizontal channels connected with fireplaces. The materials obtained as a result of the excavation of the basic complexes of the Chuzhjajol culture allows to date those using different materials and to determine the possibilities of using geochronometric methods on the archaeological sites of the taiga zone. The total volume of the obtained information determines the problem of finding the origins of Chuzhjajol traditions of housebuilding, flint knapping and pottery, which are unique for the region under study.
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Aye, Lu, and Robert Fuller. "The Proposed Heating and Cooling System in the CH2 Building and Its Impact on Occupant Productivity." Construction Economics and Building 5, no. 2 (November 20, 2012): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb.v5i2.2958.
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Melbourne's climatic conditions demand that its buildings require both heating and cooling systems. In a multi-storey office building , however, cooling requirements will dominate. How the internal space is cooled and ventilation air is delivered will significantly impact on occupant comfort. This paper discusses the heating and cooling systems proposed for the CH2building. The paper critiques the proposed systems against previous experience, both internationally and in Australia. While the heating system employs proven technologies, less established techniques are proposed for the cooling system. Air movement in the shower towers, for example, is to be naturally induced and this has not always been successful elsewhere. Phase change material for storage of "coolth" does not appear to have been demonstrated previously in a commercial building, so the effectiveness of the proposed system is uncertain. A conventional absorption chiller backs up the untried elements of the cooling system, so that ultimately occupant comfort should not be compromised .
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Sorooshnia, Ehsan, Payam Rahnamayiezekavat, Maria Rashidi, Mahsan Sadeghi, and Bijan Samali. "Curve Optimization for the Anidolic Daylight System Counterbalancing Energy Saving, Indoor Visual and Thermal Comfort for Sydney Dwellings." Energies 16, no. 3 (January 18, 2023): 1090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16031090.
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Daylight penetration significantly affects building thermal-daylighting performance, and serve a dual function of permitting sunlight and creating a pleasant indoor environment. More recent attention has focused on the provision of daylight in the rear part of indoor spaces in designing sustainable buildings. Passive Anidolic Daylighting Systems (ADS) are effective tools for daylight collection and redistribution of sunlight towards the back of the room. As affordable and low-maintenance systems, they can provide indoor daylight and alleviate the problem of daylight over-provision near the window and under-provision in the rear part of the room. Much of the current literature on the ADS pays particular attention to visual comfort and rarely to thermal comfort. Therefore, a reasonable compromise between visual and thermal comfort as well as energy consumption becomes the main issue for energy-optimized aperture design in the tropics and subtropics, in cities such as Sydney, Australia. The objective of the current study was to devise a system that could act as a double-performance of shade and reflective tool. The central aim of this paper is to find the optimum curve that can optimize daylight admission without an expensive active tracking system. A combination of in-detail simulation (considering every possible sky condition throughout a year) and multi-objective optimization (considering indoor visual and thermal comfort as well as the view to the outside), which was validated by field measurement, resulted in the optimum ADS for the local dwellings in Sydney, Australia. An approximate 62% increase in Daylight Factor, 5% decrease in yearly average heating load, 17% savings in annual artificial lighting energy, and 30% decrease in Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD) were achieved through optimizing the ADS curve.
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Ibrahim, Azlizawati, and Sofie LJ Pelsmakers. "Low-energy housing retrofit in North England: Overheating risks and possible mitigation strategies." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 39, no. 2 (January 22, 2018): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624418754386.
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In the drive to reduce space-heating demand and associated CO2 emissions as well as tackle fuel poverty, dwelling overheating and summer-time occupant thermal discomfort might be the unintended consequences of low-energy building retrofits. This paper presents the findings of a steady-state modelled low-energy retrofit dwelling in northern England and its potential current and future climate overheating risks using UK Climate Projections 2009 (UKCP09) scenarios (2050 and 2080 High Emission Scenarios). Predictive findings highlight that retrofitting to low-energy standards increases overheating risk over time, unless passive prevention measures are included in the retrofit design. In addition, the steady-state nature of the model might not fully capture the occupants’ exposure to actual future overheating risks. Among the most effective individual passive overheating mitigation strategies are temporary internal shading, permanent external shading and night-time ventilation. Most effective is a combination of these adaptation measures, so that predictive overheating is minimised in a future changing climate, reducing the uptake of active cooling in retrofitted dwellings. Practical application: Much research focuses on building overheating risks in the warmer South-east of England. However, this paper highlights how dwelling retrofit in north England (Sheffield) also can lead to increased dwelling overheating risk, unless passive design measures are included in the retrofit design. Among the most effective individual passive overheating mitigation strategies are solar shading devices and increased night-time ventilation, though ideally different measures are combined. Using future climate scenarios highlights that retrofits designed today might not be able to provide occupant thermal comfort in a future warming world.
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Engvall, K., P. Wickman, and D. Norback. "Sick building syndrome and perceived indoor environment in relation to energy saving by reduced ventilation flow during heating season: a 1 year intervention study in dwellings." Indoor Air 15, no. 2 (April 2005): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00325.x.
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KC, Rajan, Hom Bahadur Rijal, Masanori Shukuya, and Kazui Yoshida. "Importance of Behavioral Adjustments for Adaptive Thermal Comfort in a Condominium with HEMS System." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 15, no. 3 (October 15, 2020): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v15i3.32175.
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The energy use in residential dwellings has been increasing due to increasing use of modern electric appliances to make the lifestyle easier, entertaining and better. One of the major purposes of indoor energy use is for improving indoor thermal environment for adjusting thermal comfort. Along with the use of passive means like the use of mechanical devices, the occupants in any dwellings use active means such as the use of natural ventilation, window opening, and clothing adjustment. In fact, the use of active means when the outdoor environment is good enough might be more suitable to improve indoor thermal environment than the use of mechanical air conditioning units, which necessarily require electricity. Therefore, the people in developing countries like Nepal need to understand to what extent the occupants can use active means to manage their own indoor thermal comfort. The use of active means during good outdoor environment might be an effective way to manage increasing energy demand in the future. We have made a field survey on the occupants’ adaptive behaviors for thermal comfort in a Japanese condominium equipped with Home Energy Management System (HEMS). Online questionnaire survey was conducted in a condominium with 356 families from November 2015 to October 2016 to understand the occupants’ behaviors. The number of 17036 votes from 39 families was collected. The indoor air temperature, relative humidity and illuminance were measured at the interval of 2-10 minutes to know indoor thermal environmental conditions. The occupants were found using different active behaviors for thermal comfort adjustments even in rather harsh summer and winter. Around 80% of the occupants surveyed opened windows when the outdoor air temperature was 30⁰C in free running (FR) mode and the clothing insulation was 0.93 clo when the outdoor air temperature was 0⁰C. The result showed that the use of mechanical heating and cooling was not necessarily the first priority to improve indoor thermal environment. Our result along with other results in residential buildings showed that the adaptive behaviors of the occupants are one of the primary ways to adjust indoor thermal comfort. This fact is important in enhancing the energy saving building design.
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Jalilzadehazhari, Elaheh, Georgios Pardalis, and Amir Vadiee. "Profitability of Various Energy Supply Systems in Light of Their Different Energy Prices and Climate Conditions." Buildings 10, no. 6 (May 28, 2020): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10060100.
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The majority of the single-family houses in Sweden are affected by deteriorations in building envelopes as well as heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. These dwellings are, therefore, in need of extensive renovation, which provides an excellent opportunity to install renewable energy supply systems to reduce the total energy consumption. The high investment costs of the renewable energy supply systems were previously distinguished as the main barrier in the installation of these systems in Sweden. House-owners should, therefore, compare the profitability of the energy supply systems and select the one, which will allow them to reduce their operational costs. This study analyses the profitability of a ground source heat pump, photovoltaic solar panels and an integrated ground source heat pump with a photovoltaic system, as three energy supply systems for a single-family house in Sweden. The profitability of the supply systems was analysed by calculating the payback period (PBP) and internal rate of return (IRR) for these systems. Three different energy prices, three different interest rates, and two different lifespans were considered when calculating the IRR and PBP. In addition, the profitability of the supply systems was analysed for four Swedish climate zones. The analyses of results show that the ground source heat pump system was the most profitable energy supply system since it provided a short PBP and high IRR in all climate zones when compared with the other energy supply systems. Additionally, results show that increasing the energy price improved the profitability of the supply systems in all climate zones.
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Ma, Yunlong, Sherif Zedan, Aaron Liu, and Wendy Miller. "Impact of a Warming Climate on Hospital Energy Use and Decarbonization: An Australian Building Simulation Study." Buildings 12, no. 8 (August 19, 2022): 1275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081275.
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The high energy use of hospitals and healthcare facilities globally contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time, a large percentage of this energy use is attributed to space heating, cooling and ventilation, and is hence correlated to the climate. While the energy performance of Australian hospitals at the design stage is evaluated using historical weather data, the impact of the warming climate on Australian hospitals into the future remains unknown. The research question addressed is: What is the impact of future climates on the energy use of Australian hospitals built with the current design conditions? Two archetype hospital models were developed (a small single-story healthcare facility and a large multi-story hospital). DesignBuilder was used to simulate the performance of these models in 10 locations, ranging from the tropics to cool temperate regions in Australia. Current (1990–2015) and future climate files (2030, 2050, 2070 and 2090) were used. The results show that with the warming climate, the heating demand decreased, while the cooling demand increased for both hospital models for all sites. Cooling dominated climates, such as Darwin and Brisbane, were significantly impacted by the changing climates due to a substantial increase in cooling energy use. Heating based climates, such as Hobart and Canberra, resulted in an overall small reduction in total building energy use. In addition, the single-story facility was more impacted by the change in climate (in terms of energy use intensity) than the multi-story facility. The study highlights the importance of future climate files in building simulation and decarbonization planning.
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Grudzińska, Magdalena. "Overheating assessment in flats with glazed balconies in warm-summer humid continental climate." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 42, no. 5 (April 12, 2021): 583–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01436244211008690.
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Greenhouse systems in the form of glazed balconies may be accomplished both in the newly designed buildings and in the existing ones, raising their energy standard in a quick and inexpensive way. However, basic parameters influencing the efficiency of the systems are often chosen intuitively, not allowing to fully benefit from the sunspaces or causing overheating of the rooms and discomfort for the users. These issues are common drawbacks of passive systems and may become especially important in the aspect of anthropogenic climate changes, including temperature rise and summer heatwaves. The paper presents results of a long-term summer temperature monitoring in flats with glazed balconies of different construction. They were located in prefabricated multi-family buildings, in residential districts of Lublin and Zamość. The cities are situated in the south-eastern part of Poland, belonging to the warm-summer humid continental climate area. The monitoring enabled overheating assessment according to the concept of adaptive comfort and connecting it with the sunspace construction and the inhabitants’ behaviour. These issues are new aspects in the research area, and the work is a part of extensive studies including monitoring and dynamic simulations of dwellings with passive greenhouse systems in Poland. Practical application: Glazed balconies raise the energy standard of buildings in a quick and inexpensive way, but it is important to consider their function not only during the heating season but also in the summer. Recording of temperatures enabled the monitoring of thermal conditions in the flats and the overheating assessment. It is possible to keep the internal temperature in the rooms within the desired range thanks to the sunspace ventilation and occupants’ behaviour.
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Lakatos, Ákos, István Csarnovics, and Attila Csík. "Systematic Analysis of Micro-Fiber Thermal Insulations from a Thermal Properties Point of View." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (May 27, 2021): 4943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11114943.
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In the European Union, almost 40% of all energy consumption comes from buildings, while another 20–25% comes from transport. In the European Union, including Hungary, only buildings with almost-zero energy demand could be built after 2020, and the use of renewable energies must be strengthened. The Renewable Directive stipulated that by 2020, the share of renewable energy in buildings must be 25%, and in transport it must be 10%; the use of electric vehicles is vital. There are about four million dwellings in Hungary, of which approximately three million need to be renovated, and only some of these (a few hundred) meet the cost-optimized level of the 2020 directive. The use of insulation materials is very important in the transport sector, too. Insulation materials are also used by aircraft and electric vehicles. To reduce the energy loss from buildings, different insulation materials can be used; investigations of insulation materials are very important. This paper presents a comprehensive research report on insulation materials which could be used for building elements, HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning appliances) equipment, and vehicles. In this paper, laboratory investigations will be presented along with calculations to better understand the properties and behavior of these materials. For this, firstly structural analysis with scanning electron microscope will be presented. Moreover, the paper will present thermal conductivity and combustion heat measurement results. The sorption and hydrophobic behavior of the materials will be also revealed. Finally, the article will also display differential scanning calorimetry measurements and Raman spectroscopy results of the samples. The research was conducted on four different types of colorized microfiber lightweight wool insulation.
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Dadzie, John, Goran Runeson, and Grace Ding. "Assessing determinants of sustainable upgrade of existing buildings." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 18, no. 1 (August 31, 2019): 270–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-09-2018-0148.
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Purpose Estimates show that close to 90% of the buildings we will need in 2050 are already built and occupied. The increase in the existing building stock has affected energy consumption thereby negatively impacting the environment. The purpose of this paper is to assess determinants of sustainable upgrade of existing buildings through the adoption and application of sustainable technologies. The study also ranks sustainable technologies adopted by the professionals who participated in the survey with an in-built case study. Design/methodology/approach As part of the overall methodology, a detailed literature review on the nature and characteristics of sustainable upgrade and the sustainable technologies adopted was undertaken. A survey questionnaire with an in-built case study was designed to examine all the sustainable technologies adopted to improve energy consumption in Australia. The survey was administered to sustainability consultants, architects, quantity surveyors, facility managers and engineers in Australia. Findings The results show a total of 24 technologies which are mostly adopted to improve energy consumption in existing buildings. A factor analysis shows the main components as: lighting and automation, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HAVC) systems and equipment, envelope, renewable energy and passive technologies. Originality/value The findings bridge the gap in the literature on the adoption and application of sustainable technologies to upgrade existing buildings. The technologies can be adopted to reduce the excessive energy consumption patterns in existing buildings.
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Xu, Ying. "Application of Green Building Design Based on the Internet of Things in the Landscape Planning of Characteristic Towns." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (June 25, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6317073.
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China is a large agricultural country. In the past, relying on the accumulation of agriculture and the contribution of farmers, it laid a solid foundation for China’s economic construction. However, with the improvement of the national economy and industrialization system, the dual structure of urban and rural areas has become more and more obvious, and the broad masses of farmers have not enjoyed the fruits of industrialization and urbanization. Based on the theoretical research on green rural dwellings, drawing lessons from relevant theories and cases at home and abroad, this paper proposes green rural construction techniques suitable for northern China and studies how to participate in the whole process of rural construction in an all-round way. In the middle and late stages, green concepts should be integrated, especially considering the feasibility of three-star farmhouse standards, from land saving (land planning), energy saving (environmental protection structure, heating, ventilation, and new energy utilization), water saving (rainwater collection and greening), material saving (resource reuse and on-site materials), and indoor environmental quality control (noise control and anticondensation), these five aspects are used to design buildings. The deformation monitoring system can monitor the deformation of agricultural building structures in real time. The experimental results show that the Internet-based agricultural building deformation monitoring system studied in this paper can perform real-time deformation monitoring of various agricultural buildings, thereby improving the safety of agricultural buildings and ensuring agriculture the safety of production, and transportation plays an important role in the protection and accumulation of agricultural information loss. The service life of the building is increased by at least 30%. It is hoped that the research results in this article can provide guidance and reference for the construction and planning of beautiful rural areas. In the future, the construction of beautiful villages will be more beautiful and more distinctive.
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O’Sullivan, Paul D., Shane Colclough, John Morehead, and Adam O’ Donovan. "Evaluation of the theoretical and in-use performance of Exhaust Air Heat Pumps." E3S Web of Conferences 246 (2021): 06003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124606003.
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Integrated units that combine Exhaust Air Heat Pumps (EAHPs) with Heat Recovery Ventilation (HRV) and, in some instances, Domestic Hot Water Storage (DHW), are becoming increasingly popular in the domestic market across Europe with over 24,000 EAHPs purchased in the EU in 2017 alone. Early research into using EAHPs demonstrated energy savings being conservatively between 20% and 50% when compared to conventional systems. Recent research has suggested that, in reality, EAHPs in-use energy performance can be worse than that estimated by various standardised theoretical assessment methods (COP/SPF in the range of 0.4 to 6.0). More worryingly, published data on this in-use operation is effectively non-existent for NZEB type dwellings and few studies have stress tested the robustness of the EN standards in accounting for the effects of in-use operation. The study presented in this paper investigated whether the standard methods used to predict in-use energy performance are sufficiently robust and adequately capture operational performance for EAHP systems. The energy performance of two identical EAHP systems in Ireland (one rural/ one urban) were monitored for close to 12 months. During the live in-use monitoring period, the EAHPs had ‘heat-pump/heat recovery only’ operating mode ratios of 16%/84% and 22%/77% for rural and urban systems respectively. The average HRE in-use efficiency was 92% and 64% for the rural and urban systems respectively. While the manufacturers stated Seasonal performance factors (SPF) ranging from 2.2 (for DHW) to 5.8 (for Space Heating), the average in-use SPF was found to vary between 1.7 and 3.8 depending on the boundary reported and the location. More research is urgently required in order to bring much needed clarity for designers and energy assessors regarding which boundaries can be universally applied to EAHP systems. Given the range of SPF which could apply to the HP’s examined, the paper highlights the importance of ensuring that realistic indicators of in use performance are provided, aiding appropriate decision-making by policymakers, industry and end-users.
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Mohammed, Aiman, Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman Tariq, Anne Wai Man Ng, Zeeshan Zaheer, Safwan Sadeq, Mahmood Mohammed, and Hooman Mehdizadeh-Rad. "Reducing the Cooling Loads of Buildings Using Shading Devices: A Case Study in Darwin." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 23, 2022): 3775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14073775.
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It is estimated that almost 40% of the world’s energy is consumed by buildings’ heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. This consumption increases by 3% every year and will reach 70% by 2050 due to rapid urbanisation and population growth. In Darwin, building energy consumption is even higher and accounts for up to 55% due to the hot and humid weather conditions. Singapore has the same weather conditions but less energy consumption, with only 38% compared to Darwin. Solar radiation can be defined as electromagnetic radiation emitted by the Sun and the Darwin area receives a large amount of solar radiation; building energy consumption can be reduced hugely if this radiation is blocked effectively by analysing appropriate shading devices. This study investigated the influence of different types of shading devices on the cooling load of a town hall building located in Darwin, Australia, and proposed the optimal shading device. The results showed that the horizontal fins led to a 5% reduction in the cooling load of the building. In contrast, adding a variation to the device angles and length increased the savings to 8%. The results demonstrated that the overhangs were more efficient than the fins, contributing 9.2% energy savings, and the cooling reduction savings were increased to 15.5% with design and length variations.
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Soroka, B. S., and V. V. Horupa. "SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES OF EFFICIENT FUEL USE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY GAS COMBUSTION IN STOVE PLATES. PART 1. MODERN STATE-OF-THE-ART AND DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT THE GAS BURNING IN DOMESTIC GAS COOKERS." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 3 (March 20, 2017): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.3.2017.01.
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Natural gas NG consumption in industry and energy of Ukraine, in recent years falls down as a result of the crisis in the country’s economy, to a certain extent due to the introduction of renewable energy sources along with alternative technologies, while in the utility sector the consumption of fuel gas flow rate enhancing because of an increase the number of consumers. The natural gas is mostly using by domestic purpose for heating of premises and for cooking. These items of the gas utilization in Ukraine are already exceeding the NG consumption in industry. Cooking is proceeding directly in the living quarters, those usually do not meet the requirements of the Ukrainian norms DBN for the ventilation procedures. NG use in household gas stoves is of great importance from the standpoint of controlling the emissions of harmful components of combustion products along with maintenance the satisfactory energy efficiency characteristics of NG using. The main environment pollutants when burning the natural gas in gas stoves are including the nitrogen oxides NOx (to a greater extent — highly toxic NO2 component), carbon oxide CO, formaldehyde CH2O as well as hydrocarbons (unburned UHC and polyaromatic PAH). An overview of environmental documents to control CO and NOx emissions in comparison with the proper norms by USA, EU, Russian Federation, Australia and China, has been completed. The modern designs of the burners for gas stoves are considered along with defining the main characteristics: heat power, the natural gas flow rate, diameter of gas orifice, diameter and spacing the firing openings and other parameters. The modern physical and chemical principles of gas combustion by means of atmospheric ejection burners of gas cookers have been analyzed from the standpoints of combustion process stabilization and of ensuring the stability of flares. Among the factors of the firing process destabilization within the framework of analysis above mentioned, the following forms of unstable combustion/flame unstabilities have been considered: flashback, blow out or flame lifting, and the appearance of flame yellow tips. Bibl. 37, Fig. 11, Tab. 7.
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"The Impact of Exterior Walls Materials on Energy Consumption in a Domestic House in Desert Climate." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 9, no. 2 (December 10, 2019): 4990–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.b6210.129219.
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The purpose of this scientific article is the study of the impact of the exterior walls materials of a house in a desert climate on its annual energy needs in terms of heating and cooling essentially, but also on its internal and solar energy gains and its losses in relation with infiltration, transmission and ventilation. In this regard, simulations were carried out with five different locally used materials. The final purpose is to determine the suitable exterior materials for dwellings in the desert geographical area for energy saving while guaranteeing the thermal comfort. Based on our analysis, it was revealed that a good choice of exterior walls materials can save a considerable amount of energy throughout its life cycle.
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Albayyaa, H., D. Hagare, and S. Saha. "COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION FOR AIR CONDITIONING BETWEEN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS WITH TWO DIFFERENT SUBFLOORING SYSTEMS." Proceedings of International Structural Engineering and Construction 3, no. 1 (May 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.14455/isec.res.2016.35.
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Energy consumed by heating, ventilation and air conditioning account for about 40% of the total energy used in an average Australian home. The main feature that categorizes the construction systems is the thermal mass as it contributes directly to the thermal performance of the entire house. High thermal mass flooring and walls are most appropriate in climate with high diurnal (day-night) temperature ranges. High thermal mass construction system has higher embodied energy but this can offset by reducing heating and cooling energy consumption over the life span of the house. The optimum design, in terms of desirable heat gain or loss, can be achieved by considering the building orientation, thermal mass and careful design of the building envelope including roof, walls, windows and floor systems. To demonstrate relative advantage in terms of energy conservation between houses with different construction systems and thermal mass, two model houses which are detached dwelling with a floor area of 200 sqm and with two levels and four bedrooms were selected in this study. One of the model houses represented modern house with brick veneer walls and concrete slab-on-ground flooring (high thermal mass Model). The second model house represented old house with fibro walls and raised subfloor (low thermal mass Model). The analysis has been carried out using computer software (IDA ICE). The energy performance of the buildings were computed and compared. The results show that the modern house consumed 53% less energy compared to old house and hence the former is significantly cost effective over the long run.
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"The Impact of Building Orientation on Energy Consumption in a Domestic House in Desert Climate." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 9, no. 1 (November 10, 2019): 1087–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.a4347.119119.
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Morocco has set the goal of introducing new methods of construction and positioning among the leaders in the African continent in the field of renewable energy and sustainable buildings, efforts are therefore focused on developing an energy efficiency policy. Orientation is one of the key factors that impact building’s energy consumption, it’s a very important factor to consider in order to avoid summer overheating and limit winter losses. The purpose of this scientific article is to study the impact of the orientation of a house on its annual energy needs in terms of heating and cooling essentially, but also its internal and solar energy gains and its losses in relation with infiltration, transmission and ventilation. In this regard, simulations were carried out with eight different possible orientations on a small house, located in one geographical area known by its desert climate. The final purpose is to determine the suitable orientation for dwellings in this geographical area for energy saving while guaranteeing the thermal comfort. Based on our analysis, it was revealed that a well-orientated house can save a considerable amount of energy throughout its life cycle.
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Soudbaksh, Kimia, Mahrokh Etminan, Mohammad Hakimazari, and Seyedehmamak Salavatian. "Impact of Window Factors and Building Orientation on Energy-consumption in Residential Buildings of Humid Temperate Climatic Zone in Iran." Journal of Construction in Developing Countries, 2022, 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/jcdc-04-21-0061.
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This paper deals with the research into optimal passive design parameters, such as building’s envelope components and orientation that result in improving energy efficiency. Despite the ever-increasing demand for residential complexes in developing countries like Iran during recent decades, architects and engineers are deprived of the specific guidelines to design energy-saving residential units. The present paper aims to monitor the influence of window and orientation variables through the case study in the microclimate region in Iran, which is determined to be a temperate and humid climate. The residential unit is simulated by Design Builder to assess the value of energy used to fulfill heating, cooling, lighting, and annual energy consumption regarding controlled variables (shading devices, and mechanical and natural ventilation). The window-to-wall ratio (WWR) is evaluated in the range of 15% to 85% for northern and southern external walls. Subsequently, the most conventional range of width-to-height ratio (WHR) among the regional dwellings reported from the National Road, Housing and Urban Development Research Center is investigated. Additionally, more variables like Building orientation (BO) is considered in the parametric analysis as the effective parameter to design passive solar. The considered building is routed on the ground with the azimuth angles from 0° to 360° with 5° increments in a clockwise direction to create 72 building orientation intervals. The results reveal that WWR is recommended to be 15% and 65% on the northern and southern façade, respectively. Furthermore, the aspect ratio of the north-facing windows has the marginal effect on energy saving compared to south-facing windows. Although there is an optimal building orientation, most of the ideal values can be found in the narrow ranges 175°< BO < BO < 20°. Findings indicated that the reported variables played an important role in the reduction of energy consumption, particularly in housing units of residential complexes.