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1
Johnson, Richard F., and Donna J. Merullo. "Effects of Caffeine and Gender on Vigilance and Marksmanship." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 40, no. 23 (October 1996): 1217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129604002315.
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Sentry duty performance requires both rifle marksmanship accuracy and sufficient attention to detect the infrequent appearance of targets. Research has shown that marksmanship accuracy is in part a function of arm-hand steadiness, that arm-hand steadiness may be better in women than men, and that in men 200 mg caffeine heightens alertness and attenuates vigilance decrements. Study objectives were: (a) evaluate gender differences in speed of target detection and rifle firing accuracy during three hours of simulated sentry duty, and (b) determine if 200 mg caffeine enhances sentry duty performance in women as it has been shown to do in men. Twelve men and 12 women were pre-trained on the Weaponeer M16 Rifle Marksmanship Simulator. During 3-hour test sessions, the participant monitored the target scene of the Weaponeer and fired at targets when they appeared. For both men and women, target detection response time deteriorated with time on sentry duty and vigilance decrements were attenuated by 200 mg caffeine. For men, marksmanship accuracy was constant over time; for women, marksmanship accuracy deteriorated after 1.5 hours.
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McDonald, Jennifer, Darryl Potyk, David Fischer, Brett Parmenter, Teresa Lillis, Lindsey Tompkins, Angela Bowen, Devon Grant, Amanda Lamp, and Gregory Belenky. "Napping on the Night Shift: A Study of Sleep, Performance, and Learning in Physicians-in-Training." Journal of Graduate Medical Education 5, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 634–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-12-00324.1.
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Abstract Background Physicians in training experience fatigue from sleep loss, high workload, and working at an adverse phase of the circadian rhythm, which collectively degrades task performance and the ability to learn and remember. To minimize fatigue and sustain performance, learning, and memory, humans generally need 7 to 8 hours of sleep in every 24-hour period. Methods In a naturalistic, within-subjects design, we studied 17 first- and second-year internal medicine residents working in a tertiary care medical center, rotating between day shift and night float every 4 weeks. We studied each resident for 2 weeks while he/she worked the day shift and for 2 weeks while he/she worked the night float, objectively measuring sleep by wrist actigraphy, vigilance by the Psychomotor Vigilance Task test, and visual-spatial and verbal learning and memory by the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised and the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test. Results Residents, whether working day shift or night float, slept approximately 7 hours in every 24-hour period. Residents, when working day shift, consolidated their sleep into 1 main sleep period at night. Residents working night float split their sleep, supplementing their truncated daytime sleep with nighttime on-duty naps. There was no difference in vigilance or learning and memory, whether residents worked day shift or night float. Conclusions Off-duty sleep supplemented with naps while on duty appears to be an effective strategy for sustaining vigilance, learning, and memory when working night float.
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Lee, Chul-Hwan. "A study on the degree of contribution to the distribution of the cause ratio of the breach of the duty of vigilance -Focused on the decision of the Central Maritime Safety Tribunal-." Korea Association of Maritime Transportation Studies 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.58316/kamts.2022.1.1.103.
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For the prevention of marine accidents, it is important to establish measures to prevent recurrence based on lessons learned from accidents that have already occurred, and one of the measures is to impose greater responsibility for violations of important obligations or continuous and repeated violations of obligations.
Although it can be said that the effect can be increased, the degree of contribution to the violation of the duty of vigilance seems to be recognized as somewhat low when allocating the degree of cause-giving ratio in the decision of the Korea Maritime Safety Tribunal. The purpose of this study is to examine the points for improvement by examining the distribution of the degree of contribution of causes to the occurrence of accidents on both ships, and by examining the degree of judgment on the importance of the current vigilance duty in the prevention of marine accidents.
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Li, Yan, Jibo He, Shi Cao, Jiajie Zheng, Yazhou Dou, Chenxi Liu, and Xufeng Liu. "Assessing Flight Crew Fatigue under Extra Augmented Crew Schedule Using a Multimodality Approach." Aerospace 10, no. 11 (October 31, 2023): 933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10110933.
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During the COVID-19 pandemic, the question of how to reduce the risk of viral infection for international airline pilots without increasing the risk of fatigue was a novel and urgent theoretical and practical problem, which had never been encountered in the world civil aviation industry. A new scheduling method implemented by the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) is the extra augmented crew (EAC) schedule, which avoids crew layover in another country on international flights by extending the maximum duty time and adding two additional crew members to such long-haul flights. In this study, a multi-day flight crew fatigue assessment was conducted to evaluate the impact of EAC flight. We recruited 71 pilots as participants, and their fatigue during EAC flights was measured using a multimodality approach integrating a subjective fatigue report, a psychomotor vigilance task, sleep monitoring, and biomathematical model predictions. The results showed that the subjective fatigue level increased during duty time compared to off-duty time, but still with acceptable levels of under 7, as measured by the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale; objective secondary task performance, as measured by the classic psychomotor vigilance task, showed no differences; pilots were able to get around 6 h of sleep, although they slept less during duty time compared to off-duty time. Model fitting using the FAID biomathematical model of fatigue confirmed that the EAC scheduling was compliant with the FAID tolerance level 91.3% of the time. The results suggest that the EAC flight created some moderate level of increased fatigue but no severe fatigue to cross-continent long-haul flight crews. This research can inform current and future scheduling and fatigue risk control during the pandemic or for future time-sensitive periods.
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Greenlee, Eric T., Patricia R. DeLucia, and David C. Newton. "Driver Vigilance in Automated Vehicles: Effects of Demands on Hazard Detection Performance." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 61, no. 3 (October 11, 2018): 474–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720818802095.
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Objective: The current study investigated driver vigilance in partially automated vehicles to determine whether increased task demands reduce a driver’s ability to monitor for automation failures and whether the vigilance decrement associated with hazard detections is due to driver overload. Background: Drivers of partially automated vehicles are expected to monitor for signs of automation failure. Previous research has shown that a driver’s ability to perform this duty declines over time. One possible explanation for this vigilance decrement is that the extreme demands of vigilance causes overload and leads to depletion of limited attentional resources required for vigilance. Method: Participants completed a 40-min drive in a simulated partially automated vehicle and were tasked with monitoring for hazards that represented potential automation failures. Two factors were manipulated to test the impact of monitoring demands on performance: Spatial uncertainty and event rate. Results: As predicted, hazard detection performance was poorer when monitoring demands were increased, and performance declined as a function of time on task. Subjective reports also indicated high workload and task-induced stress. Conclusion: Drivers of partially automated vehicles are impaired by the vigilance decrement and elevated task demands, meaning that safe operation becomes less likely when the demands associated with monitoring automation increase and as a drive extends in duration. This study also supports the notion that vigilance performance in partially automated vehicles is likely due to driver overload. Application: Developers of automation technologies should consider countermeasures that attenuate a driver’s cognitive load when tasked with monitoring automation.
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Zhang, Jianping, Xiaoqiang Tian, Jian Pan, Zhenling Chen, and Xiang Zou. "A Field Study on Safety Performance of Apron Controllers at a Large-Scale Airport Based on Digital Tower." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (January 31, 2022): 1623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031623.
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The innovative concept of digital tower provides a new solution for reducing the construction and operation costs of airports with adverse natural environments, poor intervisibility conditions, or sparse traffic. However, it leads to changes in the situational awareness of air traffic controllers and to challenges in safety performance. To research the safety performance of apron controllers at a large-scale airport applying a digital tower, a field study was conducted at Baiyun International Airport in Guangzhou, China. In this study, we established a comprehensive index system from the perspective of situational awareness, which provided measurements on the areas of interests, gaze and physiological features, and vigilance of controllers. Three modules were compared: a physical tower module, a digital tower module with a large panoramic screen, and a digital tower module with a small panoramic screen. The differences in the safety performances of apron controllers are discussed in two aspects: adaptability and reliability. The results indicated that the apron controllers at the three modules performed different cognition patterns, but similar cognition effort was paid toward maintaining performance. Furthermore, the significant vigilance decrement of controllers exists between after-duty and before-duty, but with no significant difference among the three modules. In conclusion, apron controllers at a large-scale airport could obtain effective safety performances based on a digital tower that were no less than those from a physical tower.
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Mellman, T., and M. Howell. "0490 Development and Preliminary Evaluation of a Brief Intervention for Post-Deployment Insomnia." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.487.
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Abstract Introduction Sleep disturbances are common among previously deployed Veterans. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) has shown promise for Veterans but there are limitations and CBT-I may not optimally target the nocturnal vigilance conditioned by threatening environments. We developed and preliminarily evaluated a brief educational/behavioral intervention that combined established behavioral sleep principles with cognitive exercises intended to reduce the impact of vigilant thoughts and behaviors on sleep. Methods Participants were 40 Veterans recruited from the community and local VAMC who had been deployed to combat zones or hazardous duty areas. The mean age was 40, and the majority were male, African American, and screened positively for PTSD. They were assigned to the study intervention or an educational control that utilized a pamphlet promoting healthy sleep habits. Assignment at a 2:1 ratio was intended to allow for refinement of the study intervention during the early phase of the trial. Initial assessment was followed by a week of sleep diary collection, then two intervention sessions a week apart, followed by a repeat assessment. Participants of the study intervention were assessed again 3-months later. Results Improvements in sleep efficiency, ratings for feeling rested in the morning, and reduced Insomnia Severity Index scores were seen in the post-treatment week but did not differ between groups. At 3-months, these improvements were sustained in the 14 retained participants of the study intervention, engagement in vigilance reducing exercises remained high, and ratings of how rested one felt in the morning were significantly improved over ratings from the post-treatment week. Conclusion Brief behavioral intervention for post-deployment insomnia can provide benefits and cognitive exercises to reduce the impact of vigilant thoughts and behaviors warrant further evaluation. Support Supported by W81XWH-14-1-0066 from the Congressionally Directed Peer-Reviewed Medical Research Program of the Department of Defense
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Pariseau-Legault, Pierre, Guillaume Ouellet, Etienne Paradis-Gagné, Emmanuelle Bernheim, and Nicolas Sallée. "L’obligation de signalement aux services de protection de l’enfance : analyse situationnelle de sa mise en oeuvre dans les pratiques de soins primaires." Science of Nursing and Health Practices 5, no. 1 (July 14, 2022): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1090529ar.
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Introduction: International studies suggest that a lack of forensic knowledge, clinical skills and organizational support may hinder nurses' implementation of the duty to report suspected cases of maltreatment to child welfare services. No studies to date have documented how the duty to report is integrated into primary care nursing practice.
Objectives: To describe primary care nurses' perceived role in preventing child maltreatment and to explore the process of implementing mandatory reporting to child welfare services.
Methods: A situational analysis was conducted using 14 semi-structured interviews with primary care nurses in Quebec, Canada. These interviews were qualitatively mapped and analyzed using inductive coding.
Results: Clinical vigilance is an important dimension of nursing practice, which is influenced by external constraints. The implementation of the duty to report relies on clinical intuition, the exercise of discretionary power and organizational work that can be preventive, targeted or symbolic in scope. The determining factor in the implementation of the duty to report is the exercise of control over the situation and its anticipated consequences.
Discussion and conclusion: These findings provide insight into the process of implementing mandatory reporting practices to child welfare services in terms of factors that may influence the exercise of nurses’ discretionary power.
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SAVOUREY, Elsa, and Stéphane BRABANT. "The French Law on the Duty of Vigilance: Theoretical and Practical Challenges Since its Adoption." Business and Human Rights Journal 6, no. 1 (February 2021): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bhj.2020.30.
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Lamb, Di. "Measuring Critical Care Air Support Teams’ Performance During Extended Periods of Duty." AACN Advanced Critical Care 21, no. 3 (July 1, 2010): 298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/15597768-2010-3008.
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The Royal Air Force (RAF) Critical Care Air Support Teams (CCASTs) aeromedically evacuate seriously injured service personnel. Long casualty evacuation chains create logistical constraints that must be considered when aeromedically evacuating patients. One constraint is the length of a CCAST mission and its potential effect on team member performance. Despite no evidence of patient care compromise, the RAF has commissioned a study to investigate whether CCAST mission length influences performance. Describing and understanding the role of a CCAST enabled fatigue to be defined. Factors essential to studying fatigue were then identified that were used to develop a theoretical model for designing a study to measure the effects of fatigue on CCAST performance. Relevant factors include the patient’s clinical condition, team members’ cognition and vigilance levels, and the occupational aviation environment. Further factors influencing overall performance include the duration and complexity of patient interventions, mission length, circadian influences, and fatigue countermeasures.
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Shea, Judy A., Jeffrey H. Silber, Sanjay V. Desai, David F. Dinges, Lisa M. Bellini, James Tonascia, Alice L. Sternberg, et al. "Development of the individualised Comparative Effectiveness of Models Optimizing Patient Safety and Resident Education (iCOMPARE) trial: a protocol summary of a national cluster-randomised trial of resident duty hour policies in internal medicine." BMJ Open 8, no. 9 (September 2018): e021711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021711.
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IntroductionMedical trainees’ duty hours have received attention globally; restrictions in Europe, New Zealand and some Canadian provinces are much lower than the 80 hours per week enforced in USA. In USA, resident duty hours have been implemented without evidence simultaneously reflecting competing concerns about patient safety and physician education. The objective is to prospectively evaluate the implications of alternative resident duty hour rules for patient safety, trainee education and intern sleep and alertness.Methods and analysis63 US internal medicine training programmes were randomly assigned 1:1 to the 2011 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education resident duty hour rules or to rules more flexible in intern shift length and number of hours off between shifts for academic year 2015–2016. The primary outcome is calculated for each programme as the difference in 30-day mortality rate among Medicare beneficiaries with any of several prespecified principal diagnoses in the intervention year minus 30-day mortality in the preintervention year among Medicare beneficiaries with any of several prespecified principal diagnoses. Additional safety outcomes include readmission rates, prolonged length of stay and costs. Measures derived from trainees’ and faculty responses to surveys and from time-motion studies of interns compare the educational experiences of residents. Measures derived from wrist actigraphy, subjective ratings and psychomotor vigilance testing compare the sleep and alertness of interns. Differences between duty hour groups in outcomes will be assessed by intention-to-treat analyses.Ethics and disseminationThe University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved the protocol and served as the IRB of record for 40 programmes that agreed to sign an Institutional Affiliation Agreement. Twenty-three programmes opted for a local review process.Trial registration numberNCT02274818; Pre-results.
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Cossart, Sandra, and Mathilde Silvestre. "Four Years Later – the Impact and Potential of the French Law on the Duty of Vigilance." zeitschrift für menschenrechte 15, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 84–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.46499/1769.1989.
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Coslin, Christelle, Liam Naidoo, and Margaux Renard. "Duty of Care and Vigilance in Human Rights Matters: From an International Impulse to European Implementations." RED N° 1, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/red.001.0071.
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Martin, Isabelle, and Julie Falardeau- Papineau. "Impact on Remedies of the Use of Corporate Governance Norms to Address Forced Labour." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 40, Issue 4 (December 1, 2024): 403–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2024016.
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Forced labour, a pervasive issue within transnational production networks (TPNs), has been the subject of regulatory responses primarily centred around the use of corporate governance norms. These norms, whether through disclosure or due diligence laws, or in some common law countries, litigation seeking judicial recognition of a common law duty of care, are the sole legal mechanisms linking lead corporations to the working conditions in their TPNs. This article critically evaluates the potential of these corporate governance norms to provide effective remedies to forced labour workers, a topic of significant importance as it recognizes their agency rather than portraying them as passive victims.To this end, this article will appraise two legislative models, one implementing disclosure and the other due diligence, while examining the duty of care jurisprudential model, from the procedural and substantive criteria of effective remedies: the California Transparency in Supply Chains Act (CTSCA) disclosure regulation, the French vigilance law, and the Canadian common law duty of care. The analysis underlines a few, primarily procedural, improvements generated by disclosure and due diligence legislation, as well as the common law duty of care toward more effective remedies. These corporate governance norms increase available information and foster accessibility to some extent. However, substantive improvements brought by corporate governance norms are either constrained (France), hypothetical (Canada) or non-existent (California). Moreover, the corporate governance norms examined fail to provide effective judicial remedies for forced labour victims and may undermine potential lawsuits by providing corporations with a defence. We conclude with a discussion of the newly adopted German and Canadian laws.
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Scott, Linda D., Ann E. Rogers, Wei-Ting Hwang, and Yawei Zhang. "Effects of Critical Care Nurses’ Work Hours on Vigilance and Patients’ Safety." American Journal of Critical Care 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2006.15.1.30.
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• Background To minimize the occurrence of adverse events among patients, critical care nurses must be alert to subtle changes in patients’ conditions, perform accurate clinical assessments, and respond expediently. However, little is known about the effects of the nurses’ work hours on vigilance and patients’ safety. • Objectives To describe the work patterns of critical care nurses, determine if an association exists between the occurrence of errors and the hours worked by the nurses, and explore whether these work hours have adverse effects on the nurses’ vigilance. • Methods Data were obtained from a random sample of critical care nurses in the United States. Nurses eligible for the study were mailed two 14-day logbooks to fill out. Information collected included the hours worked, the time of day worked, overtime hours, days off, and sleep-wake patterns. On days worked, the respondents completed all work-related questions and questions about difficulties in remaining awake while on duty. Space was provided for descriptions of any errors or near errors that might have occurred. On days off, the nurses completed only those questions about sleep-wake patterns, mood, and caffeine intake. • Results The 502 respondents consistently worked longer than scheduled and for extended periods. Longer work duration increased the risk of errors and near errors and decreased nurses’ vigilance. • Conclusions The findings support the Institute of Medicine recommendations to minimize the use of 12-hour shifts and to limit nurses’ work hours to no more than 12 consecutive hours during a 24-hour period.
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Furramani, Emanuela, and Rrezart Bushati. "The criminal liability of the medical team considering the recent orientation of the Italian Court of Cassation." Academicus International Scientific Journal 25 (January 2022): 214–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7336/academicus.2022.25.13.
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This article aims to analyze the thematic of medical team liability considering the recent Italian Supreme Court case-law, highlighting the various problems linked to the identification of the responsibility of each member of the team. The participation of several subjects in the execution of medical treatment makes the question of criminal liability very complex, especially when it comes to inauspicious events, such as injuries or death, occurring during medical treatment. The question concerns the exact identification of the duty of care and vigilance of the medical team and whether this duty is in line with the principle of individual criminal responsibility guaranteed by Article 27 of the Italian Constitution. In this regard, the case-law has elaborated the so-called “principle of reasonable confidence”, according to which the division of labour that belongs to each member should involve a delimitation of his responsibility, limited only to what is within his competence, except in case of the person who organizes, directs, and controls the team. Precisely, based on this principle, the Italian Supreme Court in 2018 reasserted that in the medical team is necessary to identify the role played by each member, thus avoiding resorting to objective responsibility.
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Ricciardelli, Rosemary, Stephen Czarnuch, R. Nicholas Carleton, James Gacek, and James Shewmake. "Canadian Public Safety Personnel and Occupational Stressors: How PSP Interpret Stressors on Duty." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13 (July 1, 2020): 4736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134736.
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Canadian public safety personnel (e.g., correctional workers, firefighters) experience potential stressors as a function of their occupation. Occupational stressors can include organizational (e.g., job context) and operational (e.g., job content) elements. Operational stressors (e.g., exposures to potentially psychologically traumatic events) may be inevitable, but opportunities may exist to mitigate other occupational stressors for public safety personnel. Research exploring the diverse forms of stress among public safety personnel remains sparse. In our current qualitative study we provide insights into how public safety personnel interpret occupational stressors. We use a semi-grounded thematic approach to analyze what public safety personnel reported when asked to further comment on occupational stress or their work experiences in two open-ended comment fields of an online survey. We provide a more comprehensive understanding of how public safety personnel experience occupational stress and the stressors that are unique to their occupations. Beyond known operational stressors, our respondents (n = 1238; n = 828) reported substantial difficulties with organizational (interpersonal work relationship dynamics; workload distribution, resources, and administrative obligations) and operational (vigilance, work location, interacting with the public) stressors. Some operational stressors are inevitable, but other occupational stressors can be mitigated to better support our public safety personnel.
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Sinitsyn, Evgeniy Igorevich, and Sergei Nikolaevich Arkhipov. "Typical offences of the law by security and convoy officers on duty." Полицейская деятельность, no. 1 (January 2021): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0692.2021.1.34964.
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The authors describe the examples of possible offences of the law by temporary detention facilities officers, security and convoy officers, and other internal affairs officers responsible for criminal suspects convoying. Such offences are often connected with the disregard of rules of official duty performance or with the improper execution of duties, which leads to the occurrence of emergency situations, such as: an assault on a police officer by an individual or a group of individuals; hostage taking; escape or self-maiming attempts. Based on personal experience and judicial practice materials and regulating documents analysis, the authors consider the key measures aimed at the reduction of the emergency situations rate in the work of temporary detention facilities and security and convoy units. The professional activity of temporary detention facilities officers, as well as security and convoy officers, involves everyday contacts with suspects, persons accused of crimes, and persons sentenced to imprisonment. Officers convoy them to courts, medical facilities, etc. Such duties become routine for experienced officers, which can lead to the loss of vigilance and cautiousness in the work with criminal suspects. On the other hand, inexperienced officers, not knowing the peculiarities of their service, can also commit dereliction of duty, or worse - neglect of their official duties. Therefore, the issues of control and preventive measures taken by senior officers aimed at avoiding offences of the law by their subordinates, become particularly significant.
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Sukmada, Uman, Sigit Permana, Hardianto Iridiastadi, and R. DJoko Andreas Navalino. "ANALISIS PENGEMBANGAN APLIKASI PSYCHOMOTOR VIGILANCE TASK (PVT) SEBAGAI ALAT UJI KESIAPAN BERTUGAS PENGEMUDI KENDARAAN TEMPUR." Citizen : Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin Indonesia 2, no. 2 (June 9, 2022): 332–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.53866/jimi.v2i2.91.
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Fatigue has been stated as one of the main factors causing accidents in various countries. One of the efforts that can be made to prevent the risk of an accident is to detect as early as possible the driver's condition before starting the trip. One example of a driving profession is the driver of a combat vehicle. Busy work schedules and changing service schedules can result in combat vehicle drivers experiencing a decrease in the quality and quantity of sleep associated with increased fatigue at work. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the level of fitness for the duty of soldiers. The research was held at the TNI Soldier Education Center using a type of Tank fighting vehicle. This study used the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) application as a measuring tool for data collection, with a total of 8 respondents. Data processing using Wilcoxon's non-parametric statistical test. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the average value of response time and drowsiness, but the number of misses showed a significant difference in conditions after driving for 2 hours, and after driving for a total of 3 hours.
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Bueno, Nicolas, and Claire Bright. "IMPLEMENTING HUMAN RIGHTS DUE DILIGENCE THROUGH CORPORATE CIVIL LIABILITY." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 69, no. 4 (September 7, 2020): 789–818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589320000305.
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AbstractSince the adoption of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights the relationship between human rights due diligence (HRDD) and corporate liability has been a source of legal uncertainty. In order to clarify this relationship, this article compares and contrasts civil liability provisions aiming at implementing HRDD. It explains the legal liability mechanisms in the draft Treaty on Business and Human Rights and in domestic mandatory HRDD legislation and initiatives such as the French Duty of Vigilance Law and the Swiss Responsible Business Initiative. It compares these developments with the emerging case law on parent company and supply chain liability for human rights abuses. It explores the potentially perverse effects that certain civil liability provisions and court decisions might have on companies’ practices. Finally, it makes recommendations for the design of effective liability mechanisms to implement HRDD.
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Worboys, Michael. "Joseph Lister and the performance of antiseptic surgery." Notes and Records of the Royal Society 67, no. 3 (May 22, 2013): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2013.0028.
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This article highlights a neglected feature of Joseph Lister's work, namely how, in addition to promoting germ theories and the principles of the antiseptic system, he also devoted much time and effort to communicating the performative aspects of antisepsis and of the many other surgical innovations that he developed. Attention to ‘detail’ and striving for ‘improvement’ were crucial to Listerian practice, and he sought to convey his credo in three main ways: first, his publications aimed at ‘bringing the subject out in the same sort of way as it had been worked out by himself’; second, he set out strict protocols and information on materials and methods, yet also encouraged surgeons to improvise; and third, he made himself an exemplar of a new form of professionalism, which made constancy and vigilance in practice a moral duty for surgeons.
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Wanis, Christine, Huda Jawad, Richard J. Moore, and Julie Burke. "Accidental Administration of Auto-Injectable Adrenaline into a Digit." Dental Update 47, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/denu.2020.47.1.51.
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General Dental Practitioners (GDPs) and Dental Care Professionals (DCPs) have a duty of care to ensure that patient safety is at the forefront of their clinical practice. Medical emergencies, although rare, can occur in the dental setting, and early, effective management of these emergencies can, not only save lives, but also improve long-term outcomes. A case is reported which highlights a safety incident involving accidental self-administration of an adrenaline auto-injector (AAI) into a digit during a medical emergencies training session. Consequently, the aim is to raise awareness of these unexpected safety incidences and propose a protocol for the treatment of such injuries. CPD/Clinical Relevance: This paper highlights the importance of vigilance when undertaking a medical emergency training course, and the introduction of a new protocol to be used in cases of accidental AAI injury.
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Nathie, Mahmood. "Islamic Bank Failure: A Case Study." ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance 2, no. 1 (June 15, 2010): 7–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.55188/ijif.v2i1.77.
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Recent turmoil in financial markets has once again emphasised the need for regulatory vigilance–especially in relation to banks in distress and those experiencing a run on depositors’ funds. The Islamic Bank Ltd of South Africa collapsed in 1997, and its failure exposed the cost of bad credit risk management, operational dysfunction and regulatory breaches. This study finds early regulatory intervention may have addressed major liquidity shortcomings and perhaps even forestalled the bank’s collapse. Despite effective intervention measures, the evidence shows a run on funds fuelled by noise and loss of confidence is difficult to reverse without direct and significant central bank liquidity infusion and deposit guarantees. Evidence of poor management and dereliction of duty by external auditors to report on material irregularities reinforces the need for a new whole- of-regulatory approach. Further, Shari’ah compliance is found to be ineffectual without substantive legal support.
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Ayu, O. Nere, and Linda Berg-Cross. "College-sponsored mental health clubs: Maximizing success and reducing risks." Journal of Campus Activities Practice and Scholarship 5, no. 1 (February 2023): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.52499/2023006.
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College-sponsored Mental Health Clubs (MHCs) are a 21st-century phenomenon, helping to reduce mental health stigma at colleges across the country. MHCs take many shapes, but most focus on psychoeducation, reducing stigma, advocacy, and peer-to-peer support. These clubs are especially attractive to groups like LGBTQ students and students of color who come to college with additional traumas and identity issues. Trends in training club leaders and members are discussed, and the role of the counseling center as a sponsoring organization is highlighted. Issues of liability are presented, particularly those having to do with: a) the responsibilities of mental health club advisors, b) duty to warn issues, c) dual relationship issues, and d) brave space paradigms and triggering situations. The need and utility of peer-to-peer support groups have been well-documented for decades. Still, the successful transition to mental health clubs under the auspicious of the college requires special vigilance to protect both students and the college.
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Delalieux, Guillaume, and Anne-Catherine Moquet. "French law on CSR due diligence paradox." Society and Business Review 15, no. 2 (April 13, 2020): 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbr-03-2019-0033.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the functioning of the French Law No 2017-399 relating to the duty of vigilance of parent companies and ordering companies, a law defended by labor unions and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) as an answer to the ineffectiveness of corporate social responsibility (CSR) mechanisms of multi-national corporation. Design/methodology/approach The authors try to determine to what extent the new mechanisms brought by this law could improve or not the failure of existing CSR mechanisms. Findings The authors find out that internal weaknesses of the law, which is based on voluntary CSR instruments and without penalties, internal mechanisms of the French judicial system or external economic factors, might considerably limit the effectiveness of the law. Originality/value Even if for the first time, French judges might be asked to evaluate the reasonableness of the CSR practices of firms, one of the paradoxical effects of this law might be to institutionalize soft law mechanisms such as CSR certification or reporting, the proponents of this law precisely wanted to get rid of at the origin.
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Schilling-Vacaflor, Almut. "Correction to: Putting the French Duty of Vigilance Law in Context: Towards Corporate Accountability for Human Rights Violations in the Global South?" Human Rights Review 23, no. 1 (March 2022): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12142-022-00661-5.
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Diver, Laurence, and Pauline McBride. "Argument by Numbers: The Normative Impact of Statistical Legal Tech." Communitas 3, no. 1 (April 27, 2023): 6–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1098929ar.
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The introduction of statistical ‘legal tech’ raises questions about the future of law and legal practice. While technologies have always mediated the concept, practice, and texture of law, a qualitative and quantitative shift is taking place: statistical legal tech is being integrated into mainstream legal practice, and particularly that of litigators. These applications – particularly in search and document generation – mediate how practicing lawyers interact with the legal system. By shaping how law is ‘done’, the applications ultimately come to shape what law is. Where such applications impact on the creative elements of the litigator’s practice, for example via automation bias, they affect their professional and ethical duty to respond appropriately to the unique circumstances of their client’s case – a duty that is central to the Rule of Law. The statistical mediation of legal resources by machine learning applications must therefore be introduced with great care, if we are to avoid the subtle, inadvertent, but ultimately fundamental undermining of the Rule of Law. In this contribution we describe the normative effects of legal tech application design, how they are potentially (in)compatible with law and the Rule of Law as normative orders, particularly with respect to legal texts which we frame as the proper source of ‘lossless law’, uncompressed by statistical framing. We conclude that reliance on the vigilance of individual lawyers is insufficient to guard against the potentially harmful effects of such systems, given their inscrutability, and suggest that the onus is on the providers of legal technologies to demonstrate the legitimacy of their systems according to the normative standards inherent in the legal system.
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Dinges, D. F., D. A. Asch, J. A. Shea, L. M. Bellini, M. Carlin, S. K. Malone, S. V. Desai, et al. "0261 A Randomized Trial on The Effects of Standard and Flexible Duty-Hour Rules on Intern Sleep and Alertness." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A99—A100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.259.
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Abstract Introduction Duty hour regulations affect resident sleep, education, and patient care in complex ways. We performed a national cluster-randomized trial (iCOMPARE) in 63 internal medicine residency programs comparing the effects of the 2011 duty-hour standards to a more flexible set of duty hour rules characterized by maintaining an 80-hour workweek but without limits on shift length or mandatory time off between shifts, relative to patient mortality, intern educational outcomes, and intern sleep and alertness. Methods In the sleep and alertness sub-study, sleep duration and morning sleepiness and alertness were assessed with actigraphy, the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, and a 3-minute Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT-B) for 14 days in 193 interns from 6 standard programs and 205 interns from 6 flexible programs. Results During the 14-day study periods, interns in standard and flexible programs averaged 7.03h sleep/24h (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.78h, 7.27h) and 6.85h sleep/24h (95% CI 6.61h, 7.10h), respectively. Sleep duration (difference between arms of -0.17h/24h; 1-sided lower 95% confidence limit -0.45h; NIM -0.5h; P=0.02 for noninferiority) and KSS sleepiness (difference 0.12 points; 1-sided upper 95% confidence limit 0.31 points; NIM 1 point; P<0.001) were noninferior in flexible versus standard programs. We could not establish noninferiority for PVT-B alertness (difference -0.3 lapses; 1-sided upper 95% confidence limit 1.6 lapses; NIM 1 lapse; P=0.10). Based on analyses by shift type, sleep duration was 1.77h shorter on days when interns in flexible programs finished an overnight shift relative to a regular day shift (p<.001), with significant decreases in subjective and objective alertness, and frequent reports of excessive sleepiness, especially between 12am and 6am. Conclusion There were no signs of relevant chronic sleep loss across shifts in interns in flexible programs relative to their standard program counterparts. Interns were able to compensate for the sleep lost during extended overnight shifts by increasing sleep duration on nights prior to day shifts, night shifts, and days off. Increased sleepiness and reduced alertness of interns following extended overnight shifts need to be mitigated and suggest a role for fatigue-risk management programs. Support Supported by NHLBI grants U01HL125388 and U01HL126088 and grants from the ACGME.
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Ayeni, Aanuoluwakiitan, Ayeisha Haswarey, Omar Ordaz-Johnson, LaTroy Robinson, Walaa Abdelmoaty, Maya Herzig, David Hurtado, et al. "0290 Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring does not reduce the sleep of off-duty firefighters." SLEEP 46, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2023): A128—A129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsad077.0290.
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Abstract Introduction Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) across 24 hours is recommended to confirm hypertension and, outside of a laboratory setting, is the only means to measure the extent of any nocturnal decrease in blood pressure (BP) i.e., nocturnal BP dipping. The ambulatory device is traditionally programmed to inflate every 20-30 minutes during awake and sleep. Despite diagnostic benefits, ABPM may disturb sleep and lead to reduced compliance in some individuals. Firefighters, an occupational group with a greater risk of developing cardiovascular disease, often note continued vigilance during sleep, possibly reflecting light sleep and/or frequent awakenings. This potential sleep disturbance may contribute to firefighters’ cardiovascular disease risk and may also impact ABPM data. Methods To assess the effect of ABPM on total sleep time (TST) and wake after sleep onset (WASO) in firefighters, we measured sleep using wrist actigraphy in 120 firefighters (91.3% male) from two different departments in Oregon. As part of a larger longitudinal study, participants’ sleep off-shift (as noted from daily survey) was recorded for up to 14 days at two different time points, two months apart. During two consecutive days off, participants completed 24-48 hours of ABPM with simultaneous actigraphy. Overall, there were 1273 measures of sleep, 206 with the cuff and 1067 without the cuff. Separate mixed models with cuff (on/off) as a fixed effect and participant as a random effect, were run for TST and WASO. Models were adjusted for total time in bed, department, and collection interval. Results Surprisingly, TST with the cuff on was significantly greater than nights without the cuff (marginal mean ± SE: 432.0±3.1 vs. 415.9±1.7 minutes respectively, p< 0.001). Increased TST was attributable to a lower WASO with the cuff than without the cuff (43.8±2.9 vs 59.8±1.7 minutes, respectively, p< 0.001). Conclusion Contrary to our expectations, ABPM was not associated with actigraphy measured disturbed sleep among firefighters. In fact, in these data, sleep appeared to be improved while wearing the cuff. Perhaps concerns around poor sleep when wearing the device may have led to improved sleep behaviors on those nights, but this hypothesis needs further investigation. Support (if any) U19OH010154, K01HL151745
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Vanasse, Thomas J., Crystal Franklin, Felipe S. Salinas, Amy E. Ramage, Vince D. Calhoun, Paul C. Robinson, Mitchell Kok, et al. "A resting-state network comparison of combat-related PTSD with combat-exposed and civilian controls." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 14, no. 9 (September 2019): 933–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsz072.
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Abstract Resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) is an emerging means of understanding the neurobiology of combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, most rsFC studies to date have limited focus to cognitively related intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs), have not applied data-driven methodologies or have disregarded the effect of combat exposure. In this study, we predicted that group independent component analysis (GICA) would reveal group-wise differences in rsFC across 50 active duty service members with PTSD, 28 combat-exposed controls (CEC), and 25 civilian controls without trauma exposure (CC). Intranetwork connectivity differences were identified across 11 ICNs, yet combat-exposed groups were indistinguishable in PTSD vs CEC contrasts. Both PTSD and CEC demonstrated anatomically diffuse differences in the Auditory Vigilance and Sensorimotor networks compared to CC. However, intranetwork connectivity in a subset of three regions was associated with PTSD symptom severity among executive (left insula; ventral anterior cingulate) and right Fronto-Parietal (perigenual cingulate) networks. Furthermore, we found that increased temporal synchronization among visuospatial and sensorimotor networks was associated with worse avoidance symptoms in PTSD. Longitudinal neuroimaging studies in combat-exposed cohorts can further parse PTSD-related, combat stress-related or adaptive rsFC changes ensuing from combat.
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Putra, Meirizal Ari. "PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS ON NURSE PERFORMANCE IN PROVIDING NURSING CARE DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY SCIENCE (IJNMS) 5, no. 2 (August 29, 2021): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.29082/ijnms/2021/vol5/iss2/341.
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Objectives: This study examines the psychological stress experienced by nurses, explores the psychological stress on nurses' performance in providing nursing care in hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods: In this study using a qualitative design with an analytical strategy using in-depth interviews, the subjects used were nurses who worked in two Yogyakarta hospitals, the sampling technique used consecutive sampling, which was then carried out qualitative analysis.
Results: The research has two themes. First, the psychological stress experienced at the beginning of the pandemic with four sub-themes, namely; 1) fatigue and PPE problems during the pandemic; 2) fear of infection; 3) anxiety caused by community stigmatization; 4) concern for family health. Second, coping and self-care with three sub-themes, namely; 1) awareness and vigilance on duty; 2) spiritual support; 3) support for facilities and infrastructure.
Conclusion: Research provides in-depth knowledge of the stress experienced by nurses in the COVID-19 pandemic situation and can provide advice to hospital management in ensuring the health and safety of nurses in the hospital.
Recommendation: Hospitals can improve the Standard Operating Procedures, mental support, support for personal protective equipment to protect nurses to minimize the negative impact in nurses in providing nursing care in a pandemic situation.
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Schilling-Vacaflor, Almut. "Integrating Human Rights and the Environment in Supply Chain Regulations." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (August 27, 2021): 9666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179666.
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To address the negative externalities associated with global trade, countries in the Global North have increasingly adopted supply chain regulations. While global supply chains cause or contribute to interconnected environmental and human rights impacts, I show that supply chain regulations often exclusively target one policy domain. Furthermore, an analysis of the first experiences with the implementation of the French Duty of Vigilance law, which covers and gives equal weight to environmental and human rights risks, reveals that the inclusion of environmental and human rights standards in legal norms is not sufficient to ensure policy integration. The empirical focus here is on the soy and beef supply chains from Brazil to the European Union (EU), and the findings rely on an analysis of legal norms and company reports, field research at producing sites in Brazil and semi-structured interviews with civil society, business and state actors. For analyzing the data, I draw on the literature on environmental policy integration (EPI) and apply a framework that distinguishes between institutional, political and cognitive factors to discuss advances and challenges for integrating human rights and the environment in sustainability governance. The study concludes that more integrated approaches for regulating global supply chains would be needed to enable ‘just sustainability’.
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Yohanes, Reinard Christian, and Amad Sudiro. "Analisis Akibat Hukum Terhadap Kelalaian Pilot Dalam Menjaga Keselamatan Penerbangan (Kasus Pesawat Batik Air Tahun 2024)." Ranah Research : Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development 7, no. 2 (December 16, 2024): 819–28. https://doi.org/10.38035/rrj.v7i2.1364.
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Flight safety is a cornerstone of the aviation industry, heavily reliant on the professionalism and vigilance of pilots. This study examines the legal consequences of pilot negligence in maintaining flight safety, focusing on a case involving a fatigued Batik Air pilot. Employing a normative juridical approach, this research analyzes relevant legal frameworks, including Indonesia’s Law No. 1 of 2009 on Aviation, Civil Aviation Safety Regulations (CASR), International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Annex 13, and related legal instruments. The findings reveal that negligence resulting from fatigue constitutes a severe violation of safety standards, breaching the duty of care expected in aviation operations. Such negligence may attract various legal repercussions, ranging from administrative sanctions, such as license revocation, to criminal charges as stipulated under Artt. 411 and 412 of Law No. 1 of 2009. Additionally, airlines may face civil liabilities for compensating passengers for damages incurred. The study also highlights the legal obligation of airlines to ensure the physical and mental fitness of pilots through stringent monitoring of work schedules and regular health evaluations. This paper concludes that strict law enforcement and the establishment of a robust safety culture within the aviation industry are essential to mitigating risks associated with human factors, particularly pilot negligence.
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Bodansky, Daniel, and James Thuo Gathii. "ICJ—prohibition against the use of force—self-defense under Article 51 of the UN Charter—duty of vigilance—IHR and IHL under belligerent occupation." American Journal of International Law 101, no. 1 (January 2007): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000029596.
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Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda). At <http://www.icj-cij.org>.International Court of Justice, December 19, 2005.In its December 19, 2005, judgment in Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo v. Uganda (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), the International Court of Justice (ICJ) found Uganda to have engaged in grave violations of the prohibition on the use of force and of its international humanitarian and human rights obligations during its occupation of Congelese territory. The Court also found that the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) had violated the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations for its treatment of Ugandan diplomats and also for the destruction of their diplomatic premises and the associated archives and records.The train of events leading to this case originated in May 1997 with President Laurent-Desire Kabila's deposition of Zairean dictator Mobutu-Ssese Seko. Having come to power with Ugandan and Rwandese military assistance, Kabila was unsuccessful in his effort to remove Ugandan and Rwandese troops from the DRC (paras. 48–50). The DRC alleged that in August 1998, Ugandan armed forces invaded (para. 29) and then captured and occupied Congolese towns and territory in defiance of Kabila's decision that Ugandan and Rwandese forces should leave the DRC (para. 29–31). Further, the DRC contended that Uganda recruited, funded, trained, equipped, and supplied armed Congolese groups opposed to the Kabila government (para. 32).
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Shattuck, N. L., and P. Matsangas. "0821 Gender Differences in Sailor Well-Being, Sleep-Related Behaviors, and Psychomotor Vigilance Performance in the United States Navy." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.817.
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Abstract Introduction Approximately 18% of US Navy sailors are females. Research has shown gender-related differences in the prevalence of sleep disorders in active duty personnel (Foster et al., 2017). Specifically, insomnia, depression, and anxiety are more prevalent in females, while obstructive sleep apnea is more prevalent in males. We have studied the sleep patterns and fatigue levels of crew members on more than 30 US Navy ships. The current study focuses on gender differences in well-being, sleep-related behaviors, and psychomotor vigilance performance of sailors in the US Navy. Methods Using a longitudinal, naturalistic observation paradigm, data were collected from crewmembers on nine USN ships while performing their normal underway duties. Participants (N=1,056) tended to be young (on average 27 years of age), predominantly male (80.6%), and enlisted (84.8%). We assessed average daytime alertness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale), insomnia symptoms (Insomnia Severity Index), mood (Profile of Mood States), and sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index). Sleep was assessed with actigraphy and logbooks. Sailors performed a 3-minute version of the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT), which was built into their wrist-worn actigraph. Results Compared to males, female sailors reported more depressive symptoms (p=0.042) and less vigor (p<0.001). Females slept more (daily sleep duration: p<0.001) but their sleep was split into more episodes than their male counterparts (p=0.029). Fewer females reported a regular exercise routine (p=0.033). In addition, females report consuming fewer energy drinks (p=0.007), and using fewer nicotine products (p=0.013). Lastly, consistent with findings from civilian populations, female sailors had slower reaction times on the PVT (p<0.001) and experienced more lapses combined with false starts (p<0.001) than their male counterparts. Conclusion Compared to their male peers, female sailors tend to report higher levels of depression and lower levels of vigor. They experience more pronounced split sleep, are less likely to report having an exercise routine, and have poorer performance on the PVT. Fewer females report using energy drinks and nicotine products. Support This research was supported by the Naval Medical Research Center’s Advanced Medical Development Program, the US Navy 21st Century Sailor Office, and the US Navy OPNAV N1.
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James, Stephen M., and Bryan Vila. "Police drowsy driving: predicting fatigue-related performance decay." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 38, no. 3 (August 17, 2015): 517–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-03-2015-0033.
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Purpose – Fatigue associated with shift work is a well-established and pervasive problem in policing that affects officer performance, safety, and health. It is critical to understand the extent to which fatigue degrades officer driving performance. Drowsy driving among post-shift workers is a well-established risk factor yet no data are available about officer injuries and deaths due to drowsy driving. The purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of fatigue associated with work shift and prior sleep on officers’ non-operational driving using laboratory experiments to assess post-shift drowsy driving risks and the ability of a well-validated vigilance and reaction-time task to assess these risks. Design/methodology/approach – Experienced police patrol officer volunteers (n=78) from all four shifts of a medium-sized city’s police department were tested using a within- and between-subjects design to assess the impact of fatigue on individual officers, as well as the impact of different work shifts, on post-shift driving performance. Controlled laboratory experiments were conducted during which participants drove high-fidelity driving training simulators on two occasions: immediately following five consecutive 10:40-hour patrol shifts (fatigued condition) and again 72 hours after completing the last shift in a work cycle (rested condition). Findings – Generalized linear mixed-model analyses of driving performance showed that officers working night shifts had significantly greater lane deviation during post-shift, non-operational driving than those working day shifts (F=4.40, df=1, 150, p=0.038). The same method also showed that easy to measure psychomotor vigilance test scores for reaction time predicted both lane deviation (F=31.48, df=1, 151, p < 0.001) and collisions (F=14.10, df=1, 151, p < 0.001) during the simulated drives. Research limitations/implications – Simulated driving tasks done by participants were generally less challenging than patrol or off-duty driving and likely underestimate the impact of fatigue on police driving post-shift or during extended shifts. Originality/value – This is the first experimental research to assess the impact of shiftwork, fatigue, and extended shifts on police post-shift drowsy driving, a known risk factor for shift workers in general.
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Zverev, V. O., and O. G. Polovnikov. "Secret Agents of the Russian Gendarmerie in the Fight against Espionage at the Beginning of the First World War." Modern History of Russia 10, no. 4 (2020): 892–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2020.405.
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The article discusses the limited intelligence capabilities of the gendarmerie departments of the Warsaw Governor General (Lomzinska, Warsaw, Kielce, Lublin, and Radom provinces) in the fight against German and Austrian spies in the second half of 1914 and the first half of 1915. One reason for the secret police’s lack of readiness is the reluctance of the gendarmerie-police authorities to organize counter-response work on an appropriate basis. The rare, fragmentary, and not always valuable information received by agents of the investigating authorities did not allow the gendarmes to organize full-scale and successful operational work on a subordinate territory to identify hidden enemies of the state. The low potential, and, in some cases, the complete uselessness of secret service personnel for the interests of the military wanted list led to the fact that most politically disloyal persons were accidentally identified by other special services. In most cases, spies were detected either due to information from army intelligence and counterintelligence agencies, or due to the vigilance of military personnel of the advanced units of the Russian army. The authors conclude that the gendarmerie departments were unable to organize a systematic operational escort of military personnel of the Russian armies deployed in the Warsaw Military District. Despite the fact that the duty of the gendarmerie police included not only criminal procedures, but also operational searches, there was no qualified identification of spies with the help of secret officers.
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Costelloe, Seán J., Kelly McCarthy, Marguerite O’Connell, and Mark Butler. "Case report of spuriously low sodium and calcium in a 36-year-old male in primary care." Biochemia medica 30, no. 2 (June 14, 2020): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.11613/bm.2020.021001.
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An unseparated serum specimen for a 36-year-old male was received from primary care. The specimen arrived in the laboratory at Cork University Hospital one day after collection, as documented on the paper request card, and was promptly centrifuged. Analysis was delayed for three days due to operational constraints and serum indices were run at the same time as the biochemical analyses. Results showed a moderately haemolysed specimen with remarkably low concentrations of both sodium (119 mmol/L) and total calcium (1.15 mmol/L), with all other parameters within their appropriate reference intervals (RIs). The complete report was released electronically and both sodium and calcium results were phoned to, and acknowledged by, the requesting general practitioner (GP). Discussion between the medical scientists and clinical biochemist on duty raised the possibility that the specimen was significantly older than initially thought. Further discussion of results with the GP clarified that the documented time of collection corresponded with specimen receipt by the courier, rather than the time of phlebotomy. Thus, the specimen was 7 days old when received in the laboratory and 10 days old when analysed. This case illustrates the dangers of multiple convergent preanalytical errors. Laboratories should be mindful of the stability of analytes in unseparated blood and unusual patterns of results which might suggest a specimen is “old”, and that this may coexist with erroneous request information. Any potential adverse effects on patient care were prevented in this case by laboratory vigilance.
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Nosker, J., A. Cornelius, M. Lassen, and T. Bragg. "A-11 Fatigue and Errors in Aeromedicine (FEAr) Pilot Study." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 6 (July 25, 2019): 870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz034.11.
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Abstract Objective The FEAr pilot study was conducted to evaluate the construct validity of an instrument that measures self-reported fatigue levels among air medics (the Flight Risk Assessment [FRA] measure). Data Selection The population of interest, flight medics, is highly specialized and relatively small. As a result, non-probability, convenience sampling was used (N = 27). The participants were recruited from one air medical company with bases located across ten western states. Medics took two measures, the FRA and the PVT, three times a day, for three days. Data Synthesis To establish construct validity, scores on the FRA were compared to scores on the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT), which is a widely used and validated measure to detect fatigue in field settings. The results of the study indicate that a total of five questions on the FRA was significantly and moderately correlated with the PVT efficiency score (r = -.49, p = .01). The mean reaction time was also significantly correlated with the total FRA score (r = .59, p = .001). Notably, perceived fitness for duty was poorly correlated with fatigue levels as measured by the FRA (r < .01). Conclusions The results of this study contribute to a very limited body of research on fatigue among air medical providers. Specifically, the study contributes to the knowledge about the construct validity of the Flight Risk Assessment, which can be used to evaluate fatigue among air medics. Further analysis can assist in determining appropriate cutoff scores to inform time-out policies for medics.
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Quental, Nuno, João Rocha, Jorge Silva, Lídia Menezes, and Jorge Santos. "The impact of cognitive fatigue on airline pilots performance." Journal of Airline and Airport Management 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/jairm.183.
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Purpose: Air transport is a highly regulated branch of aviation, but it continues to show occurrences where human error is present. Fatigue is now recognized as a hazard which degrades human performance and can put flight safety at risk. In this regard, the general objective of this study is to assess the impact of cognitive fatigue on airline pilots and how it can contribute to the occurrence of accidents and incidents.Methodology: Three airline pilots participated in the case study. The participants’ cognitive fatigue was monitored according to four methods, being two of them of a subjective nature – the sleep diary (SD) and the Samn-Perelli 7-Point Fatigue Scale (SPS), and the other two of an objective nature – the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) and the actigraphy (actiwatch ReadibandTM 5). During their flight duty periods (FDPs), the pilots’ performance was also assessed according to the score delivered by a fatigue management software (FAID®).Findings: The obtained results allowed to understand whether the pilots are aware of their alertness and to identify factors which affect their performance levels. Between the beginning and the end of each FDP, significant changes were observed concerning the assessment on the SPS scale, the reaction time (RT) and the fatigue score generated by the biomathematical models associated to the technique of the actigraphy and the software FAID®.Originality/value: The risk of accident or serious error was classified according to the four methodologies used. Thus, it is possible to verify if there is a correspondence between the different scales or if there are scales more conservative (with a higher associated risk) than others.
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Thompson, Andrew G., Jad H. Ramadan, Jacob S. Alexander, and Scott M. Galster. "Psychophysiology, Cognitive Function, and Musculoskeletal Status Holistically Explain Tactical Performance Readiness and Resilience." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 37, no. 12 (December 2023): 2443–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000004580.
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Abstract Thompson, AG, Ramadan, JH, Alexander, JS, and Galster, SM. Psychophysiology, cognitive function, and musculoskeletal status holistically explain tactical performance readiness and resilience. J Strength Cond Res 37(12): 2443–2456, 2023—This study aimed to advance the techniques used in quantifying holistic readiness and resilience within military personnel. Tactical performers, instructors, and applied human performance scientists designed a weeklong competition to reflect realistic operational demands, test specific underlying performance constructs, and elucidate how modernized assessments could drive programmatic action. By placing first in their installation's local preliminary competition, 34 active-duty Marines earned the opportunity to compete in a series of 7 intense events for the title of champion. All inferential statistics were set to a p ≤ 0.05 level of significance. Morning heart rate variability identified top from bottom quartile finishers before a single competition event. By day 3, morning countermovement jump force production (normalized reactive strength index-modified) and cognitive psychomotor vigilance were significant indicators of performance resilience and final competition group rank. Heart rate variability also tracked performer readiness across time, identifying within-group and between-group differences among top, bottom, and field. Collectively, these holistic assessments proved significant markers of acute and chronic tactical performance capabilities. In summary, the incorporation of psychophysiological monitoring, cognitive performance testing, and musculoskeletal force plate evaluations could help inform selection and support needs, drive workload or recovery modulation, and provide critical metrics for evaluating training efficacy and operational readiness. Defense organizations should consider routinely incorporating and actioning similar holistic status monitoring strategies in training and operational settings. Moreover, leveraging other tactical competitions may provide key opportunities for advancing the standard of practice through additional scientific investigation.
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Sanjaya, Putu, I. Nyoman Suarka, and Ni Made Indiani. "Hindus Leadership Teaching In Geguritan Niti Raja Sasana." Vidyottama Sanatana: International Journal of Hindu Science and Religious Studies 4, no. 1 (May 30, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.25078/ijhsrs.v4i1.1187.
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<p><em>The teachings of Hindu leadership in the Geguritan niti raja sasana, related to how the obligation as a leader needs to be applied in leading a kingdom, state or institution in order to create peace and prosperity for the people they lead, As a research method, qualitative research views an object or reality not partially or broken down into several variables. Qualitative research sees the object as something dynamic, the result of thought construction and interpretation of the observed phenomena, as well as holistic, because every aspect of the object has a unity that cannot be separated. initiates the teachings in Geguritan Niti Raja Sasana namely Dwidasa Pratingkahing Prabhu which constitutes 12 (twelve) compulsory behaviors carried out by a king (leader), subsequently successive teachings from Geguritan Niti Raja Sasana namely Catur Pariksa, Sad Dasa Brata which are sixteen self-attitudes that must be carried out by a leader. Tri Tataning Kamantrian concerns on the wealth of a king (leader) is to have a wise mantri (minister), Tri Suragapan is a teaching that gives instructions to a king (leader) not to do three prohibited things, Tri Ulahing Budhi related to the attitude of the leader on a noble basis good budhi, and regarding the duty of a king or leader contained in the teachings of Rukma Bhisama. Asta Brata is a symbol of the nature that must be owned by a king (leader) or head of the state. Catur Sopeksa is a teaching of the leader’s behavior procedures. Catur Pariksa Nagara Krama, consists of the leader’s vigilance attitude, and a leader who is able to control his five senses is not excessive in fulfilling the wishes set forth in the Panca Raksa.</em></p>
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Dashti, Mehdi, and Noor Aqa Neveesa. "شاخصهای بیداری اسلامی در شعر خلیلالله خلیلی." ghalib quarterly journal 13, no. 1 (March 20, 2024): 65–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.58342/ghalibqj.v.13.i.1.4.
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Islamic awakening is a movement of vigilance and awareness among Islamic community, during which, after a prolonged period of Intellectual regression, declination, and imitation of West, Muslims renewed the thought and resisted to gain enormity and control over affairs of Islamic lands. Studying role of Khalilullah Khalili a contemporary poet from Afghanistan in Islamic awakening and investigation of such awakening indicators in his poems, show that Khalili had a dominant role in revival of religious thoughts, creation of unity, self-esteem, and spirit of Muslims’ return to their olden enormity. The aim of present paper is introducing Khalilullah Khalili, s describing role of his poetry in awakening of Persian-speaking Islamic society and investigation of the most important indicators of Islamic awakening in his poetry. The present research will answer such questions as what are the indicators of Islamic awakening and how are these indicators reflected in Khalilullah Khalili’s poetry? This research, conducted with an analytical-descriptive approach, utilizes reputable literary and literary criticism sources to explain parameters of Islamic awakening and example of Khalilullah Khalili’s poetry have been described as witness of the discussion. In Khalili's poetry, numerous indicators and signs of Islamic awakening and his attention to the revival of lost Islamic values and the glorious past of the Islamic community can be found. Among the most notable indicators are the promotion of the idea of global Islamic unity, the call for Muslim unity, condemnation of various forms of division, anti-colonialism, advocating the establishment of the duty of jihad, strengthening self-confidence and self-belief among Muslims, instilling hope for a bright future, calling for a return to the Quran and Its liberating message, renewing Islamic thought, and combating superstitions resulting from the period of decline
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LaGoy, Alice, Meaghan Beckner, Aaron Sinnott, William Conkright, Shawn Eagle, Felix Proessl, Christopher Connaboy, et al. "126 Exposure to simulated military operational stress decreases alertness in the morning but not the evening." Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): A51—A52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.125.
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Abstract Introduction Alertness, essential for optimal performance, may be modulated by acute stressors including: sleep loss, caloric restriction, cognitive load, and physical exertion. Prior sleep may attenuate sleep loss-related alertness decrements, thereby influencing performance and safety. We examined the effects of prior sleep and changes in alertness throughout the day and across days during a simulated military operational stress (SMOS) protocol. Methods As part of a 5-day SMOS protocol, fifty-eight active-duty or recently-separated military personnel (45 men; 26±6 years) completed subjective (Profile of Mood States, Vigor subscale) and objective (3-minute Psychomotor Vigilance Task; PVT) alertness assessments each morning (~0900) and evening (~2200). PVT outcomes included median reaction time (RT) and lapses. Day 2 (D2) reflected baseline testing, in which participants received an 8-hour sleep opportunity (2300-0700) and 100% of their estimated caloric need. Day 4 (D4) reflected peak stress, after two nights of participants receiving two 2-hour sleep opportunities (0100-0300, 0500-0700) and 50% of their estimated caloric need. Mixed effects ANOVAs were used to assess the effects of day (D2, D4) and time (Morning, Evening) on alertness. D2 and D4 reflected alertness at baseline and peak stress, respectively. Separate ANOVAs were performed to assess the effects of prior sleep: the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) assessed at intake, baseline polysomnography-measured sleep efficiency (SE), and baseline frontal slow wave activity (SWA; 0.5-4Hz). All analyses controlled for age. Results No significant interaction or main effects of day and time were found for Vigor or PVT lapses. Participants with higher PSQI scores reported lower Vigor (p=.01, η_p^2=.11). A significant interaction was found for PVT RT (p=.04, η_p^2=.07); morning RT was slower on D4 than D2, while evening RT did not differ across days. SE and SWA did not significantly influence alertness. Conclusion SMOS led to objective alertness deficits in the morning but not evening. Subjective alertness did not change during SMOS but was influenced by prior sleep quality (PSQI). Thus, both circadian and prior sleep-related factors influence performance during operational stress. Fatigue mitigation strategies delivered before and during military operations may support performance and safety. Support (if any) Department of Defense Award #W81XWH-17-2-0070
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Сорокин, Михаил Владимирович. "Increasing the efficiency of organizing unannounced inspections of the quality of searches and inspections." Vedomosti (Knowledge) of the Penal System, no. 7(242) (August 8, 2022): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.51522/2307-0382-2022-242-7-18-28.
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В статье на основе анализа оперативной обстановки в исправительных учреждениях и следственных изоляторах уголовно-исполнительной системы Российской Федерации рассматриваются вопросы планирования и организации проверок качества проведения обысков, досмотров, технических осмотров на режимных территориях. Цель исследования - разработка методики и способов проверки качества проведения режимных мероприятий в виде обысков и досмотров. В результате проведенной работы на основе изучения ухищрений, применяемых гражданами, а также подозреваемыми, обвиняемыми, осужденными для изготовления и доставки запрещенных предметов на режимную территорию даны конкретные рекомендации сотрудникам оперативно-режимных аппаратов по изготовлению муляжей запрещенных предметов, способам их сокрытия для качественной оценки результатов проводимых режимных мероприятий. Использование приведенной методики положительно отразится на повышении эффективности осуществления гласных и негласных проверок качества несения службы сотрудниками отделов безопасности (режима и надзора). Сделаны выводы о важности документального оформления как стадии подготовки к проведению проверки бдительности сотрудников дежурных и дневных смен отделов безопасности (режима и надзора), а также способа фиксации результатов проводимых режимных и оперативно-профилактических мероприятий. Based on the analysis of the operational situation in correctional institutions and pre-trial detention centers of the penitentiary system of the Russian Federation, the article discusses the issues of planning and organizing quality checks for conducting searches, searches, and technical inspections in sensitive areas. The purpose of the study is to develop a methodology and methods for checking the quality of security measures in the form of searches and searches. As a result of the work done, on the basis of studying the tricks used by citizens, as well as suspects, accused, convicts for the manufacture and delivery of prohibited items to the regime territory, specific recommendations were given to employees of the operational-security apparatus on the manufacture of dummies of prohibited items, methods of concealing them for a qualitative assessment of the results of ongoing routine events. The use of the above methodology will have a positive impact on improving the efficiency of overt and covert inspections of the quality of service by employees of security departments (regime and supervision). Conclusions are drawn about the importance of documenting as a stage of preparation for checking the vigilance of employees on duty and day shifts of security departments (regime and supervision), as well as a way to record the results of ongoing regime and operational and preventive measures.
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Bessman, Sara, Elizabeth Harrison, Alexandra Easterling, Ashley Phares, Madeline Teisberg, Michelle Snider, Ian Robertson, and Gena Glickman. "0015 Effectiveness-Implementation Study of Two Novel Lighting Interventions for Shiftworkers on a Submarine Watchfloor." Sleep 45, Supplement_1 (May 25, 2022): A6—A7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsac079.014.
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Abstract Introduction Shiftwork is common in the military, where around-the-clock readiness is necessary. Yet, non-standard schedules can negatively impact sleep, circadian health, and performance. Light is a leading countermeasure due to its phase shifting and alerting properties, with higher intensities and shorter wavelengths eliciting relatively greater effects. New technologies allow for deliberate spectral engineering that targets specific photobiological responses. This study examined the efficacy and implementation of two spectrally-distinct lights for improving sleep, alertness, and performance in active duty service members working nightshift schedules. Methods Participants were service members working 12-h shifts (0530-1730) on a high-security, submarine watchfloor (N=56, 9 females; mean+SE age=28.95 + 0.76). Lighting interventions included LED panels (3,721 cm2) that were either enhanced (SW+) or depleted (SW-) in short wavelength energy, while maintaining a comparable color temperature (~3000 K) and photopic illumination (~300 lux at 46 cm from eyes). For both SW+ and SW-, a bank of light panels were arranged across the front of the watchfloor and illuminated for the full duration of the nightshift. In addition, participants wore blueblocker glasses after nightshifts up until bedtime, when eye masks were worn during sleep. There were two data collection periods that coincided with existing 16-day schedule cycles: the first contained an 8-day baseline (BL1) and 8-day SW+ condition, and the second contained an 8-day baseline (BL2) and 8-day SW- condition (order within those 16-day periods was pseudo-randomized). Sleep and alertness were assessed via actigraphy, sleep diary, psychomotor vigilance test (PVT), and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS). Implementation metrics were obtained with questionnaires. Results All analyses are still ongoing. Preliminary examinations show higher satisfaction with the SW+ than BL1, and greater comfort and fewer symptoms under both SW+ and SW- as compared to BL1. Most felt the SW+ and SW- improved alertness on shift and expressed an interest in keeping the lights on the watchfloor. Conclusion Findings thus far indicate the interventions were well-received by participants. Subsequent analyses will further examine barriers to intervention use and the efficacy of the lights for improving sleep, alertness, and performance in service members working nightshifts. Support (If Any) ONR TS-788
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Cordoza, M., M. Basner, D. A. Asch, J. A. Shea, L. M. Bellini, M. Carlin, S. K. Malone, et al. "0196 Differences in Sleep Duration and Alertness Among Internal Medicine Interns Comparing Intensive Care Unit to General Medicine Rotations: A Secondary Analysis of the ICOMPARE Trial." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.194.
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Abstract Introduction Little is known about the impact of specific rotations on medical residents’ sleep. The purpose of this analysis was to examine the difference in sleep duration and alertness among internal-medicine resident interns during intensive care unit (ICU) compared to general medicine (GM) rotations. Methods This is a secondary report of a randomized non-inferiority trial of 63 United States internal-medicine residency programs. Programs were assigned to either standard duty-hour (80h workweek/16h shifts) or flexible (80h workweek/no shift-length limit) policies. Interns were followed for 2 weeks during either a GM or ICU rotation. The primary outcome was sleep duration/24h (actigraphy). Secondary outcomes were sleepiness (Karolinska Sleepiness Scale [KSS]) and alertness (number of Brief Psychomotor Vigilance Test [PVT-B] lapses). Data were averaged across days (thirteen 24-hour periods). Linear mixed-effect models with random program intercept were used to determine the association between each outcome by rotation, controlling for age, sex, and policy followed. Results N=386 interns were included (mean age 27.9±2.1y, 194 (50.3%) males), with n=261 (67.6%) in GM, and n=125 (32.4%) in ICU. Average sleep duration was 7.00±0.08h and 6.84±0.10h for GM and ICU respectively (p=.09; 95%CI -0.02;0.33h). Percent of days with self-reports of excessive sleepiness were significantly more likely for ICU vs GM from 12am-6am (ICU: 20.2%; GM: 12.5%) and 6am-12pm (ICU: 20.5%; GM: 14.3%). GM had significantly more days with no excessive sleepiness (GM: 40.5%; ICU: 28.1%). Average KSS was 4.8±0.1 for both GM and ICU (p=.60; 95%CI -0.18;0.32). Average number of PVT-B lapses were 5.5±0.5 and 5.7±0.7 for GM and ICU respectively (p=.83; 95%CI -1.48;1.18 lapses). There were no significant differences in PVT-B response speed or false starts between rotations. Conclusion Interns in ICU may experience more excessive sleepiness compared to GM interns, especially in early morning hours. However, sleep duration and alertness were not significantly different between rotations. Support Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and American Council for Graduate Medical Education
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Timofeev, V., O. Dusyak, and V. Krysko. "Fire training of cadets of the Military Academy with specific conditions of training under martial law." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 6 (December 27, 2023): 372–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2023.06.63.
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The activity of law enforcement officers in the National Police entails significant responsibility, requiring them to be highly disciplined and knowledgeable in their work, guided solely by the Constitution of Ukraine and Ukrainian legislation. Human life, honor, and dignity are the most valuable assets in our state. To ensure law and order and protect the lives and health of the population, law enforcement officers undergo relevant training in firearms, tactical, and psychological readiness. Knowledge of firearms training is essential, as when using firearms, a police officer must be well- versed not only in the technical aspects of weapons but also in the legal framework that governs the use of firearms.
Firearms training in the police is designed to enhance the skills and resilience of cadets in shooting, increase their attentiveness and vigilance, and elevate their level of discipline. Equipped with these skills, cadets can confidently perform their duties, responding promptly to changing situations and fulfilling their professional obligations. In order to learn how to work with firearms, cadets must also acquire skills in tactical and special operations, practicing in creating optimal shooting positions, analyzing and assessing the terrain, conducting shooting, and making quick decisions. Cadets must have a clear understanding of when the use of force is permissible, anticipate the potential consequences, and know how to report the use of firearms to their superiors.
Although firearms training in the National Police demands a comprehensive set of knowledge and skills, it is of paramount importance, considering that every police officer risks their life in the line of duty to protect the community and its citizens. A well-prepared police officer is the key to successful crime prevention and the preservation of public safety. Therefore, firearms training for cadets in the police is an essential element that ensures the safety of urban residents and fosters proficiency in police operations. Discipline in firearms training is a fundamental aspect of education in institutions of higher learning with specific training conditions. This work emphasizes the significance of this subject overall and the peculiarities of such training in wartime conditions.
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Arsintescu, Lucia, Cassie Hilditch, Sean Pradhan, Kevin Gregory, and Erin Flynn-Evans. "0152 Cabin Crew Alertness and Performance During Long-haul Flights." SLEEP 47, Supplement_1 (April 20, 2024): A66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsae067.0152.
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Abstract Introduction Sleep loss and circadian disruption pose a significant risk in aviation. Previous literature has shown that inflight rest facilities influence alertness and performance among pilots, but few studies have evaluated cabin crew. The aim of this research was to assess alertness and performance among cabin crewmembers sleeping in different rest locations during a long-haul out-and-back trip. Methods Twenty-nine (5 male) cabin crewmembers (Mage = 30.61, SD = 2.91) flew the same long-haul route (outbound and inbound) with an average flight duration of 10:41 (± 0:14) hours. Participants were randomly assigned to fly on an aircraft with a bunk in both directions or to fly an aircraft with a bunk in one direction and with a high comfort jump seat (HCJS) in the other direction. Throughout the study, they wore an Actiwatch and completed a sleep diary at bedtime and upon waking. They completed a Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and a 5-minute Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) at the beginning and at the end of each flight. Seventy-seven percent of flights had a bunk and 23% had a HCJS. A series of mixed-effects models were performed to assess the changes in KSS and PVT when crewmembers slept in the bunk during both directions of flight (bunk-only) compared to when sleep was obtained in the HCJS during one direction and bunk in the other (bunk + HCJS). Results Fifty-seven flights were included in the analyses. Cabin crewmembers who slept in bunk-only reported higher alertness at the end of the flight (b = 0.54, SE = 0.17, p = .002, Hedges’ g = -0.52) and had faster PVT response speed (b = 0.69, SE = 0.12, p < .001, Hedges’ g = 0.18) compared to bunk + HCJS. There were no significant differences in PVT lapses (p = 0.52). Conclusion Our results showed that cabin crewmembers reported greater alertness and performed better when they used the bunk-only. Further research is needed to understand how other factors such as duty start time and workload might influence the sleep of cabin crewmembers during long-haul flights. Support (if any) NASA Airspace Operations and Safety Program, System-Wide Safety Project.
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Emerson, R. Guy. "Vigilant subjects." Politics 39, no. 3 (January 19, 2018): 284–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263395717747129.
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A vigilant subject foregrounds the terrorist event, working immanently to its development and disrupting its realisation. Individuals are tasked with spotting the antecedents of future attacks in the present so as to ward off catastrophe and with being mindful of processes of radicalisation so as to counsel against extremism. A vigilant subject monitors others – as much as himself or herself – according to proscribed conduct, while at the same time he or she co-evolves with uncertainty in order to prevent emergent threats: be they those yet to materialise (signs of an attack) or yet to be even thought of (signs of radicalisation). This vigilant subject is explored through two cases: the British Transport Police campaign to make commuters aware of, and report, terror-related activity and the Prevent duty that asks university staff to limit students being drawn into terrorism.