Journal articles on the topic 'Duty of civility'
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Thunder, David. "A Rawlsian Argument Against the Duty of Civility." American Journal of Political Science 50, no. 3 (July 2006): 676–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00209.x.
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Daly, Eoin. "Fraternalism as a Limitation on Religious Freedom: The Case of S.A.S. v. France." Religion and Human Rights 11, no. 2 (June 14, 2016): 140–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18710328-12341302.
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In upholding France’s ban on public face coverings, the European Court of Human Rights accepted that the manifestation of religious beliefs could legitimately be restricted in the interests of ‘vivre ensemble’—literally, ‘living together’—or what I label ‘fraternalism’. I will argue that fraternalism, in the French setting, is closely linked to the idea of a duty of civility in political theory: it is understood as a duty to practice a certain kind of fraternal sociability. This paper relates the Court’s judgment to France’s justificatory, ‘republican’ discourse. It argues that civility must be understood as a habitus—a set of learned orientations and bodily techniques—rather than as a set of discursive or speech constraints. In turn, this demonstrates the danger in the idea of civility (or fraternalism) as limiting religious liberties: far from simply fostering republican virtues, it will reinforce cultural and social power dynamics.
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De Lora, Pablo. "Political correctness and the right to free speech: the case of preferred pronouns." Undecidabilities and Law, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2184-9781_1_6.
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In this paper I argue for the general duty to refer to transgender people by their preferred pronouns when they are conventional. In the case of non-conventional, tailor-made pronouns, there is no such duty because those so-called “designated pronouns” are not actually functional pronouns. Last, but not least, even though there is a duty of civility to use the designated name and conventional pronoun of trans-people, individuals retain the right to speak out their belief in that sex and gender are biological facts, and thus, the right to state in reference to a transwoman: “She is not a woman”.
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McBride, Cillian. "Religion, respect and public reason." Ethnicities 17, no. 2 (March 9, 2017): 205–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468796817690781.
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Do the constraints of public reason unfairly exclude religious citizens? Two ways of framing the charge of exclusivity are examined: the burden of translation objection and the integrity objection. The first, it is argued, rests on a misapplication of the ‘distributive paradigm’ and fails to provide a convincing account of religious citizens’ relationship to their beliefs. The ‘integrity’ objection, it is argued, relies on a theologically questionable account of ‘wholeness’ and drastically overestimates the threat to personal integrity posed by the duty of civility. It is argued here that it is a mistake to interpret the ideal of public reason as inimical to recognising religious citizens as co-deliberators and that, on the contrary, only a public-reason-centred account of democratic citizenship can ensure that religious citizens will be appropriately recognised. A rival, convergence, account of public reason, which seeks to relax the constraint of public reason and eliminate the duty of civility is rejected on the grounds that it fails to underwrite the appropriate recognition of citizens.
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Christiano, Thomas. "Is There Any Basis for Rawls’s Duty of Civility? (A Commentary on Weithman)." Modern Schoolman 78, no. 2 (2001): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/schoolman2001782/312.
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Johnston, Anna. "‘God being, not in the bush’: The Nundah Mission (Qld) and Colonialism." Queensland Review 4, no. 1 (April 1997): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600001331.
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Throughout the history of British colonies, the intermingling of commerce and ‘civility’ produced the kinds of colonies that Britain (like other imperial nations) most needed — colonies which not only produced raw materials or space for recalcitrant criminals, but also spaces in which imperialist discourses could educate, convert, and expand what was known of human consciousness. The imperial ‘duty’ was to civilise and conquer the unknown non-Western world for imperial consumption and ‘native’ edification. Through education, both religious and secular, European missionaries sought to inculcate native minds and bodies with the tenets of Western Christianity and culture. Whilst many recent studies have examined the ways in which imperial discourses conquered and codified ‘other’ cultures and peoples, the history of the missionary movement exemplifies a particularly overt form of the dissemination of imperial/Christian discourses. Through Christian teachings, which not only codified religious thinking but also appropriate social behaviour, imperial discourses shaped the manner in which life was experienced under Christian and imperial rule. This paper will explore the ways that missionary activity assisted and effected colonial control.
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Garcia, Ernesto V. "Rethinking Acts of Conscience: Personal Integrity, Civility, and the Common Good." Philosophy 97, no. 4 (September 20, 2022): 461–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819122000328.
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AbstractWhat should we think about ‘acts of conscience’, viz., cases where our personal judgments and public authority come into conflict such that principled resistance to the latter seems necessary? Philosophers mainly debate two issues: the Accommodation Question, i.e., ‘When, if ever, should public authority accommodate claims of conscience?’ and the Justification Question, i.e., ‘When, if ever, are we justified in engaging in acts of conscience – and why?’. By contrast, a third important topic – the Conduct Question, i.e., ‘How should we act, morally speaking, when engaging in acts of conscience?’ – has been mostly neglected. This paper aims to offer concrete guidance for persons wishing to engage in acts of conscience in morally virtuous ways. I argue that such agents are subject to two basic prima facie duties: (i) duties to oneself related to demands of integrity and (ii) duties to others related to demands of civility. I explain both duties in detail, arguing with regard to (i), that in light of what I call ‘the paradox of conscience’, we need to rethink our views about both ‘conscience’ and ‘integrity’; and with regard to (ii), that, building upon Rawls’ ‘duty of civility’, we should embrace at least seven general principles for undertaking acts of conscience in a morally conscientious manner.
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Ostinelli, Marcello. "La legittimità dell’educazione alla cittadinanza. Questioni filosofiche." Swiss Journal of Educational Research 42, no. 1 (June 3, 2020): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24452/sjer.42.1.3.
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Recentemente il compito educativo della scuola pubblica è stato ripetutamente oggetto di contestazione. Pure l’educazione alla cittadinanza non è stata risparmiata dalle critiche e la sua legittimità è stata messa in discussione. L’articolo discute il problema della legittimità dell’educazione alla cittadinanza nella scuola pubblica, precisando il significato del principio di neutralità e proponendone un’interpretazione ristretta.Su questa base l’articolo esamina quattro modelli filosofici dell’educazione alla cittadinanza (comunitarismo, umanesimo civico, liberalismo, repubblicanesimo). L’esito di questo esame è che il modello repubblicano dell’educazione alla cittadinanza risulta il più adeguato; esso necessita tuttavia di una correzione liberale. La soluzione proposta di un repubblicanesimo liberale è esemplificata con un esame critico del dovere di comportamento civile (duty of civility).
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Morecroft, Eleanor. "The Battlefield as Enlightened Space: War, the Senses, and the Emotional Soldier, ca. 1790–1840." Eighteenth-Century Life 45, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00982601-9273006.
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The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars produced a new generation of military authors and artists who recounted their wartime experiences with unprecedented vividness and immediacy. Exploring the intense conflict and suffering of men at war while also underscoring their virtue and heroism, this work typifies what has come to be known as “military Enlightenment.” This essay examines a selection of military texts and images that represent soldiers’ sensory and emotional experience of the wartime spaces of battlefield and bivouac: the anonymous Journal Kept in the British Army (1796), L. T. Jones's Historical Journal of the British Campaign on the Continent (1797), the work of the army officer and historian William Napier (1785–1860), and the Waterloo images of the army officer and painter George “Waterloo” Jones (1786–1869) presented the wider British public with a complex understanding of war. Even as they represented battlefield violence and death with visceral intensity, they understood battlefield space itself to be grounded in affective practices associated with enlightened modes of virtue, sensibility, and civility. There the chaos and horror of conflict gave way to duty, order, civility, and community, and the distinctions of rank were maintained, even as the common humanity of officers and their men was affirmed.
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Forsé, Michel, and Caroline Guibet Lafaye. "La démocratie participative et les devoirs du citoyen." European Journal of Sociology 49, no. 2 (August 2008): 173–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975608000076.
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AbstractThe analysis of the 2004 ISSP survey, limited to nine of the countries participating in this programme of representative opinion polls, shows that the way people consider the duties of a citizen are divided into four types, depending on whether the emphasis is placed on norms or on others, and whether the morality governing normative judgements about the “good” citizen is conventional or post-conventional. These different axiological directions are linked with attitudes towards participative democracy. The duty of civility, which can be associated with democratic public ethics, is approved quite widely. But a much more active participation, closed in some regards to a deliberative democracy, seems to require post-conventional morality, especially when it is founded on liberal or reasonable pluralism.
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Bardon, Aurélia. "The Pope’s Public Reason." Migration and Society 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/arms.2021.040113.
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Since the beginning of Europe’s “refugee crisis,” Pope Francis has repeatedly argued that we should welcome refugees. This, he said, is an obligation for Christians who have “a duty of justice, of civility, and of solidarity.” This religious justification is a problem for liberal political philosophers who are committed to the idea of public reason: state action, they argue, must be justified to all citizens based on public, generally accessible reasons. In this article, I argue that the claim that liberal public reason fully excludes religion from the public sphere is misguided; not all religious reasons are incompatible with the demands of Rawlsian public reason. Understanding how a religious reason can be public requires looking into both what makes a reason religious and what makes a reason public. I show that the pope’s reason supporting the claim that we should welcome refugees is both religious and public.
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Imam Tabroni, Dean Dwi Putra, Najah Adawiah, and Rosmiati. "Forming Character With Morals Prophet Muhammad Saw." EAJMR: East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 1, no. 1 (February 10, 2022): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54259/eajmr.v1i1.455.
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Character education can be characterized by a whole-souled, wholesome, moral, and disposition education at rendering good decisions, maintaining what is good, and wholeheartedly displaying goodness in daily life. The prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) was the messenger of god and the educator. He got disciplined directly from his Lord so as to have the most perfect character on the face of this earth, so as to become a great man with the testimony of god enshrined in his word: “and how virtuous you truly are” the great testimony of god of the prophet (peace) is evidence that his moral character is great and glorious since the creation of it. He was renowned among his kind as honest and trustworthy. As a majestic being, he had the glorious duty of the supreme being, the edifying and perfecting of men, as the prophecy says: “that I was sent forth to perfect men.” He succeeded in carrying out a great commission by turning the evil community into a society of faith and civility, while printing out noble characters
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WORKING, LAUREN. "LOCATING COLONIZATION AT THE JACOBEAN INNS OF COURT." Historical Journal 61, no. 1 (April 3, 2017): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x16000595.
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AbstractBeyond charters, printed propaganda, and cosmographies, aspiring statesmen in Jacobean England engaged with Native Americans in commonplace books, poetry, court masques, and political debate. Rather than representing a remote ‘other’, this article contends that barristers and students of the law were fascinated by the perceived savagery of indigenous peoples because it allowed them to explore, interrogate, and define their own civility. The result was a cross-over between developing English articulations of their own behaviour and political responsibilities, and a rising enthusiasm for colonizing America. With their Whitehall masques and passionate pleas in parliament on behalf of Virginia and Virginian tobacco, members of the Inns engaged in a subversive wit culture that reconciled the exotic with the language of duty and good conduct, and helped turn colonization into a recognizable – and, for the first time, fashionable – element of early seventeenth-century political culture. By considering written discourse alongside tobacco smoking and court masques, this article contends that a broad approach to the socio-cultural world of Jacobean politics reveals some ways through which gentlemen consciously projected their civil state as one that might be strengthened, rather than weakened, by turning to America as a viable theatre for political involvement.
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Westcott, Sally, Benjamin Walrath, Jeremy Miller, Melissa Trumbull, and Craig Manifold. "Transition From Military Prehospital Medicine to Civilian EMS." Military Medicine 185, no. 9-10 (June 4, 2020): e1803-e1809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usaa099.
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Abstract Introduction Currently, there is a disconnection between veteran military medics and the civilian Emergency Medical Services (EMS) workforce. This project aimed to characterize the rate of civilian certification among military medics, both active duty and retired, and identify perceived barriers to continuing a career in EMS after military separation. Materials and Methods The National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) administered a 21-question online survey to participants. Individuals were recruited through the National Association of EMTs membership communications, Military Relations Committee members, and social media. All responses were anonymous and no identifiable information was collected. Survey questions were compiled and reported as a percentage of respondents. Free-text responses were categorized based on broad themes identified by the authors and are reported as a percentage of respondents. Results Results included 456 veteran and active duty respondents, of whom 304 (70.7%) had prehospital experience while in the military and 250 (58.1%) had emergency department experience. Over 60% of respondents participated in combat-related duty with 37% having at least 18 months of overseas deployment. Civilian EMT certification was held by 164 (36.7%) survey participants and 170 held paramedic certification (38.1%), while 65 (14.6%) held no EMS certification. There were 119 (28.1%) respondents who stated that they did not plan to work in civilian EMS. Top selected reasons for not pursuing civilian EMS careers included: pursuing a medical career that was not prehospital (28.5%), pay disparity (18.1%), and no interest in civilian prehospital medicine (16.4%). Write in responses indicated general frustration with maintaining certification and a desire for advanced certification (AEMT, paramedic) to be supplied by the military prior to transitioning to a civilian workforce as many respondents felt their military-endowed skills and experiences were better aligned with these advanced EMS licenses. Conclusion The majority of survey respondents held an EMS certification of some kind and suggests that recent efforts to supply military medics with civilian certifications have been largely successful. However, there is still a large portion that remains noncertified or expresses disinterest with entering the civilian workforce. Generally, many of those certified feel their military scope of practice exceeded civilian EMT certification and requested AEMT or paramedic licensure opportunities while still active duty military.
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Wang, Xin, Laura Prince, Juhi Rattan, Neal L. Swartz, Vipul Shukla, Tory A. Durham, Tracey L. Biehn, et al. "Civilian Social Support and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms among National Guard Members." Translation: The University of Toledo Journal of Medical Sciences 5 (September 28, 2018): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46570/utjms.vol5-2018-241.
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Increasing evidence suggests that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are highly prevalent and pervasive among National Guard members who served in recent wars. Previous meta-analyses report a lack of social support as one of the strongest risk factors for the development of PTSD symptoms. Social support among military members is typically categorized into two types: assistance and support which is received from military leaders and fellow members of one’s unit and civilian social support which is obtained from civilian family and friends. Prior research has demonstrated that unit support is associated with less severe PTSD symptoms. In addition to unit support, the influence of civilian social support was also considered a potent buffer for PTSD symptoms. Civilian social support is important to National Guard members because their experiences integrate military and civilian life more than active duty soldiers. Unlike intensive studies in active duty military personnel, fewer studies have examined the role of social support in National Guard members, and civilian social support is rarely investigated in these limited studies. This review article examines the role of civilian social support in National Guard members as a potential protective factor against the development of PTSD symptoms.
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Evans, Mary Ann. "Generalizability in Pregnancy and Work Research." Military Medicine 163, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 304–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/163.5.304.
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Abstract Generalizability of findings is a critical issue in research on pregnancy and work. The characteristics of a sample of 350 pregnant military women were compared with those of the populations of active duty women and active duty pregnant women. The sample was fairly representative in terms of minority status and age. The sample differed somewhat in terms of branch of service, rank, and marital status. Comparisons of demographics and pregnancy planning between military and civilian pregnant women supported generalizability. Unique aspects of military service and different access to health care among civilian pregnant women warrant caution in generalizing of findings.
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Isaac, Esther, Alisa Bajramovic, Isabel Miller, Chelsea Pan, Emily Ratté, and Anton Vicente Kliot. "To “Labour with a Greater Sense of Safety”: First Aid, Civic Duty, and Risk Management in the British Working Class, 1870–1914." Journal of Social History 54, no. 2 (October 3, 2019): 526–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shz072.
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Abstract Much has been written about British ideals of citizenship in the face of heightened social discord, particularly in times of war. There is a lack of analysis, however, relating notions of civic duty to the risks faced by British people in their everyday lives. Further, most scholarship on civic duty as it relates to the perception and management of risk focuses on the twentieth century and, in particular, the World Wars. This article seeks to examine civic participation in an earlier time period—from 1870 to 1914—through the lens of the civilian first-aid movement. We argue that first aid presented working-class men with a way to manage novel forms of risk introduced by new and dangerous technologies in the workplace and in their daily lives. Applying first-aid training provided these men with a way to participate in a burgeoning working-class culture of self-reliance, altruism, and civic duty. This article contributes to the discussion surrounding expressions of citizenship in the civilian realm and presents a new perspective on the significance of the British first-aid movement.
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Anderson, Ashley B., George C. Balazs, Daniel I. Brooks, Jonathan F. Dickens, and Benjamin K. Potter. "Total Joint Arthroplasty Volume in the Military Health System." Military Medicine 185, no. 7-8 (July 2020): e1051-e1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz401.
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ABSTRACT Introduction The relationship between volume and outcome of total knee arthroplasties is a concern in both the civilian and military patient populations. We sought to compare surgeons and hospital procedure volumes performed on military service members and define factors leading to increased civilian referrals. Materials and Methods The Military Health System Data Repository (MDR) contains patient information on all healthcare beneficiary encounters, including care provided both in Military Health System (MHS) facilities and in civilian network facilities. The Military Analysis and Reporting Tool (M2) queried the MDR for all patients between 2011 and 2015 with a CPT code for hip or knee arthroplasty associated with a provider HIPAA taxonomy code for orthopedic surgery. M2 enrollee encounters were used to calculate the total number of arthroplasty procedures performed by both military and civilian orthopedic surgeons on MHS enrollees as well as the incidence rate of arthroplasty procedures. Logistic regression was used to predict which cases were more likely to have been treated at military treatment facilities using patient gender, sponsor service branch, age, and beneficiary category. Results During the study period, a total of 12,627 military facility arthroplasty cases and a total of 142,637 civilian facility arthroplasty cases were performed on TRICARE enrolled patients. The total number of military surgeons performing arthroplasty on TRICARE enrolled patients was 323, while the total number of civilian surgeons performing arthroplasty was 10,245 during the same time period; the number of military surgeons performing arthroplasty on active duty patients was 176, and the total number of civilian surgeons performing arthroplasty on military patients was 1045. Overall, including retirees and activity duty service members, more procedures are performed by civilian network surgeons than military surgeons in all states. In an adjusted model, male patients were slightly more likely to receive care at an military treatment facilitie than female patients (OR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.41–1.53). Furthermore, with respect to service, patients with Air Force (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.02–1.15) and Navy sponsors (OR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.51–1.71) were more likely to receive military care than patients with Army sponsors. Conclusions Based on our findings, we recommend the MHS focus attention to recapturing the Army active duty male patients who are more likely to receive care outside of the military healthcare network. Further analysis of the many factors including, but not limited to, referral process for total joint arthroplasty, time to procedure, and facility resources is required, in addition to assessing patient outcomes following the procedures.
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Balmer, Jennylynn. "When Civilians Deploy With the Military." Workplace Health & Safety 68, no. 8 (June 3, 2020): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2165079920919772.
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Each year, thousands of civilian workers deploy with active duty service members to support contingency operations, often in harsh environmental conditions. Occupational health nurses aware of these challenges can implement programs to protect the health and safety of this at-risk worker population.
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Dumont, Guillaume D., Ivan J. Antosh, and Philip Carmon. "Joint Space Narrowing in Patients with Femoroacetabular Impingement: A Matched Cohort Study of Military versus Civilian Patients." Military Medicine 184, no. 11-12 (May 24, 2019): e797-e801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz058.
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Abstract Introduction Decreased hip joint space has been associated with poorer outcomes after hip arthroscopy. The purpose of this study was to determine if a difference exists in hip joint degenerative findings in military versus civilian patients with FAI. Methods A single surgeon’s case series was reviewed to identify all patients undergoing primary hip arthroscopy for treatment of FAI. All active duty military personnel were included in the study group. A cohort of civilian patients matched for age, gender, lateral center edge (LCE) angle, and alpha angle was identified and included as the control group. The hip joint space was measured at the medial and lateral extents of the acetabular sourcil and the center of the sourcil. The Tonnis grade for osteoarthritis was recorded for each patient. Labral tear size as well as femoral head and acetabular chondromalacia grading were obtained from operative records. Results A total of 229 patients that underwent primary hip arthroscopy for FAI were identified. 46(20.1%) were active duty military personnel. A well-matched cohort of 46 civilian patients was identified. There was no statistical difference in age (35.0, 34.7 years), gender (31 males, 15 females in both groups), BMI (26.8, 27.6), LCE angle (31.0, 31.5), and alpha angle (64.9, 64.9) between the civilian and military groups. Joint space was narrower in the military group in each of the three measured locations (Superomedial 3.8 mm vs 4.2 mm, p = 0.025; Superior 4.0 mm vs 4.4 mm, p = 0.013; Superolateral 4.4 mm vs 4.9 mm, p = 0.043). Conclusion Military patients with FAI may have increased joint space narrowing compared to otherwise similar civilian patients. Femoral and acetabular chondromalacia are found in similar frequencies in military and civilian populations, however the grading system utilized accounts for the presence but not the size of high grade lesions. Level of Evidence Level 3.
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McCulloch, Karen L., Amy S. Cecchini, Mary V. Radomski, Matthew R. Scherer, Laurel Smith, Caroline Cleveland, Henry P. McMillan, Leslie F. Davidson, and Margaret M. Weightman. "Military-Civilian Collaborations for mTBI Rehabilitation Research in an Active Duty Population." Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 32, no. 1 (2017): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/htr.0000000000000272.
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Velasco, John Mark, Noel Gaurano, Maria Theresa Valderama, Kathyleen Nogrado, Paula Corazon Diones, Ma Nila Lopez, Cynthia Liao, et al. "Multidrug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Among Military and Civilian Personnel seen at a Tertiary Military Hospital, Manila, Philippines (2015–2018)." Military Medicine 185, no. 7-8 (January 9, 2020): e1106-e1111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz456.
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Abstract Introduction: About one third of the world population is estimated to be infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), and this proportion is expected to be higher in countries with a high tuberculosis (TB) burden. The Philippines is both a high tuberculosis burden and a high multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) burden country. Though TB has been extensively described in the civilian population, there is limited data on TB in the military population. The objectives are: (1) To determine MTB/MDR-TB prevalence among military and civilian patients in the Philippines presenting with clinically suspected TB in a tertiary military hospital and (2) To determine performance of direct sputum smear microscopy (DSSM) using Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining compared to Xpert MTB/RIF real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Materials and Methods: Sputum samples were obtained from patients, clinically suspected with TB, and/or with TB associated signs/symptoms. Sputum specimens were tested using DSSM with ZN staining and Xpert MTB/RIF assay (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, California) and patient demographic and clinical data were collected. Results: From March 2015 to December 2018, a total of 795 (173 military personnel [164 active duty and 9 retired]; 618 civilians; and 4 with no data on military/civilian status) patients with TB associated symptoms or clinically suspected with TB were tested. Overall, MTB prevalence was 81/795 (10%). MTB prevalence among active duty and retired military personnel were 27/164 (16%) and 4/9 (44%), respectively while MTB prevalence for civilian patients was 50/618 (8%) (p value = 0.0003; OR = 2.48 [95% C.I. 1.5–4]). Among active and retired military personnel who tested positive for MTB, rifampin resistance was 4/27 (15%) and 1/4 (25%), respectively, while rifampin resistance for civilian patients was 9/50 (18%) (p value = 1; OR = 0.88 [95% C.I. 0.26–2.90]). For active duty military personnel, average MTB prevalence (based on Xpert MTB/RIF) covering years 2015–2018 was 21% and ranged from 13% to 35%, while average rifampin resistance among MTB positive active duty military personnel was 15% and ranged from 0% to 25%. Overall sensitivity and specificity of DSSM compared to Xpert MTB/RIF were 70% and 96%, respectively. Positive and negative predictive values of DSSM to accurately categorize MTB in symptomatic cases (with Xpert MTB/RIF as “true positive” reference) were 74% and 95%, respectively. Performance of DSSM varied according to MTB load detected by Xpert MTB/RIF with increasing DSSM sensitivity observed as the MTB load detected by Xpert MTB/RIF increased (p = 0.02). Conclusion: This report describes high MTB and MDR-TB prevalence rates among symptomatic military patients with military personnel having higher odds of MTB infection compared to the civilian patients in the study. Since DSSM (ZN) sensitivity greatly varied depending on MTB load, the Xpert MTB/RIF should be used as a first-line diagnostic tool to identify MTB and detect rifampin resistance among presumptive TB cases instead of DSSM (ZN) microscopy.
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Shils, Edward. "The Virtue of Civil Society." Government and Opposition 26, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1991.tb01120.x.
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SINCE MONTESQUIEU, WRITERS ON POLITICS HAVE BEEN aware that there might be an association of particular moral qualities and beliefs with particular political regimes. The association between virtue and republican governments, although duly recorded by students of Montesquieu's thought, has however been passed over. The disposition to participate in politics, the sense of political potency or impotence, certain traits of personality such as could be summarized in the term ‘authoritarian personality’, etc., have all been studied by theorists of democracy. Virtue, or public spirit or civility, has been neglected.I would like to take up Montesquieu's theme once more. I wish to enquire into the place of virtue or what I call civility in the liberal democratic order, which Montesquieu referred to as the republican type of government. Latterly the term ‘civil society’ has come to be used very loosely as equivalent to ‘liberal democratic society’. They are not entirely the same and the difference between them is significant. In civility lies the difference between a well-ordered and a disordered liberal democracy.
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Frakes, Michael, and Jonathan Gruber. "Defensive Medicine: Evidence from Military Immunity." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 11, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 197–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20180167.
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We estimate the extent of defensive medicine by physicians, embracing the no-liability counterfactual made possible by the structure of liability rules in the Military Health System. Active-duty patients seeking treatment from military facilities cannot sue for harms resulting from negligent care, while protections are provided to dependents treated at military facilities and to all patients— active duty or not—that receive care from civilian facilities. Drawing on this variation and exploiting exogenous shocks to care location choices stemming from base-hospital closures, we find suggestive evidence that liability immunity reduces inpatient spending by 5 percent with no measurable negative effect on patient outcomes. (JEL H51, H56, I11, I18)
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Reimann, Carolyn A., and Edward L. Mazuchowski. "Suicide Rates Among Active Duty Service Members Compared with Civilian Counterparts, 2005–2014." Military Medicine 183, suppl_1 (March 1, 2018): 396–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usx209.
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Dworak, Theodora C., George C. Balazs, Jordan Tropf, George P. Nanos, and Scott M. Tintle. "Epidemiology of Symptomatic Dorsal Wrist Ganglia in Active Duty Military and Civilian Populations." Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online 2, no. 6 (November 2020): 349–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsg.2020.08.001.
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Button, Eric D., and Anne B. Diallo. "Voting Behavior of Active Duty Military Spouses: Trends in Interest and Participation." Armed Forces & Society 46, no. 3 (January 27, 2020): 351–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x19901295.
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Despite the expansion of absentee voting protections as recently as 2016, Service member spouses have not enjoyed the same level of voting protections as Service members. Active duty military spouses, uniquely positioned between military service and civilian life, are arguably as important to the election process as their Service member counterparts. Thus, we examine the voting behaviors of this underserved and seldom studied subpopulation. Matsusaka’s information theory–based economic model of voter turnout provides our framework for identifying determinants that shape the voting interest and participation of active duty military spouses. We analyze the Federal Voting Assistance Program’s 2010 Post-Election Voting Survey of Active Duty Military Spouses utilizing logistic regression models. We found that voting interest and participation were increased among respondents who planned to vote, received more election information, voted within the previous 6 years, and who were older; however, voting interest and participation were not diminished by absentee status.
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Menger, Richard, Benjamin F. Mundell, J. Will Robbins, Peter Letarte, Randy Bell, and _. _. "The impact of the reserve military neurosurgeon: practice, community, and service." Neurosurgical Focus 45, no. 6 (December 2018): E14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2018.9.focus18378.
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OBJECTIVEPapers from 2002 to 2017 have highlighted consistent unique socioeconomic challenges and opportunities facing military neurosurgeons. Here, the authors focus on the reserve military neurosurgeon who carries the dual mission of both civilian and military responsibilities.METHODSSurvey solicitation of current active duty and reserve military neurosurgeons was performed in conjunction with the AANS/CNS Joint Committee of Military Neurosurgeons and the Council of State Neurosurgical Societies. Demographic, qualitative, and quantitative data points were compared between reserve and active duty military neurosurgeons. Civilian neurosurgical provider data were taken from the 2016 NERVES (Neurosurgery Executives Resource Value and Education Society) Socio-Economic Survey. Economic modeling was done to forecast the impact of deployment or mobilization on the reserve neurosurgeon, neurosurgery practice, and the community.RESULTSSeventy-five percent (12/16) of current reserve neurosurgeons reported that they are satisfied with their military service. Reserve neurosurgeons make significant contributions to the military’s neurosurgical capabilities, with 75% (12/16) having been deployed during their career. No statistically significant demographic differences were found between those serving on active duty and those in the reserve service. However, those who served in the reserves were more likely to desire opportunities for improvement in the military workflow requirements compared with their active duty counterparts (p = 0.04); 92.9% (13/14) of current reserve neurosurgeons desired more flexible military drill programs specific to the needs of practicing physicians. The risk of reserve deployment is also borne by the practices, hospitals, and communities in which the neurosurgeon serves in civilian practice. This can result in fewer new patient encounters, decreased collections, decreased work relative value unit generation, increased operating costs per neurosurgeon, and intangible limitations on practice development. However, through modeling, the authors have illustrated that reserve physicians joining a larger group practice can significantly mitigate this risk. What remains astonishing is that 91.7% of those reserve neurosurgeons who were deployed noted the experience to be rewarding despite seeing a 20% reduction in income, on average, during the fiscal year of a 6-month deployment.CONCLUSIONSReserve neurosurgeons are satisfied with their military service while making substantial contributions to the military’s neurosurgical capabilities, with the overwhelming majority of current military reservists having been deployed or mobilized during their reserve commitments. Through the authors’ modeling, the impact of deployment on the military neurosurgeon, neurosurgeon’s practice, and the local community can be significantly mitigated by a larger practice environment.
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Tumialán, Luis M., Ryan P. Ponton, Anthony I. Riccio, and Wayne M. Gluf. "Rate of Return to Military Active Duty After Single Level Lumbar Interbody Fusion." Neurosurgery 71, no. 2 (April 19, 2012): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0b013e318258e1da.
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Abstract BACKGROUND: Lumbar interbody fusion has been extensively studied in the civilian population; however, data regarding its efficacy in the military are lacking. OBJECTIVE: To identify the rate of return to unrestricted active military duty after single-level lumbar interbody fusion surgery. METHODS: The surgical database at a single tertiary care military treatment facility was queried for active-duty patients who underwent a single-level lumbar interbody fusion over a 5-year period. A retrospective chart review was performed with backward stepwise logistic regression analysis, and Fisher exact and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: A total of 102 patients met the inclusion criteria. Mean age at surgery was 34.0 years (range, 19–51 years). Most surgeries (59%) were performed for discogenic pain secondary to degenerative disc disease; the remaining patients underwent surgery for spondylolisthesis (39%) or spinal stenosis (2%). Thirty-nine patients (38%) were treated via an anterior approach (anterior lumbar interbody fusion), whereas 63 patients (62%) underwent fusion via a posterior approach (transforaminal or posterior lumbar interbody fusion). Fifty-six patients (55%) were able to return to unrestricted full active duty, and the remaining 46 patients (45%) were separated from the military. The return to active duty rate was significantly higher in older patients and those ranking E7 (Chief Petty Officer) and above (84.8%). CONCLUSION: Fifty-five percent of the service members who underwent a single-level lumbar interbody fusion returned to unrestricted full duty. Older age and higher rank were statistically significant positive predictors of a successful return to active duty.
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Wynd, Christine A., and Nancy A. Ryan-Wenger. "Factors Predicting Health Behaviors among Army Reserve, Active Duty Army, and Civilian Hospital Employees." Military Medicine 169, no. 12 (December 2004): 942–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed.169.12.942.
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DaLomba, Elaina, Mary Jan Greer, Erika Cruz, Abigail Harris, Caitlyn King, Liberty Laurel, Tatiana McCuaig, and Remy Wilder. "The experiences of active duty military spouses with advanced degrees in maintaining and advancing their careers." Work 68, no. 2 (February 26, 2021): 387–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-203380.
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BACKGROUND: Individuals married to active duty military members experience a significantly higher rate of un/underemployment than their civilian counterparts; those with advanced degrees are most impacted. Occupation is central to individual identity and adaptation; therefore, individual occupational struggles can impact family systems. Evidence shows military spouse career concerns impact service member retention, making spouse employment related to national security; however there is limited research on active duty spouses, particularly those with advanced degrees. OBJECTIVE: This phenomenological study explored the experiences of activity duty military spouses with advanced degrees focusing on maintaining and advancing their careers. METHODS: Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were used to explore experiences of military spouses with advanced degrees actively seeking to work in their profession. Inductive content analysis was used to derive overarching themes to respond to the research questions. RESULTS: Four major themes emerged: uniqueness of military life impacts; professional adaptation: flexibility, creativity and reinvention of the professional self; enhanced sense of duty/professional integrity; and need for enhanced forms of career support. CONCLUSIONS: Military spouses with advanced degrees value and have a right to occupation, including work. Military life presents unique barriers to this. Results have implications for healthcare providers and policy-makers.
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Kelly, Janet. "Battlefield conditions: Different environment but the same duty of care." Nursing Ethics 17, no. 5 (August 27, 2010): 636–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733010373434.
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Using an interpretative research approach to ethical and legal literature, it is argued that nursing in the battlefield is distinctly different to civilian nursing, even in an emergency, and that the environment is so different that a duty of care owed by military nurses to wounded soldiers should not apply. Such distinct differences in wartime can override normal peacetime professional ethics to the extent that the duty of care owed by military nurses to their patients on the battlefield should not exist. It is also argued that as military nurses have legal and professional obligations to care for wounded soldiers on the battlefield, this obligation conflicts with following military orders, causing a dual loyalty conflict. This is because soldiers are part of the ‘fighting force’ and must be fit to fight and win the battle. This makes them more of a commodity rather than individual persons with distinct health care needs.
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Newell, Jason. "Addressing the Needs of Veterans and Military Families: A Generalist Practice Approach." Journal of Baccalaureate Social Work 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18084/basw.17.1.0246624pj1051014.
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The profession of social work can take the lead in addressing the psycho-social challenges of military service members and their families. To meet this important charge, social work educators should include content on active-duty service personnel, veterans, and their families in classroom and field education experiences. Educators in baccalaureate social work programs are well-positioned to provide beginning or generalist practice education to students who wish to practice in this area. This article discusses the problems faced by veterans during readjustment from active duty to civilian life. Also provided for the baccalaureate-level or generalist practice curriculum are approaches to infusing content on the health and mental health issues of veterans, including a case study that can assist in assessing knowledge of social work competencies and practice behaviors.
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Wilkerson, James Andrew, and Mark Preston Burton. "Inhalation of Volatile Substances: An Emerging Threat to Readiness?" Military Medicine 163, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 343–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/163.5.343.
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Abstract Volatile substance abuse is the deliberate inhalation of volatile substances to achieve intoxication. We discuss the history and pathophysiological effects of commonly abused volatile substances. We explore three deaths and one serious accident in active duty military settings. The causes for abuse in the military environment are numerous and include remote duty, peer influence, low cost, rapid onset, limitation of ethanol use, difficult detection/screening for use, and lack of knowledge among users and authorities. The lethality of these substances and their casual use can constitute a threat to military readiness. Our experience suggests an increase in the use of these substances in the military paralleling their increasing use in the general population. Education and awareness training could limit fatalities and decrease the threat in military and civilian populations.
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Burlaka, O. V., and V. O. Vahnier. "Reproductive health and contraception use by Ukrainian servicewomen in the current war zone: a questionnaire survey." Medicni perspektivi (Medical perspectives) 26, no. 1 (March 26, 2021): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26641/2307-0404.2021.1.227944.
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The aim of the study is to define awareness level and use of different contraception methods by servicewomen in the current armed conflict in the East of Ukraine. Between October 2018 and September 2019, 507 military women serving in the Joint Forces Operation Zone in eastern Ukraine and 100 civilian women from the frontline region participated in the questionnaire-based survey. The survey was focused on the knowledge and use of different methods of contraception and STI preventing by military women in conditions of armed conflict in Donbas. Servicewomen reported using of different methods of contraception in 48.3±4.3% of the cases, which is 1.5 times less than civilian women (RR=1.5; 95% CI: 1.2 – 1.7, p=0.001). Among those who reported using contraception, hormonal methods were chosen by 8.2±3.4% of active duty military women, which is two times less than by civilians (RR=2.1, 95% CI: 1.1-4.1, p=0.03). The low use of effective methods of contraception by active-duty servicewomen according to results survey is one of the reasons for the disruption of female reproductive health during military deployment. The primary reserve of preserving women's health in the current war environment,besides access to modern contraceptives and counseling, is improving the education of military medics in the gender-specific issues of reproductive health and contraception.
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Goldford, Zackary. "Penalty Default Rules in French, German and Louisianan Contract Law." European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance 9, no. 4 (October 6, 2022): 358–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134514-bja10043.
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Abstract Some American law and economics scholars have used the term “penalty default rules” to describe default rules that are undesirable to at least one party to a contract. Parties have incentives to depart from these default rules and to share information in doing so. In a recent article, I brought this concept outside of the United States, the common law tradition and the law and economics literature by using it to describe a selection of rules in Québec contract law. In this article, I build on that work by identifying a selection of penalty default rules in three other civilian jurisdictions – France, Germany and Louisiana – that apply to contract formation, contract interpretation, changed circumstances and remedies for breach. Then, I argue that the penalty default rules that I have identified serve two valuable functions. First, they enhance at least some parties’ freedom of contract by better equipping them to make informed decisions. Second, they complement the duty of good faith by incentivizing the sharing of information, including information that might not always need to be shared in order to comply with the duty of good faith. Although these functions are somewhat different than those that law and economics scholars have attributed to American penalty default rules, my analysis reveals that penalty default rules both exist and have value in the civilian world.
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Kazanis, William, Mary J. Pugh, Claudina Tami, Joseph K. Maddry, Vikhyat S. Bebarta, Erin P. Finley, Don D. McGeary, David H. Carnahan, and Jennifer S. Potter. "Opioid Use Patterns Among Active Duty Service Members and Civilians: 2006–2014." Military Medicine 183, no. 3-4 (December 27, 2017): e157-e164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usx014.
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Abstract Introduction Between 2001 and 2009, opioid analgesic prescriptions in the Military Health System quadrupled to 3.8 million. The sheer quantity of opioid analgesics available sets the stage for issues related to misuse, abuse, and diversion. To address this issue, the Department of Defense implemented several directives and clinical guidelines to improve access to appropriate pain care and safe opioid prescribing. Unfortunately, little has been done to characterize changing patterns of opioid use in active duty service members (ADSM), so little is known about how combat operations and military health care policy may have influenced this significant problem. We examined changes in opioid use for ADSM between 2006 and 2014, compared trends with the civilian population, and explored the potential role of military-specific factors in changes in opioid use in the Military Health System. Materials and Methods After obtaining Institutional Review Board approval, administrative prescription records (Pharmacy Data Transaction Records) for non-deployed ADSM were used to determine the number of opioid prescriptions dispensed each year and the proportion of ADSM who received at least one prescription per month between 2006 and 2014. Based on the observation and the literature, we identified December 2011 as the demarcation point (the optimal point to identify the downturn in opioid use) and used it to compare opioid use trends before and after. We used an autoregressive forecast model to verify changes in opioid use patterns before and after 2011. Several interrupted time series models examined whether military system-level factors were associated with changes in opioid use. Results Between 2006 and 2014, 1,516,979 ADSM filled 7,119,945 opioid prescriptions, either in military treatment facilities or purchased through TRICARE. Both active duty and civilian populations showed signs of decreasing use after 2011, but this change was much more pronounced among ADSM. The forecast model showed a significant difference after 2011 between the projected and actual proportion of ADSM filling an opioid prescription, confirming 2011 as a point of divergence in opioid use. Interrupted time series models showed that the deflection point was associated with significant decreases. A significant increase of 0.261% in opioid prescriptions was seen for every 1,000 wounded in action service members in a given month. Troops returning from Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, or Operation New Dawn did not appear to influence the rates of use. Even after accounting for returning troops from Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation New Dawn and wounded in action counts, the deflection point was associated with a lower proportion of ADSM who filled an opioid prescription, leading to a decrease of 1.61% by the end of the observation period (December 2014). Conclusion After December 2011, opioid use patterns significantly decreased in both civilian and ADSM populations, but more so in the military population. Many factors, such as numbers of those wounded in action and the structural organization of the Military Health System, may have caused the decline, although more than likely the decrease was influenced by many factors inside and outside of the military, including policy directives and cultural changes.
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Merrill, Daniel R., and Brit Long. "Arthropod Assault: A Case Report of Brown Recluse Envenomation in a Training Environment." Military Medicine 185, no. 9-10 (May 27, 2020): e1880-e1881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usaa092.
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Abstract Spider bites are a common emergency department complaint, accounting for ~21% of noncanine bites, injuries, and stings. Military service members, more so than most civilian personnel, are exposed to conditions that place them at increased risk for envenomation, stings, and bites. We present the case of an active duty service member working in a relatively austere environment who presented to a level 1 trauma center with a lesion consistent with a bite from a brown recluse spider, or Loxosceles reclusa.
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McKee, Kelly T., Wendy E. Burns, Linda K. Russell, Pamela R. Jenkins, Ayah E. Johnson, Tor-Lai Wong, and Kathryn B. McLawhorn. "Early Syphilis in an Active Duty Military Population and the Surrounding Civilian Community, 1985–1993." Military Medicine 163, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 368–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/163.6.368.
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Seamone, Evan, Shoba Sreenivasan, James McGuire, Dan Smee, Sean Clark, and Daniel Dow. "A Rehabilitative Justice Pathway for War-Traumatized Offenders Caught in the Military Misconduct Catch-22." Armed Forces & Society 44, no. 1 (February 16, 2017): 139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x17690852.
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The United States and Canada, among others, have recognized that “misconduct stress behaviors” can be a “hidden” by-product of war-zone deployments. The American military’s paradigm of punishment over treatment creates a “military misconduct Catch-22,” in which the service member’s treatment need is identified as a result of, or only after, violations of military law. Civilian society then bears the justice, familial, and social costs of the military’s failure to address combat stress–based misconduct. As an alternative to existing punitive military pathways, we propose a rehabilitative justice pathway that builds on the successes of civilian criminal justice mental health courts—to be implemented during active duty service, before separation from the Armed Forces. The approach, predicated on the circumstances of each case, promotes resilience, honorable discharge, and successful reintegration of service members into society.
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Bridwell, Rachel E., Neil P. Larson, Michael J. Yoo, and Joshua J. Oliver. "Subdural Empyema in an Immunocompetent Active Duty Soldier: A Case Report." Military Medicine 185, no. 7-8 (December 2, 2019): e1326-e1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz428.
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Abstract Intracranial subdural empyema is a rare clinical entity with incidence estimates of 0.1 per 100,000 people. The condition is most often the sequela of a primary infection elsewhere and carries a high morbidity and mortality. The authors present the case of a 22-year-old active duty soldier on mission on the southern border of the United States. The patient had been complaining of headaches that became progressively worse over 2 weeks and presented to a civilian hospital where he was diagnosed with intracranial abscess versus sinus thrombosis on radiographic imaging. The patient was promptly transferred to a military tertiary care center where further workup including pivotal imaging confirmed subdural empyema and right transverse sinus thrombosis. Given the rapid patient deterioration associated with subdural empyema, the emergent intravenous antibiotics, neurosurgical consultation, and subsequent collection evacuation performed are likely to credit for saving this soldier’s life. This case highlighted an atypical and time-sensitive etiology for a common complaint in the active duty population, which underscores the requirement for evacuation to higher roles of care in those soldiers with a similar diagnosis.
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Brager, A. J., N. Hosamane, V. Capaldi, and G. Simonelli. "0385 Risk Assessment of Sleep Disorder Comorbidity Across Active Duty Army Installations from Military Medical Databases." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A147—A148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.382.
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Abstract Introduction The impact of sleep disorders on active duty Soldiers’ medical readiness is clinically significant. Sleep disorders present high comorbidity with disease states directly impacting medical readiness, ranging from musculoskeletal injury (MSK-I), obesity, and drug dependence. The current study performed a risk assessment of sleep disorder comorbidity with MSK-I, obesity, and drug dependence across active duty United States Army installations. Methods Health incidences (percent active duty per installation) were queried from the Office of the Surgeon General Health of the Force (HoF) report, specifically for Fiscal Year (FY) 2017 (n = 471,000; 85.5% male, > 70% between 18 -34). Nonparametric ranked tests identified active duty Army installations at low risk (green; < 25% percentile relative to mean rank), moderate risk (amber; 25% - 50%), and high risk (red; > 75% percentile). Linear regressions determined extent of comorbidity of sleep disorders with MSK-I, obesity, and drug dependence (tobacco use and substance abuse). Results Mean rank comparisons for sleep disorders vs. injury index (p=0.499), obesity (p=0.306), tobacco use (p=0.378), and substance abuse (p=0.591) did not differ for each installation. Further, there was a high degree of co-morbidity for mean percentage of diagnosed sleep disorder with injury index (p<0.001; r2 = 0.517), obesity (p<0.001; r2 = 0.963), tobacco use (p<0.001; r2 = 0.928), and substance abuse (p<0.001; r2 = 0.968). Conclusion In general, large infantry and artillery training units located in the Southeastern United States were “in the red” for not meeting medical readiness standards. A few exceptions include Virginia-Maryland triangle, a heavily populated area. These data demonstrate strong geographical influences on health risk comorbidity in active duty Soldiers comparable to civilian sectors. Support Military Operational Medicine Research Program
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Turner, Brianna J., Evan M. Kleiman, and Matthew K. Nock. "Non-suicidal self-injury prevalence, course, and association with suicidal thoughts and behaviors in two large, representative samples of US Army soldiers." Psychological Medicine 49, no. 09 (August 22, 2018): 1470–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718002015.
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AbstractBackgroundNon-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) prospectively predicts suicidal thoughts and behaviors in civilian populations. Despite high rates of suicide among US military members, little is known about the prevalence and course of NSSI, or how NSSI relates to suicidal thoughts and behaviors, in military personnel.MethodsWe conducted secondary analyses of two representative surveys of active-duty soldiers (N = 21 449) and newly enlisted soldiers (N = 38 507) from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS).ResultsThe lifetime prevalence of NSSI is 6.3% (1.2% 12-month prevalence) in active-duty soldiers and 7.9% (1.3% 12-month prevalence) in new soldiers. Demographic risk factors for lifetime NSSI include female sex, younger age, non-Hispanic white ethnicity, never having married, and lower educational attainment. The association of NSSI with temporally primary internalizing and externalizing disorders varies by service history (new v. active-duty soldiers) and gender (men v. women). In both active-duty and new soldiers, NSSI is associated with increased odds of subsequent onset of suicidal ideation [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.66–1.81] and suicide attempts (adjusted OR = 2.02–2.43), although not with the transition from ideation to attempt (adjusted OR = 0.92–1.36). Soldiers with a history of NSSI are more likely to have made multiple suicide attempts, compared with soldiers without NSSI.ConclusionsNSSI is prevalent among US Army soldiers and is associated with significantly increased odds of later suicidal thoughts and behaviors, even after NSSI has resolved. Suicide risk assessments in military populations should screen for history of NSSI.
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Leahy, Guy D., Todd A. Crowder, Molly Jones, and Jerry Mayhew. "Use Of BMI To Estimate %fat In Civilian And Active Duty Air Force Men And Women." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 54, no. 9S (September 2022): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000876768.65189.0a.
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McLay, Robert N., Amado Daylo, and Paul S. Hammer. "Predictors of Length of Stay in a Psychiatric Ward Serving Active Duty Military and Civilian Patients." Military Medicine 170, no. 3 (March 2005): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed.170.3.219.
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Harris, Brett R., and Jiang Yu. "Service Access and Self-Reporting: Tailoring SBIRT to Active Duty Military in Civilian Health Care Settings." Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions 19, no. 1-2 (March 23, 2019): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1533256x.2019.1589886.
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Stahlman, Shauna, Marjan Javanbakht, Susan Cochran, Steven Shoptaw, Alison B. Hamilton, and Pamina M. Gorbach. "A comparison of self-reported sexual risk behaviours between US civilian and active duty military women." Sexual Health 12, no. 3 (2015): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh14211.
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Women in the US military report a high prevalence of sexual risk behaviours, such as binge drinking and new or multiple sexual partnerships. However, demographical differences pose challenges to making comparisons with civilians. Two public-use datasets were used to compare prevalence of sexual risk behaviours between sexually active military and civilian women, after adjusting for demographic factors. It was found that women in the military reported a higher prevalence of binge drinking and new/multiple sexual partners as compared with civilians, which suggests that military women are a high-risk group and the military environment may at least partially facilitate these risk behaviours.
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Chisick, Michael C., Forrest R. Poindexter, and Andrew K. York. "Comparing Annual Dental Utilization Rates of Active Duty U.S. Military Personnel and Their Employed Civilian Cohorts." Military Medicine 163, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 148–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/163.3.148.
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Paddock, Ellen, Katelyn Kassarjian Jetelina, Stephen A. Bishopp, Kelley Pettee Gabriel, and Jennifer Marie Reingle Gonzalez. "Factors associated with civilian and police officer injury during 10 years of officer-involved shooting incidents." Injury Prevention 26, no. 6 (November 8, 2019): 509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043467.
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BackgroundPrevious officer-involved shooting (OIS) research has focused primarily on antecedents to fatal shootings, with few studies investigating injury more broadly. Our study examined the factors associated with fatal or non-fatal injury to both civilians and officers during OIS incidents, to better understand how harm might be reduced in the most extreme law enforcement scenarios.MethodsData included 281 officers involved in 177 unique shooting incidents recorded by Dallas Police Department between 2005 and 2015. Bivariate logistic regression and multivariable generalised estimation equation analyses were used to investigate incident characteristics associated with fatal or non-fatal injury to civilians and officers.ResultsCivilian injury occurred in 61% and officer injury in 14% of unique OIS incidents. In adjusted models, multiple shooting officers increased the odds of injury to both civilians (adjusted OR (AOR): 3.22, 95% CI 1.39 to 7.50) and officers (AOR 4.73, 95% CI 1.64 to 13.65). Odds of civilian injury were also significantly higher during the daytime and among non-Hispanic white compared with non-Hispanic black and Hispanic/Latina/o civilians, although a majority of OIS incidents (79%) involved non-Hispanic black or Hispanic/Latino/a civilians. Odds of officer injury were significantly higher for detectives compared with patrol (AOR=9.32, 95% CI 1.85 to 47.03) and during off-duty versus on-duty shootings (AOR=5.23, 95% CI 1.37 to 19.99).ConclusionsBoth civilians and officers are at risk for injury during OIS incidents, though to different degrees and with unique risk factors. Additional research is needed to understand whether these results are replicated elsewhere and to further understand the mechanisms of injury.
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Žnidaršič, Vinko, Marko Radovanović, and Dragan Stevanović. "Modeling the organisational implementation of a drone and counter-drone operator into the Serbian Armed Forces rifle section." Vojno delo 72, no. 3 (2020): 84–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojdelo2003084z.
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Drones are one of the new threats to tactical units. The armed forces use them with various successes in operations. However, the smallest tactical unit such as rifle section is generally still unprepared to operate drones and perform counter measures. Drones have a wide range of capabilities and therefore can be used for both civilian and military purposes. Along with the development of drones, counter-drone systems have also been developed. Several small drones and counter-drone systems suitable for the use by one man are presented in the first part of the research results to show that there is more than one system that can be selected for operational use. This also shows that one soldier in rifle section is capable of operating a small drone and counter-drone systems. This research has aimed to survey the organizational structure and determine organizational capabilities to implement a drone and counter-drone operator duty in rifle section. For that purpose, the research team has conducted a series of interviews with officers and non-commissioned officers of the Serbian Armed Forces and the Ministry of Defense. This duty is defined as "a drone operator" and in this research the Serbian Armed Forces rifle section is modeled in such a way to include a duty for 1) a specialized rifleman, 2) a converted sniper, or 3) an embedded soldier.