Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Durées de séjour'
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Delhumeau, Cécile. "Contribution à la modélisation des durées de séjour du CHU de Grenoble." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004392.
Full textVergnenègre, Alain. "Indicateurs explicatifs de la durée de séjour chez les personnes agées admises dans une unité de court séjour pneumologique." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30235.
Full textLe, Taillandier de Gabory Vincent. "Essai sur le statut du médecin hospitalier." Université de Paris-Sud. Faculté Jean-Monnet. UFR Droit, Économie, Gestion, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA111016.
Full textVermeulin, Thomas. "Influence of social deprivation on the treatment of cancer patients : hospital lengths of stay and unplanned hospitalisations." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPSLD038.
Full textIn this thesis, we use applied econometric methods to analyse the influence of social deprivation on hospital lengths of stay (used as a proxy for hospital costs) in cancer patients. We also analyse the relevance of using the frequency of unplanned hospitalisations as an indicator of hospital care quality for cancer patients. In the first chapter, we show that the most deprived patients have hospital stays that are 4% longer on average, even after controlling for variables corresponding to components of the current hospital payment system. In the second chapter, we show that patients’ social deprivation decreases the probability of day-surgery in breast cancer, despite the fact that the pricing system aims to encourage day-surgery by setting the payment for inpatient surgery (which is more costly for hospitals) at the same level as that of day-surgery. Our results suggest that this incentive could have a deleterious effect on hospitals treating a high proportion of deprived patients. The results of the first two chapters suggest that the additional costs associated with treating the most deprived patients should be taken into account in the funding model, in order to limit the risk of selection and therefore provide arguments for adapting the hospital payment system. We propose using the European Deprivation Index as a measure of social deprivation to support a possible additional payment, as this indicator cannot be manipulated by hospital managers. In the third chapter, we show that the rate of unplanned hospitalisations is not a good indicator of the quality of cancer care, particularly for patients with moderate or high social deprivation. Consequently, a quality financing system based on this type of indicator could penalize hospitals treating a high proportion of deprived patients
Guimond, Nicole. "L'influence de l'intervention de l'équipe multidisciplinaire, sur la durée de séjour des personnes âgées à l'urgence." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/10917.
Full textTardif, Pier-Alexandre. "La durée de séjour hospitalier suite à l'admission pour un traumatisme craniocérébral dans un système de traumatologie intégré au Canada." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27966.
Full textProlonged length of stay (LOS), estimated to represent approximately 20% of acute care days, leads to adverse outcomes in terms of complications, morbidity, mortality, and costs. However, we lack comprehensive information on hospital resource use for patients admitted following traumatic brain injury (TBI). We conducted a multicenter, retrospective cohort study based on 11,199 patients discharged alive from the Quebec trauma system between 2007 and 2012 in order to compare acute care index LOS to total LOS and identify the determinants of LOS. Acute care LOS is slightly underestimated when only index LOS is considered. TBI patients have much higher resource use than general provincial admissions. Eight variables related either to patients’ characteristics or treatments explain 80% of the variation in LOS. This information can be used to develop targeted interventions to reduce LOS for TBI admissions to improve the efficiency and quality of acute care for these patients.
Dramé, Moustapha. "Analyse de la fragilité du sujet âgé au travers de la mortalité dans la cohorte SAFES (Sujet âgé fragile-évaluation et suivi)." Reims, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REIMM202.
Full textMnara, Mondher. "Estimation discrète/continue du choix du lieu de pratique et de la durée de séjour des nouveaux médecins généralistes au Québec." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq25341.pdf.
Full textNdir, Awa. "Epidémiologie et impact médico-économique des infections hospitaliéres causées par les Entérobactéries productrices de beta-lactamases à spectre étendu au Sénégal." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066668/document.
Full textInfections caused by Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL-E) are of major concern in clinical practice worldwide because of limited therapeutic options effective to treat them. Studies from Africa showed that ESBL are frequent in the continent, however the impact of these multidrug resistant infections is yet to be adequately determined. The aim of this thesis was to describe the epidemiological situation of ESBL-E in Senegal and to assess their clinical and economic impact. Methods : Two retrospective studies were carried out in inpatients from whom an Enterobacteriaceae strain was isolated from diagnostic samples drawn during a 6-month period (Study 1) and from blood cultures drawn within a 2-year period among pediatric patients (Study 2). Case-case-control studies were carried out to identify risk factors to acquire an ESBL-E infection. Patients infected by an ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae were defined as cases 1, those infected by an Enterobacteriaceae non-producer of ESBL were cases 2 and patients not infected by any bacterial strain were controls. Multivariable analyses using a stepwise logistic regression were performed to identify risk factors to acquire an ESBL-E infection and risk factors for death. Retrospective cohort analyses were performed to assess the prolonged length of stay attributable to ESBL production using a multistate model. Besides, a cost-of-illness analysis was performed to estimate the additional cost attributable to the prolonged length of stay. Results : Incidence rate of ESBL-infections was 3/1,000 patient-days (PD) and 1.5 cases/1,000 PD for bloodstream infections in children. Risk factors to acquire an ESBL infection were the presence of urinary catheter, central venous catheter and mechanical ventilation. Newborns were also identified as a patient- at risk to acquire an ESBL-E infection. ESBL production was identified as an independent risk factor for death. Besides, ESBL production was associated with an increased LOS (+4days) and cost (€100). Conclusion : Our findings show an important clinical and economic impact of ESBL infections in Senegal. Control of ESBL-E spread is an emergency especially in pediatric populations and can be achieved by the promotion of hand hygiene and proper management of excreta. Results also emphasize the need to revise current antibiotic prescriptions guidelines and to implement an antibiotic stewardship program to preserve the effectiveness of our last-resort antibiotic drugs
Dufresne, Philippe. "Impact du niveau de désignation des centres de traumatologie sur le délai chirurgical, la mortalité, les complications et la durée de séjour : une étude de cohorte multicentrique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27487.
Full textFew studies have been conducted regarding the trajectories of patients with major hemorrhagic injuries and the potential benefit of level I/II care for these patients. We performed a retrospective cohort study based on a Canadian inclusive trauma system including adults in hemorrhagic shock in Quebec. We examined the influence of trauma center designation level on surgical delays, mortality, complications and length of stay. Examined patients were at least 18 years old, had systolic blood pressure < 90 mm Hg upon arrival at the ER and were operated on or died within the first six hours following arrival. About 52% of patients were directly admitted to a level I/II center and less than 10% of patients received treatment in level IV centers. A quarter of patients were treated within one hour of arrival. Results suggest that level IV centers do not perform better in terms of surgical delays (OR : 1.13; 95% CI: 0.53 – 2.41), may have higher mortality (OR : 1.84; 95% CI: 0.90 – 3.74), a lower incidence of complications (OR : 0.51; 95% CI: 0.24 – 1.12) and a shorter average length of stay (RR : 0.40; 95% CI: 0.29 – 0.55). This study represents an important step towards obtaining evidence-based information that can be used to enhance trauma system configuration to optimize outcomes in patients suffering hemorrhagic injuries.
Albano, Thierry. "Analyse rétrospective de l'influence du motif d'hospitalisation sur la durée des séjours dans un service de médecine générale de la région alésienne en 1996." Montpellier 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON11062.
Full textLang, Pierre-Olivier. "Filières de soins intra-hospitalières chez les patients âgés : marqueurs quantitatifs, qualitatifs et propositions d'amélioration." Reims, 2009. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00001075.pdf.
Full textDubos, Anne. "Raccourcissement du séjour hospitalier après la naissance d’un enfant à Roubaix : vécu des femmes, travail domestique et pratiques de soins à domicile." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL12022.
Full textContemporary, birth is marked by a paradox: it is both widelymedicalized and underinvested by hospital during the postnatal period. The existing schemes for caring at home cannot be seen as a demedicalization process, but rather as a transfer from hospital to social network families and health professionals. The medical follow-up at home is meant to enable the monitoring of families. This thesis shows that the recommendations of these schemes are not fully applied, sometimes to the families’ disadvantage. Furthermore, the schemes are not adjusted to all the people, we have interviewed in Roubaix. Families’ uses of these schemes are diverse, and the investment and role of the professionals depends on formerly established contacts. Whereas some families take over the proposed assistance and profit from it, others families perceive them as control and distrust. This organization can create some difficulties as eligibility requirements are mainly medicals. Moreover, some families do not systematically take up institutional schemes which could prepare them to an early return after delivery, in order to stay away from this system or to opt for their own experience. According to their socio-economic status, their maternity’s experience or their educational background, mothers and their family do not favour the same knowledge (professionals or non-expert). Eventually, home organization depends on the partner, relatives and friends’ investment, which is barely noticed by professionals and can cause personal and familial breakdown
Denis, Madeleine. "Efficacité comparative de trois programmes de réadaptation avec ou sans CPM, quant à la mobilité du genou, la capacité fonctionnelle et la durée du séjour hospitalier des patients opérés pour une arthroplastie du genou." Thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2004/22202/22202.pdf.
Full textIn this work, a randomized clinical trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of three in-hospital rehabilitation programs with and without continuous passive motion (CPM) on knee flexion, functional ability and length of stay after a primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Eighty-one patients who underwent a TKA for a diagnosis of osteoarthritis were randomly assigned to three groups immediately after TKA: 1) control group (CTL): conventional physical therapy (PT) intervention only; 2) experimental group 1 (EXP1): conventional PT intervention and CPM applications for 35 minutes daily; 3) experimental group 2 (EXP2): conventional PT intervention and CPM applications for 2 hours daily. The primary outcome was active knee flexion measured at discharge (7 to 8 days after TKA). Active knee extension, Timed Up and Go, results on the WOMAC questionnaire and length of stay were the secondary outcome measures. The characteristics and outcome measurements of patients in the three groups were similar at baseline, before TKA. No significant difference between the three groups was demonstrated in primary and secondary outcomes at discharge. The results of this study do not support the use of CPM in post-primary TKA rehabilitation programs, as applied in this clinical trial, since it did not further improve knee impairments or disability, nor did it reduce length of hospital stay.
Takam, Soh Patrice. "Estimation de la loi de la durée de séjour en présence d'une censure post-évènement d'intérêt. : Application à la croissance des fruits du cacaoyer et modélisation du risque d'attaque par la pourriture brune au Cameroun." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20163/document.
Full textWe are interested in this study in estimating the lifetime distribution by taking into consideration individuals on which the interest event and the censorship can occur in the same intervaland both events were then observed. We proposed two nonparametric approaches based on an asymptotic approximation when the lengthbetween two consecutive observation days tends to 0. The first one was based on an integral relationship and the second one on a lifetime restoration. We used theses approaches to build a fruitgrowth model depending on climatic variables. We also estimated the susceptibility (success probability of attack by a spore on a fruit) of the fruit depending of its developmental stage and theinfectious potential of the disease over time.This infectious potential could help to build a model of infectious potential depending on infected fruits. The knowledge of the infectious potential depending on infected fruits, the estimation of the susceptibility of the fruit and the model of growth will allow to built a dynamic model of infectious potential to predict the evolution risk of disease progression
Dorval, Valérie. "Planification des activités chirurgicales sous contrainte de capacité." Thesis, Valenciennes, Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UPHF0004.
Full textSurgical services face difficulties in meeting demand and patients face long waiting lists for treatment. In order to improve services, maximum deadlines have been set for certain types of surgery, but this adds a constraint to the already overloaded system. Finally, the cancellation of surgeries due to a lack of beds in intensive care and on care units is considered quite frequent, causing a bottleneck in the patient flow. In this context, the objective of this thesis is to propose and validate a surgical activity planning procedure that takes into account capacity in post-operative care units, with the aim of improving the use of hospital beds and thus increasing patient flow in the system. This thesis proposes a decision support tool to formalize the surgical activity planning process at the tactical/operational level and to take into account the availability of hospital beds and the variability in patients' length of stay according to different factors. This tool takes into account the current functioning of the system and the context surrounding it in order to ensure the feasibility of implementation. First, a model for predicting the length of patients' stay is designed by combining a data classification method, classification and regression tree theory, with a method for estimating the data distribution, phase-type distributions. A validation step will compare the model results with empirical data. Second, a surgical activity planning tool is being developed using integer linear programming and incorporating the "length of stay" component to control hospital bed occupancy in addition to surgical room occupancy. Finally, a simulator is developed and used to evaluate different strategies and criteria for scheduling activities and to take into account the inherent variability of the problem. At this point, it is possible to integrate the model for predicting the length of stay developed at the beginning of the project
Michel, Morgane. "Influence de la précarité sur l'efficience de la prise en charge hospitalière en pédiatrie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UNIP5231.
Full textBackground: Many studies in adult patients have found that deprivation is associated with a significant increase in length of stay (LOS) and costs for hospital admissions. In health care systems where hospital tariffs are based on mean national LOS, deprived patients may prevent hospitals from reaching this efficiency standard, in particular in the case of paediatric patients as clinicians could be reluctant to discharge them if there are issues with their living environment. This may in turn negatively impact hospitals’ financial balance. Objectives: To study the association of deprivation and hospital efficiency, and of deprivation and hospitals’ financial balance in hospitals with a paediatric in-patient population. Method: An observational study using hospital discharge databases was carried out for the years 2012-2014. All neonatal (before 28 days of age) and paediatric admissions in maternity hospitals and/or hospitals with at least one paediatric department located in mainland France were included and analysed separately. Deprivation was assessed through an ecological indicator at the postcode level, the FDep, divided into national quintiles. Efficiency endpoints included the ratio of a patient’s LOS with: 1/ the mean national paediatric LOS, 2/ the mean national LOS of the root of their diagnosis-related group (DRG), 3/ the mean national LOS of their DRG, and 4/ the mean LOS of their DRG in the national hospital cost study. Indicators of financial balance at the admission level included production costs, revenues, and the ratio of the two. At the hospital level, financial balance was assessed by aggregating the difference between revenues and costs for all admissions in a given hospital. Health outcomes were also included in the analysis. Endpoints were calculated for each FDep quintile, and multivariable regression models looked at the association between deprivation and the different endpoints after adjusting on patient characteristics as well as on the characteristics of the hospital and the environment. Results: 4,121,187 paediatric admissions and 2,149,454 admissions for a birth were included in the analysis. In paediatric patients, there was a significant increase in LOS compared to mean national LOS all along the social gradient. Deprivation was also associated with increased production costs, not fully compensated by increased revenues. In addition, health outcomes were worse in the most deprived patients, who were at increased risk of in-hospital mortality and readmissions within 15 days of discharge. In new-borns, the association between deprivation and LOS was not as strong, and increased production costs were compensated by increased revenues. However, health outcomes were still worse in deprived patients. At the hospital level, the case-mix of deprived patients was associated with its financial balance or with the probability that it would be in deficit. Conclusion: A reform of how deprivation is accounted for in hospitals’ payment methods should be considered, and DRG dedicated to paediatric populations should become the norm rather than the exception. Further analyses are required to determine how tariffs should be adjusted. Interventions aimed at tackling poorer health outcomes in more deprived paediatric patients should also be developed to reduce social health inequalities
Cissoko, Mamadou Ben Hamidou. "Adaptive time-aware LSTM for predicting and interpreting ICU patient trajectories from irregular data." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAD012.
Full textIn personalized predictive medicine, accurately modeling a patient's illness and care processes is crucial due to the inherent long-term temporal dependencies. However, Electronic Health Records (EHRs) often consist of episodic and irregularly timed data, stemming from sporadic hospital admissions, which create unique patterns for each hospital stay. Consequently, constructing a personalized predictive model necessitates careful consideration of these factors to accurately capture the patient's health journey and assist in clinical decision-making. LSTM networks are effective for handling sequential data like EHRs, but they face two significant limitations: the inability to interpret prediction results and to take into account irregular time intervals between consecutive events. To address limitations, we introduce novel deep dynamic memory neural networks called Multi-Way Adaptive and Adaptive Multi-Way Interpretable Time-Aware LSTM (MWTA-LSTM and AMITA) designed for irregularly collected sequential data. The primary objective of both models is to leverage medical records to memorize illness trajectories and care processes, estimate current illness states, and predict future risks, thereby providing a high level of precision and predictive power
Ducroquetz, Anne-Lise. "L'expulsion des étrangers en droit international et européen." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00196312.
Full textLe phénomène de l'expulsion est, par définition, transnational et pousse à une coopération accrue des Etats. Dès lors, la mise en place d'un corpus minimal de droits, assorti des garanties procédurales permettant d'en assurer l'effectivité, est une nécessité d'autant plus pressante. Les organes internationaux de contrôle, à l'instar de la Cour européenne des droits de l'Homme, cherchent ainsi à interpréter favorablement les conventions applicables à cette matière afin de répondre à ce besoin.
Un dépassement de cette approche initiale, attachée au concept de nationalité, semble toutefois aujourd'hui nécessaire. A cet égard, l'Union européenne pourrait constituer un cadre juridique idéal pour la création d'un statut de “quasi-national” et l'autonomisation de la notion de citoyenneté européenne.
Chauny, Jean-Marc. "Association entre les prescriptions d'isolement, d'oxygène ou de moniteur cardiaque et les durées de séjour chez les patients en attente d'admission dans un département d'urgence au Canada." Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/7585.
Full textGiroux, Anne-Marie. "Facteurs déterminants la durée de séjour chez les insuffisants cardiaques ayant séjourné au Centre hospitalier de la région du Nord de Lanaudière." Thèse, 2014. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/7680/1/031014152.pdf.
Full textBendavid, Yves. "Étude d’impact de l’alimentation entérale précoce sur la durée de séjour hospitalier pour la chirurgie colique." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8979.
Full textIntroduction: of early feeding within 24 hours of intestinal surgery seems advantageous in terms of reduction of wound infection, pneumonia and length of hospital stay. The aim of the study is to evaluate the impact of early enteral nutrition in length of hospital stay in comparison to traditional postoperative feeding regimen. Method: This prospective study enrolled 95 patients randomized in two groups: control group patients receive enteral feeding in absence of nausea or vomiting, abdominal distension and after passage of flatus or stools, while patients in experimental group were fed a liquid diet within 12 hours of surgery, followed by a regular diet at the next meal. The primary endpoint was the impact of early oral feeding on hospital length of stay. The secondary endpoint was to measure the impact of the diet reintroduction modality on the incidence of early postoperative morbidity and return of bowel function. Result: Length of hospital stay was slightly diminished in the experimental group compared to control (8,78±3,85 versus 9,41±5,22), but the difference was not statistically significant. Postoperative nausea and vomiting were reported in 24 (51,0%) patients in experimental group and 30 (62,5%) in control group. Only one patient required nasogastric tube insertion. The majority of patients did not demonstrate any postoperative morbidity in both groups. Conclusion: Early enteral nutrition is safe after intestinal surgery. However we did not demonstrate that early enteral feeding diminished length of hospital stay or hastened the return of bowel function.
Wang, Han Ting. "La fragilité comme prédicteur de la durée du séjour hospitalier après les chirurgies orthopédiques majeures électives chez les patients âgés." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20515.
Full textTahami, Monfared Amir Abbas. "A reliable and robust algorithm to identify episodes of hospitalizations using RAMQ medical services claims : methodology issues & data validation." Thèse, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/14216.
Full textPellei, Karina. "Mise en place d'un protocole de remplacement articulaire de la hanche et du genou avec une durée de séjour postopératoire réduite et évaluation des risques et bénéfices pour les patients." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22808.
Full textPoirier, Diane. "Évaluation de l'effet d'un système de coordination médicale dans une unité de soins intensifs." Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17706.
Full textVelásquez, Zapata Jorge Mario. "Pouvoir conjugal et immigration chez des couples colombiens immigrants à Montréal." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18820.
Full textThe effects of immigration on individuals as the result of social, cultural and economic influences of the new context are well known in the scientific literature. So for those who immigrated as a couple, the immigration experience leads them to renegotiate their roles in order to adjust to the conditions of the new environment. This renegotiation makes changes in the distribution of marital power and allows the adaptation of the partners in the new society and the return to balance in the couple. However, this adaptation is not done evenly between men and women. This research aims to predict changes in the distribution of marital power among a group of thirty Colombian couples who immigrated to Montreal, depending on length of stay and degree of identification with the host society (Canada and Quebec). Marital power is evaluated in this study according to the perception of the partners about their responsibilities in making global decisions and in four specific categories before and after immigrating to Montreal. About the length of stay, the data obtained show that, for women, the time lived in the host society predicts changes in the distribution of marital power. These results also confirm that these changes favour the empowerment of women within the couple in two of four categories: « leisure time and social activities » and « care and education of children ». However, the perception of women is not shared by men ; for men, the time spent in the host society does not predict changes in the distribution of marital power. Regarding the degree of identification, our data show that for the women interviewed, identification with Canada can predict changes in the distribution of marital power globally. Regarding the degree of identification with Quebec, it predicts changes in the distribution of marital power in the « care and education of children » category for both men and women.
San, Martin Rodriguez Leticia. "Évaluation des effets de la collaboration interprofessionnelle chez les professionnels et chez les patients dans les unités d'hospitalisation en oncologie et en hématologie." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17941.
Full textSalvat-Plana, Mercè. "L’analyse d’indicateurs de la qualité des soins infirmiers aux personnes ayant subi un AVC en Catalogne." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11261.
Full textJomphe, Valérie. "Impact de l’évolution du statut nutritionnel durant l’attente d’une transplantation pulmonaire sur la mortalité postopératoire." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4474.
Full textThis study aims to assess the impact of nutritional status and its evolution while awaiting a lung transplant on the post-operative mortality and morbidity. We reviewed 209 consecutive cases of lung transplantation at the Centre Hospitalier de l’Universite de Montreal between 2000 and 2007 and looked at the mortality and rate of complications post-operatively according to BMI, intake of protein and energy, biochemical parameters and weight changes during the waiting period. The risk of death increased with increasing BMI strata with a relative risk of death during the hospital stay of 3,31 (IC95% 1,19-9,26) for BMI 25-29.9 and 8,83 (IC95% 2,98-26,18) for BMI ≥ 30 with a worse postoperative outcome in terms of surgical complications (p=0,003), length of stay in intensive care unit (p=0,031) and length of hospital stay (p<0,001) for patients with BMI ≥ 30 compared with patients of normal weight. Patients in whom the BMI evolved inadequately during the waiting period experienced a prolonged hospital stay (p=0,015). Patients whose intake was suboptimal in the pre-transplant period have also a prolonged hospital stay (p=0,002) and more infectious (p=0,038), digestives (p=0,003) and surgicals (p=0,029) complications but no detectable impact on the mortality. Our results suggest that obesity and overweight as well as inadequate changes of BMI during the waiting period and suboptimal protein-energy intakes negatively affect the outcome of lung transplantation.