Journal articles: 'Duration'

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Stork, Philip J. S. "ERK Signaling: Duration, Duration, Duration." Cell Cycle 1, no. 5 (September 2002): 315–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cc.1.5.145.

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OSOLINSKY, Oleksandr, Volodymyr KOCHAN, Anatoliy SACHENKO, Orest KOCHAN, and Roman KOCHAN. "ARBITRARY DURATION PULSE SHAPER." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Technical sciences 309, no. 3 (May 26, 2022): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2022-309-3-25-28.

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This paper considers the possibility of constructing a universal pulse generator based on TTL (transistor-transistor logic) elements, which provides pulses of a given duration at the time of entry to the input of the negative edge of the input start pulse (difference from logical unit to logical zero). The duration of the generated output pulse can be set by the capacitance of one capacitor and does not depend on the duration of the input pulse. A significant advantage of the proposed pulse shaper is the high steepness of both the positive front (difference from logical zero to logical unit) and the negative edge of the generated output pulse (difference from logical unit to logical zero), which depends only on the operation time of logical elements and not depends on the duration of both input (start) and output pulses. This advantage is based on the action of positive feedback at the time of formation of both positive and negative fronts of the output pulse. In this case, the feedback circuits in the formation of positive and negative fronts of the output pulse are different, which does not allow the circuit to switch to self-excitation mode (autogeneration). The advantages of the proposed pulse shaper (high steepness of the fronts with little complication of the circuit compared to the known capacitor pulse shapers) are determined by using the internal structure of the logic elements of the TTL series. This paper also considers the possibility of reducing the capacitance of the capacitor by several tens of times, which determines the duration of long output pulses, due to the introduction of an emitter repeater. The main disadvantage of the proposed pulse shaper is the low temperature and time stability of the duration of the formed output pulse, which is characteristic of all capacitor pulse shapers.

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van den Berg, Gerard J., and Jan C. van Ours. "Duration dependence and heterogeneity in French youth unemployment durations." Journal of Population Economics 12, no. 2 (June 23, 1999): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001480050099.

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Belala, N., D. E. Saїdouni, R. Boukharrou, A. C. Chaouche, A. Seraoui, and A. Chachoua. "Time Petri Nets with Action Duration." International Journal of Embedded and Real-Time Communication Systems 4, no. 2 (April 2013): 62–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jertcs.2013040104.

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The design of real-time systems needs a high-level specification model supporting at the same time timing constraints and actions duration. The authors introduce in this paper an extension of Petri Nets called Time Petri Nets with Action Duration (DTPN) where time is associated with transitions. In DTPN, the firing of transitions is bound to a time interval and transitions represent actions which have explicit durations. The authors give an operational semantics for DTPN in terms of Durational Action Timed Automata (DATA). DTPN considers both timing constraints and durations under a true-concurrency semantics with an aim of better expressing concurrent and parallel behaviours of real-time systems.

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Kawahara, Hitomi, and Yuko Yotsumoto. "Multiple Irrelevant Duration Information Affects the Perception of Relevant Duration Information: Interference With Selective Processing of Duration." i-Perception 11, no. 6 (November 2020): 204166952097322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041669520973223.

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In the human visual environment, the ability to perceive only relevant duration is important for various activities. However, a relatively small number of studies have investigated how humans process multiple durations, in comparison with the processing of one or two durations. We investigated the effects of multiple irrelevant durations on the perception of relevant duration. In four behavioral experiments, the participants were instructed to pay attention to a target stimulus while ignoring the distractors; then, they reproduced the target duration. We manipulated three aspects of the distractors: number, duration range, and cortical distance to the target. The results showed that the presence of multiple irrelevant durations interfered with the processing of relevant duration in terms of the mean perceived duration and the variability of the perceived duration. The interference was directional; that is, longer (shorter) irrelevant durations made the reproduced durations longer (shorter). Moreover, the interference was not likely to depend on the cortical distance between the target and the distractors, suggesting an involvement of relatively higher cortical areas. These results demonstrate that multiple irrelevant duration information affects the temporal processing of relevant duration information and suggest that multiple independent clocks assigned to each of the durations may not exist.

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Lin, Yi-Kuei. "STUDY ON LONGER AND SHORTER BOUNDARY DURATION VECTORS WITH ARBITRARY DURATION AND COST VALUES." Journal of the Operations Research Society of Japan 50, no. 2 (2007): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15807/jorsj.50.73.

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Gould, J. B., and Eric H. Sorensen. "Duration." Journal of Portfolio Management 13, no. 1 (October 31, 1986): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jpm.1986.409079.

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Bierwag, Gerald O., George G. Kaufman, Cynthia M. Latta, and Gordon S. Roberts. "Duration." Journal of Portfolio Management 13, no. 2 (January 31, 1987): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jpm.1987.409098.

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Benavent, D., D. Capelusnik, D. Van der Heijde, R. B. M. Landewé, D. Poddubnyy, A. Van Tubergen, L. Falzon, S. Ramiro, and V. Navarro-Compán. "POS0963 HOW IS EARLY SPONDYLOARTHRITIS DEFINED IN THE LITERATURE? RESULTS FROM A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 81, Suppl 1 (May 23, 2022): 787.1–788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.1023.

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BackgroundThe term “early spondyloarthritis (SpA)” has been frequently used to refer to the first phase of the disease, however, no standardized definition on “early” has been established. The ASAS-SPEAR (SPondyloarthritis EARly definition) project aims at developing a consensual definition on what is meant by “early SpA”. In order to inform the ASAS-SPEAR working group, it is highly relevant to assess the current meaning of “early SpA” in the literature.ObjectivesTo identify all possible definitions of “early SpA” employed in the literature, including “early axial SpA (axSpA)” and “early peripheral SpA (pSpA)”.MethodsA systematic literature review was conducted in Medline, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library (through April 28th, 2021). The eligibility criteria were studies with any design, in adults that included any mention of “early SpA” or its subtypes in the title or abstract. Two reviewers independently identified eligible studies and extracted data, including the literal definition of early SpA used in each of them. The proportion of studies reporting a definition was calculated, and the different definitions were assessed, including the core of the definition: whether they were based on symptom duration, disease duration, radiographic damage, a combination of them or any other aspects, and their boundaries.ResultsOut of 9,651 titles identified, 355 publications reporting data from 186 studies were included (291 full papers, 64 conference abstracts). Among them, 217 (61%) were cohort studies, 72 (20%) were reviews and 46 (13%) were clinical trials. Over time, an increasing number of publications on early SpA were identified: <2005 (n=34), 2005-2010 (n=48), 2011-2015 (n=109) and 2016-2020 (n=164). Overall, 63 studies (34%) included the term “early axSpA”, 60 (32%) “early ankylosing spondylitis (AS)”, 58 (31%) “early SpA”, 4 (2%) “early non-radiographic axSpA (nr-axSpA)” and 1 (1%) “early pSpA”. In total, 116 (62%) studies reported a specific definition: 40 (34%) based it on symptom duration, 35 (30%) on radiographic damage, 32 (28%) on disease duration, 6 (5%) on both symptom/disease duration and radiographic damage, and 3 (3%) on other aspects. Symptom duration was defined as the time since the onset of low back pain in 21/40 (53%) studies, whereas in 14/40 (35%) the symptom of onset was not specified. Thirty-five of 116 studies (30%) included a definition referred to “early SpA”, 38 (33%) to “early axSpA”, 38 (33%) to “early AS”, 4 (3%) to “early nr-axSpA”, and 1 (1%) to “early pSpA”. Figure 1 shows the 18 distinct definitions that were identified (after combining some similar categories). The three most used definitions per subtype of disease are shown in Table 1. Regarding the studies that referred to “early axSpA”, the most used definition was symptom/disease duration <5 years, whereas for “early AS” was symptom/disease duration <10 years. After 2010, the definition of “early axSpA” based on the absence of radiographic sacroiliitis was less used compared to before 2010 (5/30, 17% vs 3/8, 38%).Table 1.Top 3 candidate definitions for “early SpA” and subtypesCore of the definitionNumber of studies, n (%)SpA (n= 35)nr-axSpA10 (29%)< 2 years duration10 (29%)< 1 year duration6 (17%)AxSpA (n=38)< 5 years duration12 (34%)< 3 years duration9 (24%)nr-axSpA duration8 (21%)AS/r-axSpA (n=38)<10 years duration9 (24%)nr-axSpA7 (18%)< 2 years duration6 (16%)nr-axSpA (n=4)nr-axSpA2 (50%)< 1 year & nr-axSpA1 (25%)< 5 years & nr-axSpA1 (25%)pSpA (n=1)< 12 weeks duration1 (100%)“Duration” refers to symptom duration or disease duration.Figure 1.Number of studies stratified by the core of the definition.ConclusionOver time, the term “early SpA” and its subtypes are increasingly used. Despite addressing early SpA, more than one third of the studies did not include a clear definition of the term. The studies reporting a definition of early SpA showed a large heterogeneity, with two out of three of them based on the duration of symptoms or disease. These results emphasize the need for a standardised definition of early SpA.AcknowledgementsThe Assessment of Spondyloarthritis international Society (ASAS) supported Diego Benavent financially for this work.Disclosure of InterestsDiego Benavent Speakers bureau: Jannsen, Roche, Grant/research support from: Novartis., Dafne Capelusnik Speakers bureau: Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Grant/research support from: Pfizer, Désirée van der Heijde Consultant of: AbbVie, Bayer, BMS, Cyxone, Eisai, Galapagos, Gilead, Glaxo-Smith-Kline, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB Pharma., Employee of: Director of Imaging Rheumatology bv., Robert B.M. Landewé Consultant of: AbbVie, BMS, Galapagos, Gilead, GSK, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB, Denis Poddubnyy Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB, Consultant of: AbbVie, Biocad, Eli Lilly, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Samsung Bioepis, and UCB, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Eli Lilly, MSD, Novartis, and Pfizer, Astrid van Tubergen Consultant of: Novartis, Galapagos, Grant/research support from: Pfizer, UCB, Novartis, Louise Falzon: None declared, Sofia Ramiro Speakers bureau: Eli Lilly, MSD, Novartis, UCB, Consultant of: AbbVie, Eli Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB, Sanofi, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Galapagos, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB, Victoria Navarro-Compán Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Janssen, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB Pharma, Consultant of: AbbVie, Eli Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB Pharma, Grant/research support from: Abbvie and Novartis

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Piłat, Robert. "Duration of Things and Duration of Culture." Załącznik Kulturoznawczy ENGLISH EDITION, no. 1 (2019): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zk.2019ee.01.02.

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This article discusses the relation between temporal existence of things and the persistence of culture. The material and the immaterial aspects of culture are quite different in relation to time. According to philosopher Karl R. Popper, meanings, senses and ideas belong to a separate non- -temporal realm of being. They come about in time but henceforth they exist non-temporarily. Their existence, unlike that of physical objects, does not depend on keeping a delicate balance between the change and identity − it is not based on struggle against time. But on the other hand, their seemingly non-temporal subsistence is strictly connected to the temporal existence of things. The latter do not carry meaning in virtue of sheer convention, but rather by means of subtle connection between their material structure and the properties of sentient and intelligent beings. Books hold a very special place in this framework. Physical properties of books are intertwined with their content very strongly albeit mysteriously. It is safe to say that reducing books to their content − by conveying the content to digital carriers alone − would result in a serious impoverishing of culture. In reference to early journalist works by the poet Zbigniew Herbert, three functions of preserving and studying artefacts are distinguished: reconstruction, preserving and learning. In studying artefacts there is always a quest for originals and considerable efforts are made in order to distinguish them from copies and derivatives. The article gives a brief account of recent debate concerning the value of these pursuits. Finally, a discussion with Michel Foucault is presented, concerning the role of things in self-formation.

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Zirnask, Tatiana. "Rõhk ja kestus mokša keele Kesk-Vadi murdes." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2010): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2010.1.1.06.

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In Moksha, methods of experimental phonetics have not been systematically used to study prosody. Fragmentary data available on stress, which were based on durational measurements in Mid-Vad, show that duration might be an important stress correlate. This article treats the relationship between stress and duration in Mid-Vad by using sets of measurement data. It focuses on vowel durations measured in mono-, di-, and trisyllabic words of different structure, which were read in a frame sentence by two speakers. Vowel durations were found to depend on stress – vowels in stressed syllables were longer than in unstressed syllables. Variation was related to word structure – e.g. high vowels (having lower intrinsic duration than low and mid vowels) under stress were as long as unstressed low and mid vowels. The results are useful for the development of prosody research in Moksha

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Lunden, Anya. "Syllable weight and duration: A rhyme/intervals comparison." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 2 (June 12, 2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v2i0.4084.

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Steriade (2012) proposed intervals as a more appropriate syllable weight domain than rhymes. This study explores how interval weight cashes out as duration across word positions and compares this to a rhyme-based account. The data reported on in Lunden (2013), from native speakers of Norwegian (a language in which (C)VC syllables are heavy only non-finally) is reanalyzed with intervals. Lunden found that syllable rhymes in all three positions, if taken as a percentage of the average V rhyme in that word position, fell into a coherent pattern for weight. It is shown that interval durations allow for a similar, albeit less robust, pattern. The data from Lunden’s (2013) perception experiment that tested the correlation between increased vowel duration and listeners’ classification of syllable weight is also recast with interval durations, and the importance of the proportional increase over the raw increase, originally found for the rhyme data, is found to hold for the interval data. Thus, taking intervals as the weight domain is shown to result in reasonable durational relations between interval weights, although interval durations show less separation between some light and heavy units than the rhyme durations do.

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Tajtehranifard, Hasti, Ashish Bhaskar, Md Mazharul Haque, and Edward Chung. "Motorway crash duration and its determinants: do durations vary across motorways?" Journal of Advanced Transportation 50, no. 5 (March 1, 2016): 717–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/atr.1371.

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Lopes Portela, Sofia, and Rui Menezes. "Fundamentals of multiple events duration models." International Journal of Academic Research 5 (October 15, 2013): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-5/a.25.

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Carey, James. "indeterminate duration." Interiority 1, no. 2 (July 30, 2018): 185–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/in.v1i2.25.

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Interiority, in relation to my practice, is the inherent curiosity to the notions of process, time and duration. It is a practice of mark making, marking time, making time, and time making; foregrounding duration and marking an occurrence. My technique is one of working responsively to interiors, allowing particular temporal conditions to surface within specific sites and situations. The marks – whether they be on a canvas, a house, a building, or within a gallery – materialise immateriality and allow the residue of particular processes to be assembled as collections of materialised and spatialised time. This paper discusses an artist residency undertaken in Detroit, USA 2017. Informed by existing watermarks, stains and rust encountered within abandoned spaces in Detroit, I initially responded by using found materials such as charcoal and ash from burnt houses, plant materials and liquids, to assemble process-based compositions on canvas. Further temporal interventions were then assembled in a number of situations within Detroit. This paper, and practice, notions that interiority is a field of interiors where the indeterminate is celebrated through the force of duration; immersion in time as ow. The temporal, material and immaterial are considered as a dynamic and confluence of forces; assembled in time, materialising immateriality.

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Sorensen, Eric H. "Equity Duration." ICFA Continuing Education Series 1988, no. 2 (January 1988): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2469/cp.v1988.n2.11.

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Addison, John T., and Pedro Portugal. "Unemployment Duration." Journal of Human Resources XXXVIII, no. 1 (2003): 156–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/jhr.xxxviii.1.156.

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Bierwag, Gerald O., George G. Kaufman, and Cynthia M. Latta. "Duration models." Journal of Portfolio Management 15, no. 1 (October 31, 1988): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jpm.1988.409180.

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Leibowitz, Martin L., William S. Krasker, and Ardavan Nozari. "Spread duration." Journal of Portfolio Management 16, no. 3 (April 30, 1990): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jpm.1990.409272.

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Stump, Eleonore, and Norman Kretzmann. "Atemporal Duration." Journal of Philosophy 84, no. 4 (1987): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jphil198784462.

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Quinn, Timothy J., Robert Kertzer, and Neil B. Vroman. "EXERCISE DURATION." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, Supplement (May 1992): S159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199205001-00955.

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Miskin, Chandrabhaga, Karen S. Carvalho, Ignacio Valencia, Agustin Legido, and Divya S. Khurana. "EEG Duration." Journal of Child Neurology 30, no. 13 (March 26, 2015): 1767–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883073815579969.

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Karahan, Zülküf, Bariş Yaylak, Murat Uğurlu, İlyas Kaya, Berzal Uçaman, and Önder Öztürk. "QRS duration." Coronary Artery Disease 26, no. 7 (November 2015): 583–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mca.0000000000000285.

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Preston, Julieanna. "On Duration." Performance Research 23, no. 4-5 (July 4, 2018): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13528165.2018.1514778.

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Waldman, Michael. "Beyond Duration." Journal of Fixed Income 2, no. 3 (December 31, 1992): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jfi.1992.408055.

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Leibowitz, Martin L., Stanley Kogelman, and Lawrence N. Bader. "Statistical Duration." Journal of Fixed Income 3, no. 4 (March 31, 1994): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jfi.1994.408100.

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Blencowe, Claire. "Destroying Duration." Theory, Culture & Society 25, no. 4 (July 2008): 139–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276408091988.

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Ursu, Raluca M., Qingliang Wang, and Pradeep K. Chintagunta. "Search Duration." Marketing Science 39, no. 5 (September 2020): 849–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2020.1225.

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This paper develops and estimates a model of sequential search that accounts for the full set of decisions consumers make while searching (which products to search, search longevity, sequence of purchases, and whether to purchase).

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Nance, Sarah. "Inhabiting Duration." Journal of Literary & Cultural Disability Studies 17, no. 1 (February 2023): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/jlcds.2023.4.

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KOTHYARI, U. C., and S. K. GARG. "Depth area duration analysis of short duration rainfalls." MAUSAM 46, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v46i1.3164.

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Depth Area Duration (DAD) analysis for the extreme rainfall events forms an important step in the hydrological design for the water resources structures. Review of literature reveals that enormous amount of work has been done concerning the DAD analysis for large duration (i.e. one day or more) storms. However, no work is reported so far on this aspect for storms having shorter duration. i.e. less than one day: Hourly rainfall data for 36 rainfall stations have been analysed to develop simple DAD-relationship. This analysis pertains to the catchments of the rivers, namely Ramganga, Gomati, Yamuna and Ghaghara.

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Bover, Olympia, Manuel Arellano, and Samuel Bentolila. "Unemployment Duration, Benefit Duration and the Business Cycle." Economic Journal 112, no. 479 (April 1, 2002): 223–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00034.

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Ramkumar, Sunder, and Sami Mesrour. "Hedging Long-Duration Liabilities with LeveredShort-Duration Bonds." Journal of Fixed Income 21, no. 1 (June 30, 2011): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jfi.2011.21.1.042.

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Macías, Silvio, Emanuel C. Mora, Julio C. Hechavarría, and Manfred Kössl. "Duration tuning in the inferior colliculus of the mustached bat." Journal of Neurophysiology 106, no. 6 (December 2011): 3119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00294.2011.

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We studied duration tuning in neurons of the inferior colliculus (IC) of the mustached bat. Duration-tuned neurons in the IC of the mustached bat fall into three main types: short (16 of 136), band (34 of 136), and long (29 of 136) pass. The remaining 51 neurons showed no selectivity for the duration of sounds. The distribution of best durations was double peaked with maxima around 3 and 17 ms, which correlate with the duration of the short frequency-modulated (FM) and the long constant-frequency (CF) signals emitted by Pteronotus parnellii. Since there are no individual neurons with a double-peaked duration response profile, both types of temporal processing seem to be well segregated in the IC. Most short- and band-pass units with best frequency in the CF2 range responded to best durations > 9 ms (66%, 18 of 27 units). However, there is no evidence for a bias toward longer durations as there is for neurons tuned to the frequency range of the FM component of the third harmonic, where 83% (10 of 12 neurons) showed best durations longer than 9 ms. In most duration-tuned neurons, response areas as a function of stimulus duration and intensity showed either V or U shape, with duration tuning retained across the range of sound levels tested. Duration tuning was affected by changes in sound pressure level in only six neurons. In all duration-tuned neurons, latencies measured at the best duration were longer than best durations, suggesting that behavioral decisions based on analysis of the duration of the pulses would not be expected to be complete until well after the stimulus has occurred.

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Dubman, Evgenia, Mark Collard, and Arne Ø. Mooers. "Evidence that gestation duration and lactation duration are coupled traits in primates." Biology Letters 8, no. 6 (August 22, 2012): 998–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0642.

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Gestation duration and lactation duration are usually treated as independently evolving traits in primates, but the metabolic theory of ecology (MTE) suggests both durations should be determined by metabolic rate. We used phylogenetic generalized least-squares linear regression to test these different perspectives. We found that the allometries of the durations are divergent from each other and different from the scaling exponent predicted by the MTE (0.25). Gestation duration increases much more slowly (0.06 < m < 0.12), and lactation duration much more quickly (0.36 < m < 0.52) with body mass than the MTE predicts. By contrast, we found that the combined duration of gestation and lactation is consistent with the MTE's predictions (0.22 < m < 0.35). These results suggest that gestation duration and lactation duration might best be viewed as distinct but coupled adaptations. When transferring energy to their offspring, primate mothers must meet metabolically dictated physiological requirements while optimizing the timing of the switch from gestation to lactation in relation to some as-yet-unidentified body-size-related factor.

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Güçlü, Burak, Emre Sevinc, and Resit Canbeyli. "Duration Discrimination by Musicians and Nonmusicians." Psychological Reports 108, no. 3 (June 2011): 675–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/11.22.27.pr0.108.3.675-687.

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This study investigated the effects of stimulus modality, standard duration, sex, and laterality in duration discrimination by musicians and nonmusicians. Seventeen musicians ( M age = 24.1 yr.) and 22 nonmusicians ( M age = 26.8 yr.) participated. Auditory (1,000 Hz) and tactile (250 Hz) sinusoidal suprathreshold stimuli with varying durations were used. The standard durations tested were 0.5 and 3.0 sec. Participants discriminated comparison stimuli which had durations slightly longer and shorter than the standard durations. Difference limens were found by the method of limits and converted to Weber fractions based on the standard durations. Musicians had lower, i.e., better, Weber fractions than nonmusicians in the auditory modality, but there was no significant difference between musicians and nonmusicians in the tactile modality. Auditory discrimination was better than tactile discrimination. Discrimination improved when the standard duration was increased both for musicians and nonmusicians. These results support previous findings of superior auditory processing by musicians. Significant differences between discrimination in the millisecond and second ranges may be due to a deviation from Weber's law and the discontinuity of timing in different duration ranges reported in the literature.

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Srinivasan, Karthik K., and Zhiyong Guo. "Analysis of Trip and Stop Duration for Shopping Activities: Simultaneous Hazard Duration Model System." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1854, no. 1 (January 2003): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1854-01.

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A joint hazard-based model for the analysis of simultaneous (mutually interdependent) duration processes is proposed. The proposed model generalizes independent hazard-based models by accounting for correlations between simultaneous duration processes. Furthermore, the model also permits the use of flexible and variable hazard function parameters to capture realistic features observed empirically in activity duration data (e.g., bimodal peaks). To account for correlated processes (duration processes) that underlie observed stop and trip durations, the proposed model relies on an implicit component of error structure that combines a baseline hazard function (log–logistic distribution) with a mixing (log–normal) distribution. This model is estimated by the simulated maximum-likelihood technique and is used to analyze activity and trip duration for shopping activities. The results highlight the need to account for duration dependence effects in activity–travel durations. Furthermore, hazard-based models that disregard correlation across joint duration processes can provide biased estimates and inaccurate forecasts. Empirical results from San Francisco, California (1996), activity diary data imply that stop and trip durations for shopping activities are positively correlated. The hazard rate profile (shape and intensity) also varies significantly across individuals, suggesting the need for targeted demand management measures. At a substantive level, the results indicate the role of personal, household, and situational attributes on activity and trip duration decisions. These findings and models have important applications in the analysis of activity–travel dimensions of duration and timing and the evaluation of alternate travel demand management measures.

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Smith, Bruce L., James Hillenbrand, and Dennis Ingrisano. "A Comparison of Temporal Measures of Speech Using Spectrograms and Digital Oscillograms." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 29, no. 2 (June 1986): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.2902.270.

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To determine whether any systematic differences occur as a result of using spectrograms versus digital oscillograms to make durational measurements, a number of temporal features (e.g., voice onset time, vowel duration, and consonant closure duration) for 3 speakers were independently measured by 2 different investigators. Both experimenters measured the same intervals with conventional spectrograms and with digital oscillograms, separated by at least a 2-week interval. Oscillograms tended to reveal slightly longer vowel durations and more voicing during consonant closure, while spectrograms evidenced slightly longer consonant closure durations. In general, variations between the two types of instrumentation were no more than 8 to 10 ms and are, therefore, of primary consequence only for studies in which quite small temporal differences are critical.

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Ehrlich, Daphna, John H. Casseday, and Ellen Covey. "Neural Tuning to Sound Duration in the Inferior Colliculus of the Big Brown Bat, Eptesicus fuscus." Journal of Neurophysiology 77, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): 2360–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.77.5.2360.

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Ehrlich, Daphna, John H. Casseday, and Ellen Covey. Neural tuning to sound duration in the inferior colliculus of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 2360–2372, 1997. Neural tuning to different sound durations may be a useful filter for identification of certain sounds, especially those that are biologically important. The auditory midbrains of mammals and amphibians contain neurons that appear to be tuned to sound duration. In amphibians, neurons are tuned to durations of sound that are biologically important. The purpose of this study was to characterize responses of neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus, to sounds of different durations. Our aims were to determine what percent of neurons are duration tuned and how best durations are correlated to durations of echolocation calls, and to examine response properties that may be relevant to the mechanism for duration tuning, such as latency and temporal firing pattern; we also examined frequency tuning and rate-level functions. We recorded from 136 single units in the central nucleus of the IC of unanesthetized bats. The stimuli were pure tones, frequency-modulated sweeps, and broadband noise. The criterion for duration tuning was an increase in spike count of ≥50% at some durations compared with others. Of the total units sampled, 36% were tuned to stimulus duration. All of these units were located in the caudal half of the IC. Best duration for most units ranged from <1 to 10 ms, but a few had best durations up to ≥20 ms. This range is similar to the range of durations of echolocation calls used by Eptesicus. All duration-tuned neurons responded transiently. The minimum latency was always longer than the best duration. Duration-tuned units have best durations and best frequencies that match the temporal structure and frequency range of the echolocation calls. Thus the results raise the hypothesis that neurons in the IC of Eptesicus, and probably the auditory midbrain of other vertebrates, are tuned to biologically important sound durations. We suggest a model for duration tuning consisting of three components: 1) inhibitory input that is correlated with the onset of the stimulus and is sustained for the stimulus duration; 2) transient excitation that is correlated with the offset of the stimulus; and 3) transient excitation that is correlated with the onset of the stimulus but is delayed in time relative to the onset of inhibition. For the neuron to fire, the two excitatory events must coincide in time; noncoincident excitatory events are not sufficient.

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TSUKAI, Makoto, M. N. B. JAAFAR, and Kiyoshi KOBAYASHI. "Applicability of Spatial Duration Model for Wildfire Duratioin Toward Haze Alart System." INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING REVIEW 25 (2008): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalip.25.147.

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Tsai, Chenghsien. "The Term Structure of Reserve Durations and the Duration of Aggregate Reserves." Journal of Risk and Insurance 76, no. 2 (May 4, 2009): 419–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6975.2009.01305.x.

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Kawahara, Hitomi, and Yuko Yotsumoto. "Effects of the irrelevant duration information on duration perception." Journal of Vision 19, no. 10 (September 6, 2019): 163c. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/19.10.163c.

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Whalen, D. H., and J. M. Kinsella-Shaw. "Exploring the Relationship of Inspiration Duration to Utterance Duration." Phonetica 54, no. 3-4 (1997): 138–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000262218.

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Holsheimer, Jan, Emiel A. Dijkstra, Hilde Demeulemeester, and Bart Nuttin. "Chronaxie calculated from current–duration and voltage–duration data." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 97, no. 1 (April 2000): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0270(00)00163-1.

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Nakajima, Yoshitaka. "A Model of Empty Duration Perception." Perception 16, no. 4 (August 1987): 485–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p160485.

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An attempt to construct a general theory of duration perception is presented. First, four experiments are reported in which the supplement hypothesis, on the relation between two or three empty durations, was examined: the subjective duration of a subjectively empty time interval is directly proportional to its physical duration plus a constant of ~ 80 ms. This hypothesis could be applied to the ratio judgments of auditorily marked empty durations between 40 and 600 ms given serially. It could also explain the discrepancies between musically notated rhythms and the corresponding physical performed rhythms in very simple rhythm patterns consisting of three tones. Next, three earlier experiments on discriminations of empty durations marked by sound bursts were also reanalyzed. Within the range 40–600 ms, the absolute just noticeable difference of an empty duration was almost directly proportional to the standard duration plus a constant of about 80 ms. If the supplement hypothesis is accepted, this means that the relative just noticeable difference of the subjective duration was constant. Finally, the processing time hypothesis is presented: subjective duration is directly proportional to the physical time required to process the given empty duration. This processing is considered to begin with the detection of the first marker, and to end ~ 80 ms after the detection of the second marker.

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Paul, Josef. "Cyclicity and duration of the Zechstein Group." Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften 161, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 455–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1860-1804/2010/0161-0455.

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Tavana, Ali Najafi, and Abbas Shafiei Ardestani. "Duration and Age of Child Criminal Responsibility." International Academic Journal of Humanities 05, no. 02 (December 24, 2018): 114–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/iajh/v5i2/1810031.

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Luo, Feng, Walter Metzner, Feijian J. Wu, Shuyi Y. Zhang, and Qicai C. Chen. "Duration-Sensitive Neurons in the Inferior Colliculus of Horseshoe Bats: Adaptations for Using CF-FM Echolocation Pulses." Journal of Neurophysiology 99, no. 1 (January 2008): 284–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00935.2007.

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The present study examines duration-sensitive neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) of the least horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus pusillus, from China. In contrast to other bat species tested for duration selectivity so far, echolocation pulses emitted by horseshoe bats are generally longer and composed of a long constant-frequency (CF) component followed by a short downward frequency-modulated (FM) sweep (CF-FM pulse). We used combined CF-FM pulses to analyze the differential effects that these two pulse components had on the duration tuning in neurons of the horseshoe bat's IC. Consistent with results from other mammals, duration-sensitive neurons found in the least horseshoe bat fall into three main classes: short-pass, band-pass, and long-pass. Using a CF stimulus alone, 54% (51/95) of all IC neurons showed at least one form of duration selectivity at one or more stimulus intensities. In 65 of the 95 IC neurons tested with CF pulses, we were also able to test their duration selectivity for a combined CF-FM pulse, which increased the ratio of duration-sensitive neurons to 66% (43/65). Seven to 15 neurons that failed to show duration tuning for CF bursts became duration sensitive for CF-FM pulses, with most of them exhibiting short-pass (depending on stimulus intensity, between 4 and 8 neurons) or band-pass tuning (1–3 neurons). Increasing stimulus intensities did not affect the duration tuning in 53% (23/43) of duration-sensitive neurons for CF bursts and in about 26% (7/27) for CF-FM stimuli. In the remaining neurons, increasing sound levels generally reduced the ratio of duration-sensitive neurons to 33% for CF and 37% for CF-FM stimulation. In those that remained duration sensitive, louder CF bursts shortened best durations in band-pass neurons and cutoff durations in short- and long-pass neurons, whereas louder CF-FM stimuli reduced the cutoff durations only in short-pass neurons. Bandwidths of band-pass neurons were not significantly affected by any stimulus configuration, with only a slight trend for increasing bandwidths for louder CF bursts (but not CF-FM stimuli). Best durations and cutoff durations reached higher values than those in the other bat species examined so far and roughly match the longer durations of echolocation pulses emitted by horseshoe bats. Therefore presentation of a CF-FM stimulus improved the duration sensitivity in IC neurons by increasing the ratio of duration-tuned neurons and making them less susceptible to changes in signal intensity.

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Quartagno, Matteo, James R. Carpenter, A. Sarah Walker, Michelle Clements, and Mahesh KB Parmar. "The DURATIONS randomised trial design: Estimation targets, analysis methods and operating characteristics." Clinical Trials 17, no. 6 (August 16, 2020): 644–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1740774520944377.

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Background: Designing trials to reduce treatment duration is important in several therapeutic areas, including tuberculosis and bacterial infections. We recently proposed a new randomised trial design to overcome some of the limitations of standard two-arm non-inferiority trials. This DURATIONS design involves randomising patients to a number of duration arms and modelling the so-called ‘duration-response curve’. This article investigates the operating characteristics (type-1 and type-2 errors) of different statistical methods of drawing inference from the estimated curve. Methods: Our first estimation target is the shortest duration non-inferior to the control (maximum) duration within a specific risk difference margin. We compare different methods of estimating this quantity, including using model confidence bands, the delta method and bootstrap. We then explore the generalisability of results to estimation targets which focus on absolute event rates, risk ratio and gradient of the curve. Results: We show through simulations that, in most scenarios and for most of the estimation targets, using the bootstrap to estimate variability around the target duration leads to good results for DURATIONS design-appropriate quantities analogous to power and type-1 error. Using model confidence bands is not recommended, while the delta method leads to inflated type-1 error in some scenarios, particularly when the optimal duration is very close to one of the randomised durations. Conclusions: Using the bootstrap to estimate the optimal duration in a DURATIONS design has good operating characteristics in a wide range of scenarios and can be used with confidence by researchers wishing to design a DURATIONS trial to reduce treatment duration. Uncertainty around several different targets can be estimated with this bootstrap approach.

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Mora, Emanuel C., and Manfred Kössl. "Ambiguities in Sound-Duration Selectivity by Neurons in the Inferior Colliculus of the Bat Molossus molossus From Cuba." Journal of Neurophysiology 91, no. 5 (May 2004): 2215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01127.2003.

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This study examines duration selectivity in auditory neurons of the inferior colliculus of the bat Molossus molossus (Molossidae, Chiroptera) from Cuba. Three main types of duration selectivity, short-, band-, and long-pass, as previously described in other species, are present in M. molossus. The range of best durations in the inferior colliculus of this species approximates the durations of their echolocation calls, suggesting that, as has been shown in other species of bats and frogs, the filter mechanism that produces duration tuning is selective for species-specific sounds relevant to behavior. Duration coding in M. molossus is not unambiguous because ∼30% of the short- and band-pass neurons respond best to two different stimulus durations. This bimodal duration selectivity could be explained by time delayed excitatory inputs that coincide with an inhibitory rebound. In addition, the effect of stimulus intensity on duration selectivity was tested. For most of the neurons (78%), duration selectivity was affected by absolute sound pressure level and/or small changes of sound pressure. In this respect, the processing of stimulus duration by collicular neurons seems to be more complex in M. molossus than in other species studied so far.

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Wang, Z., Z. Yuan, and B. Quebedeaux. "Light Duration Alters [14C] Photosynthate Partitioning into Sorbitol in Apple." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 683e—683. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.683e.

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Sorbitol synthesis in apple leaves requires NADPH, a product of photosynthetic light reactions. Light duration directly affects NADPH production, thus, variation in light duration may influence sorbitol synthesis and alter the ratios of sorbitol to other carbohydrates. Our experiments were designed to determine whether light duration altered photosynthate partitioning among carbohydrates and whether longer light durations favored sorbitol synthesis. One-year-old `Gala' apple plants that experienced a 1-, 4-, 7-, 10-, or 14-hour photoperiod for 7 days were exposed to 14CO2 for 15 minutes. Individual carbohydrate concentrations and the activity of newly-fixed [14C] carbohydrates were analyzed during different intervals for 24 hours after labeling. Sorbitol and fructose concentrations increased significantly as light duration increased from 1 to 10 hours, then remained stable at a light duration of 14 hours, whereas starch concentration increased linearly over increasing light durations. Sucrose and glucose concentrations were not significantly altered by light duration. The sorbitol: sucrose ratios increased while sorbitol: starch ratios decreased as light duration increased from 1 to 14 hours. Newly-fixed [14C] carbohydrates varied diurnally. Similar changes during the different light duration periods were found for individual [14C] carbohydrates and unlabeled carbohydrate concentrations. Our results suggest that longer light durations favored sorbitol synthesis over sucrose, and NADPH concentration may become a rate-limiting factor for sorbitol synthesis during short light durations.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Duration'

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