Relevant bibliographies by topics / Duration of load (DOL) study

Academic literature on the topic 'Duration of load (DOL) study'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 19 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Duration of load (DOL) study"

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Wu, Qiongyao, Liangliang Huo, Enchun Zhu, Shuang Niu, and Huajie Wang. "An Investigation of the Duration of Load of Structural Timber and the Clear Wood." Forests 12, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091148.

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In this study, DOL of structural timber and the clear wood and DOL of modulus of elasticity of wood were investigated. The dimension lumber of Spruce-Pine-Fir of Grade No. 2 and Grade No. 3 and the small clear specimens of the same species of the dimension lumber were used to conduct the short-term and the long-term bending test. The short-term strength distributions of the dimension lumber and the small clear specimens were obtained. The long-term tests were conducted under constant environmental conditions for 18 months. The sample matching technique was used to estimate the short-term strength of the specimens that underwent long-term tests. It was found out that there is virtually no difference in DOL between different grades or quality of lumber and no difference between structural timber and clear wood, and DOL obtained from the test of this study is more in agreement with Wood’s curve. A threshold stress ratio of about 0.55, loaded above which the wood began to experience strength loss, was revealed from the test. Making use of the threshold ratio concept, the DOL of wood can be obtained not only from failed specimens under load in the process of the long-term loading, but also from the ramp loading test of the specimens that survived the long-term test. Sustained load also poses DOL on the modulus of elasticity of wood, though to less degree than DOL of strength of wood.
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Luo, Xiangya, Xiangqian Luo, Haiqing Ren, Shuangbao Zhang, and Yong Zhong. "The Long-Term Mechanical Properties of BS Perpendicular to the Grain." Polymers 15, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15010128.

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As a modern bamboo composite with good mechanical properties, bamboo scrimber (BS) has achieved prominence in the sustainable architecture field. When used as a structural material, it is inevitably under continual tension perpendicular to the grain, therefore its mechanical response under long-term loading is significant for structural design. In this study, tensile tests were conducted on BS under short-term and long-term loads perpendicular to the grain. The duration of load (DOL) effect on BS perpendicular to grain and its creep effect were analyzed. Compared with BS parallel to the grain, the DOL effect on BS perpendicular to the grain was less severe, and the capacity for creep resistance was weaker. The threshold stress ratio and relative creep strain of BS perpendicular to the grain were 0.40 and 0.87, respectively. It was found that the DOL models and the viscoelastic model accurately predicted the DOL factor and creep strain. This study provides a scientific reference for the safe lifetime service of BS in practical engineering.
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Cockram, Michael S., Ketan Jung Dulal, Radi A. Mohamed, and Crawford W. Revie. "Risk factors for bruising and mortality of broilers during manual handling, module loading, transport, and lairage." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 99, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2018-0032.

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Multiple factors can affect the risk of bruising and mortality of broilers during loading, transport, and lairage. The risk factors affecting the percentages of broilers in each load that were “dead-on-arrival” (DOA) or bruised were studied from records provided by a processing plant, by undertaking direct observations during on-farm loading and then carrying out multivariable analyses. Selected loads between 2014 and 2015 from seven producers were included in the study. The median DOA per load was 0.13% (Q1 = 0.06, Q3 = 0.25, n = 212), the median total duration from loading to unloading was 8.6 h, and the external temperature ranged from −22 to 22 °C. Although it was not possible to adequately characterise thermal conditions within each load, the analysis indicated that the main risk factors for increased mortality were in spring and winter, an increased duration between loading and end of lairage, and a period of feed withdrawal before loading longer than 6 h. The risk of mortality increased with the weight of the birds and with an increase in rearing mortality. No relationships were found between the manner in which the broilers were handled and the percentages of DOAs or bruised birds.
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Nakamura, Noboru, Shiro Aratake, Yasuo Iijima, and Kazumi Horie. "Proposal of Test Method for Duration of Load Effect (DOL) and Calculation of DOL Factor." Mokuzai Gakkaishi 56, no. 5 (2010): 326–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2488/jwrs.56.326.

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Gianni, L., L. Viganò, A. Locatelli, G. Capri, A. Giani, E. Tarenzi, and G. Bonadonna. "Human pharmacokinetic characterization and in vitro study of the interaction between doxorubicin and paclitaxel in patients with breast cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 15, no. 5 (May 1997): 1906–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1997.15.5.1906.

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PURPOSE We performed a pharmacologic investigation of paclitaxel (PTX) infused over 3 hours and bolus doxorubicin (DOX) to assess the role of sequence, interval between drugs, and duration of doxorubicin infusion on paclitaxel and anthracycline plasma disposition. We also explored possible mechanisms of pharmacokinetic interference involving the physiologic role of the multidrug resistance phenotype in anthracycline and taxane biliary excretion. PATIENTS AND METHODS Pharmacokinetics was performed in 80 cycles and 36 women with previously untreated metastatic breast cancer. PTX, DOX, and their metabolites 6 alpha-hydroxyl-PTX (6 alpha OH-PTX) and doxorubicinol (DOL) were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Human breast cancer MCF-7 wild-type (WT) and resistant (TH) cell lines were cultured in whole human plasma to study anthracycline retention after treatment with different combinations of PTX, Cremophor EL (CEL) (PEG35 castor oil; BASF, Parsippany, NJ), and DOX. RESULTS Pharmacokinetic interference between PTX and DOX was responsible for nonlinearity of DOX plasma disposition and increased concentrations of DOX and DOL. These effects were PTX dose-dependent, DOX concentration-dependent, and likely a result of interference at the level of liver elimination. In view of the physiologic role of P-glycoproteins (P-gp) in xenobiotic biliary excretion, retention of DOX was assessed in MCF-7 WT and MCF-7 TH cells. Intracellular was significantly higher in MCF-7 WT than MCF-7 TH (P < .05). However, concomitant exposure to DOX, PTX, and CEL caused similar DOX retention in both MCF-7 WT and TH cells. CONCLUSION PTX, as clinically formulated in CEL, is responsible for a nonlinear disposition of DOX and DOL. Nonlinearity is PTX- and DOX-dependent, and possibly caused by competition for biliary excretion of taxanes and anthracyclines mediated by P-gp. Nonlinearity indicates that even minor modifications of dose and infusion duration of DOX and PTX may lead to unpredictable pharmacodynamic consequences. The postulated role of P-gp suggests that CEL is clinically active, and advises caution in designing combinations of PTX with other drugs that are substrate for P-gp.
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Andrade, Ana Denise, Mário Simim, Witalo Kassiano, José Manuel Palao, Karla De Jesus, Nycaelle Maia, Cláudio Assumpção, and Alexandre Igor Araripe Medeiros. "Do differences between the training load perceived by elite beach volleyball players and that planned by coaches affect neuromuscular function? (¿Las diferencias entre la carga de entrenamiento percibida por los jugadores de voleibol de playa de élite y." Retos, no. 38 (April 15, 2020): 632–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v38i38.77625.

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Summary. This study aimed to verify the differences between the training load planned by coaches and that perceived by Beach Volleyball (BV) players and observe the effects on athletes’ neuromuscular function. Three female BV players and well-known coaches participated in the research and were accompanied for three training weeks in the preseason phase. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was collected through the 0-10 scale during a previous training session. Strength, physical fitness and tactical-technical training have been assessed with coaches and athletes’ responses 30 minutes after the end of the session. RPE Session was calculated by the product between the training duration in minutes and RPE, to estimate Internal Training Load (ITL). Neuromuscular function was assessed through Countermovement Jump (CMJ). To verify differences between coaches and athletes’ responses and vertical jump performance were used either the magnitude of differences and clinical inference. Athletes experienced lower RPE and ITL as planned by coaches in the first week of training. CMJ increased substantially from the first to the third week (with likely differences (93/03/04), standardized difference = 1.60 and 90% confidence intervals = 0.00; 3.21). We suggest that training load planned by coaches similar to that perceived by athletes have a concomitant improvement with neuromuscular performance.Resumen. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar las diferencias entre la carga de entrenamiento planificada por los entrenadores y la percibida por los jugadores de voleibol de playa (VP) y observar los efectos sobre la función neuromuscular de los atletas. Tres jugadoras de VP y entrenadores conocidos participaron en la investigación y fueron acompañadas durante tres semanas de entrenamiento en la fase de pretemporada. El valor nominal del esfuerzo percibido (NEP) se recolectó a través de la escala 0-10 durante una sesión de entrenamiento anterior. La fuerza, la forma física y el entrenamiento táctico-técnico se evaluaron con las respuestas de los entrenadores y atletas 30 minutos después del final de la sesión. El producto calculó la sesión de NEP entre la duración del entrenamiento en minutos y el NEP, para estimar la carga interna de entrenamiento (CIE). La función neuromuscular se evaluó mediante salto contramovimiento (SCM). Para verificar las diferencias entre los entrenadores y las respuestas de los atletas y el rendimiento del salto vertical, se utilizó la magnitud de las diferencias y la inferencia clínica. Los atletas experimentaron menos NEP e CIE que fueron planificados por los entrenadores en la primera semana de entrenamiento. SCM aumentó sustancialmente de la primera a la tercera semana (con diferencias probables (93/03/04), diferencia estandarizada = 1.60 e intervalos de confianza del 90% = 0.00; 3.21). Sugerimos que la carga de entrenamiento planificada por entrenadores similar a la percibida por los atletas tenga una mejora concomitante con el rendimiento neuromuscular.
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Raya-González, Javier, Pedro Gómez Piqueras, and Javier Sánchez-Sánchez. "Aplicación de un programa de fuerza con carga excéntrica en la readaptación de una lesión de ligamento lateral interno de la rodilla. Estudio de caso (Effect of an eccentric load resistance training program on the rehabilitation of medial collateral liga." Retos, no. 33 (September 16, 2017): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i33.55911.

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El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el efecto de un programa de entrenamiento de fuerza con carga excéntrica basado en el ejercicio squat (½ squat y squat lateral) ejecutado en un dispositivo de inercia rotacional, sobre la potencia de la musculatura del tren inferior de un jugador de fútbol durante la readaptación de una lesión del ligamento lateral interno (LLI) de la rodilla. Métodos: Durante 4 semanas (3 sesiones semanales) el futbolista llevó a cabo el programa de entrenamiento de fuerza con carga excéntrica propuesto en ambas extremidades. Antes, durante y después del proceso de intervención se valoró la potencia del tren inferior de manera bilateral y unilateral, y se obtuvieron datos relativos a la potencia media, potencia pico, trabajo y duración de la repetición, tanto en fase concéntrica como excéntrica. Resultados: Se obtuvieron mejoras significativas (p≤.05) en la potencia media y pico (bilateral y unilateral) tanto en la fase concéntrica como excéntrica. Además se redujeron las asimetrías en todas las variables analizadas relativas a la potencia. Conclusiones: La aplicación de un programa de fuerza ejecutado en un dispositivo de inercia rotacional durante el proceso de recuperación funcional produce un incremento de la potencia muscular del tren inferior y disminuye la asimetría provocada por la lesión deportiva, que se refleja en la disminución del periodo de recuperación.Abstract. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of an eccentric-load training program based on squat exercises (½ squat and lateral squat) on the lower-body power of a football player during the rehabilitation process of a medial collateral ligament injury (MCL). Methods: During 4 weeks (3 sessions a week) the soccer player followed the eccentric-load training program proposed on both legs. Before, during, and after the intervention, lower-body power was evaluated bilaterally and unilaterally, and data was obtained on the mean power, peak power, work, and duration, in both concentric and eccentric phases. Results: Significant improvements (p ≤.05) in mean and maximal power (bilateral and unilateral) were obtained in both concentric and eccentric phases. Asymmetries related to power have also been reduced. Conclusions: the application of an eccentric-overload training program during the functional recovery process results in an increase in the lower-body power and reduces the asymmetry caused by a sports injury, which is reflected in the decrease in the recovery period.
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Gea, Susana B., and P. D. Chacón. "Evaluación de la acción del fuego en una estructura de hormigón armado mediante XRD, SEM y Espectroscopía infrarroja." Revista ALCONPAT 3, no. 1 (January 30, 2013): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21041/ra.v3i1.41.

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RESUMENEl Monumento a los Héroes de la Independencia situado en Humahuaca (norte de Argentina) es una obra inaugurada en 1950 que representa magníficamente las razas autóctonas y europeas que conforman la identidad nacional. Las esculturas de bronce de 40t se encuentran sustentadas por una estructura de hormigón armado, la cual incluye instalaciones adecuadas para vivienda de un cuidador. El subsuelo de esta vivienda sufrió la acción de un incendio cuya carga y tiempo de duración se desconocen. A fin de evaluar los efectos en el hormigón producidos por el fuego, fueron tomadas muestras de un sector de la estructura que luego fueron analizadas por diversas técnicas: difracción por rayos X, microscopía electrónica de barrido y espectroscopia infrarroja. El estudio permitió inferir la temperatura a la que estuvieron sometidas las muestras analizadas y la profundidad alcanzada por el daño. Se proponen los pasos a seguir para evaluar la totalidad de la estructura.Palabras Clave: hormigón armado; fuego; microscopía electrónica; difracción por rayos X; espectroscopia infrarroja.ABSTRACTThe Monument to the Independence Heroes in Humahuaca (northern Argentina) was built in 1950 and represents magnificently the native and European people which shape the national identity. A reinforced concrete structure bears the bronze sculptures of 40tons and includes a dwelling for the monument keeper. The basement of this dwelling underwent a fire whose load and duration are unknown. A few samples from a sector of the structure were taken in order to assess the effects that fire produced in the concrete. They were analyzed by different techniques: X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The study allowed to infer the temperature experimented by the analyzed samples and the depth of the damage. The following steps to assess the whole structure are proposed.Keywords: reinforced concrete; fire; electronic microscopy; X-ray diffraction; infrared spectroscopy.
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Lee, Eun Jeong, Tae Geun Kim, and Kyoung-sik Choi. "A Study of the Load Allocation using Watershed Model and Load Duration Curve in TMDL." KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 22, no. 9 (January 12, 2018): 3222–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12205-018-0910-0.

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Cheng, Laixiu, Liang Shi, Ling Yi, and Weizhuo Zhao. "Study on Mechanical Properties and Constitutive Relationship of Concrete Corroded by Hydrochloric Acid under Cyclic Load." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 8, 2022): 14692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142214692.

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Most of the existing studies on acid corrosion of concrete have focused on the mechanical behavior of concrete structures under monotonic load or without load. To investigate the mechanical properties of in-service concrete components under cyclic load in an acid corrosion environment, six groups of concrete prism specimens with different acid corrosion degrees (corrosion duration) were designed and prepared by the accelerated corrosion test method. The monotonic and cyclic axial compression load tests on these specimens were conducted to investigate the effects of corrosion degree on the mechanical properties of concrete specimens. The experimental results indicated that hydrochloric acid corrosion has obvious effects on the failure characteristics and mechanical properties of concrete. The surface of corroded concrete was easier to crack and spall under load, and the concrete spalling area enlarged as the acid corrosion duration increased. The compressive capacity of concrete specimens reduced rapidly with the increase in corrosion duration. The stress–strain envelope curves for concrete with different corrosion duration under cyclic load were essentially similar to that of concrete under monotonic load. The degradation rate of the descending section for the stress–strain curves of corroded concrete under cyclic load was much larger than that under the monotonic load due to the accumulation of internal damage in concrete. The peak strain and ultimate strain of corroded concrete increased significantly with the increase in corrosion duration and enhanced by 55.7% and 77.9%, respectively, compared with the uncorroded concrete, whereas the peak stress and elastic modulus rapidly decreased and reduced by 53.3% and 74.1%, respectively. Moreover, based on the strength degradation depth, the concept of effective bearing cross-sectional area ratio was proposed to characterize the corrosion degree of concrete, and the correction coefficient of descending section for the effective bearing cross-sectional area ratio was introduced to establish the constitutive model of corroded concrete under cyclic load, and the results calculated by this model matched well with the experimental values. The research in this paper can provide the experimental and theoretical basis for seismic life cycle and fatigue redesign of concrete structures in acid corrosion environments or coastal areas.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Duration of load (DOL) study"

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Banfi, Davide. "A field and laboratory study on the dynamic response of the Eddystone lighthouse to wave loading." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/11607.

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Because little was known about how the masonry lighthouses constructed during the 19th century at exposed locations around the British Isles were responding to wave action, the dynamic response of the Eddystone lighthouse under wave impacts was investigated. Like other so called 'rock lighthouses', the Eddystone lighthouse was built on top of a steep reef at a site that is fully submerged at most states of the tide. Consequently, the structure is exposed to loading by unbroken, breaking and broken waves. When the breaking occurs, wave loading leads to complex phenomena that cannot be described theoretically due to the unknown mixture of air and water involved during the wave-structure interaction. In addition, breaking waves are generally distinguished from unbroken and broken wave due to the fact that they cause impulsive loads. As a consequence, the load effects on the structural response require a dynamic analysis. In this investigation the dynamic response of the Eddystone lighthouse is investigated both in the field and by means of a small-scale model mounted in a laboratory wave channel. In particular, field data obtained by the use of geophones, cameras and a wave buoy are presented together with wave loading information obtained during the laboratory tests under controlled conditions. More than 3000 structural events were recorded during the exceptional sequence of winter storms that hit the South-West of England in 2013/2014. The geophone signals, which provide the structural response in terms of velocity data, are differentiated and integrated in order to obtain accelerations and displacements respectively. Dynamic responses show different behaviours and higher structural frequencies, which are related to more impulsive loads, tend to exhibit a predominant sharp peak in velocity time histories. As a consequence, the structural responses have been classified into four types depending on differences of ratio peaks in the time histories and spectra. Field video images indicate that higher structural frequencies are usually associated with loads caused by plunging waves that break on or just in front of the structure. However, higher structural velocities and accelerations do not necessarily lead to the largest displacements of around a tenth of mm. Thus, while the impulsive nature of the structural response depends on the type of wave impact, the magnitude of the structural deflections is strongly affected by both elevation of the wave force on the structure and impact duration, as suggested by structural numerical simulations and laboratory tests respectively. The latter demonstrate how the limited water depth strongly affects the wave loading. In particular, only small plunging waves are able to break on or near the structure and larger waves that break further away can impose a greater overall impulse due to the longer duration of the load. As a consequence of the depth limited conditions, broken waves can generate significant deflections in the case of the Eddystone lighthouse. However, maximum accelerations of about 0.1g are related to larger plunging waves that are still able to hit the lighthouse with a plunging jet. When compared to the Iribarren number, the dimensionless irregular momentum flux proposed by Hughes is found to be a better indicator concerning the occurrence of the structural response types. This is explained by the fact that the Iribarren number does not to take into account the effects of the wide tidal range at the Eddystone reef, which has a strong influence on the location of the breaking point with respect to the lighthouse. Finally, maximum run up were not able to rise up to the top of the lighthouse model during the laboratory tests, despite this having been observed in the field. As a consequence, the particular configuration of the Eddystone reef and the wind could have a considerable bearing and exceptional values of the run up, greater than 40 m, cannot be excluded in the field.
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(12804799), Bruce Arthur Jordan. "Duration of load behaviour of an aligned strand wood composite (ASC)." Thesis, 1994. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Duration_of_load_behaviour_of_an_aligned_strand_wood_composite_ASC_/20010698.

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An aligned strand, wood composite (ASC) material was subjected to a two year duration of load (DOL) study. The experimental work was conducted in Mt. Gambier South Australia from a purpose built shed housing 42 back to back (double) vertically oriented specimen test rigs in an atmosphere not controlled for temperature and relative humidity. A total of 244 specimens were tested in two population groups, each group divided into two subgroups. One subgroup each for short term static Modulus of Rupture (MOR) and Modulus of Elasticity (MOE), and the other for long term bending strength and stiffness under stresses varying from 0.4MOR to 0.9MOR.

Creep and creep - rupture observations were taken over a two year period providing an extensive database for the evaluation of DOL properties. Monte Carlo simulations were used to give confidence in the process of assigning MOR values to the long term specimens using a statistical matched distribution technique for long term strength evaluation.

Creep and creep - rupture responses for the ASC were similar in effect but fifty percent greater in magnitude than that predicted for solid seasoned timber by AS1720.1-1988, the Australian Timber Structures Code. Creep design multipliers, and long term strength design multipliers in both working stress and limit state design formats were derived for the ASC.

A limiting strain criterion was established for the ASC and was observed to be independent of time under load and applied stress intensity. A failure strain model was presented for the ASC in a form enabling the determination of a limiting deflection for flexural (beam) members at failure.

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Books on the topic "Duration of load (DOL) study"

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Wilkinson, Thomas Lee. Duration of load on bolted joints: A pilot study. Madison, WI: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1988.

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Wilkinson, Thomas Lee. Duration of load on bolted joints: A pilot study. Madison, WI: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1988.

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Wilkinson, Thomas Lee. Duration of load on bolted joints: A pilot study. Madison, WI: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Duration of load (DOL) study"

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Beccuti, M., S. Chiaradonna, F. Di Giandomenico, S. Donatelli, G. Dondossola, and G. Franceschinis. "Model-Based Evaluation of the Impact of Attacks to the Telecommunication Service of the Electrical Grid." In Critical Information Infrastructure Protection and Resilience in the ICT Sector, 220–41. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2964-6.ch011.

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This chapter is devoted to the study of the consequences of cyber-attacks to the telecommunication service of the electrical grid, which is an essential service for the grid control system. It is up to the control system to ensure that even very large power systems are kept in equilibrium even in presence of power contingencies. This chapter considers cyber-attacks of the Denial of Service (DoS) type, occurring while the electrical grid is already facing an electrical failure that requires a load shedding strategy. Using a model-based approach that uses the rich and flexible formalism provided by the tool Möbius, it is possible to investigate the interplay between an attack to the telecommunication service and the state of the grid in a number of different situations and for different characterizations of the DoS behaviour and severity. The formalism used allows to associate a (stochastic) duration and/or a probability to the events happening in the system, so as to take into account the variability in attacks’ behaviour, leading to a quantitative characterization of the impact of a DoS attack to the electrical grid.
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Beccuti, M., S. Chiaradonna, F. Di Giandomenico, S. Donatelli, Giovanna Dondossola, and G. Franceschinis. "Model-Based Evaluation of the Impact of Attacks to the Telecommunication Service of the Electrical Grid." In Cyber Behavior, 1617–38. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5942-1.ch084.

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This chapter is devoted to the study of the consequences of cyber-attacks to the telecommunication service of the electrical grid, which is an essential service for the grid control system. It is up to the control system to ensure that even very large power systems are kept in equilibrium even in presence of power contingencies. This chapter considers cyber-attacks of the Denial of Service (DoS) type, occurring while the electrical grid is already facing an electrical failure that requires a load shedding strategy. Using a model-based approach that uses the rich and flexible formalism provided by the tool Möbius, it is possible to investigate the interplay between an attack to the telecommunication service and the state of the grid in a number of different situations and for different characterizations of the DoS behaviour and severity. The formalism used allows to associate a (stochastic) duration and/or a probability to the events happening in the system, so as to take into account the variability in attacks' behaviour, leading to a quantitative characterization of the impact of a DoS attack to the electrical grid.
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Biffis, Paolo. "Gli studi sulla banca." In Le discipline economiche e aziendali nei 150 anni di storia di Ca’ Foscari. Venice: Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-255-0/012.

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This paper looks at banking following the way of thinking of J.A. Schumpeter and F. Besta, and addresses two main points: a) the idea that ‘loans make deposits’, as opposed to the popular view that ‘deposits make loans’, and b) the poor quality of information on banking performance delivered by double-entry bookkeeping, following either the equity-centered accounting system (‘sistema patrimoniale’) or the Zappa’s profit-centered accounting system (‘sistema del reddito’). The most important problems of banking, indeed, are loan liquidity and solvency, which are difficult to evaluate from the balance sheet items, so that additional information is needed from outside the balance sheet to evaluate, for example, maturities and durations. This critical point implies that the risk taker is CET1 and not savers, as the Basel Committee stated.
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Kalyuga, Slava. "Managing Cognitive Load in Dynamic Visual Representations." In Managing Cognitive Load in Adaptive Multimedia Learning, 171–97. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-048-6.ch008.

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According to dual-coding theory, when learning concrete concepts, adding pictorial representations could be superior to verbal-only descriptions (Clark & Paivio, 1991; Sadoski & Paivio, 2001). This theory assumes existence of two additive sub-systems in human cognitive architecture that process verbal and pictorial information. Accordingly, people learn better when information is encoded verbally and visually rather than in one mode only. Information that has been encoded using two different modes can also be retrieved from memory more easily. The cognitive theory of multimedia learning provides detailed theoretical arguments that effectively support this view and also apply it to dynamic visualizations such as instructional animations. According to cognitive theory of multimedia learning, different mental representations are constructed from verbal and pictorial information, and meaningful learning occurs only when learner actively establishes connections between these representations (Mayer, 2001; Mayer, & Moreno, 2003; Mayer & Sims, 1994). This chapter discusses the strengths and weaknesses of dynamic visualizations and the relationship between instructional effectiveness of dynamic and static diagrams and levels of learner task-specific expertise. It has been mentioned previously that instructional formats that are effective for low-knowledge learners could be ineffective, or even deleterious, for high-knowledge learners and vice versa (the expertise reversal effect). Significant interactions between levels of learner expertise and instructional procedures have been found in many situations. Such an interaction may also exist between dynamic and static visualizations. For example, novice learners may benefit more from traditional static diagrams than from dynamic visual representations (e.g., animated diagrams), while more knowledgeable learners may benefit more from animated rather than static diagrams. This assumption has a viable theoretical rationale. According to cognitive load theory, continuous animations and video may be too cognitively demanding for novice learners. Associated processing difficulties could be due to a high degree of transitivity in such visualizations, on the one hand, and limited capacity and duration of working memory, on the other hand. Less knowledgeable learners, therefore, may benefit more from a set of equivalent static diagrams. However, animations could be superior to static diagrams for more knowledgeable learners who have already acquired a sufficient knowledge base for dealing with issues of transitivity and limited working memory capacity. The chapter also briefly describes a specific empirical study that was designed to investigate the relation between levels of learner expertise and instructional effectiveness of dynamic and static visualizations (Kalyuga, 2007). The rapid diagnostic method discussed in Chapter IV, was used in this study for measuring levels of learner prior knowledge.
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Nayar, Renu, G. D. Sharma, Ritesh Kohale, and S. J. Dhoble. "Analysis of Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Water Quality of Dulhara and Ved Ponds in Ratanpur, Chhattisgarh, India." In Water Pollution Sources and Purification: Challenges and Scope, 90–113. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815050684122010007.

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Pollution load, rising population, and scarcity of water have drawn special attention for the management of water resources such as pond water. The present investigation was carried out at Dulahra and Ved ponds in Ratanpur, Bilaspur District. The seasonal deviations in water such as transparency, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, phosphate, biological oxygen demand (BOD), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total suspended solids (TSS) were evaluated. In the contemporary study, the BOD standards were considerably higher than World Health Organization (WHO) standards (5 mg/l). The water samples were collected from each site at outer (about 100-150 meters) and internal (10 m from the shoreline) localities. The highest mean value of BOD, i.e., 32±4.6, was found at the north peripheral S-1 in the summertime. In the summer season, maximum mean BOD 39±2.1 was found at S-2 (West peripheral) in Ved Pond. It indicates the biological pollution load on the water body in the site of North peripheral in Dulhara pond and West peripheral in Ved Pond in the summer season. Low Secchi depth readings such as 20±1.0 at S-2 North peripheral site during summer seasons are indicative of reduced water clarity that is habitually related to the existence of suspended particles and algal tinges. We also found the maximum value of total suspended solids on the north side of the pond, where the transparency of water was also very low. A transparency value of 37.0±0.40 was noted at S-1 in the East marginal sites and 30±0.22 at the East inner sites in the rainy period at the Ved pond. The transparency of the water physique is exaggerated by the elements like planktonic growth, rainfall, the sun’s location in the sky, the angle of incidence of rays, cloudiness, electiveness, and turbidity due to deferred inert particulate material. Our outcomes suggest that the lowermost water transparency value was 16.0 ± 0.41 at S-1 in the North marginal sites for the duration of summer. The concentration of Calcium ions was much above the WHO recommended value of 75 mg/l at almost all the sites and both ponds during the study period. Numerous indicators and catalogues have been established in this particular study to evaluate water quality in intermediate water bodies. For transparency studies,low-cost Secchi disk was used.
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Voronkova, Olha, and Yuliia Voronkova. "CHONDROMALATION: DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, REHABILITATION." In Modernization of research area: national prospects and European practices. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-221-0-17.

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Chondromalacia of the patella is one of the most common problems of childhood, especially now, when children’s lifestyle can increasingly be described as sedentary, and physical activity is minimized. Disorders of the knee joint can have varying intensity and severity, but in any case, this problem requires a mandatory and immediate solution, because the self-healing of cartilage can’t be expected. This problem is widespread in different countries and we have accumulated a lot of information about it, which we have systematized in this material. The aim of the study was to comprehensively characterize the problem of chondromalacia and to draw up a program of physical rehabilitation for chondromalacia for school-age children. Thus, we considered the theoretical issues of determining chondromalacia, diagnosis and treatment of this condition, as well as rehabilitation approaches. In particular, it can be noted that physical therapy is quite effective in cases of uncomplicated chondromalacia. However, in neglected conditions or particularly severe conditions, including those accompanied by additional pathology, there is a need for medical or even surgical intervention. In children, the initial development of chondromalacia, as a rule, can be corrected by the use of therapeutic exercise, which helps to increase mobility and weight loss, which are among the major risk factors for the development of chondromalacia of the patella. Therefore, in the research part of the work we have proposed a scheme of therapeutic physical culture and concomitant ozokerite therapy for children of primary, secondary and senior school age, taking into account their belonging to these age groups. The program provides a set of physical exercises that must be performed for rehabilitation in chondromalacia and for prophylactic purposes to prevent its occurrence. There is a set of exercises that can be used for children with signs of chondromalacia. Exercises are performed from different positions, however, common to most of them is that there is an increase in the load on the lower body, in particular on the extremities, to improve the condition of the joints. Exercises can also be performed with an additional load, which is assigned depending on age. The total duration of the set of exercises is 30-45 minutes in different age groups. Recommendations on ozokerite therapy and the possibility of adding aerobics to the pool to improve the condition of children are also provided.
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Sniezhkin, Yurii, Raisa Shapar, and Olena Husarova. "GRINDING AND FRACTIONATION OF DRIED PLANT MATERIALS." In Priority areas for development of scientific research: domestic and foreign experience. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-049-0-35.

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In the absence of large-scale pectin production in Ukraine, pectin-containing powders are an alternative source. They are used as natural additives in the manufacture of health products, due primarily to the presence of pectin, as well as other useful natural components of raw materials. The purpose of the work is to conduct research on the dispersion and fractionation of dried plant materials and to determine the energy-saving regimes of these processes. The task of the research is to develop optimal modes of dispersion of dried plant materials; determine the depend-ence of the micromill performance and power consumption on the rotation speed of the dispersant rotor; to establish the influence of the load on the sieve and the scattering time on the fractionation process. Objects, equipment and research methods. Dried pectin-containing apples and table beets were used as research objects. Studies of the dispersion process were performed on an micromill (8-MM), the coarse part was ground on a disintegrator (ДЕЗІ), the study of the dispersed composition of powders was carried out on the device 029. The paper analyzes the existing methods of grinding and equipment for its implementation. The analysis showed that percussion mills are the most suitable for grinding dried pectin-containing apples and table beets. The dispersed composition of pectin-containing powders is determined in the article. The influence of material loading on the sieve and scattering time on the yield of the fine fraction was investigated. It is proved that the scattering process is more influenced by the scattering time. The paper graphically shows the effect of rotor speed on the equivalent particle diameter and powder dispersion; differential and integral particle distribution curves depending on rotor speed and scattering time for apple and beet powders; the dependence of micromill productivity and power consumption on the speed of the disperser rotor, etc. The optimal operating speed of the rotor is 50 m/s. At this speed, energy consumption for grinding dried materials is minimal. It is proved that the fractionation process almost does not depend on the load on the sieve, but depends on the scattering time. It is impractical to increase the process duration over 3 minutes. Increasing the time to 4 minutes increases the mass of the fine fraction by only 2…5%. The yield of the fine fraction of powders according to the optimal modes of dispersion and separation is: apple – 65...68%, beet – 62...65%. The possibility of re-grinding in order to increase the fine fraction yield is shown. Conclusions. According to the results of the research, the optimal dispersion regimes, the dependence of micromill productivity and power consumption on the dispersant rotor speed, as well as the effect of load on the sieve and scattering time of apple and beet powders on the fractionation process are determined. On the basis of the conducted researches energy-saving conditions of processes of dispersion and fractionation of pectin-containing powders and proper work of the corresponding equipment are defined.
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Balakumar, Ayshwarya, and Senthil S. "Machine Learning Is the Future for Lung Cancer Prognosis and Prediction." In Applications of Deep Learning and Big IoT on Personalized Healthcare Services, 176–96. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2101-4.ch011.

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Lung cancer is one of the major reasons for the death if it is not diagnosed in the early stages of cancer. It is the one among the most dreadful disease which affects in the lungs function. It can be identified only after the disease spread into the deeper parts of the lungs and then only it will make a life threading problem. Lung cancer prognosis which was done based on the various parameters such as age, sex, condition of smoking, duration of smoking and count of smoking per day. The proceedings were done using the algorithm for the time to first cigarette after awakening which is represented as TTFC. The expert doctor says that the back-propagation network is a great deal in the recognition of the lung cancer without any involvement by them. This research is based on the classification of lung cancer and its stages using the establishment of the BPN and predicts the recurrence. Similarly, with this BPN, an algorithm that is inspired from its habitat known as ant lion optimization algorithm is also used in the optimization of weights and parameters of the BPN. The use of the ALO algorithm provides an improved convergence mechanism by improving the proposed technique's accuracy. The use of this proposed method with the BPN optimizes the network and the ALO optimizer provides an accurate prediction of the lung cancer by the earlier stage and even predicts the changes for reoccurrence after diagnosis. The prognosis analysis was made by the various comparative study between the characteristic features of HIV and the unaffected person using the algorithm such as the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. This algorithm will continuously classify the viral load and CD4 count which is based on factors such as age, sex, and smoking activities. It will be useful for early diagnosis and future prediction. Lung cancer rates can be analyzed based on the incident rates of affected and unaffected persons to HIV infections.
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"expansion with a heterodyne laser interferometer (laser probe). Demodulation is obtained with specific electronics. The magnitude and phase of the surface vibration are given with a second lock-in amplifier (lock-in amplifier 1) and stored in a microcomputer that also drives the scanning units. With this multi-acquisition microscope, the typical duration of an experiment in order to obtain a set of five low noise images is about 15 minutes. The resolution of the SThEM is given by the size at the photothermal source (radius of the optical beam: 5 /xm here). 4.1. Application to the study of thin films The first example concerns the observation of subsurface thin layers. In order to demonstrate the capacity for subsurface investigation we successively vapour deposited a 200 nm thick SiC>2 and 100 nm thick aluminium layers onto a polycrystalline nickel substrate (Fig. 8a). The bright strip on the right part of the image (Fig. 8b) reveals the presence of the subsurface SiC>2 layer which is optically invisible. This image has been obtained at 220 kHz modulation frequency of the excitation beam. The image contrast corresponds to about 25° phase shift. As the SThEM makes it possible to observe the subsurface we decided to use it for the detection of thin films delamination. We used a 1 /xm thick DLC film deposited on a steel substrate. Several lines of Vickers indentations were performed under an applied load of 4.5N. A different spacing (25 to 140 pim) between indentations has been taken for each line. The SEM and thermoelastic images of the indentations spaced 25 /xm are shown in Fig. 9. Due to the film delamination, an optically invisible bright area between the indentations (Fig. 9a) was observed by the SThEM at 100 kHz operating frequency (Fig. 9b). It is an indication of the excessive heating resulting from the film delamination. The latter is due to the tensile residual stresses which develop around each indentation. The bright area (film delamination) could not be detected both in the case of a single indentation or when the spacing between indentations was higher than 40 /xm. In the latter case." In Adhesion Aspects of Thin Films, Volume 1, 210–12. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b11971-32.

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Conference papers on the topic "Duration of load (DOL) study"

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Shinde, Sannmit, Dominic Devito, Meghan Kenny, Ali P. Gordon, Zachary Poust, Jim Drago, Ming-Hang Yang, and Paul Nichols. "Statistical and Lifetime Characterization of PTFE Materials for Extreme Environments." In ASME 2021 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2021-60521.

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Abstract Most industrial manufacturing or process plants use bolted connections to transfer media from one location to another. Gaskets are often used to seal these systems as they offer high levels of leak mitigation; however, despite their nearly universal usage, testing done on gaskets has been limited. Historically, while industrial applications use gaskets at various temperatures and pressures, load retention tests have been conducted at a set temperature, time duration and compressive stress and report the result as load lost or retained. They do not account for longer time periods, the characteristics of the load loss over time or internal pressure the gasket is sealing. This current study seeks to change that. Traditional flat gaskets at thicknesses of 1/16” and 1/8” are leveraged against novel textured PTFE gaskets to compare load retention behavior across a range of styles. Different filler materials are tested as well, from aluminosilicate microspheres to barium sulfate and silica. Some design of experiments (DOE) methods are applied to characterize the factors that are most responsible for the load relaxation response of any particular type of gasket. A parameter from a previous study, efficiency, is used as an overall metric to quantify gasket performance. Furthermore, overall gasket deformation is examined to validate the statistical findings. Lastly, an empirical equation is presented that may be able to characterize gasket behavior across multiple loading and environmental conditions, as well as estimate the residual load carrying capacity of a gasket.
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Chen, Kai, and Richard Foulds. "Optimization of Stiffness and Damping in Modeling of Voluntary Elbow Flexions." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62219.

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A subsequent study of obstructed voluntary arm movement extended the relative damping concept, and incorporated the influential factors of the mechanical behavior of the neural, muscular and skeletal system in the control and coordination of arm posture and movement. A significant problem of the study is how this information should be used to modify control signals to achieve desired performance. This study used an Equilibrium Point Hypothesis (EPH) model to examine changes of controlling signals for arm movements in the context of adding perturbation/load in the form of forces/torques. The mechanical properties and reflex actions of muscles of the elbow joint were examined. Brief unexpected torque/force pulses of identical magnitude and time duration were introduced at different stages of the movement in a random order by a pre-programmed 3 degree of freedom (DOF) robotic arm (MOOG FCS HapticMaster). Key to this research is the optimization of B and K for each subject based on their HM only experimental data. The results shown in each of sections confirm that those parameters. Along with an EMG determined VT can be used successfully to model the perturbed trials. The results also show that the subjects may maintain the same control parameters (virtual trajectory, stiffness and damping) regardless of added perturbations that cause substantial changes in EMG activity and kinematics.
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Schoen, Mary, Mitchell Small, and Jeanne VanBriesen. "Bayesian Load Duration Curves for Bacterial Total Maximum Daily Loads: Urban Case Study." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41036(342)89.

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Kennedy-Metz, Lauren, Roger Dias, Rithy Srey, Geoffrey Rance, Kay Leissner, Suzana Zorca, Alexander Shapeton, and Marco Zenati. "Human Factors Analysis of Goal-Directed Perfusion in Cardiac Surgery." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002120.

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The cardiac surgery operating room (OR) is a complex sociotechnical environment requiring the seamless integration of human-human and human-machine teams. Perfusionists in particular play a critical role in ensuring patient stability by operating the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) machine. Goal-directed perfusion (GDP) (oxygen delivery [DO2] ≥ 280 mL/min/m2 during CPB in cardiac surgery) is recommended given the positive results of the Goal-Directed Perfusion Trial (GIFT). However, the additional cognitive burden required by the perfusionist, and associated with the heightened vigilance needed to maintain the GDP threshold, is unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between DO2 and perfusionists’ perceived cognitive workload in cardiac surgery.Methods: Experienced perfusionists indicated their perceived cognitive workload immediately after cardiac surgery procedures (N=15) using the validated SURG-TLX index dimensions (mental demands, physical demands, temporal demands, task complexity, situational stress, and distractions). A two-tailed Spearman’s correlation was calculated to investigate the relationship between DO2 and SURG-TLX. IRB approval and informed consent from all participants were obtained.Results: Cases analyzed included 13 coronary artery bypass graft and 2 aortic valve replacement procedures. Patients averaged 66.3 years (SD: 8.3 years) with an average 30-day predicted mortality of 1.03% and 30-day predicted morbidity of 9.36%. Average pump time was 113 minutes (range 77 minutes to 170 minutes). Average body surface area was 2.15 m2 (SD: 0.17 m2).Lower DO2 levels (averaged across the duration of total pump time) were significantly associated with higher overall perceived task load (rs(13) = -0.62, p = 0.014), mental demands (rs(13) = -0.73, p = 0.002), and situational stress (rs(13) = -0.62, p = 0.017) (Figure 1). No significant correlations were detected between average DO2 levels and remaining cognitive workload dimensions.Conclusions: This is the first study to evaluate human factors associated with achieving GDP in cardiac surgery. Self-reported measures indicate an elevation in mental demands and situational stress which correspond to lower DO2 values, supporting further investigation into perfusionists’ cognitive state to avoid episodes of cognitive overload and facilitate maintenance of GDP.
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Acero, Julio Fredy Chura, Wilhem Rogger Limachi Viamonte, Omar Chayna Velasquez, and Washington M. Soncco Vilcapaza. "Modeling of the Load Duration Curve Considering the Uncertainty of Renewable Generation and Load. Case Study for the Peruvian Power System." In 2021 IEEE PES/IAS PowerAfrica. IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/powerafrica52236.2021.9543407.

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Yamada, Yasuhira, and Kyoko Kameya. "A Fundamental Study on the Dynamic Response of Hull Girder of Container Ships due to Slamming Load." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61068.

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The purpose of the present study is to fundamentally investigate dynamic hull girder response due to slamming load. A series of time domain FE-simulation is carried out using a non-uniform finite element beam model of a 8000 TEU container ship where slamming load is applied at the bottom of the bow. The ship is modeled by elaso-plastic material with equivalent ultimate strength and strain rate effect is considered. Hull-girder vertical bending moment as well as deformation modes, bending stress are investigated by varying the time duration of the slamming load which is modeled by sinusoidal impulse. In order to obtain post vibration after the first slamming load explicit analysis is adopted instead of implicit analysis with considering gravity and buoyancy. Buoyancy is modeled by inelastic spring elements. It is found from the present study hull girder vertical bending moment is dependent on time duration of slamming load. Especially if time duration is smaller than natural period response bending moment may become smaller than applied bending moment. Moreover effect of inertia at fore and aft is also investigated in detail.
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Fabriciuss, Janis, and Lilita Ozola. "Duration of load effects on development of deformations in bolted moment connection." In Research for Rural Development 2020. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.26.2020.034.

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Experience saved in the construction industry shows that the timber portal frames with semi-rigid connections at knee joint exhibit permanently increase displacements at the knee and apex point. Normally, timber portal frame with semi-rigid knee joint connection is made with mechanical fasteners located in double circles and cannot be designed without relevant rotation at connection during structures’ exploitation time. The only way to increase connection rigidity is to rise distance from fasteners location at connection, but at the same time, the tension and shear stress become significant at the external section of members. The previous experience is obtained by a model testing showing that deformations at semi-rigid connections are non-linear. These were tests under short-term load and did not disclose creep effects, which can be significant. This study is aimed at the examination of increasing deformations with time under constant static load (creep effects) in semi-rigid dowelled connection. Experimental test models were made and set under long-term load in controlled environmental conditions (heated laboratory room). Results show a significant creep influence to decrease connection stiffness. Corresponding numerical test of orthotropic 3d model by Dlubal RFEM software tools was performed analyzing the value of expected deformations. Results of the numerical test showed that friction between timber elements and extra nuts on bolts can increase connection stiffness. Research results in this stage show that the creep can affect connection stiffness more than expected. Also, experimental test results showed lower deformation values comparing with the ones obtained by the numerical test.
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Byung Ha Lee and Jin Ah Yang. "A study on optimal operation of microgrids considering the uncertainty of renewable generation and load by use of duration curves." In 2015 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2015.7286177.

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Yamada, Yasuhira, and Kyoko Kameya. "A Study on the Dynamic Ultimate Strength of Global Hull Girder of Container Ships Subjected to Hogging Moment." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77402.

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The purpose of the present study is to investigate dynamic ultimate strength of global hull girder of container ships using large scale non-linear finite element analysis. A series of time domain non-linear FE-simulation is carried out using large scale FE models of a 8000 TEU container ship where a hogging moment is applied to the midship section. 5 types of finite element models (three full models, a half hold model, a 1 transverse model) are used. These models adopt elasto-plastic material model which includes strain rate effect. The hogging moment which is modeled by sinusoidal impulse is applied to these models, and collapse mechanism as well as dynamic hull girder ultimate strength is investigated by varying the load time duration. Moreover effects of load time duration, mass inertia, strain rate and analysis models are investigated in detail. It is found from the present study that ultimate strength as well as collapse mode are significantly dependent on load time duration of hogging moment.
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Battistoni, Michele, Carlo N. Grimaldi, and Francesco Mariani. "Numerical Study of SI Engine Part Load Operating Conditions Using Different VVA Strategies." In ASME 2011 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2011-60205.

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In SI engines, VVA (Variable Valve Actuation) technology is mainly used for the reduction of pumping losses at part load. This paper presents the results of fluid dynamic analyses on a 4V engine about the effects of different VVA strategies, by comparing and discussing the results in terms of organized charge motions, turbulence levels, flame developments, NO and CO emissions. CFD simulations cover five load control cases: comparison is among conventional throttling, EIVC (Early Intake Valve Closure) with symmetric and asymmetric intake lifts, LIVC (Late Intake Valve Closure) and symmetrical Multi-Lift strategies. 3D U-RANS simulations are performed, adopting the Extended Coherent Flamelet Model (ECFM) for the description of premixed SI combustion. The 3D model is also coupled to a 1D engine model which provides inlet/outlet boundary conditions. Simulation results highlight the potential of asymmetric Early Intake Valve Closure (EIVC) strategy which allows reducing pumping losses and, at the same time, achieving good turbulence intensity and combustion speed, if compared to other load control strategies. Multi-Lift strategy resulted excellent in terms of burn duration, but pumping losses are practically the same as in the throttled engine.
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Reports on the topic "Duration of load (DOL) study"

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Costa, Julio, Vincenzo Rago, Pedro Brito, Pedro Figueiredo, Ana Sousa, Eduardo Abade, and João Brito. External and internal load during training sessions in elite women’s soccer: a systematic mini review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.12.0038.

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Review question / Objective: The present systematic mini review aim to provide an overview about external and internal load during training sessions in elite women’s soccer, with special focus on fatigue, training adaptions and injuries. Condition being studied: Continuous training load monitoring in the context of the regular team routine. Eligibility criteria: To investigate continuous monitoring, we include articles with a minimum of one week of monitoring, irrespective of gender and study focus (e.g. studies reporting descriptive data of training load without studying its effects will be included). Articles will be excluded if: the participants are not all elite women’s soccer players (e.g. mixed samples including elite and non-elite players); the participants are aged under 18; the participants are not monitored longitudinally over a minimum of a 1-week period or five sessions (if the duration is not stated; friendly matches are considered training sessions) to consider continuous monitoring practices; no GPS-derived training load data are reported; the articles do not report any training load indicators; single drills are monitored rather than the entire training session, or the article focuses on the comparison between a specific drill and match demands; data from training sessions are not reported; and the articles are editorials or reviews.
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Ramakrishnan, Aravind, Ashraf Alrajhi, Egemen Okte, Hasan Ozer, and Imad Al-Qadi. Truck-Platooning Impacts on Flexible Pavements: Experimental and Mechanistic Approaches. Illinois Center for Transportation, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-038.

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Truck platoons are expected to improve safety and reduce fuel consumption. However, their use is projected to accelerate pavement damage due to channelized-load application (lack of wander) and potentially reduced duration between truck-loading applications (reduced rest period). The effect of wander on pavement damage is well documented, while relatively few studies are available on the effect of rest period on pavement permanent deformation. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to quantify the impact of rest period theoretically, using a numerical method, and experimentally, using laboratory testing. A 3-D finite-element (FE) pavement model was developed and run to quantify the effect of rest period. Strain recovery and accumulation were predicted by fitting Gaussian mixture models to the strain values computed from the FE model. The effect of rest period was found to be insignificant for truck spacing greater than 10 ft. An experimental program was conducted, and several asphalt concrete (AC) mixes were considered at various stress levels, temperatures, and rest periods. Test results showed that AC deformation increased with rest period, irrespective of AC-mix type, stress level, and/or temperature. This observation was attributed to a well-documented hardening–relaxation mechanism, which occurs during AC plastic deformation. Hence, experimental and FE-model results are conflicting due to modeling AC as a viscoelastic and the difference in the loading mechanism. A shift model was developed by extending the time–temperature superposition concept to incorporate rest period, using the experimental data. The shift factors were used to compute the equivalent number of cycles for various platoon scenarios (truck spacings or rest period). The shift model was implemented in AASHTOware pavement mechanic–empirical design (PMED) guidelines for the calculation of rutting using equivalent number of cycles.
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