Journal articles: 'Duplication of purchase law'

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Tanusondjaja, Arry, Magda Nenycz-Thiel, and Rachel Kennedy. "Understanding Shopper Transaction Data." International Journal of Market Research 58, no. 3 (May 2016): 401–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2501/ijmr-2016-026.

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This paper applies the D Duplication Coefficient from the Duplication of Purchase Law as a benchmark to help investigate patterns in simultaneous product category purchases. Shopper transaction data enable a deep analysis of what goes into shoppers' baskets; however, robust benchmarks are critical to see patterns in such rich data. We demonstrate the application of D Duplication Coefficient data to 30,000-plus UK and US supermarket transactions. The cross-category benchmarks allow meaningful deviations to be identified, isolating categories that are more or less intensely co-purchased than expected, which can then be used to guide decisions regarding store layout, prioritise in-store activations and plan product category promotions.

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Wilson, Damien, and Maxwell Winchester. "Extending the double jeopardy and duplication of purchase laws to the wine market." International Journal of Wine Business Research 31, no. 2 (June 17, 2019): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijwbr-12-2017-0072.

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Purpose This study aims to understand the market structure and explore the applicability of recognised generalisations to a European wine retail market. The study considers whether brands in European wine retailing follow the established double jeopardy and duplication of purchase laws, with the aim of investigating their limits so as to identify where market partitions are evident. Design/methodology/approach The researchers conducted a cross-purchasing analysis within the wine category over a 12-month period, using a customer panel of n = 25,000 across a chain of independent retail stores in an English-speaking European country. Analysis was conducted across purchases of the top 20 wine brands. Findings Consumer wine repurchase results confirmed a double jeopardy pattern. These consumers’ wine repurchasing behaviour from other top-20 wine brands could have generally been predicted in line with the duplication of purchase law. However, a small number of exceptions to these patterns were identified, suggesting the existence of market partitions. Research limitations/implications In this study, market partitions were evident for selected brands, a wine region and a common grape variety, Sauvignon blanc. Such exceptions illustrate that consumer purchase patterns can deviate from predictions, for a small number of brands in a consumer goods category than would be expected given duplication of purchase law norms. Such anomalies to empirical generalisations help demonstrate boundary conditions and lead further research on the market conditions required for such anomalies to be evident. Implications suggest that further research should be conducted on the product features creating market partitions. Practical implications The findings suggest that regional wines can appeal to a more clearly partitioned customer group within the clientele, but that substitution is noted among brands within regions. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to use a large sample consumer database to determine the generalisability of two well-established empirical generalisations: the double jeopardy and duplication of purchase laws, to the wine retail market. Knowing these are applicable to the wine retail markets allows wine producers and retailers to predict expected repurchase and cross-purchasing norms.

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Lam, Desmond, and Bernadete Ozorio. "Duplication of Purchase Law in the gaming entertainment industry—A transnational investigation." International Journal of Hospitality Management 33 (June 2013): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.08.004.

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Lam, Desmond, and Richard Mizerski. "Predictability in Pathological Gambling? Applying the Duplication of Purchase Law to the Understanding of Cross-Purchases Between Regular and Pathological Gamblers." Journal of Gambling Studies 33, no. 2 (June 21, 2016): 539–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10899-016-9629-3.

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Hand, Chris, and Jaywant Singh. "Segmenting the betting market in England." International Journal of Market Research 56, no. 1 (January 2014): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2501/ijmr-2013-060.

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While there are a number of studies focusing on the motivations for betting, less is known about the extent to which the market is segmented. This study investigates patterns of cross-purchasing using a sample of 7,200 adult respondents from a government survey dataset obtained via the UK Data Archive. In doing so, we apply market research techniques to a social research domain, and demonstrate the usefulness of publicly available government survey data to (social) market researchers. While we find some patterns of cross-purchase that are broadly the same as would be predicted by the duplication of purchase law, we also identify clear partitions in the market, implying the existence of behavioural segments. We identify five distinct behavioural segments, each with its own demographic characteristics. Our results have implications for the managers of betting companies, and for the design of future studies into gambling behaviour that could potentially inform public policy.

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Faulkner, Margaret, Oanh Truong, and Jenni Romaniuk. "Uncovering generalized patterns of brand competition in China." Journal of Product & Brand Management 23, no. 7 (November 11, 2014): 554–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-04-2014-0557.

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Purpose – The purpose of this research is to analyze brand competition in China using the Duplication of Purchase (DoP) law, with important implications for understanding Chinese buyer behavior in comparison with Western buyers. Discovered in the Western markets, the DoP law holds across a variety of product categories. Design/methodology/approach – Multiple sets of new data are examined to extend past research in the application of the DoP law in Chinese buying behavior. This study draws on panel data and self-reported data, utilizing bootstrapping to identify partitions where excess sharing occurs. Findings – This paper finds the DoP law holds across six categories (two personal care, two impulse categories and two durables), as well as over multiple years. Brands in China share customers with other brands in line with the market share of the competitor brand. There were few partitions where brands shared significantly more customers than expected. Partitions occur due to the same umbrella brand or ownership, and geographic location. Research limitations/implications – Areas for further research include extended replication in other categories, investigating partitions and whether a different consumer path to purchase occurs in China. Practical implications – DoP can be applied across a wide range of categories in China to understand market structure. New entrants to China can use this approach to understand a category from a consumer behavior perceptive. DoP provides guidelines for marketers to identify competition and allocate resources appropriately. Originality/value – This research provides a comprehensive, unparalleled examination across six very different categories of brand competition in China. This gives confidence in the robustness and generalizability of the results.

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Kikavets, V. V., and Yu K. Tsaregradskaya. "Public procurement planning as an immunity to the budget process." Law Enforcement Review 5, no. 2 (July 5, 2021): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.52468/2542-1514.2021.5(2).109-119.

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The subject of the article is the research of public procurement in the context of budget expenditures efficiency.The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that public procurement planning is the basis of a strategic relationship with the budget process. Their symbiosis can minimize any negative manifestations of a financial, economic and socio-political nature, including the consequences of crisis situations such as a pandemic.The methodology. The authors analyze many Russian and western scientific articles and monographs from the point of view of the budget process and planning of public procurement.The main results, scope of application. Planning of public procurement should be considered not as a separate need of one specific customer or a separate group of customers, but as a set of public consumption of all possible and necessary resources. The opposite approach will inevitably lead to additional budget costs for the elimination of consequences (natural, technological, etc.), associated, first of all, with the lack of a proper and clear understanding of the essence of planning public procurement and public demand for goods, works, services). Proper and carefully balanced procurement planning for all public needs not only ensures the immunity of the budget process for the current and subsequent periods, but also constitutes the basis for the prospective rational use of renewable and non-renewable resources, both internal (national) and external (foreign). This article has significant scientific and practical value. The study focuses on the key problem of public procurement in Russia-the lack of interaction between procurement planning and the budget process, pointing to the identified shortcomings of legal regulation that do not allow to quickly adapt to situational changes from outside. It is proposed to consider the introduction of strategic procurement planning for 5-10 years, which will not only determine the basis for financing public procurement from the budget, but also predict the revenues of the relevant budget, more accurately and correctly prioritize funding needs.The findings of the study allowed the authors to formulate proposals and recommendations. Consideration of the planning of public procurement, taking into account the budgetary process, will make it possible to develop recommendations in terms of adjusting certain norms of Law No. 44-FZ, which would allow the most efficient use of budget funds, both planned in advance and urgent purchases.Conclusions. A global crisis reveals the most pressing problems of governance of any state. The crisis obliges the government of any country to promptly analyze and rebuild the regulatory framework for effective financial, economic, social and political management. De-spite numerous reforms the budget process in the Russian Federation has retained significant bureaucratic costs that do not allow for rapid delivery of budget funds to each customer. The urgent need for rapid reallocation of budget funds for additional and priority purchases has shown the imperfection of the legal regulation of public procurement planning, which should be radically restructured. Since public procurement planning as an integral part of budget expenditure is not actually related to its revenues, such planning should be carried out based on the customer's needs for goods, works, and services for a longer period, which will allow a more meaningful and responsible approach to the issue of effective budget spending and overall resource consumption. Digital technologies in public procurement planning allow you to quickly compare all items of the plan with those planned and completed earlier in order to avoid duplication (unjustified repetition) of a similar purchase. Planning of budget purchases is not only an effective expenditure of budget funds, but also an efficient (lean) consumption of resources, including non-renewable ones.

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Dawes, John G. "Testing the robustness of brand partitions identified from purchase duplication analysis." Journal of Marketing Management 32, no. 7-8 (January 28, 2016): 695–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0267257x.2015.1128961.

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Fischer, Laura, and Jorge Espejo. "Modelos Estocásticos De Elección De Compra Recurrente Aplicados En Hogares De La Ciudad De México." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 5 (February 28, 2018): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n5p86.

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This paper focuses on examining the behaviors of repeated purchase, brand duplication, shared loyalty, and double risk using stochastic models of recurring purchase decision. A quantitative study was carried out using the panel technique in 60 homes in Mexico City. Within a period of 12 weeks, the recurring purchasing behavior of these households was recorded and analyzed. The results show, in a scientific way, the behavior of recurrent purchases in Mexican households.

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Карнаух, Богдан Петрович. "Duplication of Harm in Tort Law." Problems of Legality, no. 151 (December 8, 2020): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2414-990x.151.215274.

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Maksimovic, Sanja, and Danijela Despotovic. "The purchase contract in Roman law." Pravo - teorija i praksa 34, no. 7-9 (2017): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ptp1709062m.

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Anesbury, Zachary, Luke Greenacre, Amy L. Wilson, and Ava Huang. "Patterns of fruit and vegetable buying behaviour in the United States and India." International Journal of Market Research 60, no. 1 (January 2018): 14–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470785317751997.

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This paper describes the patterns discovered in fruit and vegetable buying behaviour in the United States and India. Using claimed buying data obtained from online questionnaires, it compares the patterns against those found extensively in consumer goods categories across the world. This study analyses consumer loyalty with Double Jeopardy, consumer sharing with Duplication of Purchase and brand user profiles with Mean Absolute Deviations. The results show the buying behaviour patterns of Double Jeopardy, Duplication of Purchase and that brand user profiles exist within the fruit and vegetable categories. The implications of these findings are: (1) that the size of fruit and vegetable brands are largely determined by how many people buy them and not how loyal those consumers are; (2) fruit and vegetable brands share consumers with one another; and (3) fruit and vegetable brands are not purchased by unique segments of the population. Therefore, in order to increase the number of people buying fruit and vegetable brands, marketers should focus on increasing their mental and physical availability (i.e. the same strategies used for consumer goods brands).

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Sudhamani S, Sudhamani S., Sonal Hemanth Kumar, Surekha Bhalekar, and Prakash Roplekar. "The The Weigert – Meyer Law of Ureteral Duplication." Annals of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 6, no. 7 (August 1, 2019): C80–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/apalm.2530.

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Giampietro, Nicholas L. "First and Fourth Amendments. Obscenity and Police Purchases: A Purchase Is a Purchase Is a Seizure?" Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-) 76, no. 4 (1985): 875. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1143492.

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Zelizer, Viviana A. "The Purchase of Intimacy." Law & Social Inquiry 25, no. 03 (2000): 817–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2000.tb00162.x.

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Students of the intersection between monetary transfers and intimate social relations face a choice among three ways of analyzing that relationship: as hostile worlds whose contact contaminates one or the other; as nothing but market transactions, cultural constructions, or coercion; or as differentiated ties, each marked by a distinctive set of monetary transfers. A review of payment practices, legal disputes, and recent legal theory illustrates the weakness of the first two views and the desirability of further pursuing the third alternative.

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Motalebi, Mehdi, and Hassan Khosravi. "Comparative Study of Hire-purchase in Iran and English Common Law." Journal of Politics and Law 10, no. 1 (December 29, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v10n1p1.

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Hire-purchase is a mutual interest contract. Regarding its commutative nature, exchangeable items that are against each other are exchanged in contracting process, so if contract is null or is canceled for any reason according to the contract terms, in the way that transferring possession is impossible, relevant actions will be based on the contract if funds entitled monthly installments are determined in. Therefore, the current paper aims to comparatively study hire-purchase in Iranian and common law. Analytical-descriptive method is applied in the paper. The findings indicate the difference between hire-purchase in Iran and common law is that contract for common law is just utilized for movable properties; while in Iran law it is utilized for both movable and immovable properties. In England law, hire purchase is a specified contract. According to the England hire purchase law and consumer credit law in 1974, hire purchase is a contract in which leased goods are transferred from creditor to the credit receiver instead of using periodic payment. It happens only when the credit receiver fulfills the contract terms. In other words the hire purchase contract used in England law is a hire contract with tenants’ rights of possession, while it has not been explained in the Iranian law.

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O'Hagan, Patrick. "Indirect Contributions to the Purchase of Property." Modern Law Review 56, no. 2 (March 1993): 224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2230.1993.tb00958.x.

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Damanik, Sri Winda Hardiyanti, and Rakhmawati Purba. "Pengaruh Kualitas Produk dan Iklan terhadap Minat Beli Konsumen Produk Bedak Tabita Skincare." Ekonomis: Journal of Economics and Business 4, no. 2 (September 4, 2020): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/ekonomis.v4i2.158.

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This study aims to determine the quality of products and advertisements on consumer buying interest for Tabita powder skin care products. The results of data duplication using the SPSS 25 program for Windows generated multiple regression analysis with two independent variables and one dependent variable showing Y = 2,879 + 0,161X1 - 0,004X1 - Consumer Purchase Interest according to Product Demand and Advertising. The results of the analysis also obtained a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.426 or 42.6%, which means that Consumer Purchase Interest can provide by the Product Quality and Advertising variables, while the percentage of 57.4% can be stated by other variables that do not apply in this study. Hypothesis testing on 1 statement that: the value of Product Quality if the value of tcount 3.001> ttable 2.002 and a significance level of 0.004 <0.05, it means that Product Quality affects Consumer Purchase Interest and Hypothesis 1 is accepted. Testing Hypothesis 2 states that: the value of advertising can be seen from the table 4.12 tcount -0.073 <ttable 2.002 and the significance level of the significance value is 0.942> 0.05, meaning that advertising has no effect on Consumer Purchase Interest and Hypothesis 2 is rejected. The test states that the value of Fcount is 15,590> Ftable 2.77 and a significance level of 0.000 <0.05 means that Product Quality and Advertising have a simultaneous effect on Consumer Purchase Interest and Hypothesis 3 is accepted.

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INDRASARI, FEBRINA, Eva Mirza Syafitri, and Hendrik Kusbandono. "PELATIHAN DAN PENYULUHAN HUKUM PERJANJIAN KONTRAK JUAL BELI PADA PAGUYUBAN PERIAS PONOROGO." JURNAL DAYA-MAS 3, no. 2 (January 25, 2019): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33319/dymas.v3i2.4.

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This community service was aimed to give understanding to Paguyuban Perias Ponorogo as an entrepreneurship group in goods and service sector of cosmetics accessory equipment about the importance of contract law of sale and purchase in business as proper contract will give legal security to the parties and can be used as legal basis for the parties. It is expected that those entrepreneurs can apply it in their business in order to get their rights law with the strong basis that can support the finance of their business. The study was conducted at Kota Ponorogo on 2 October 2017. The method that was used was giving material about contract law of sale and purchase, discussing the problems related to the previous sale and purchase agreement in Paguyupan Perias Ponorogo and training to make letter of sale and purchase agreement properly. The result of the activity shows that Paguyuban Perias Ponorogo did not know and understand about contract law of sale and purchase and the importance of letter of sale and purchase agreement in business as the agreement that they had done previously was still orally. Keywords: Contract law of sale and purchase, Letter of Sale and Purchase Agreement

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Gallant, Linda, and Gabriela Shalev. "Leading Decisions of the Supreme Court of Israel and Extracts of the Judgment." Israel Law Review 32, no. 4 (1998): 681–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700015831.

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The State of Israel v. Aprofim Housing and Enterprise (1991) Ltd. (1995) 49(ii) P.D. 265In 1990, following the wave of immigration from the former Soviet Union at the end of the 80's, the Government decided to promote construction of apartments for new immigrants and other persons entitled to government housing aid. A plan was drawn up whereby land would be allocated to contractors for building purposes by the Israel Lands Authority, while the Housing Ministry (hereinafter, “the Appellant”) undertook to purchase the apartments from the contractors after construction.A standard form agreement was drawn up which served as the basis for the contracts signed between the Appellant and the various building contractors and entrepreneurs. The Appellant undertook in these contracts to purchase from the contractor, upon request, any apartments which had been built but not sold on the open market. In desirable locations, the Appellant was under an obligation to purchase up to 50% of the apartments built. In development areas the Appellant was bound to purchase all of the apartments. The contractor was entitled to demand that the Appellant exercise its obligation to purchase the apartments in the desirable locations, at the earliest, on completion of construction; whereas, in the case of apartments in the development areas the contractor could make its demand on completion of the frame and internal walls of the building. The contract did not limit the time in which the contractor had to present its demand for performance of the obligation to purchase, but any delay in presenting a demand beyond the times stated would influence the contractor's right to receive the full price for the apartments from the Appellant.

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Jalil, Md Abdul. "Islamic Hire Purchase Law is Getting Special Attention in Malaysia: A Socio-Legal Analysis." Journal of Sociological Research 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsr.v4i2.3796.

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The Muamalah Hire Purchase Bill (MHPB) was initially prepared by a group of members of the shariah supervisory council of Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad (BIMB) in 1991 and it was later submitted to the Ministry of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs in Malaysia and the Central Bank of Malaysia for review. Finally in the year 2000, it was referred to the Attorney General’s Chamber for further examination whether it met the shariah rules and how it could be implemented in Malaysia. However, the Bill could still not be submitted to the Parliament until today for consideration and approval due to certain reasons. The objective of this paper is to discuss the nature of the Islamic hire purchase contract (IHPC) and to compare it with the traditional hire purchase contract (THPC) for purposes to find the difference between the two systems of law. Descriptive and analytical research methodology had been applied in this research paper to analyze the collected data. Keywords: Traditional hire purchase contract (THPC), Hire Purchase Act (HPA), Muamalah Hire Purchase Bill (MHPB), Al-ijarah thumma al-bai (AITAB), Islamic hire purchase law (IHPL) etc.

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Martin, Robert. "Purchase of Service Contracting." Residential Treatment For Children & Youth 11, no. 4 (July 15, 1994): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j007v11n04_07.

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Allen, Douglas W. "Compatible Incentives and the Purchase of Military Commissions." Journal of Legal Studies 27, no. 1 (January 1998): 45–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/468013.

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Sree Vyshnavi, Parala Venkata, and Suja S. Nair. "The Purchase and Attitude Patterns of Handloom Customers A Gender Based Cross Sectional Study." International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 7, no. 07 (July 10, 2020): 6015–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v7i07.03.

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The todays customers got familiarized to the low-cost clothing with latest designs and offered available widely in the stores. In such a situation, it has almost become a big challenge for the handloom products, which are traditional, comparably highly-priced, limited designs and less durable. Furthermore, the middlemen/channels are making profits with duplication of the handloom products. Nearly half of the customers can’t differentiate handloom products. This made the situation more disastrous for the handloom sector and the weavers. Hence, a study has been conducted to answer the questions: How much the customers are aware of handlooms? How the customers feel, opine and purchase handloom products by considering the four p’s (Product, Price, Place and Promotion)? and detecting the problems of handloom customers regarding the sector. this paper answers these questions.

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Motalebi, Mehdi, and Hassan Khosravi. "Legal Nature of “Hire Purchase” in Iranian and Islamic Law." Journal of Politics and Law 10, no. 1 (December 29, 2016): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v10n1p7.

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Hire purchase contract in Iran law is known as conditional hire contract which is based on article one of the executive direction. It is a correct, legal and applicable contract which has useful privilege and is used in order to easily and holistically access to economic interest and sustainable development. Therefore it is necessary to explain it in law and Islamic law also to approve its laws and regulations. The objective of this research is to investigate the legal nature of hire purchase in Iran and Islamic law. This research is based on descriptive and library methods. According to the results due to the lack of law records in civil code, hire purchase has not been explained in Iran law and needs to be characterized separately.

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Nasution, Chairuni. "Overview of Indonesian Law in the Purchase Transaction of Home Ownership Credit (KPR)." International Journal of Research and Review 8, no. 5 (May 21, 2021): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20210536.

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Home is a basic need that is very important for everyone. However, some people still do not own their own homes. The contributing factor is the high cash price of the house. Therefore, the government through the minister of public housing created a Home Ownership Credit (KPR) program. This KPR program is aimed at low-income people, which is called subsidized KPR. the number of banks implementing the KPR purchase program. This thesis research concerns the KPR transaction system carried out by BTN Syariah North Sumatra and a review of Islamic law on the KPR transaction system at BTN Syariah North Sumatra. This type of research uses normative legal research with a conceptual approach to understanding the KPR BTN Syariah transaction system that uses Islamic principles. The results and discussion of this research are the KPR transaction system carried out by BTN Syariah using the murabahah and istishna sale and purchase contracts. A legal review in Indonesia of this sale and purchase agreement is with 3 approaches consisting of the review of the terms of sale and purchase, the legal terms of sale and purchase, and the terms of buying and selling credit. For the Istishna contract, BTN Syariah cannot use this contract because BTN Syariah is not a producer but a trader. In conclusion, the KPR transaction scheme carried out by BTN Syariah is not essentially a sale and purchase of murabahah or istishna, but of accounts payable / qardh. Keywords: Indonesian law, mortgage, legal relief.

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Kairupan, David. "CORPORATE CONTROL TRANSACTION IN ACQUISITION UNDER THE INDONESIAN LAW." Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 39, no. 3 (July 19, 2017): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol39.no3.1511.

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Acquisition has been extensively regulated in the Indonesian Company Law and various implementing regulations. In general acquisition denotes a purchase of all or substantial shares of a company resulting in transfer of control of the company. However, the regulatory concept of share purchase transaction in acquisition has developed into the concept of corporatecontrol transaction. This paper observes to what extent the Indonesian corporate legislation regulates the corporate control transaction, in particular in the securities or capital market regulations.

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Lees, Gavin, and Malcolm Wright. "Does the duplication of viewing law apply to radio listening?" European Journal of Marketing 47, no. 3/4 (March 29, 2013): 674–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03090561311297535.

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Muhibbuddin, Muhibbuddin. "Credit: An Islamic Law Perspective." Al-Mizan 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30603/am.v13i2.912.

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This study aims to examine the legal status of credit sale and purchase. This phenomenon is inseparable from the context of Islamic legal thinking about the legal status of the credit financing system with the addition of prices. Buying and selling credibility is one alternative for consumers to own the goods they want. The results of the study showed that there were three views of scholars regarding the legal status of the credit system sale and purchase, namely: a view that absolutely forbids, can be absolutely, and tafshil (between neutral and forbidden). The author argues that the issue of buying and selling credit is something that is not mentioned in the Qur'an, so that this authority is returned to the community, as long as it does not violate the Islamic business ethics, and there is mutual willingness to conduct transactions. Moreover, buying and selling credit is a bigger problem.

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Quinn, David. "The Law and Norms of the European Central Bank as Sovereign Lender of Last Resort: Crystallising Endogenous Authority." European Constitutional Law Review 17, no. 1 (March 2021): 78–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019621000031.

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Authority of the European Central Bank (the Bank) over its operational norms in the eyes of market actors – Exogenous and endogenous authority and legitimacy – The reconciliation by the Bank and the Court of Justice of the EU (the Court) of the pre-existing norm and political-economic reality with Article 123 TFEU – Sovereign lender of last resort – Eurozone Crisis – Outright Monetary Transactions (OMT) – Public Sector Purchase Programme (PSPP) – Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme (PEPP)

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Sams, Gary. "Compulsory purchase and compensation update 2017." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 35, no. 5 (August 7, 2017): 528–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-06-2017-0043.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide an annual update on case law relating to compulsory purchase and compensation. Design/methodology/approach Researching decisions made by the Court of Appeal and Upper Tribunal (Lands Chamber) in the field of compensation. Commentary on the legal and valuation implications of a selection of those cases is provided. Findings In the last year, there have been a number of interesting cases concerning residual valuations, blight caused by HS2, and Tree Preservation Orders. Research limitations/implications The research is limited by the case law available in the last 12 months and this has been a relatively quiet year. Practical implications The commentary should assist practitioners to formulate claims for compensation having regard to recent developments in case law. Originality/value Its originality and value lies in the fact that it is based on recent legal decisions which have not yet been widely reported.

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Hilgert, Felix. "Withdrawal right waivers for in-game currency under EU law." Interactive Entertainment Law Review 2, no. 2 (December 2019): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/ielr.2019.02.04.

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Consumers in the EU have a discretionary withdrawal right for online transactions. For 14 days (or longer, if they have not been properly informed of this right), they can cancel the contract and claim a refund. This right is generally mandatory and can only be contractually waived in advance in contracts for the provision of digital content. German courts have handed down a series of judgments confirming that virtual in-game currency qualifies as digital content for the purpose of this exception and clarifying the conditions under which such waivers can be obtained. Most decisions indicate waiver language can be integrated into the purchase flow prior to the final purchase decision, with some courts requiring a separate checkbox. One decision would force providers to implement separate consent mechanisms after the consumer has made the purchase but before the virtual currency is made available to them. In any event, implementing the requirements set out by German courts also requires the cooperation of distribution platforms.

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Schanze, Erich. "Best Efforts in the Taxonomy of Obligation – The Case of the EU Vaccine Contracts." German Law Journal 22, no. 6 (September 2021): 1133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/glj.2021.50.

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AbstractThe purchase of Covid-19 vaccines by the EU Commission as agent for the Member States has caused substantial political discussion, including a lawsuit against the producer AstraZeneca in Brussels in 2021. The article looks at these purchase contracts as examples for a problematic use of “best efforts“ clauses in commercial contracting, considering some key jurisdictions. The clauses are discussed from a drafting perspective, including their function and their theoretical background in comparative law. It concludes with a primer for the drafting process, looking at some basic contracting schemes for softening or intensifying obligations.

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Pangondian, Daniel. "Analysis And Design Of Accounting Information System Of Purchase Of Credit Spare Parts In PT. Sumber Batu." Journal of Sosial Science 1, no. 5 (November 25, 2020): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.46799/jsss.v1i5.25.

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This research was conducted at PT. Sumber Batu which is engaged in contracting. Activities carried out by the company, one of which is the purchase of spare parts on credit. The implementation of the accounting system for purchasing spare parts on credit has not yet fully carried out activities in accordance with internal controls. Data collection was carried out using interview and observation techniques. The analysis conducted was a qualitative descriptive analysis by analyzing and designing Flowcharts, Data Flow Diagrams (DFD), Entity Relationship Diagrams (ERD), and Normalization. Based on research that has been done, researchers can draw the conclusion that there is no duplication of functions applied to the procedure for purchasing spare parts on credit, Keywords : Information System Accounting, Credit Purchases, Internal Control Systems

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Djordjevic, Aleksandar. "Sale and purchase of real estate in ancient Russian law." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Nis 56, no. 77 (2017): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfni1777037d.

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Rudolph, Kara E., Elizabeth A. Stuart, Jon S. Vernick, and Daniel W. Webster. "Association Between Connecticut’s Permit-to-Purchase Handgun Law and Homicides." American Journal of Public Health 105, no. 8 (August 2015): e49-e54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2015.302703.

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Ekberg, Gunilla. "The Swedish Law that Prohibits the Purchase of Sexual Services." Violence Against Women 10, no. 10 (October 2004): 1187–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801204268647.

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Ambagtsheer, Frederike, and Linde Van Balen. "‘I’m not Sherlock Holmes’: Suspicions, secrecy and silence of transplant professionals in the human organ trade." European Journal of Criminology 17, no. 6 (January 18, 2019): 764–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370818825331.

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This article presents the results of a qualitative interview study amongst 41 Dutch transplant professionals. The overarching aim was to acquire in-depth understanding of transplant professionals’ experiences with and attitudes towards patients who purchase kidneys. We found that transplant professionals occasionally treat patients who are suspected of kidney purchases abroad. However, they turn a blind eye to their patients’ suspected purchases. Secrecy and silence function as a tacit agreement between patients and their caregivers that keeps the subject of kidney purchase at a safe distance and allows transplant professionals to ignore its suspected occurrence. They thus participate in the building of walls of secrecy and silence in the organ trade.

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Soebowo, Pringgo, Endang Prasetyawati, and Moch Isnaeni. "Legal Construction of Sale and Purchase of Land in Indonesia in the Perspective of Act No. 5 of 1960 Concerning Basic Regulations on Agrarian Principles." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 7, no. 8 (September 30, 2020): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v7i8.1999.

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The sale and purchase of land-based on customary law in daily practice is still practiced by some people in Indonesia. The sale and purchase of land in customary law adhere to the principle of "tunai and terang" which means that the handover of rights by the seller is carried out simultaneously with payment by the buyer and immediately the rights have transferred. This research discusses the Ratio legis of the use of the principle of "tunai and terang" in the sale and purchase of land in Indonesia. The research method used is normative legal research with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach as a problem approach method. The results showed that the use of "tunai and terang" in the formation of sale and purchase agreements for land rights in Indonesia is because UUPA accommodates Customary Law as the basis for the National Land Law. The existence of cash and light principles is expected to provide legal protection for sellers and buyers.

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Kurniawan, Danang. "Prespektif Hukum Islam Tentang Jual Beli Pakaian Bekas." TAWAZUN : Journal of Sharia Economic Law 2, no. 1 (August 24, 2019): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/tawazun.v2i1.5640.

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We can get used clothing in today's era, especially big cities, but there are some people who still doubt the law of buying and selling used clothing. Learn how to buy used clothes according to the perspective of Islamic law. This is a literature study, by collecting data from various sources (Al-Qur'an, Hadith, Ijma 'and related literature books) and analyzed descriptively. Results of purchase-use-imposed-conditions; (1) harmony and conditions of sale and purchase. (2) the practice of khiyar (choosing), in this case, the purchase of the buyer gets at the time of purchase, purchase or after before the surrender is entitled to khiyar, but agrees in the transaction which both parties know and are mutually willing then do not need to represent khiyar. This research is expected to be able to provide benefits in the development of Islamic economics related to buying and selling used clothing, in the perspective of Islamic law. Practically beneficial for sellers and buyers for buying and selling activities without any doubt.

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Lu, Meili, Zuoliang Ye, and Yufei Yan. "Research on e-commerce customer repeat purchase behavior and purchase stickiness." Nankai Business Review International 9, no. 3 (August 6, 2018): 331–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nbri-05-2017-0026.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the regularity of the e-commerce customer repeat purchase behavior, and provide new ideas and methods for e-commerce vendor’s e-commerce customer management. Design/methodology/approach Through analysis of the priority in activity mechanism and new customers’ dynamic growth in customer’s purchase behavior, this paper builds a model of the customer’s purchase frequency, which can be verified by the empirical data gathered from www.taobao.com, www.jd.com, www.yhd.com and www.amazon.com. Findings This paper discovers the regularity that the customer’s purchase frequency obeys power law distribution. Empirical data show that this model can represent the real repeat purchase process well. At the same time, it provides the theoretical basis for the vendor regional management by introducing the concept of stickiness and the corresponding methods of calculation. Research/limitations/implications This study only focuses on the basic model of e-commerce customer’s repeat purchase and lack of study on influence factors about the characteristics of different vendors and it needs to make extensions considering fluctuation of new customers, or customer aging and loss. Practical/implications This study provides a theoretical basis for vendor to take different marketing strategies through classifying customers based on the characteristic of purchase stickiness. Originality/value The definition and calculation method of purchase stickiness is put forward for the first time, and the value of purchase stickiness changes with the number of purchase. It provides the theoretical basis for the vendor regional management, and will be good for further studying the e-commerce market about customer’s purchase behavior.

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Putri, Sesa Merindah, and Endang Pandamdari. "AKIBAT HUKUM PEMBATALAN AKTA PERJANJIAN PENGIKATAN JUAL BELIi (PPJB) YANG DiKERJAKAN OLEH DEBITUR TANPA MEMENUHI PRESTASI DALAM PERJANJIAN (STUDI PUTUSAN NOMOR: 571/PDT/2017/PT.BDG)." Jurnal Hukum Adigama 2, no. 1 (July 27, 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/adigama.v2i1.5274.

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The agreement is an event in which a person pledges to another person to know where two people promise to do one thing. to be able to make an agreement then it must fulfill the legal requirements of an agreement set forth in article 1320 of the law of civil law. upon fulfillment of the parties may enter into a sale and purchase agreement where prior to the sale and purchase of the parties entered into a preliminary agreement which is commonly referred to as the sale and purchase agreement. in the execution of the sale and purchase agreement of the parties sometimes does not conform to what is entered into in the agreement, so the agreement can be canceled by the party. the factor is affecting cancellation of deed and sale and purchase agreement are the sale price agreed upon in the agreement not being repaid by the buyer until the agreed period of time.

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Harrington, Brooke. "The Purchase of Intimacy. By Viviana Zelizer." Law & Society Review 41, no. 4 (December 2007): 993–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5893.2007.00331_6.x.

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Aitken, Lee. "Loan funds and the trustee's profit." Legal Studies 13, no. 3 (November 1993): 371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.1993.tb00492.x.

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A trustee or fiduciary may mix trust money with his own, purchase property, and make a profit upon its sale when the property subsequently increases in value. Frequently, however, the trustee will use the misapplied money in order to raise further funds by way of a loan with which he then purchases the property. In the first case, equity’s conventional approach is to apportion the increase in value rateably between the funds from the trust and the trustee’s own contribution so that the trust obtains that proportion of the profit derived which the misapplied funds bear to the purchase price. This result flows from the decision of Hudson J in the Supreme Court of victoria in Scott v Scott from which no cross-appeal was taken to the High Court of Australia.

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Ariella, Livia Cindy, and Endang Pandamdari. "PENYALAHGUNAAN PEMBERIAN KUASA UNTUK MENJUAL DALAM PERJANJIAN PENGIKATAN JUAL BELI (PPJB) OLEH PENERIMA KUASA (CONTOH KASUS : PUTUSAN MAHKAMAH AGUNG NOMOR 1846/K/PDT/2017)." Jurnal Hukum Adigama 2, no. 1 (July 25, 2019): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/adigama.v2i1.5262.

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A sale and purchase agreement is one of the most frequently made agreements. One of the most traded objects is land. According to customary law, land sale and purchase is a legal act of transferring land rights. The legal act of sale and purchase is carried out by a land deed official who has the authority to make a sale and purchase deed. Sometimes, the sale and purchase deed cannot be made because there are conditions that have not been fulfilled, so the parties first make a preliminary agreement called the binding sale and purchase agreement. Usually, the binding sale and purchase agreement is followed by power of attorney to sell. The formulation of the problem in this thesis is whether the inclusion of the power of attorney to sell is permissible, and if the recipient of the power of attorney misuses the power, what form of legal protection can be given to the authorizer. The author uses normative legal research methods that are supported by interviews to answer these problems. The inclusion of a power of attorney to sell within the binding sale and purchase agreement is permitted as long as it is not an absolute power that is prohibited by law. Legal protection that can be given to the authorizer is divided into two forms: preventive protection, a legal protection aimed at preventing the occurrence of disputes, and repressive protection, a protection that serves to resolve in the event of a dispute.

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Ding, Shuiping, Jie Lin, and Zhenyu Zhang. "Influences of Reference Group on Users’ Purchase Intentions in Network Communities: From the Perspective of Trial Purchase and Upgrade Purchase." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 18, 2020): 10619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410619.

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Reference group is an important factor influencing users’ purchase in the network communities. The reference group’s influences involve informative influence and normative influence, and users’ purchases are divided into the trial purchase and upgrade purchase. In different purchases, users have different product information, consumer experience, and purchase attitudes, making different responses to the reference group. Thus, a research model of reference groups’ influences on users’ purchase intentions from the perspective of trial purchase and upgrade purchase is constructed. The model and hypotheses are tested by analyzing 349 valid questionnaires. The results indicate that both informative and normative influences have significant positive effects on users’ trial purchase intentions. Informative influence has a significant positive effect on users’ upgrade intentions, while the normative influence on users’ upgrade purchase intentions is not significant. Both informative influence and normative influence have significant positive effects on trust in the product. Trust in the product has a significant positive effect on trial purchase intentions, but its effect on upgrade purchase intentions is not significant. Purchase involvement positively regulates the relationship between informative influence and trial purchase intentions and negatively regulates the relationship between informative influence and upgrade purchase intentions. The results further enrich the theoretical system of users’ purchase behaviors in a virtual environment. The research can also have important implications for network communities wishing to improve online marketing.

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Anesbury, Zachary, Yolanda Nguyen, and Svetlana Bogomolova. "Getting a “sweet” deal: does healthfulness of a sub-brand influence consumer loyalty?" European Journal of Marketing 52, no. 9/10 (September 10, 2018): 1802–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-04-2017-0285.

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PurposeIncreasing and maintaining the population’s consumption of healthful food may hinder the global obesity pandemic. The purpose of this paper is to empirically test whether it is possible for healthful sub-brands to achieve higher consumer behavioural loyalty than their less healthful counterparts.Design/methodology/approachThe study analysed three years of consumer panel data detailing all purchases from five consumer goods categories for 15,000 UK households. The analysis uses best-practice techniques for measuring behavioural loyalty: double jeopardy, polarisation index, duplication of purchase and user profile comparisons. Each sub-brand’s healthfulness was objectively coded.FindingsDespite the level of healthfulness, all sub-brands have predictable repeat purchase patterns, share customers as expected and have similar user profiles as each other. The size of the customer base, not nutrition content, is, by far, the biggest determinant of loyalty levels.Research limitations/implicationsConsumers do not show higher levels of loyalty to healthful sub-brands, or groups of healthful sub-brands. Nor do they buy less healthful sub-brands less often (as a “treat”). There are also no sub-groups of (health conscious) consumers who would only purchase healthful options.Practical implicationsSub-brands do not have extraordinarily loyal or disloyal customers because of their healthfulness. Marketers need to focus on growing sub-brands by increasing their customer base, which will then naturally grow consumer loyalty towards them.Originality/valueThis research brings novel evidence-based knowledge to an emerging cross-disciplinary area of health marketing. This is the first study comparing behavioural loyalty and user profiles towards objectively defined healthful/less healthful sub-brands.

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Kenedy, Gigih Bella Wicaksono, and Lathifah Hanim. "Act Making Mechanisms Sale And Purchase Agreement (SPA) Public By Authentic As Evidence In The Process Of Transition Of Land." Jurnal Akta 7, no. 1 (May 15, 2020): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/akta.v7i1.7880.

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SPA is a preliminary agreement on the sale and purchase agreement whose existence is recognized by Law No 1 of 2011 on Housing and Settlement (as lex), an agreement of this kind can be allocated to the object of the agreement in the form of fixed objects. The journal aims to determine: 1) Mechanism Creation Act Sale and Purchase Agreement (SPA) by the Public in the process of transfer of rights on the ground. 2) As a result of the Law of Sale and Purchase Agreement (SPA) as an Agreement.The method of this journal Sociological Juridical approach. Data were collected from literature research and field research. Data collection tool is the study of literature and interviews. Data was analyzed using qualitative approach by using inductive-deductive logic thinking.The results showed that: 1) Making mechanism Sale and Purchase Agreement (SPA) by the Public in the transition process of land rights by submitting the data themselves form: ID, KK, Certificate etc. From the data obtained all the documents submitted Copied accordance with the original, which will be attached to the Minutes of Deed Sale and Purchase Agreement (SPA) 2) The legal consequences of the Sale and Purchase Agreement (SPA) as a preliminary agreement (voor overeenkomst) is binding on the party who made it, where the parties both sellers and prospective buyers agreed to purchase land and buildings.Keywords: Transition on Land; Sale; SPA.

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Ezrachi, Ariel, and Mark Williams. "Competition Law and the Regulation of Buyer Power and Buyer Cartels in China and Hong Kong." Asian Journal of Comparative Law 9 (January 1, 2014): 295–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2194607800001010.

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AbstractThe paper focuses on the application of competition law in HK and China to buying alliances and buyer cartels in intermediate markets. The discussion set to clarify the legality, under the competition provisions, of purchase price fixing agreements between buyers.

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Fernando, Fernando, and Gunawan Djajaputra. "KEABSAHAN PERJANJIANiJUALiBELIsDENGANiHAKiMEMBELI KEMBALIiATAS TANAH DAN BANGUNAN (STUDIsKASUS: PUTUSAN NOMOR 672/PEN/PDT/2017/PT.DKI JO. 359/PDT.G/2016/PN.JKT.UTR.)." Jurnal Hukum Adigama 2, no. 1 (July 24, 2019): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/adigama.v2i1.5253.

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The agreement is something that often happens in the community. In the making of agreement, ittis necessaryytoyknowythatythereyare conditions for the agreement to be valid, theelegaletermseofetheeagreement are stipulated in articlee1320eof IndonesiansCivillCode, spesifically agreeing, capable, certain matters and legal causes. in thersale sanddpurchase agreementewithetheerighttto repurchase land, it gives the seller a power to repurchase the land that he sold, but this is not known in the Basic Agrarian Law No. 5/1960, where in the Agrarian Law is based on customary law which adheres to a system of Clear, Cash and Real. So that in this case it gives legal uncertainty, but because the Book III of Indonesia Civil Code adheres to an open system where it can be ascertained from the principle of freedom of contract then theesaleeandepurchaseeagreementewithethe right toerepurchases valid, but the purchase and repurchase rights will become null and void if viewed from the side of the Basic Agrarian Law, so that the sale and purchase agreement with the right to repurchase in Indonesian Civil Code with the Basic Agrarian Law must be clearly separated. So if there is a dispute in it, accordance with jurisprudences regarding the sale and purchase agreement with the right to repurchase, where the purchase agreement with the right to repurchase land is absolutely null and void and becomes a debt agreement with land guarantee.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Duplication of purchase law'

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