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Arunajatesan, Srinivasan. "Numerical modeling of waste incineration in dump combustors." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/12332.
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Petružytė, Donata. "Waste pickers' way of life: case study of the dump of Kariotiškės." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20100204_100654-30021.
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Lithuanian dumps’ waste pickers are poorly studied group in our population. Therefore in the dissertation presented research is the first study of waste pickers as a social group in Lithuania. The research, introduced in this work, was devoted to explore way of life of people working in Kariotiškės dump in the context of waste pickers mode of life. The paper reveals nature of waste picking as a social phenomenon, deals with the historical, economic and social context. On the grounds of visual ethnographic study, carried out in 2006-2008, empirically is reconstructed way of life of people working in Kariotiškės dump. It addresses the following issues: work and earnings, the daily life and household, leisure, social organization, health and mortality, adjustment to the closure of dump. Thesis discloses way of life links between people working in Kariotiškės dump and other countries waste pickers and concludes that both Lithuanian and other countries waste pickers’ way of life is not a random set of patterns of daily life, but an expression of a specific waste pickers’ subculture.Lietuvos sąvartynuose dirbantys atliekų rinkėjai yra menkai tyrinėta mūsų visuomenės grupė. Tad šioje disertacijoje pristatomas tyrimas yra pirmas atliekų rinkėjų kaip visuomenės grupės tyrimas Lietuvoje. Disertacijoje pristatomu tyrimu buvo siekiama ištirti Kariotiškių sąvartyne dirbančių žmonių gyvenimo būdą atliekų rinkėjų gyvensenos kontekste. Darbe atskleidžiama atliekų rinkimo kaip socialinio fenomeno prigimtis, aptariamas istorinis, ekonominis ir socialinis jo kontekstas. 2006-2008 m. atlikto vizualinės etnografijos tyrimo pagrindu empiriškai rekonstruojama Kariotiškių sąvartyne dirbančių žmonių gyvensena. Nagrinėjami tokie jos aspektai: darbas ir uždarbis, kasdienis gyvenimas ir buitis, laisvalaikis, socialinė organizacija, sveikata ir mirtingumas, prisitaikymas prie sąvartyno uždarymo. Disertacijoje atskleidžiamos Kariotiškių sąvartyne dirbančių žmonių ir kitų šalių atliekų rinkėjų gyvensenos sąsajos ir prieinama išvados, kad tiek Lietuvos, tiek kitų šalių atliekų rinkėjų gyvensena yra ne atsitiktinis kasdienio gyvenimo įpročių rinkinys, o specifinės atliekų rinkėjų subkultūros raiška.
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Lin, Tai-Yi Debbie. "Modeling the 3D net infiltration distribution at the Equity Silver Mine waste dump." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/23635.
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The Equity Silver Mine site has been experiencing problems with ARD at its waste dump facility since 1981. A protective engineered soil cover was constructed over the top of the entire waste dump with the purpose of reducing ARD by impeding water and oxygen infiltration into the waste rock. Currently, there is a discrepancy between the 15% actual the 5% previously predicted infiltration. A new model illustrating the 3D net infiltration distribution over the surface of the Equity Silver Mine waste dump is presented in this thesis.
The 3D infiltration model was developed through the integration of soil-atmosphere moisture flux and slope energy modeling. Verified soil properties from previous Equity Silver Mine waste dump soil cover modeling were used, in combination with updated climate data, to carry out the model development. The 3D models show that the difference in net infiltration at various slopes across the waste dump can vary as much as 15%, with infiltration of up to 30% on the north-facing side. Approximate quantification for the total flow into the waste rock layer showed that for the year of 2004, there can be up to 12% of total annual precipitation. Furthermore, it was also established that 35% of total infiltration into the cover occurs through the horizontal and south-facing dump surfaces, while 65% of the infiltration occurs through the north-facing and other sloped surfaces. Infiltration and flow increased by 42% when sloped Qnet values were applied. Areas of high infiltration over the surface of the waste dump were consistent for all net infiltration models developed. With the high infiltrative problem areas identified, Equity Silver site personnel can now use the newly developed 3D net infiltration model to navigate the locations where soil cover improvement would need to be implemented.
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Atmosudirdjo, Aryani. "Simulation of Leachate Generation from a Waste Rock Dump in Kiruna Using HYDRUS-1D." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-379225.
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The percolation of water through waste rock dumps at mine sites can lead to the production of a leachate with high concentrations of dissolved metals, sulfate and nitrogen compounds. It is important to understand how water flows in waste rock dumps in order to predict the environmental impact of this leachate on recipients. The dynamics of percolation and leachate discharge are controlled by climatological conditions at the site, where relatively large flows in northern Sweden correspond to snowmelt during late Spring. Rock dumps are often tens of meters in height, resulting in an unsaturated water flow system through heterogeneous material. Hence, the simulation of leachate generation requires an accurate representation of the subsurface materials as well as the flow processes, where water flow in waste rock dumps is dominated by matrix flow with macropore flow being of secondary importance. Matrix flow is rather slow and may thus potentially yield relatively high concentrations of contaminants in the leachate, in response to precipitation and snow melt. This study uses Hydrus-1D to predict leachate generation from a small-scale waste rock dump in Kiruna in terms of discharge magnitude and timing. The 3-dimensional geometry of the waste rock dump is approximated by summing simulations from 1225 one-dimensional columns of different length, with a surface area of 1 m2 each. There are four output parameters that are compared between the model results and measured data: snow accumulation, water content, temperature, and discharge. There are some discrepancies between the model results and field measurements, most likely due to uncertainties in the input parameters (especially waste rock properties), limitations in the Hydrus-1D model (i.e. freeze-thaw dynamics), and assumptions that are used in constructing the conceptual model. For better agreement between model results and measured data, a new modelling approach is recommended, potentially using a different program than Hydrus-1D.
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Clark, Gillian K. "The fate of trace metals at the Garroch head sewage sludge dump site in the Firth of Clyde, Scotland." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328096.
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Roberts, H. A. "Landfills or dump sites? Status of landfill sites in the Free State Province, South Africa." Interim : Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol 13, Issue 2: Central University of Technology Free State Bloemfontein, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/295.
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Published ArticlesIncreased waste generation and poor waste disposal strategies are a global problem. In South Africa most provinces, and the larger municipalities and metros, seems to have the waste disposal and the landfills reasonably organized. This cannot be said of the landfills in the Free State Province, which could only be called dump sites. In the Free State Province a high unemployment level exists and a lack of finances is experienced by many members of the communities, especially in rural areas. Poverty levels is shown in a study by Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA SA), where it was recorded that 1.8 million (68%) of the people in the Free State Province are living in poverty and living on less than R15 per day. Data on the state of the landfill, types of waste generated which have potential to be recycled, were recorded to assess if recycling could be increased to relieve the economic burden of the poor communities. Attention was paid to the following aspects: assessing the current status of each landfill and identifying the types of waste generated in the area which ended up at the landfills. The extent of recycling and the waste handling and disposal of the waste were recorded. Non-compliance with the prescribed legislative guidelines were noted and aspects such as the state of the landfills, proper enclosure, burning of waste, recycling and products being recycled were identified and recorded. The waste disposal practices at most landfills were poor and very limited recycling was taking place. None of the landfills in the province complied with the minimum requirements for landfilling. Recommendations to improve waste disposal and identification of products with recycling potential were made. Alternative waste strategies which could be economically beneficial for the communities were recommended
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Šofr, Jan. "Modernizace systému nakládání s odpady." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-191974.
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The aim of this thesis is to suggest the right solution for the current situation of a disposal dump located close to the town of Lány in Middle Bohemia. There are two possible solutions how to continue with the project, either leaving the current state of the disposal dump or building an integrated centre for mechanical -- biological treatment of the waste. Taking into account economical calculations and other factors like time factor, investment amount, expected year profit, payback period, changes in european legislation and others, I have deciced to suggest one more solution. In my opinion the most efficient way for solving the situation is using financial support from Operational Programme Environment in a field Waste Management Improvement and buy composting and sorting line .
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Campos, Esparza Hugo. "Conflictos socioambientales asociados a los microbasurales : relaciones territoriales de un fenómeno común, caso comuna de El Quisco, Región de Valparaíso, Chile." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2018. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/170466.
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Memoria para optar al título de GeógrafoEn la comuna de El Quisco en la Región de Valparaíso, como en la mayoría de las comunas del país, no son ajenas las complicaciones que conlleva la gestión de los residuos, dichas complicaciones radican en el problema del florecimiento de microbasurales en diversos sectores del territorio comunal, que poseen ciertas características geográficas, sociales o sectoriales que pueden explicar su localización mediante el uso de los SIG. Sin embargo, la situación de los microbasurales no solo tienen explicaciones de su generación, sino que también suelen generar conflictos en la comunidad, el sector público y sectorialmente, como sucede con el turismo, principalmente en épocas estivales. Estos conflictos suelen expresarse de diversas formas y en distintas plataformas, pero tienden a invisibilizarse producto de la normalidad y de la cotidianeidad que estos han adquirido a través de los años y de la poca cultura ambiental que posee gran parte de la población nacional. De acuerdo a la ubicación, al tamaño, y a la población que habita los lugares donde se producen, algunos casos pueden generar tal cantidad de problemas graves, que se puede hablar de los microbasurales como generadores de un conflicto socioambiental.
In the commune of El Quisco in the Región de Valparaíso, as in most of the country's municipalities, are no stranger, the complications that involves the management of waste, this complications lies in the problem of the flowering of illegal dumping of waste in various sectors of the communal territory. Geography, social or sectoral networks can explain their location through the use of GIS. However, the situation of the illegal dumping of waste not only have explanations of their generation, but also often generate conflicts in the community, the public sector and sectorally, as it happens with tourism, mainly in the summer. These conflicts are usually a way of expressing the different forms and different platforms, but also a product of normality and everyday life that has been acquired over the years and the little environmental culture that has a large part of the national population. According to the location, the size, and the population that inhabits the places where they are produced, some cases can generate such amount of serious problems, that can talk about the fly-dumping as a socio-environmental conflict.
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Morais, Daisy Castro. "DESCRIÇÃO ECOEPIDEMIOLÓGICA DA COMUNIDADE DO LIXÃO MUNICIPAL DE IMPERATRIZ-MA." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2013. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/2921.
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Previous issue date: 2013-02-15The Landfills, beyond of to health problems with the proliferation of disease vectors, also constitute a serious social issue. Many poor people are dumpsters a form of livelihood and this environment is that these guys can survive. In this context the present study aims to describe the profile of the community eco epidemiologic Municipal Dump Imperatriz-MA, as well as the socioeconomic profile of the city scavengers; discover the sanitation and health of the community that lives municipal landfill and verify for differences in health conditions, work and health among groups of workers subdivided as education, sexual characteristics and age. The study is exploratory in nature with a quantitative approach. It was developed at the municipal dump Imperatriz-MA, 45 the subjects scavengers that community of a population of 51 families. We observed 42.2% (19) females and 57.8% (26) male, 91.2% (41) to receive 0
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Filho, Nilo André Bernardi. "Subsídios bibliográficos para utilização de lixão desativado para disposição final de resíduos sólidos gerados no setor calçadista do município de Jaú - SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-21042006-233933/.
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Com o advento da geração do consumo e conforto, depara-se hoje com o aumento exponencial da quantidade de resíduos sólidos, que são lançados em áreas nem sempre apropriadas. Cada vez mais, e em função do crescimento, os administradores das cidades estão encontrando dificuldades para escolher áreas próprias para a destinação final dos resíduos sólidos, causando inúmeros impactos ambientais, áreas estas, que muitas vezes se apresentam no caminho do crescimento municipal. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa estuda a possibilidade de utilização de áreas anteriormente degradadas pela disposição de resíduos sólidos, como alternativa locacional para disposição de resíduos sólidos, gerados pelo setor calçadista do municipio de Jaú-SP, após a recuperação da mesma. Este estudo vai ser realizado no lixão de Jaú, onde deverão ser coletadas amostras de água em poços de monitoramento localizados no entorno da área e amostras de chorume. Um dos alicerces que sustenta um município e proporciona desenvolvimento ao mesmo, é o crescimento do setor industrial, já que seus habitantes precisam de uma ocupação e serem remunerados dignamente por ela. O município de Jaú gera nas suas indústrias cerca de 30 toneladas diárias de resíduos sólidos, sendo 60% proveniente de indústrias calçadistas, o que torna a pesquisa interessante, já que serão analisados dados que envolverão o resultado do descarte de resíduos sólidos, durante vários anos e seu comportamento após esse período.With the onset of consumption and comfort generation, exponential increase of solid waste quantities can be seen, which are dumped in not always adequate areas. More and more, and due to urban growth, municipal administrators are facing difficulties in choosing adequate areas for final disposal of solid waste, causing uncountable environmental impacts, such as areas which often show up as a result of urban growth. From this viewpoint, this research studies the feasibility of using areas which have formerly been degraded by disposal of solid waste, as alternative sites for a disposal of solid waste from the shoe manufacturing sector in the municipality of Jaú-SP, after their recovery. This study shall be carried out at the garbage dump of Jaú, where water samples shall be taken from monitoring wells placed around the area, as well samples of leachate. One of the pillars which supports any municipality and promotes its development is the growth of the industrial sector, since the inhabitants need jobs and decent wages. The industries in the municipality of Jaú produce about 30 tons of solid waste daily, whereof 60% come from the shoe manufacturers, which makes this study quite interesting due to analyses of data which involve the result of solid waste dumping for a period of several years and its behavior after this period of time.
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Deusdará, Mariana Coelho. "Avaliação da qualidade da água do Córrego Sombrio a jusante do depósito de resíduos sólidos urbanos de Ponte Nova MG." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2011. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/3767.
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Previous issue date: 2011-08-31The final disposal of municipal solid wastes in inadequate areas, like dumping sites, represents great risk for the environmental quality and for public health. Therefore, the present work intended to assess the superficial water quality in the surround area of Ponte Nova MG dump site: in three points on Sombrio Stream downstream the dump site, one water nascent upstream and the leachate of the stabilization pond. It was analyzed physical, chemical and microbiological parameters in the water and in the leachate and the results were compared with the limits concentrations recommended by CONAMA Resolution 357/2005. It was also analyzed the metal content on the sediments of the monitoring points on the stream and on the stabilization pond´s sludge and the results were compared with the CONAMA Resolution 344/2004. Moreover, it was also analyzed the metal content on the ichthyofauna on a pay fishing establishment, located at about 1,5 km of the dump site, and the results were compared with the Sanitary Agency law Portaria ANVISA 685/98. In general, it can be said that the water in Sombrio Stream is not with its quality severely impaired, although, there are evidences that it is being impacted by the dump site.
A disposição final de resíduos sólidos urbanos em áreas inadequadas, como lixões, representa um grande risco para a qualidade ambiental e para a saúde pública. Dessa maneira, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a qualidade da água superficial do entorno do lixão de Ponte Nova MG, em três pontos no Córrego Sombrio: a jusante do lixão, em uma nascente a montante e a lagoa de estabilização do lixão. Foram avaliados parâmetros físicos, químicos e microbiológicos na água e no lixiviado e os resultados foram comparados com os limites para corpos de água classe 2 estabelecidos na Resolução CONAMA 357/05. Foi avaliado, também, o teor de metais nos sedimentos dos pontos de amostragem e no lodo da lagoa de estabilização e os resultados foram comparados com os valores orientadores da Resolução CONAMA 344/04. Além disso, foi avaliada a concentração de metais na ictiofauna do Pesque-Pague Sombrio, localizado a, aproximadamente, 1,5 km do lixão e, os resultados foram comparados com os limites preconizados pela Portaria 685/98 da ANVISA. De uma maneira geral, pode-se concluir que a qualidade da água do Córrego Sombrio apresenta indícios de contaminação pelo lixão.
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Oliveira, Ana Carolina Eugênio de. "Avaliação de emissões fugitivas de biogás na camada de cobertura do aterro sanitário da CTR de Nova Iguaçu e do Lixão de Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7647.
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No Brasil, se espera ter até 2014, de acordo com o prazo da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, todos os lixões erradicados e os resíduos sólidos urbanos gerados depositados em aterros sanitários. Atualmente, os projetos de aterros sanitários dão oportunidade para um nicho de mercado, o da fonte de geração de energia. Um parâmetro de controle da poluição do ar causada pelos aterros sanitários são as chamadas camadas de cobertura. Nesse contexto, é de fundamental importância o estudo de camadas de cobertura de resíduos por ser um importante elemento de projeto para evitar ou minimizar a poluição do ar devido aos gases gerados em aterros sanitários de resíduos sólidos, já que é o elo existente entre o ambiente interno dos resíduos e a atmosfera. A presente pesquisa aborda o comportamento dos gases em relação à camada de cobertura existentes na CTR de Nova Iguaçu e no Lixão remediado de Seropédica. Foram realizados ensaios de Placa de Fluxo, medição de pressão e concentração dos gases no contato solo-resíduo e emissões dos gases pelos drenos, além das análises de solo in situ e em laboratório. Os ensaios foram realizados de outubro a novembro de 2012. Os resultados indicaram uma inexistência de fluxo de gases pela camada de cobertura, que possui 1,10 m de espessura, do lixão de Seropédica, sendo encontrado apenas fluxo nos drenos. Na CTR Nova Iguaçu, foi verificada que praticamente a inexistência de fluxo de gases com o sistema de gás ligado, mesmo possuindo uma camada de cobertura de 0,8 m.In Brazil, according to the timeframe given by the National Policy of Solid Waste, by 2014, every dump will be eradicated and every municipal solid waste generated will be deposited in landfills. Currently, the landfill projects provide an opportunity for the market, which is a source of energy. A parameter of control of the air pollution caused by landfills is called cover layers. In this context, it is important the study of the cover layers to avoid or minimized the air pollution due to gases generated in landfills, which is the link between the solid waste and the atmosphere. This research addresses the behavior of the gases in relation to the cover layers on the CTR Nova Iguaçu and Dump of Seropédica. Six test trials of the Flux chamber, pressure measurement and concentration of gases in the soil-residue contact and emissions of gases through the drains, in addition to in situ soil analysis and laboratory analysis. The tests trials were performed from October, 2012 to November, 2012. The results indicated no gas flow through the cover layer, which has a thickness of 1.10 m, of the dump of Seropédica, where the gas flow was only encountered through the drains. In CTR Nova Iguaçu, the gas flow was almost inexistent, even having a cover layer of thickness of 0.8 m.
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Solera, Maria Lucia. "Desenvolvimento e avaliação de modelos estruturais de bioengenharia de solos para revegetar talude de pilha de estéril na mineração a céu aberto." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/153396.
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A mineração representa um importante setor na economia promovendo diversos benefícios econômicos e sociais ao país. Ainda que apresente impactos positivos, os cenários da degradação originados pela atividade minerária causam impactos negativos ao meio ambiente, dificultando a recuperação da área degradada. Esta pesquisa discute a aplicabilidade da bioengenharia de solos como estratégia promissora para recuperar um talude de pilha de estéril. Esse talude está constituído por materiais de diferentes granulometrias, alta declividade e elevado índices de vazios, características físicas que podem afetar o desenvolvimento ou mesmo a recolonização da vegetação nativa por processos naturais de sucessão. Três modelos estruturais de bioengenharia de solos denominados de guirlanda, colmeia e retentor foram confeccionados para reter mistura de solo-substrato/sementes de Crotalaria juncea, Mucuna aterrina e Cajanus cajan como adubos verdes visando à produção de matéria orgânica e promover as condições necessárias para posterior revegetação do talude. Os resultados obtidos com aplicação dos índices desenvolvidos para avaliar os modelos indicam que a guirlanda apresentou melhor resultado, destacando-se a baixa dificuldade de instalação do modelo no talude, a baixa dificuldade de preenchimento do solo-substrato/sementes no modelo e o alto desenvolvimento da adubação verde. O segundo melhor desempenho foi alcançado pelo modelo retentor seguido pelo modelo colmeia com o pior desempenho. Na análise dos bioindicadores ambientais do solo, a guirlanda apresentou melhor resultado na produção da matéria orgânica, em número de morfoespécies e em numero de indivíduos da fauna edáfica, seguindo pelos modelos retentor e colmeia. Os critérios preestabelecidos especificamente para avaliar esses modelos indicam potencial de aplicabilidade em futuros projetos de pesquisas para recuperar situações similares de degradação em áreas de mineração a céu aberto.
Mining represents an important sector in the economy promoting many economic and social benefits to the country. Although this represents positive impacts, the degradation scenarios originated by the mining activity cause negative impacts to the environment, which difficult the recovery of the degraded area. This research discusses the applicability of soil bioengineering as a promising strategy for recovering a slope of a waste dump. This slope consists of materials of different granulometries, high slope and high void ratio, physical characteristics that can hinder the development or even the recolonization of native vegetation by natural succession processes. Three soil bioengineering structural models, named as guirlanda, colmeia and retentor were made to retain a mix of soilsubstrate and seeds of Crotalaria juncea, Mucuna aterrina and Cajanus cajan as green manures for the production of organic matter and to promote the necessary conditions for future revegetation of the slope. The results obtained with application of the indices developed to assess the models indicate that guirlanda presented the best results, with highlights for the low difficulty in installing the model on the slope, the low difficulty of filling the model with the mix of soil-substrate and seeds and the high development of green manure. The second best performance was achieved by retentor model followed by the worst performing colmeia model. In the analysis of soil environmental bioindicators, guirlanda presented better results in the production of organic matter, in number of morphospecies and in number of individuals of the edaphic fauna, followed by the models retentor and colmeia. The specifically pre-established criteria to assess these models indicate the potential applicability in future research projects to recover similar situations of degradation in open pit mining areas.
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Coimbra, Juliana Baptista. "Avaliação de impactos na saúde ocasionados pela destinação final de resíduos sólidos: o lixão e a unidade de triagem e compostagem como cenários de exposição." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2013. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/3804.
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Previous issue date: 2013-07-12Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
This study aimed to assess the health risks of disposal of solid waste generated in municipalities; as well as elucidate the relationship between environmental quality changes occurring in the areas surrounding these sites and correlated diseases. Data collection took place in the cities of Coimbra and Rodeiro, both in Minas Gerais, characterized, respectively, by the disposal of solid waste in open dump and in units of sorting and composting plant. Thus, the survey was conducted in neighborhoods located around these areas. A crosssectional epidemiological study was used, with the exposure factor being the proximity to the final disposal site, and the unit of study was children aged up to 10 years. The exposure levels were defined according to the distances from the place of treatment/disposal, of wich: from zero to 500m: high exposure; from 500 to 1000m: moderate exposure; and distance greater than 1000m: group unexposed. Data collection was done through the application of two questionnaires: one regarding housing and other regarding children. In housing data were collected socioeconomic conditions, water conditions, sewerage, solid waste management, family healthy and the presence of vectors. With regard to children, the main healthy indicators used were the prevalence of diarrheal diseases and nutritional status. The results showed discontent of the population living in the surrounding areas of the disposal units in both cities, which they feel harmed by the increased of odor and the appearance of vectors assigned to them as begin from the units studied. More problems were reported in Rodeiro, where the final disposition was done in a dump, confirming the assumption that this type of destination is more harmful. With respect to health indicators expressed by the incidence of diarrhea, an increased tendency was found in areas of high exposure, however it was also observed that the inadequate hygiene habits had higher percentage in these sites compared to the other areas studied.
A realização deste estudo teve por objetivo avaliar os riscos para a saúde da destinação final dos resíduos sólidos gerados nas municipalidades; bem como elucidar a relação existente entre as alterações da qualidade ambiental ocorrentes nas áreas vizinhas a estes locais e as doenças correlatas. Os levantamentos dos dados ocorreram nas cidades de Rodeiro e Coimbra, ambas em Minas Gerais, caracterizadas, respectivamente, pela disposição dos resíduos sólidos a céu aberto em lixão ou vazadouro e disposição final de resíduos em usina de triagem e compostagem (UTC). Assim, a pesquisa foi realizada nos bairros localizados no entorno dessas áreas. Utilizou-se um estudo epidemiológico do tipo transversal, tendo como fator de exposição a proximidade com o local de disposição final e como unidade de estudo as crianças com idade de até 10 anos. Os níveis de exposição foram definidos de acordo com as distâncias em relação ao local de tratamento e/ou destinação final, sendo: de zero a 500m: alta exposição; de 500 a 1.000m: exposição moderada; e distância maior que 1.000m: grupo não exposto. A coleta de dados foi feita por meio da aplicação de dois questionários: um referente às moradias e outro às crianças. Nas moradias foram levantados dados socioeconômicos, as condições de abastecimento de água, esgotamento sanitário, manejo dos resíduos sólidos, saúde da família e a presença de vetores. Com relação às crianças, os principais indicadores de saúde utilizados foram a prevalência por enfermidades diarreicas e o estado nutricional. Por meio dos resultados verificou-se descontentamento da população que vive no entorno das unidades de disposição final em ambas as cidades, as quais se sentem prejudicadas com o aumento de mau cheiro e aparecimento de vetores, atribuídos por eles às unidades em estudo. Problemas maiores foram relatados em Rodeiro, onde a disposição final é realizada em um lixão, confirmando a premissa de que esse tipo de destinação é mais prejudicial. Com relação aos indicadores de saúde expressos pela incidência de diarreia, constatou-se maior ocorrência nas áreas de alta exposição. No entanto, observou-se também que os hábitos de higiene inadequados foram percentualmente superiores nestes locais, quando comparados às outras áreas estudadas.
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Henderson, Susan Jane. "Analysis of the long-term slope stability of waste-rock dumps /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phh4972.pdf.
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Bode, Ralf. "Auslaugung anorganischer Schadstoffe aus Abfall- und Altlastmaterialien." Doctoral thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B310-C.
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Sekhohola, Lerato M. "Evaluation of Fungcoal as a bioprocess technology for self-cladding of waste coal dumps." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1019992.
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Low-grade coal, a poor source of energy, has long been regarded as waste material by the coal mining industry. Biological degradation of this coal material by ligninolytic fungal strains presents a viable strategy towards eliminating this unusable fossil fuel. To this end, a novel and patented bioprocess termed Fungcoal was developed. Fungcoal is a biological process utilised in the in situ treatment of waste coal and is based on the mutualistic relationship between the fungus Neosartorya fischeri and the graminaceous species Cynodon dactylon. The process facilitates the rapid conversion of waste coal into soil-like material that stimulates establishment of vegetation for eventual coal dump rehabilitation. While a number of in vitro studies have identified various fungal strains as efficient coal degraders, the mechanisms involved in the Fungcoal-stimulated degradation process have not been fully elucidated. Furthermore, implementation of Fungcoal at both pilot and commercial scale has not been achieved. Thus the objective of this work was to investigate Fungcoal as a bioprocess via examining the role of coal degrading fungi (CDF) and grasses as biocatalysts in coal biodegradation and for the self-cladding of waste coal dumps. Initially, waste coal degradation by N. fischeri, strain ECCN 84, was investigated, specifically focusing on the mechanisms underpinning the process. In vitro studies showed the addition of waste coal induced active fungal colonisation resulting in increased fungal biomass. Increased extracellular laccase (LAC) activity, occuring concomitantly with an increase in hyphal peroxisome proliferation, was also observed in the coal supplied fungal cultures. Analysis of the colonised waste coal revealed a time dependent reduction in the percentage weight of elemental carbon coupled with an increase in elemental oxygen. The results supported metabolism and degradation of waste coal by N. fischeri strain ECCN 84 and involvement of fungal extracellular laccase. The contribution of C. dactylon, a C4 grass species to in situ biodegradation of waste coal in the presence of coal degrading and mycorrhizal fungi (MF) was also investigated. Enhanced degradation of the waste coal into a humic soil-like material was observed within the rhizosphere. Analysis of the resultant substrate revealed an increased concentration of highly oxidised humic-like substances (HS). Fungi remained viable in the rhizosphere up to 47 weeks post-inoculation and cultivation of C. dactylon, indicating the resultant humic substance-rich rhizosphere provided an environment conducive for microbial proliferation and activity. Furthermore, humic substance enrichment of waste coal substrates supported germination and seedling emergence of several agronomic species including Zea mays (corn), Phaseolus vulgaris (bean), Pisum sativum (pea), and Spinacia oleracea (spinach). Use of various cladding materials to support coal biodegradation, by fungus-grass mutualism and rehabilitation of waste dumps was evaluated at commercial scale. While substantial physico-chemical changes were not evident in the absence of cladding or where waste coal was used as cladding material, successful establishment of grass cover and diversity was achieved within three hydrological cycles on dumps cladded with weathered coal. Work presented in this thesis successfully demonstrates the degradation of waste coal by N. fischeri. The biodegradation process included enhanced extracellular LAC activity coupled with increased 3 waste coal oxidation. Increased HS concentration of waste coal substrate supported germination and early seedling establishment of several agronomic species. At commercial scale a co-substrate in the form of carbon-rich weathered coal was essential to support fungus-grass mutualism and Fungcoal-induced rehabilitation. These findings support the developed Fungcoal concept and the underpinning rationale that the phyto-biodegradation of waste coal indeed depends on the mutualistic interactions between grass root exudates and the ligninolytic and mycorrhizal fungi. Taken together, these findings provide practical evidence of the contribution of fungi and grasses as mutualists in the biodegradation of waste coal and sustainable rehabilitation of waste coal dumps
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Chikusa, Chimwemwe Mainsfield. "Pollution caused by mine dumps and its control." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005603.
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All mine dumps are a point source of either physical, chemical or both forms of pollution. Physical pollution includes the physical site coverage of the dump, slumping of parts of the dams and dust that may originate from it (air pollution). Chemical pollution from, or related to the mine dumps include the dominant acid drainage (which contains heavy metals), radioactivity, electromagnetic radiation, noise and chemicals released from the mineral processing stage. In one way or the other, exposure to these pollution forms is detrimental to the human health and his environment. It is this fact that urges the public, government and the responsible mining companies to find ways of monitoring the pollution and stopping it, preferably at the source. Where it can not be stopped, techniques of reducing it, or containing it have been, and are still being developed. Personal protection is the priority. Pollution exposure to the general public is minimised as much as possible. Pollution control techniques that employ less expensive, natural, self-sustaining elements suitable for the environment such as wetlands and vegetation are recommended. The artificial short term and often expensive alternatives are of secondary priority. However, choice of which technique to use is based on the merit of each problem, knowing that chemicals act faster but are effective for a short period as compared to the natural systems. Pollution management is the critical part of the whole process. This involves decision making on courses of action and financial allocation on the part of both the polluter and the monitoring department/agent. The ability to effectively manage pollution programmes is achieved these days with the aid of computers. It is emphasised that pollution control should be handled in an integrated, multi-disciplinary approach manner. This is because pollution is a question of life and death, hence every individual remains accountable to it. Keeping the public and the concerned parties educated, informed and welcoming their concerns on the environmental issues related to the mine dumps generated in a mining venture is essential in the modern days of environmental public awareness, or otherwise face the public lath.
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Gizikoff, Katherine Gould. "Spoil management and revegetation success on waste rock dumps at a southern interior B.C. copper mine." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29031.
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The primary aim of this study was to investigate vegetation production and soil management factors influencing forage establishment on the waste rock dumps at a Southern Interior B.C. copper mine. Total plant cover on the waste rock dumps ranged from less than 5 to greater than 80 percent. Vegetation and spoil from the major reclaimed sites were analyzed to determine possible causes for the differences in plant cover. Test case areas, which varied in production, topography, and treatment, were then selected for an investigation into the relationships between spoil and vegetation variables.
Waste rock and overburden glacial till materials were generally low in N, P, and Mg. Spoil N and K levels varied throughout each reclaimed site, likely as a result of fertilizer placement. Significant positive relationships were found between spoil N and grass cover and spoil K and both grass and legume cover. P levels in legumes from most fertilized sites were still in a deficiency range.
A negative relationship between coarse fragment content and legume cover was observed. High coarse fragment content, accompanied with low water holding capacity and dry climatic conditions, suggests that moisture deficiencies are likely a critical problem for revegetation success, particularly on the lower portions of the slope faces. High bulk density values on the flat terraces
indicated that compaction could be impeding root growth.
Multivariate cluster analysis, based on total percent plant cover and percent composition legumes, was used to categorize all study sites into four vegetation production groups: low cover, grass cover, mixed grass and legume cover, and high production legume dominated cover. Spoil characteristics that differentiated between groups were: N, P, K, Mg, pH, coarse fragment content, and bulk density. This classification system will assist in identifying the management requirements of each vegetation type, such as: level and type of fertilization, overburden capping to reduce coarse fragment content, and scarification. Multiple regression analysis was used to generate equations for predicting biomass production from spoil N, P, K, Mg, pH, and coarse fragment content.
Reclamation costs were estimated and it was demonstrated that grass cover and mixed grass and legume cover types were the most desirable. Although costs per hectare were lowest for the low cover type, efficiency of reclamation dollars (dollars invested per tonne forage produced) was also lowest for this type. Establishment of a legume dominated cover type may not be desirable due to forage quality considerations: Cu:Mo ratios in legume foliage averaged less than the recommended 2:1 for cattle grazing.Science, Faculty of
Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for
Graduate
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Puura, Erik. "Weathering of mining waste rock containing alum shale and limestone : a case-study of the Maardu dumps, Estonia /." Stockholm, 1998. http://www.lib.kth.se/abs98/puur0526.pdf.
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Gadotti, Romeu Francisco. "Avaliação da contaminação das águas superficiais e subterrâneas adjacentes ao \'lixão\' da cidade de São Carlos." Universidade de São Paulo, 1997. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-26082016-140416/.
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O \'lixão\' da cidade de São Carlos foi instalado em uma voçoroca em terras do Sítio Santa Madalena onde, por aproximadamente 17 anos, foram depositados resíduos residencial, comercial, industrial e de serviço de saúde, sem a execução de medidas preventivas. O \'lixão\' está localizado em área de recarga do aqüífero Botucatu, principal aqüífero do Estado de São Paulo, e as margens do Córrego São José que faz parte da bacia do Ribeirão Feijão, principal fonte de abastecimento da cidade de São Carlos. Esta pesquisa faz parte de um projeto maior, que tem por objetivo o estudo completo da água subterrânea na região do \'lixão\' de São Carlos. Neste trabalho avaliou-se a contaminação das águas superficiais e subterrâneas adjacentes ao \'lixão\'. Foram realizados levantamentos planialtimétrico e geofísico, determinação das direções principais do fluxo e foi instalado uma rede com 15 poços de amostragem e monitoramento para avaliar a interferência dos líquidos percolados provenientes do \'lixão\' na água subterrânea. Os resultados das análises físicas e químicas indicaram poluição das águas superficiais e subterrâneas adjacentes ao \'lixão\' e na água subterrânea observou-se uma pluma de contaminantes caminhando no sentido do fluxo que é SW.The \'dump\' of São Carlos city is placed in a gully at sítio santa madalena, where about 17 (seventeen) years were deposited residential, industrial, commercial and health service residues, with no preventive steps execution. The \'dump\' is placed in area of groundwater recharge Botucatu, the principal aquifer in São Paulo State, and the border of Córrego São José which is part of Ribeirão Feijão basin, the principal provision source of São Carlos city. This research is just a part of a bigger project, which purpose is the complete study of the subterranean water in area of the \'dump\' of São Carlos. The subterranean and superficial water contamination adjacent to the \'dump\' were checked in this work. surveying and geophysical survey were realized, the determination of the principal courses of the flood and a net with 15 (fifteen) wells for sample and studies control at \'dump\' were constructed to evaluate the interference in the subterranean water. The results of the physics and chemistries analysis indicated pollution of the subterranean and superficial waters adjacent to the \'dump\' and in the subterranean water has watched a plume of contaminating agents going in the same course of the flood which is SW.
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Muchingami, Innocent I. "NON-INVASIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF UNSATURATED ZONE TRANSPORT IN DRY COAL ASH DUMPS: A CASE STUDY OF TUTUKA, SOUTH AFRICA." University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4268.
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Doctor ScientiaeThe management of the large volumes of solid wastes produced as coal combustion residue is of particular concern due to the presence of leachable metals and salts which may constitute a long term environmental risk and potential contamination of both surface and groundwater systems of the surrounding environment. In order to implement an efficient monitoring scheme and to assess the impact of the ash dump on the hydrologic system, a thorough knowledge on the migration of solutes fluxes in dry ash dumps as well as the controls on the transport of these solutes to the underlying groundwater system is required. The conventional methods which have been widely used for such applications are centred on extracting and analysing several samples from observation wells are drilled on the dump. This has however created a potentially hazardous situation as the installation of monitoring wells may result in the creation of new fluid pathways and results in further migration of leachates. Nevertheless, non–invasive characterization has often been useful in the determination of subsurface hydraulic properties and is a key step towards the solution of real-life problems in hydrology, hydrogeology and soil science. In contaminant transport non-invasive methods have often proved to be an efficient tool as compared to traditional drilling and sampling techniques which in most cases results in the creation of preferential flow paths and do not allow for the space and time resolution needed for the monitoring of hydrological and environmental processes. In this context, this study seeks to develop a generic conceptual model for the ash dump through the use of non-invasive geophysical techniques and numerical modelling techniques at the Tutuka Ash dump, Mpumalanga South Africa. Changes in electrical resistivity were used correlate changes in moisture contents during moisture and salt leachate ingression in ash dumps with a sufficient accuracy. A determination of the suitability of Archie‘s law to describe the relationship between electrical resistivity and solute transport ash medium was achieved through empirical laboratory experiments. Electrical resistivity tomography was then used as an appropriate tool for the elucidation of potential flow paths and brine dispersion in the ash dump. The flow rates through the ash dump were estimated by considering the rate of brine injection and the distance travelled by the brine plume over the time spanned in time lapse infiltration experiments. Additional geophysical profiles managed to show the lithostratigraphy of underlying hydro-geology, thereby ensuring that the knowledge of the geology can be established without the application of any intrusive methods. To ensure that development of the conceptual model of the unsaturated zone transport of the ash dump was developed with sufficient accuracy, numerical models were also used to describe solute transport in the vadose zone. The HYDRUS2D numerical package was used simulate the flux dynamics within the unsaturated zone of the coal ash medium, so as to develop a conceptual understanding of water flow and salt transport through the unsaturated zone of the coal ash medium. The results from the study suggested a conceptual solute transport model that consists of a two layers. The upper layer represented the unsaturated zone of the ash dump which was the source of any potential contaminant transport that could be of concern. The lower layer describe the underlying the subsurface environment to the ash dump which include the soil zone, the shallow aquifer and the deep fractured rock aquifer. To enable this conceptualisation, results from the numerical simulations and geophysical interpretations of the electrical resistivity profiles were the critical components for optimising the site-specific subsurface water flow and solute transport processes, as well as producing the most acceptable conceptualisation of the ash dump system that could be used in hazard assessment and mitigation against potential groundwater pollution. The conceptual models developed in this study proposed an explanation on impact of the ash dump to the hydro-geologic and the eco-hydrologic environment by proposing a scenario of contamination of the underling ash dump and the existing. In this regard, the study managed to provide important scenarios that may be necessary during mitigation procedures for both the ash dump and the wetland. Key words: non-invasive, coal ash, time lapse, electrical resistivity tomography, numerical models, HYDRUS2D, conceptual model.
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au, chalwell@yahoo com, and Shane Thomas Samuel Chalwell. "Plant Communities of Greenstone Hills of the Eastern Goldfields of Western Australia as Analogues for the Rehabilitation of Rocky Waste Dumps." Murdoch University, 2003. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20041014.113057.
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The vegetation of greenstone hills in the Kalgoorlie area of the Eastern Goldfields region of Western Australia was studied to identify the key environmental influences on community and species distribution. This information was needed to determine if plant communities of the hills could provide analogues for the rehabilitation of waste rock dumps that are produced as a consequence of open cut mining.
The ridges, slopes and flats adjacent to the main slope were examined and the floristic data sorted into communities. Two structurally and floristically distinct alliances were identified, one dominated by eucalypt species and the other by Acacia quadrimarginea. The eucalypt woodland displayed a taller upper stratum and few groundlayer species and was the dominant vegetation of the flats at the base of the hills. The acacia community was a low woodland and is the dominant vegetation of the hill slopes. Both communities were dominant at an equal number of sites on the ridges of the hills.
An investigation of the environmental variables found that edaphic, rather than topographic, factors were responsible for the community distribution on the hills. The eucalypt woodland showed a strong affinity to soils derived from calcrete, which had higher levels of electrical conductivity and lower exchangeable sodium percentages than the soils of the acacia low woodland. Under such conditions, the clay fraction of the soil remains in a more flocculated state allowing higher rates of water infiltration and hydraulic conductivity compared to the acacia soils. Soil nutrients were found to have a secondary influence on community distribution and had a greater effect on species distribution within alliances.
A study of the seasonal variation in water content of the soils showed that more moisture is retained in the upper soil horizons in the acacia community than in the eucalypt community during the wetter part of the year, indicating the acacia soils had poorer infiltration properties than the eucalypt soils. The distribution of drought tolerant species such as A. quadrimarginea and Prostanthera incurvata was found to be correlated to soil moisture content of the dry season whilst no correlation was found for the eucalypts at any time of the year.
Seasonal comparisons of leaf moisture content and xylem pressure potential showed that the eucalypts maintained their total leaf moisture content throughout the year whereas species such as A. quadrimarginea and Allocasuarina campestris recorded high levels of desiccation of their leaf tissue over the summer. The eucalypts also maintained a more consistent pre-dawn xylem pressure potential throughout the year than either A. quadrimarginea or the shrub species Dodonaea microzyga, indicating a greater degree of stomatal control and access to a more consistent soil water supply. The eucalypts require access to a greater soil volume than the acacias or shrubs in order to ensure sufficient water supplies for the maintenance of tissue moisture levels throughout the year. In this way, the eucalypts are able to effectively avoid the summer drought, whereas the acacias and shrubs are able to tolerate desiccation of their leaf tissues over this period.
Investigations of the germination requirements and early seedling survival of prominent species from the greenstone hills indicated that fire may be a factor in the regeneration of most hills species. All studied species were either tolerant of or responded positively to the application of dry heat. In relation to seedling establishment on waste dumps, increasing the soil moisture content of waste dump soils increased the germination rate of most species but did not result in greater seedling survival at the end of the first summer. The provision of microsites which encouraged root development and provided protection for the young seedlings was found to be more important in reducing mortality rates in the first year than increasing the total germination.
The study emphasized the importance of physical soil factors and the soil moisture regime in the distribution of eucalypt and acacia communities on the greenstone hills. A species response to drought stress strongly influences its ability to compete for soil water on different soil types. The eucalypts studied in this project dominated on soils where there is better recharge of subsoil water reserves which can be accessed over the summer period to maintain tissue water levels. Acacias are tolerant of tissue desiccation and will compete successfully on shallower soils and where hydraulic conductivity is poor.
Although the project was valuable in identifying water relations as the main control on community distribution on the hills, waste dumps are not strictly analogues of intact greenstone hills due to the differences in rock type and profile formation. Electrical conductivity levels are also higher due to extraction processes. However, the environmental relationships of the different species show that the more drought tolerant species such as Allocasuarina campestris, Acacia quadrimarginea and understorey species associated with them, may be suitable species to form the basis of vegetation reinstatement on waste dumps in the Kalgoorlie region.
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Cleghorn, Charles 1970. "Effect of soil covers on coal waste dumps in KwaZulu-Natal on abiotic factors and bacteria causing acid mine drainage." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/55521.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 1997.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The activity of iron-oxidizing bacteria, for example, Thiobacillut. ferrooxidans, in the outer layers of coal waste dumps results in the oxidation of pyrite with the formation of large volumes of acid mine drainage. The process requires atmospheric oxygen and moisture. Acid mine drainage may possibly be controlled by creating unfavourable environmental conditions in dumps for the iron-oxidizing bacteria. The present research investigated the possibility of inhibiting these bacteria and consequently acid formation in coal waste dumps by means of different dump construction techniques. Physical and chemical conditions, acid formation and populations of four groups of bacteria which might produce acid were studied in the outer layers of ten differently constructed pilot scale coal waste dumps at the Kilbarchan Mine near Newcastle, Kwazulu-Natal, from September 1993 to July 1995. Dump covers consisting of a 30-cm or 70-cm layer of Estcourt soil of low permeability covered with 70 cm or 30 cm, respectively, of more permeable Avalon soil produced anaerobic conditions in the dumps throughout most of the 22 months of the test period, as did a cover of 70 cm compacted plus 30 cm uncompacted Avalon soil alone. An uncoMpacted 30-cm or compacted 50- cm Avalon soil cover proved ineffective in causing prolonged anaerobic conditions. Uncovered dumps showed only slight reduction of oxygen in the coal waste after heavy rains. Pockets of acidity were detected on several occasions in the coal waste below the 50-cm Avalon soil layer from the time of construction and progressively increasing acidity in the uncovered dumps and the waste below the 30-cm Avalon soil cover. Iron-oxidizing bacterial populations of the T. ferrooxidans type have tended to be higher in the uncovered dumps and Avalon soil-covered dumps showing acidification than in the non-acidified dumps covered with 1 m of Avalon soil or Avalon and Estcourt soil. Associated populations of iron-oxidizing bacteria of the Metallogenium type, acidophilic and non-acidophilic thiosulphate-oxidizing bacteria were generally low in the coal waste of the dumps. Thus, five of the soil covers, all with a thickness of 1 m, but not covers with a thickness of 0.5 m or less, proved effective for almost 2 years in inhibiting the diffusion of oxygen to the underlying coal waste in the pilot scale dumps and also appeared to suppress the populations of iron-oxidizing bacteria believed to be implicated in acid formation in the coal waste. These results suggest that coal waste dumps in South Africa should be covered with soil layers of 0.5-1.0 m thick to prevent the generation of acid mine drainage.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die aktiwiteit van ysteroksiderende bakteriee soos Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, in die buitenste lae van steenkoolafvalhope, veroorsaak die oksidasie van piriet met die gevolg dat groot volumes suur mynafloopwater gevorm word. Hierdie proses benodig suurstof en vog. Suur mynafloopwater kan moontlik beheer word deur 'n situasie te skep waar die toestande in die hope ongunstig is vir die ysteroksiderende bakteriee. Die huidige navorsing het die moontlikheid ondersoek om hierdie bakteriee te inhibeer deur verskillende afvalhoopontwerpe op die proef te stel en sodoende suurvorming in steenkoolmynhope te beperk. Die fisiese en chemies kondisies, suurvorming en populasies van vier verskillende bakterie-groepe wat dalk by suurvorming betrokke is, is vanaf September 1993 tot Julie 1995 bestudeer in die buitenste lae van tien verskillend gekonstrueerde loodsskaalafvalhope by die Kilbarchan myn naby Newcastle in KwaZulu-Natal. Afvalhoopbedekkings bestaande uit 'n 30-cm of 70-cm Estcourt grond met 'n lae permeabiliteit bedek met'n 70-cm of 30-cm laag van meer deurlaatbare Avalon grond het anaerobe kondisies veroorsaak. Ongekompakteerde 30-cm en gekompakteerde 50-cm Avalon grondlae het egter nie bestendige anaerobe kondisies in die hope veroorsaak nie. Die onbedekte hope het aerobics gebly met slegs effense dalings van suurstofkonsentrasies gedurende en na swaar reens. Geisoleerde monsters uit die steenkoolafval onder die 50-cm Avalon grondlaag het vanaf die begin van die toetsperiode tekens van suurvorming getoon. Die onbedekte steenkoolafval en die van die sel met 'n 30-cm Avalon grondlaag het met verloop van tyd al hoe meer suur geword. Die ysteroksiderende bakterie-populasies van die T. ferrooxidans tipe het geblyk om in die onbedekte en Avalon grondbedekte hope wat tekens van suurvorming getoon het hoer te wees as in die hope wat met 'n 1-m laag Avalon grond of Avalon en Estcourt grond bedek is en geen tekens van suurvorming getoon het nie. Ysteroksiderende bakteriepopulasies van die Metallogenium tipe, nieasidofiele en asidofiele tiosulfaatoksiderende populasies was oor die algemeen laag in die steenkoolafvalhope. Vyf van die grondlae wat alma! 1 m dik was het dus geblyk om effektief te wees in die bekamping van die infiltrasie van suurstof na die onderliggende steenkoolafval in die loodskaalhope. Dit lyk asof daardie lae die ysteroksiderende populasies betrokke by suurvorming onderdruk het. Die 0.5-m grondbedekking het egter nie so 'n sterk onderdrukkende effek op die suurstofinfiltrasie of die bakteriepopulasie gehad nie. Na aanleiding van hierdie resultate blyk dit dat steenkoolafvalhope in Suid-Afrika met minstens 0.5 tot 1..0 m grond bedek moet word om effektief die probleem van suur mynafloopwater te bekamp.
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Chalwell, Shane Thomas Samuel. "Plant communities of greenstone hills of the Eastern Goldfields of Western Australia as analogues for the rehabilitation of rocky waste dumps." Chalwell, Shane Thomas Samuel (2003) Plant communities of greenstone hills of the Eastern Goldfields of Western Australia as analogues for the rehabilitation of rocky waste dumps. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2003. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/510/.
Full textAbstract:
The vegetation of greenstone hills in the Kalgoorlie area of the Eastern Goldfields region of Western Australia was studied to identify the key environmental influences on community and species distribution. This information was needed to determine if plant communities of the hills could provide analogues for the rehabilitation of waste rock dumps that are produced as a consequence of open cut mining.
The ridges, slopes and flats adjacent to the main slope were examined and the floristic data sorted into communities. Two structurally and floristically distinct alliances were identified, one dominated by eucalypt species and the other by Acacia quadrimarginea. The eucalypt woodland displayed a taller upper stratum and few groundlayer species and was the dominant vegetation of the flats at the base of the hills. The acacia community was a low woodland and is the dominant vegetation of the hill slopes. Both communities were dominant at an equal number of sites on the ridges of the hills.
An investigation of the environmental variables found that edaphic, rather than topographic, factors were responsible for the community distribution on the hills. The eucalypt woodland showed a strong affinity to soils derived from calcrete, which had higher levels of electrical conductivity and lower exchangeable sodium percentages than the soils of the acacia low woodland. Under such conditions, the clay fraction of the soil remains in a more flocculated state allowing higher rates of water infiltration and hydraulic conductivity compared to the acacia soils. Soil nutrients were found to have a secondary influence on community distribution and had a greater effect on species distribution within alliances.
A study of the seasonal variation in water content of the soils showed that more moisture is retained in the upper soil horizons in the acacia community than in the eucalypt community during the wetter part of the year, indicating the acacia soils had poorer infiltration properties than the eucalypt soils. The distribution of drought tolerant species such as A. quadrimarginea and Prostanthera incurvata was found to be correlated to soil moisture content of the dry season whilst no correlation was found for the eucalypts at any time of the year.
Seasonal comparisons of leaf moisture content and xylem pressure potential showed that the eucalypts maintained their total leaf moisture content throughout the year whereas species such as A. quadrimarginea and Allocasuarina campestris recorded high levels of desiccation of their leaf tissue over the summer. The eucalypts also maintained a more consistent pre-dawn xylem pressure potential throughout the year than either A. quadrimarginea or the shrub species Dodonaea microzyga, indicating a greater degree of stomatal control and access to a more consistent soil water supply. The eucalypts require access to a greater soil volume than the acacias or shrubs in order to ensure sufficient water supplies for the maintenance of tissue moisture levels throughout the year. In this way, the eucalypts are able to effectively avoid the summer drought, whereas the acacias and shrubs are able to tolerate desiccation of their leaf tissues over this period.
Investigations of the germination requirements and early seedling survival of prominent species from the greenstone hills indicated that fire may be a factor in the regeneration of most hills species. All studied species were either tolerant of or responded positively to the application of dry heat. In relation to seedling establishment on waste dumps, increasing the soil moisture content of waste dump soils increased the germination rate of most species but did not result in greater seedling survival at the end of the first summer. The provision of microsites which encouraged root development and provided protection for the young seedlings was found to be more important in reducing mortality rates in the first year than increasing the total germination.
The study emphasized the importance of physical soil factors and the soil moisture regime in the distribution of eucalypt and acacia communities on the greenstone hills. A species' response to drought stress strongly influences its ability to compete for soil water on different soil types. The eucalypts studied in this project dominated on soils where there is better recharge of subsoil water reserves which can be accessed over the summer period to maintain tissue water levels. Acacias are tolerant of tissue desiccation and will compete successfully on shallower soils and where hydraulic conductivity is poor.
Although the project was valuable in identifying water relations as the main control on community distribution on the hills, waste dumps are not strictly analogues of intact greenstone hills due to the differences in rock type and profile formation. Electrical conductivity levels are also higher due to extraction processes. However, the environmental relationships of the different species show that the more drought tolerant species such as Allocasuarina campestris, Acacia quadrimarginea and understorey species associated with them, may be suitable species to form the basis of vegetation reinstatement on waste dumps in the Kalgoorlie region.
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Modinger, Heinrich. "Micro-organisms involved in iron oxidation and acid mine drainage formation in KwaZulu-Natal and their control by soil covers on coal waste dumps." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/55926.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 1998.One copy microfiche.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The biologically catalysed oxidation of pyrite in the outer layers of coal waste dumps leads to the formation of acid mine drainage. The oxidation of pyrite to ferric iron and sulphate is a complex process involving various abiotic and biologically catalysed reactions. Pyrite is abiotically oxidized by ferric iron, with the formation of thiosulphate and ferrous iron. Thiosulphate decomposes to form various inorganic sulphur compounds. Bacterial catalysis of pyrite oxidation is achieved by iron-oxidizing bacteria oxidizing ferrous iron to ferric iron. Bacteria that oxidize sulphur compounds assist the catalysis by oxidizing thiosulphate and its decomposition products. Heterotrophic organisms may play a role by consuming organic substances inhibitory to the lithotrophic bacteria. Abiotic ecological factors, acid formation and populations of iron-oxidizing bacterial groups were studied in 10 differently constructed pilot scale coal waste dumps, as the second phase of a study which started in September 1993. Gas samples were withdrawn weekly from coal waste through permanently buried stainless steel probes, for analysis in the field using a portable oxygen/carbon dioxide meter. Samples of coal waste were extracted by auger for analysis of moisture, pH and microbial populations. The analyses of oxygen and pH can be recommended for the routine monitoring of rehabilitated waste dumps. Covers of Avalon soil 0.3 or 0.5 m thick, were not adequate to prevent acidification. Coal waste covered with 0.7 m compacted beneath 0.3 m uncompacted Avalon soil, showed a slow pH decline, but reached approximately pH 3 in 1997. Covers of compacted Estcourt soil beneath tmcompacted Avalon soil to a cover depth of 1 m were effective in preventing acidification and generally kept the coal waste anaerobic. However, all covers developed cracks during drought conditions in 1995, allowing aeration. Low pH of some samples from these dumps during 1995/1996 may have indicated the start of acidification. Bacteria oxidizing high concentrations of ferrous iron and considered to be Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, were monitored routinely, but may not have been the dominant iron-oxidizer, as population counts using media with a lower ferrous iron concentration were higher. The majority of the latter organisms could also not oxidize sulphur, hence were not T. ferrooxidans. The populations of the high ferrous iron-oxidizing bacteria were affected by pH, tending to be high in acidified and low in non-acidified coal waste. Investigations of microbial populations forming iron-oxidizing consortia in enrichment cultures from coal waste and acid drainage samples showed the presence of T. ferrooxidans, the heterotrophic bacterial genus Acidiphilium, fungi of the genus Penicillium, unidentified filamentous fungi, including Cladophialophora-like morphological types, and a yeast of the genus Dipodascus. In interaction studies, the Penicillium isolate had an inhibitory effect on T. ferrooxidans (subjected to organic compound stress), but the Cladophialophora-like fungi reduced inhibition by organics. Fungi have not previously been studied in detail as components of iron-oxidizing consortia, but the bacterial isolations agree with those elsewhere, indicating that appropriate conclusions from acid mine drainage research in other parts of the world can be applied in KwaZulu-Natal.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die biologies gekataliseerde oksidasie van piriet in die buitenste lae van steenkoolafvalhope lei tot die vorming van suur mynafloopwater. Die oksidasie van piriet tot ferri-yster en sulfaat is 'n komplekse proses wat abiotiese en biologies gekataliseerde reaksies insluit. Piriet word abioties deur ferri-yster geoksideer, met die vrystelling van tiosulfaat en ferro-yster. Tiosulfaat verval om verskeie anorganiese swawelverbindings te vorm. Bakteriese katalise van pirietoksidasie word deur ysteroksiderende bakteriee wat ferro-yster na ferri-yster oksideer, bewerkstellig. Bakteriee wat swawelverbindings oksideer maak 'n bydrae tot die katalise deur tiosulfaat en vervalprodukte daarvan te oksideer. Heterotrofe organismes mag ook 'n rol speel deur organiese verbindings wat die litotrofe bakteriee mag inhibeer, te verbruik. Abiotiese ekologiese faktore, suurvorming en bevolkings ysteroksiderende bakteriee is in 10 verskillend gekonstrueerde loodsskaal steenkoolafvalhope bestudeer, as die tweede fase van 'n studie wat in September 1993 begin het. Gas monsters is weekliks uit die steenkoolafval onttrek deur vlekvrye staal peilers wat permanent daarin begrawe is, en met behulp van 'n draagbare suurstoflkoolstofdioksiedanaliseerder in die veld ontleed. Monsters van die steenkoolafval is met behulp van 'n kleiboor vir die analise van vog, pH en mikrobepopulasies geneem. Die analise van suurstof en pH kan aanbeveel word vir die roetiene monitering van gerehabiliteerde afvalhope. Bedekkings van 0.3 of 0.5 m Avalongrond was nie voldoende om suurvorming te verhoed nie. Steenkoolafval wat met 0.7 m gekompakteerde en 0.3 m ongekompakteerde Avalongrond bedek is, het 'n stadige pH-daling getoon, maar het in 1997 ongeveer pH 3 bereik. Bedekkings van gekompakteerde Estcourtgrond onder ongekompakteerde A valongrond met 'n totale dikte van 1 m, was effektief in die voorkoming van suurvorming. Hulle het oor die algemeen die steenkoolafval anaerobies gehou, maar aile bedekings het tydens die droogte in 1995 krake ontwikkel, wat suurstof laat binnedring het. 'n Lae pH gedurende 1995/1996 by sommige monsters uit hierdie hope mag die begin van suurvorming aangedui het. Bakteriee wat hoe konsentrasies ferro-yster oksideer en wat as Thiobacillus ferrooxidans beskou is, was moontlik nie die dominante ysteroksideerder nie, aangesien bevolkingstellings waar 'n medium met 'n laer konsentrasie ferro-yster gebruik is, hoer bevolkings getoon het. Die meerderheid van laasgenoemde organismes kon ook nie swawel benut nie en dus nie T. ferrooxidans was nie. Die bevolkings van die hoe ferro-ysteroksiderende bakteriee is deur pH beInvloed, met 'n geneigdheid tot hoe bevolkings in suur en lae bevolkings in minder suur steenkoolafval. Ondersoeke na die rnilcrobebevollcings wat in ysteroksiderende konsortia in verryldngslculture vanaf steenkoolafval- en suur mynafloopwatermonsters voorgekom het, het die teenwoordigheid van 7'. ferrooxidans, die heterotrofe balcteriegenus Acidiphilium, fungi van die genus Penicillium, ongeIdentifiseerde fungi, insluitend Cladophialophora-agtige tipes en 'n gis van die genus Dipodascus aangetoon. By interaksiestudies het die Penicillium-isolaat 'n inhiberende effek op T ferrooxidans (onderworpe aan organiese verbindingstres) gehad, maar die Cladophialophora-agtige fungi het die inhibisie deur organiese verbindings verminder. Fungi is nog the in detail as komponente van ysteroksiderende konsortia bestudeer the, maar die isolasies van bakteried stem saam met die van elders wat aandui dat toepaslike gevolgtreldcings ten opsigte van suur mynafloopwatemavorsing vanaf ander dele van die wereld ook in KwaZulu-Natal toegepas kan word.
27
Doubek, Rostislav. "Stavebně technologický projekt objektů skládky Úholičky." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227710.
Full textAbstract:
In this diploma thesis two steel frame objects of a waste dump in Úholičky are solved. The aim is to resolve the chosen parts of a construction-technological project. The main topics for selected technological phases are transportation, bill of quantities, technological regulations, construction organization’s principles, time schedule, machinery, control and testing plan, work safety and worker’s health protection. These topics are prepared for the technological phases of ground works, fundamental contruction, upper load-bearing structure, construction of the floor and sheathing of the object. The thesis has also other parts which include static solution of a prestressed unit, budget by items, calculation of the object’s maintenance cost, handbook for bulding’s occupancy and proposal of construction contract.
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Luz, José Maria Rodrigues da. "Degradação de compostos tóxicos e de fatores antinutricionais da torta de pinhão manso por Pleurotus ostreatus." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2009. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5366.
Full textAbstract:
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Previous issue date: 2009-07-24Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The oil extraction from Jatropha curcas seeds as raw material to biodiesel production releases a large quantity of solid residue, called cake.This Jatropha cake is formed by lignocellulolytic residues, water, minerals salts, but also contains toxic compounds and antinutritional factors. The correct destination of this residue is of great interesting to biofuel industries. The use of these residues as a substrate to grow the white rot fungi, Pleurotus ostreatus, may be a low cost alternative to produce the economic and industrial interesting products such as enzymes, proteins and edible mushrooms. Moreover, this fungus produces enzyme capable of degrade different toxic compounds and antinutritional factors. ln this study Jatropha cake, pure or in mixture with agro-industrial residues, was used as substrate to grow P. ostreatus objecting to produce mushrooms, eliminate phorbol ester, antinutritional factors and also, to evaluate the reduce lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose. After 45 days of P. ostreatus mycelia inoculation in the substrate, it was observed high production of fungus biomass, and degradation of 50 % of lignin and 20 % of cellulose and hemicellulose. The substrates which present higher fungus biomass production and lignocellulolitic degradation were used to assess the ability of P. ostreatus to produce mushroom and to degrade phorbol ester, phytic acid and tannins. After 60 d of incubation, it was observed good production of mushroom, reduction of lignocellulolytic compounds and loss of dry mass, reduction of phytic acid in 95 % and 85 % of tannins (equivalent a tannin acid) and 99 % of phorbol ester. These mushrooms and the substrates after 60 d of colonization by P. ostreatus had concentrations of phorbol esters smaller than that found in provenances of non toxic J. curcas from México. Therefore, P. ostreatus has the ability of degrade toxic compounds, antinutritional factors and lignooellulosio compounds present in Jatropha cake. The alternative of using Jatropha cake as substrate to mushroom and enzymes production, add value to this residues, as well as detoxifying it show high potential to use Jatropha cake as animal food, beyond deoreasing the environmental damage.
A produção de biodiesel utilizando o óleo da semente de pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas) como matéria-prima libera grande quantidade de resíduos sólidos, denominado de torta.Essa torta apresenta composição diversificada, contendo não só compostos ligninocelulósicos, água e sais minerais, mas também compostos tóxicos e fatores antinutricionais. A destoxificação e o reaproveitamento dessa torta de pinhão manso são de grande interesse da indústria do biocombustível. A utilização desses resíduos como substrato para cultivo de fungos de podridão branca, Pleurotus ostreatus, pode ser uma alternativa de baixo custo e que permite a produção de produtos de interesse econômico e industrial como enzimas, proteínas e cogumelos comestíveis. Além disso, esse fungo produz enzimas capazes de degradar diferentes substâncias tóxicas, fatores antinutricionais e compostos ligninocelulósicos. Neste trabalho, a torta de pinhão manso pura, ou em mistura com outros resíduos agroindustriais, foi utilizada como substrato para crescimento micelial de P. ostreatus visando à eliminação de compostos tóxicos, fatores antinutricionais e a redução do teor de lignina, celulose e hemicelulose. Inicialmente, para verificar a viabilidade micelilal e a degradação compostos ligninocelulósicos presente na torta de pinhão manso. P. ostreatus PLO 6 foi inoculado em substratos à base da torta de pinhão manso, adicionado ou não de resíduos agroindustriais. Após 45 dias de incubação, verificou-se elevada produção de biomassa fúngica, 50 % de degradação de lignina e 20 % de consumo de celulose e hemicelulose. Os substratos que apresentaram maior produção de biomassa fúngica e também a maior degradação de compostos ligninocelulósicos foram utilizados para avaliar a capacidade de P. ostreatus formar cogumelos, além de degradar éster de forboI, ácido fítico e taninos. Após 60 dias de incubação, observou-se boa produção de cogumelos e degradação de compostos Iigninocelulósicos, com significativa perda da massa seca, redução de 95 % de ácido fítico, 85 % de taninos (equivalente a ácido tânico), 99 % de éster de forboI e aIta produtividade de cogumelos. Após o período de incubação, tantos os cogumelos de P. ostreatus como os substratos utilizados apresentaram concentrações de éster de forboI menor que o encontrado em variedade de J. curcas não tóxicas do México. Conclui-se que P. ostreatus tem capacidade de degradar composto tóxico, fatores antinutricionais e compostos Iigninocelulósicos presentes na torta de pinhão manso. O uso alternativo de torta de pinhão manso como substrato para cultivo de cogumelos e enzimas, destoxificando-o, agrega vaIor a esse resíduo, e apresenta um aIto potencial do uso dessa torta como alimento, além de diminuir os danos ambientais causados peIo descarte direto.
29
Moffitt, Karen. "Mine waste dump instability." Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/10711.
Full textAbstract:
Advancements in coal mining methods and rates have led to the production of larger volumes of waste rock.
Consequently, large waste rock dumps in B.C. are currently being constructed by end-dumping to heights of up
to 400 m with face angles of 37-38°. Segments of the foundation slopes underlying these mine dumps are
frequently as steep as 30°. These developments have resulted in an increase in the frequency and size of waste
dump failures that have not been adequately predicted or explained in terms of conventional slope stability
analysis. Failure is often rapid with runout distances of up to 2 km causing increased concern within the
industry over potential impacts to the environment and risks to the safety of personnel, equipment and
infrastructure. A comprehensive review of documented field behaviour carried out for the purpose of this study
has indicated common patterns of deformation that suggest the concept of a unique 'double wedge' mode of
failure responsible for these large runout events.
This study focuses on the development of a numerical model capable of capturing the commonly observed
patterns of deformation, and investigating the development of the ensuing failure mechanism. Stressdeformation
numerical analyses carried out using the computer code FLAC have yielded a good correlation
with observed field behaviour and provided significant insight into the coincident stresses and deformations
within the dump. Analyses indicate that while creep effects in the waste dump could cause significant effects
on the magnitudes of displacement, the overall dump stability is governed by the strength of the foundation soils
underlying the toe region. Consideration of both the stress and velocity fields within the framework of nonassociated
plasticity leads to factors of safety for various dump heights and foundation slopes that are
approximately 66% less than predicted from limit equilibrium analysis. The results suggest potential
inadequacies of conventional limit equilibrium analysis techniques when applied to the stability and design of
waste dumps on steeply sloping terrain.
30
"Hydrogeology of a sulphide waste rock dump." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/etd-11132012-133516.
Full textAbstract:
Acid rock drainage from waste rock piles and its impacts on the receiving environment is a
critical issue facing regulatory agencies and the mining industry. The mining industry and
regulatory agencies are presented with the difficult problem of being able to predict, with
confidence, the potential for acid rock drainage to occur. The ability to predict seepage quality
will ultimately provide regulators and the industry with the tools to evaluate various acid rock
drainage control and management strategies. The predictive capabilities of various models differ
however, a comprehensive predictive model does not exist to date. Current models are deficient
in simulating the flow of water in unsaturated heterogeneous waste rock piles. The ability to
predict the physical processes that ·deliver contaminated seepage from unsaturated,
heterogeneous waste rock piles, to the environment, requires a better understanding of the
physical and hydrogeologic characteristics of the waste rock pile.
Placer Dome Inc. and Golden Sunlight Mines Inc. initiated a research program to investigate the
hydrogeologic properties and moisture migration pathways in a large waste rock pile located at
the Golden Sunlight Mine. The research presented in the following thesis documents the initial
phases of the research program. The main objectives of this program were to determine the
internal structure and moisture distribution in the waste rock pile and characterize the
hydrogeologic properties of the waste rock pile. The results were used to investigate how water
flows in a heterogeneous unsaturated waste rock pile. This research program was divided into a
field logging and sampling program and a laboratory program to define the hydrogeological
properties of the waste rock.
The field logging and sampling program documented a highly structured, heterogeneous,
unsaturated waste rock pile. The internal structure consisted of dipping layers of waste rock
material defined by color and/or grain size differences. Weathering of the waste rock was
documented throughout the waste rock pile except for the outer edges where waste rock was
recently placed. Higher gravimetric water contents were found to exist in the upper 15 m of the
waste rock pile define the development of a wetting front. Gravimetric water contents were found
to be lower below this zone. Infiltration from the dump top surface due to precipitation is the
dominant process producing the wetting front in the upper portions of the pile. Waste rock was
initially placed into the pile at low water contents and remains dry except for an increase in water
contents in the upper 15 m of the waste rock pile.
The laboratory program tested representative samples from each group of samples classified on
the basis of grain size distribution to define the hydrogeologic properties of the waste rock. The
soil water characteristic curves and hydraulic conductivity as a function of matric suction curves
reveal two general types of waste rock material. Waste rock containing less than 40% passing the
4.75 mm sieve drains rapidly under small values of matric suction and shows a rapid decrease in
unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. Waste rock containing less than 40% passing 4.75 mm sieve
is capable of retaining water under applied matric suction and also retains a higher unsaturated
hydraulic conductivity. The soil water characteristic curves and the hydraulic conductivity
function curves therefore demonstrate that the fine grained waste rock layers will be preferential
layers for the storage of water and provide the pathways for the liquid water flow in the waste
rock pile under unsaturated conditions.
The transport of water vapour in the waste rock pile was found to occur. This process is active in
the upper portion of the waste rock pile associated with the wetting front. Coarse waste rock
layers with open interparticle voids appear to provide a preferential pathway for the movement of
water vapour. The upward movement of water vapour may redistribute water within the wetting
front where it may be transported upward and condense or it may exit the pile. Water vapour
flow exiting the pile may be an important transport process that removes water from the waste
rock pile.
31
Hawes, Robert A., and Jace Standish. "Mine waste dump management study : a progress report." 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/14210.
Full text
32
"HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A SULPHIDE WASTE ROCK DUMP." Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/5744.
Full textAbstract:
Acid rock drainage (ARD) from sulphide bearing waste rock dumps poses a serious
threat to the environment and has become problematic to the mining industry. Water that
is discharged from sulphide waste rock dumps has the potential to be low in pH, thus
having the ability to transport heavy metals. The acid water and the heavy metals in
solution became toxic to the environment. Acid rock drainage from sulphide bearing
waste rock dumps is the most serious environmental liability in the mining industry;
believed to be $3.2 billion for 750 million tonnes of waste rock in Canada alone (Feasby
et al., 1997). The understanding of the characteristics and quantity of water flow through
waste rock has become fundamental.
A complete hydrologic characterization was performed for the sulphide waste rock dump
at Equity Silver Mine Ltd. near Houston, Be (575 km north northwest of Vancouver,
Canada). The characterization of the hydrologic system entailed the investigation of five
elements: geologic structure, topography, surface hydrology, groundwater and water
chemistry.
The hydrologic budget was determined for the waste rock dump. The components are as
follows: precipitation, runoff, sublimation, mass transfer, evapotranspiration, changes in
storage, infiltration and groundwater. Precipitation was measured with an on site weather
station. The runoff was measured for the 1998 freshet with a series of weirs and culverts
that were instrumented to measure runoffwater. The remaining surface components were
determined by the SoilCover (1997) model, a one dimensional finite difference heat and
mass transfer program.
The groundwater component was investigated using a numerical model, FEMW A TER
(ECGL, 1998), which can solve three dimensional saturated or unsaturated groundwater
flow regime systems.
All of the surface hydrological components are required in order to equalize the surface
water balance for the waste rock dump. The components of the surface hydrological
budget during the one year study period over the area of the waste rock dump are as
follows: precipitation of 642 mm, 94 rnm (15 %) runoff, 327 mm (51 %)
evapotranspiration, 27 rnm (4 %) infiltration, 97 mm (15 %) sublimation and 97 rnm (15
%) mass transfer. The cover system lost 9 rnm of water during the one year study period;
thus the net surface infiltration was 36 rnm (6 %).
The water balance relationship for the acid rock drainage collection ditch that surrounds
the waste rock dump was evaluated. The contributions to the ditch are: runoff,
infiltration, groundwater discharge and changes in storage. The water balance for the
drainage ditch showed that the acid rock drainage flow reporting to the ditch is
equivalent to 318 rnm of water per year over the area of the waste rock dump. The
components of this total flow are estimated to be 36 mm (11 %) infiltration, 27 mm (9
%) runoff, 252 mm (79 %) groundwater discharge and 3 mm (1 %) due to changes in
storage within the waste rock.
33
Jordan, Scott. "Dump no waste, ... drains to river : a process revealed." 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/22670.
Full text
34
Bittman, Kim. "Sediment yield from waste dumps and the potential ability of dump slide material to filter suspended sediment." 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/12423.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents a case history of the Mesa 1660 m dump failure (slide) at Quintette Coal Limited. The potential ability of dump slide material to filter suspended sediment from influent water is discussed and questions are raised regarding the amount of sediment generated by waste dumps. This paper presents data and theoretical arguments supporting the following claims:
1. That dump slide material filters suspended sediment - supported by:
- Experience at an east Kootenay mine showing a dramatic decrease in sediment loads subsequent to a failure.
- Experience at Quintette Coal Limited indicating that solids concentrations below the Mesa dump slide are less than upstream
concentrations in 49% of samples taken and of the same concentration in 30%. Slight increases downstream are seen in 21% of the data set.
- Dye observations indicating that an approximate retention time in the slide mass is 69 hours.
2. That waste dumps are not likely to produce high sediment loads - supported by:
- During the dumping process, fines remain in the upper 10% of a waste dump and in this zone, based on specific tests in the Mesa north area, comprise clay particles (0.002 mm) at 2% and fine sand or silt (0.075 mm) at 9% of the samples taken.
- Natural segregation of waste dumps will preclude downward migration of fines from the upper portion to lower regions of a waste dump.
- An extensive history of waste dump drainage at QCL, including a five year sampling record indicating that negligible suspended sediment loads are generated.
35
Kennedy, Alan J., and William Kovach. "The use of unconsolidated runoff material in coal waste dump reclamation." 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/14211.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of using unconsolidated runoff material collected from interceptor
ditches as an amendment to soil material on waste dumps was investigated on
study plots at Byron Creek Collieries from 1983 to 1986. Thirty-two plots
representing replicates of two treatments of runoff material Incorporation
were established in random block design on a "typical" coal waste dump.
Data were collected on soil quality, vegetation cover and biomass, and tree
survival and growth. Results from three years of study indicate the following
conclusions.
1. Unconsolidated runoff material appears to improve texture and moisture
holding capacity of the soil.
2. Revegetation potential is increased by using unconsolidated runoff
material as a soil amendment.
3. Mortality of outplanted trees is reduced on sites incorporated with
unconsolidated runoff material.
Further evaluation of the study plots is required to determine long term
effects of this amendment on reclamation success.
36
Henriques, Patrícia Alexandra Machado. "Impact of wildfires on Portuguese closed waste dumps." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/28914.
Full textAbstract:
Portugal is a country extremely prone to forest fires, a combination of factors such as the Mediterranean climate, the lack of forest management and human ignition, combined with climate change, lead to the formation of small to catastrophic wildfires. Until the early 2000s, Portugal had 341 waste dumps scattered across the country, especially in forest areas, where waste was deposited without control, directly on the ground, using methods such as open combustion to reduce the volume of waste.
This dissertation aimed to identify the impacts of wildfires in old closed waste dumps. For this purpose, two case studies of closed waste dumps affected by wildfires in 2017 (municipality of Nelas) and 2019 (municipality of A-a-Velha) were selected. However, only the case study of the closed waste dump affected by a wildfire in 2019 was a little more explored. The results of the field campaign revealed that the wildfire was of low severity, having not penetrated the deeper layers in the soil that reached the residues. However, the closed waste dump still contains organic residues that are combustible, and that can therefore represent a danger in an upcoming wildfire. The lower heating value of the waste from the waste dump was estimated at approximately 9.62 MJ/kg of waste (wet base). The stock of organic carbon present in these residues was estimated at between 4400 to 4900 ton, which, in case of complete combustion, would result in an emission of 16 to 18 thousand ton of CO2.
From the literature overview carried out on the impacts of natural events in landfills and dumps (in operation and closed) it was found that the most portrayed events are coastal erosion, floods and fires (natural and anthropogenic). However, the number of studies reported is small, especially with regard to the impacts of wildfires in controlled landfills or dumps.Portugal é um país extremamente propenso a fogos florestais, uma combinação de fatores como o clima mediterrânico, a falta de gestão florestal e a ignição humana, combinados com as mudanças climáticas, levam à formação de incêndios florestais de dimensão pequena a catastrófica. Até ao início dos anos 2000, Portugal tinha 341 lixeiras espalhadas em todo o país, sobretudo em áreas florestais, onde os resíduos eram depositados sem controlo, diretamente no solo, usando métodos como a queima a céu aberto para reduzir o volume de resíduos. Esta dissertação teve como objetivo a identificação dos impactes dos incêndios florestais em antigas lixeiras encerradas. Para isso, foram selecionados dois casos de estudo de antigas lixeiras afetadas por incêndios florestais em 2017 (município de Nelas) e 2019 (município de A-a-Velha). No entanto, apenas o caso de estudo da lixeira afetada por um incêndio florestal em 2019 foi um pouco mais explorado. Os resultados do trabalho de campo revelaram que o incêndio florestal foi de baixa severidade, não tendo penetrado até camadas mais profundas no solo que atingisse os resíduos. Contudo, a antiga lixeira ainda possui resíduos orgânicos que são combustíveis, e que podem, por isso, representar um perigo num eventual próximo incêndio florestal. O poder calorifico inferior dos resíduos da lixeira foi estimado em aproximadamente 9.62 MJ/kg de resíduo (base tal e qual). O stock de carbono orgânico presente nestes resíduos foi estimado em cerca de 4400 a 4900 toneladas que, em caso de combustão completa, resultaria numa emissão 16 a 18 mil toneladas de CO2. Da revisão da literatura realizada acerca dos impactes de eventos naturais em aterros e lixeiras (em operação e encerrados) verificou-se que os eventos mais retratados são a erosão costeira, as inundações e os incêndios (naturais e antropogénicos). Porém, o número de estudos reportados é diminuto, sobretudo no que concerne aos impactes dos incêndios florestais em aterros controlados ou lixeiras.
Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente
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Nkosi, Hezekiel S. "The viability of salvaging solid waste at dump sites in the Johannesburg Metropolitan Area." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/679.
Full textAbstract:
With rapid economic growth and urbanization, solid waste generation and management is becoming a major social and environmental issue in Johannesburg. This rapid growth coupled with new consumption patterns has resulted in the over utilisation of natural resources. Consequently, there is more land being used for waste disposal and both pollution and environmental degradation are on the rise. These by-products of economic growth are not compatible with the principles of waste minimisation, which sees reuse and recycling as means for sustainable development. The concept of sustainable development is defined as “the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs” (Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development Report, 2002). Sustainable waste management advocates for the integration of environmental matters with economic and social issues. It is within this sustainable environmental management context that the research work is undertaken to fulfil the principles of sustainable waste management practices. Recycling traditionally involves the recovery of plastics, glass, paper, cardboard, metal and rubber from the waste stream. The recovery of these materials will achieve significant volume reduction, on average according to Lombard (1990) between 30-40 per cent of domestic refuse. But, this should be economically viable and produce marketable goods. This option provides opportunities for salvagers to reclaim recyclable materials to sell and generate an income. Salvaging on landfill sites is strongly discouraged by the Minimum Requirements for Waste Disposal by Landfill (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, 1998) and by the National Waste Management Strategy (Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, 1998) as it interferes with the site operations and places salvagers at a high health and safety risk. The main aim of this mini dissertation is to determine whether or not recovery of recyclable material by salvagers contributes to the reduction of waste quantities to be handled by the landfill sites. The methodology used to obtain data for this research was the questionnaire interview approach where there was an interviewer who asked predefined questions and an interviewee who responded and answered questions as posed. In the discussion of both qualitative and quantitative data analysis, the research followed Dey’s (1993) approach, which seeks to combine different approaches such as the descriptive, classification and connection methodologies to gain a deeper understanding of qualitative data. The research findings are that white paper, clear plastic, newspaper, scrap metal, cardboard boxes and common paper are some of the waste components that are being recovered from landfill sites. But some recyclables are more sought after commodities than the others due to their monetary value and availability, white paper being the most popular and common paper the least popular. The results also illustrate that the recovery percentage does not contribute to a significant reduction in quantities of waste to be disposed at a landfill site, but it does benefits financially the salvagers through the resale of the recovered recyclable commodities.Dr. L.G.C. Scheepers
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Li, Michael Guoqing. "Chemistry of the drainage from a waste dump at BHP-Utah Mines Ltd, Island Copper mine." Thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/1728.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines the chemistry of the drainage around the North Dump at BHP-Utah Mines Ltd., Island Copper Mine. It also presents the calculations of the pathway of water from precipitation and the acid generation and consumption of some areas on the North Dump.
Information used in this study includes mine site fresh water quality monitoring records, acid-base accounting results of the North Dump drilling samples, flow rate measurements of drainage streams around the North Dump and of pit dewatering, physical parameters of the North Dump, surface topographical maps, meteorological records, etc.
It has been found that a typical contaminated drainage has a total ionic strength of 0.0426and that the activity coefficients of the dissolved species in consideration depart markedly from unity. Most dissolved species are found to be under-saturated with respect to their most insoluble compounds, although over-saturation also exists. Levels of dissolved species are controlled by their rates of release and the frequency and amount of precipitation.
Redox reactions and solubility control are investigated. Chemical reactions involving minerals present in the waste rock are considered in view of their effects on acid generation or consumption and on release rates of dissolved species. Eh-pH diagrams and solubility diagrams are constructed at conditions specific to the drainage under study.
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"CHARACTERIZING A GROUNDWATER SYSTEM DOWNGRADIENT OF A COAL MINE WASTE ROCK DUMP, ELK VALLEY, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/ETD-2015-09-2240.
Full textAbstract:
Seepage from steelmaking coal mine waste rock dumps in the Elk Valley, British Columbia, Canada can contain selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd), and sulfate (SO42-) from the oxidation of sulfide minerals, and nitrate (NO3-) from blasting. The impact of these constituents of interest (CIs) on receiving groundwater systems and the potential for their natural attenuation is investigated. A 10.7 km2 mine-impacted research catchment (West Line Creek) was instrumented with 13 monitoring wells and 8 drivepoint wells to characterize the hydraulics and geochemistry of the aquifer system downgradient of the waste rock dump. These data were augmented with geophysical surveys and by characterizing the lithology, geotechnical properties, and geochemistry of core samples obtained during drilling. Furthermore, the groundwater monitoring program also facilitated the development of a conceptual model of hydrogeology in a small montane valley.
An unconfined aquifer at the overburden/fractured bedrock interface, i.e. the basal alluvial aquifer was identified as the primary groundwater conduit for the migration of water and solutes from the waste rock dump toward Line Creek. Vertical and horizontal dispersion of CIs was confirmed with porewater analysis of core samples, with Se concentrations exceeding the BC water quality guideline (2.0 µg/L) in 98% of samples (n = 223). Residence time for groundwater in the overburden aquifers was determined using 3H/3He age dating (n = 3) and estimates of groundwater velocity to be less than three years across the 650 m study site. The chemistry of groundwater was compared with rock drain water samples to evaluate CIs from their source through to identified discharge locations. Linear correlation of CI concentrations with SO42- concentrations in water samples showed that Se and NO3- were conservative solutes, whereas Cd was non-conservative and may be undergoing mineral precipitation or adsorption reactions in the groundwater system. The distribution of CIs in the overburden aquifers was seasonally variable and dilution was determined to be the dominant mechanism controlling the concentrations of conservative CIs (Se, SO42- and NO3-) away from the toe of the waste rock dump and during the spring freshet. The basal alluvial aquifer downgradient of the waste rock dump was estimated to annually discharge 16% of the water and 7% of the SO42- load from the catchment.
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Canto, Maritza, and 高雅娜. "Cost Benefit Analysis between Open Dump and Sanitary Landfill: A Model for Sustainable Waste Management in Belize City." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62939798978266495618.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
國際環境永續發展碩士在職專班國際專班
98
Solid waste management has become a major priority practice for many developing countries in order to secure the public health and environment while promoting justifiable economic and social development. In Belize, waste management is a multidimensional problem that has been aggravated by rapid urbanization and population growth rate. Therefore, the state environmental agencies are continuously faced with an increasing amount of solid wastes to handle. The goal of solid waste management is to minimize waste generation in the production process through the implementation of more appropriate collection systems for each situation and the employment of recovery and recycling, treatment, and refuse disposal processes and technologies. This paper highlights the need of constructing adequate sanitary landfill site in Belize City. Currently in Belize, there is an initiative to build a central sanitary landfill, and try to close all existing open-dump facilities for refuse disposal. The refuse open-dump method may have serious danger to public health with its breeding of terrible flies and rats, which can transmit lots of diseases. The uncontrolled leachate from the open-dump refuse site may also pollute surface and ground waters. This study aims at assessing the establishment of Fukuoka semi-aerobic landfill site with the comparison of open-dump sites in the measure of a benefit-cost analysis. The Fukuoka landfill site will service five major districts including San Pedro Town, Caye Caulker, Belize City, San Ignacio and Santa Elena. The municipal solid wastes generated from these five districts are estimated in this study to be 45,758 tons per year (125 tons per day) in 2030. The Fukuoka landfill site, which designed capacity is 125 tons/day, is assessed by benefit-costs analysis with three factors: the decreased costs of mortality and morbidity due to the reduction of sulphur dioxide from spontaneous burning and the lead emissions from open-dump sites and land use recycling. The results showed that, according to the designed conditions and economic assumption, the total construction cost of the Fukuoka sanitary landfill is US$4,312,895, and the total operation costs for 20-year duration is US$18,618,912. However, the total benefit is estimated to be US$US$142,879,624 that much surpasses the construction costs plus operation expenses. This study has estimated that there will have a benefit of US$131,113,792 getting from decreasing the damage costs of mortality and morbidity, that is because of the elimination of sulphur dioxide from spontaneous burning as well as the reduction of lead emissions from open-dump sites. The other benefit could be from restoring closed open-dump sites, and the restored land value to be US$11,765,832. According to the analysis with cash-flow sheet, the financial benefit of the Fukuoka landfill investment for 20-year duration is that the net present value (NPV) is US $ 2,241,594 and internal rate of return (IRR) is 19%.
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Lister, Diane. "An assessment of acid rock drainage potential of waste rock and implications for long term weathering of the North Dump at Island Copper Mine, Port Hardy, B.C." Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/5080.
Full textAbstract:
Island Copper Mine, owned by BHP Minerals Canada Ltd., is located at the north end of
Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The mine, a copper-molybdenum porphyry deposit and
one of Canada’s largest open low grade copper mines, commenced operation in 1971 and with
current reserves, mining is expected to continue until late 1995. Over the years of operation,
approximately 616 million tonnes of waste rock has been placed both on land (76 million
tonnes) and into Rupert Inlet (540 million tonnes), an adjacent marine fjord.
Acid rock drainage, the term used for contaminated drainage resulting from oxidation of certain
sulfide minerals, was first detected in the open pit area in 1982, and from the on land waste rock
dumps in 1985. Currently, all drainage from the mine area is directed to a water management
pond for recycling to the concentrator and discharge when all provincial effluent standards are
met. In comparison with other Canadian mines with acid rock drainage, effluent from Island
Copper’s on land dump has relatively low concentrations of contaminants.
The objective of this study was to assist Island Copper in long term prediction of water quality
emanating from the North dump, the largest on land dump at the mine. The study involved
characterization of both the waste rock dump as a whole, and of the various waste rock types
comprising the dump.
Waste rock dump characterization entailed examination of existing data coupled with field
measurements. Results indicate that there is sufficient oxygen in almost all areas of the on land
dumps for pyrite oxidation. There is also evidence of convective transport of air through the
dump. In addition, elevated temperatures, indicative of increased sulfide oxidation rates, have
been documented in several of the drill holes through the waste rock dumps. The limited
historical monitoring of one dump indicates that temperatures have increased over the last five
years, but may be stabilizing in the low 20° C range. Waste rock characterization involved geological, mineralogical, geochemical and physical
assessment, as well as kinetic testing of samples from eight selected sites on the North dump.
From this work, three categories of waste rock were derived: i) type I rocks, which are
interpreted to have sufficient excess alkalinity to do some degree of buffering on infiltrating
acidic drainage, ii) type II rocks, which although possibly generating alkaline leachate at
present, are not regarded to have sufficient excess alkalinity to adequately buffer infiltrating
acidic drainage, but are not expected to significantly contribute to net acidity of the waste rock
dump; and iii) type III rocks, which are presently producing leachate with high net acidity. Type
III rocks are of variable lithology, strongly hydrothermally altered, and contain elevated levels
of fine grained disseminated pyrite. The dumps or dump areas documented to be producing
acidic effluent contain at least 14 percent of type III and 21 percent of type II material.
Comparison of leachate quality from laboratory kinetic tests and waste rock dump effluent
indicates that the kinetic tests significantly overestimate actual contaminant loads, and only net
acid load and molar calcium to sulfate can be confidently scaled from laboratory to field
conditions.
The model derived for prediction of future effluent quality indicates that when dump
temperatures stabilize, effluent quality will also stabilize and contaminant concentrations will
gradually decrease over time.
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Dagenais, Paul James. "An investigation into the construction, excavation, and geochemical history of a waste rock dump and implications for long-term water quality at the Island Copper Mine, Port Hardy, British Columbia." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/5717.
Full textAbstract:
The Island Copper Mine, near Port Hardy, British Columbia, is currently in the
process of closure. As part of its closure plans, the mine excavated a waste rock dump
(the Northwest Dump) and disposed of it into the open pit. The open pit was flooded
with seawater from Rupert Inlet and will become chemically meromictic once a
freshwater cap becomes established on top of the seawater.
The decision to excavate the waste rock dump and place it into the open pit was
made because the dump was generating acid rock drainage. The excavation of the dump
provided a unique opportunity to examine the interior of a waste rock pile that had been
weathering for over ten years. This thesis examined three main questions: 1) was local
groundwater contaminated by the acid rock drainage coming from the Northwest Dump?,
2) has excavation of the dump led to improvements in the quality of the local
groundwater and nearby Francis Lake, and 3) will the material from the Northwest Dump
have a noticeable effect on water quality in the flooded pit, specifically the freshwater
cap?
To answer these questions, samples were collected from various parts of the
dump and subjected to numerous analyses. Samples were characterized in terms of
particle size, mineralogy, and chemical composition. Since the rock in this dump had
been weathering for so long, it contained large amounts of reaction products. Before
meaningful results could be obtained from kinetic prediction tests, these reaction products had to be removed, otherwise the kinetic tests would have had to continue for
many months. Shake flask tests were used to determine what type of solution would be
most efficient at removing the reaction products from the samples. When the best
solution was determined, the samples underwent a batch leach to remove the reaction
products. After the samples came out of the batch leach, they were subjected to both
static and kinetic prediction tests. These tests were used to characterize the samples in
terms of their acid-generating and acid-consuming ability and to determine their
oxidation, neutralization, and leaching rates.
As a result of this testwork, the following conclusions were made: 1) based on the
batch leach tests, significant levels of sulphate and metals would be produced by this
material when it was first rinsed (either by precipitation or by seawater during flooding),
2) the static prediction tests indicated that nearly all of the dump material tested had a
high potential to generate acid, 3) the kinetic tests indicated that all but three of the
samples tested would be acidic from the time they were first exposed, (three of the
samples remained neutral throughout kinetic testing with correspondingly low levels of
sulphide oxidation and metal leaching), 4) local groundwater has been contaminated and
acid rock drainage from the Northwest Dump is probably the primary source of this
contamination, 5) excavation of the dump has not yet led to any noticeable improvements
in the quality of the local groundwater or Francis Lake, and 6) the material from the
dump could have a noticeable impact on the water quality in the flooded pit, specifically
the freshwater cap (copper concentrations especially are likely to exceed the water
quality guidelines of the Water Management Pond discharge permit within five years).
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Hughes, Trevor Stuart. "Stability of coarse mine waste dumps." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/18203.
Full textAbstract:
A dissertation submitted to the faculty of engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment for the degree of master of science in engineering
JULY, 1984It is economically desirable to build dumps of coarse mine waste as high a, possible. A review of available literature indicated that a significant decrease in the strength of coarse material occurs at high stress levels. A literature survey was conducted to establish possible dump failure modes and methods of slope stability analysis appropriate to dumps. Consolidated, drained triaxial tests on several mine waste materials have shown that above a normal stress of 1600 kPa, slight curvature of the Mohr strength envelope occurs. However, sample stability analyses show that there is little or no difference in factors of safety for typical dump slopes, obtained by using a constant average friction angle, or by using variable friction angles derived from a power equation which describes the curved strength envelope. Thus it is concluded that the curvature of the strength envelope, has little influence on the factor of safety of dump slopes.
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Allen, M. G. "Resloping of waste dumps : the Bullmoose solution." 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/9039.
Full textAbstract:
As a result of a review of rock dump reclamation in 2000, resloping of unreclaimed rock dumps from angle of repose to less than a 2:1 slope was adopted as the preferred method. As a result of the analysis
and field trials, resloping was performed using two different methods, horizontal cut and incline cut depending upon waste rock dump height. Resloping profiles were designed using three-dimensional modeling software. Productivity of the dozer fleet was analyzed based on dump height, crest length and area reclaimed.
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Kent, Alistair, and Bill Johnson. "Risk based evaluation of mine waste dumps." 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/11062.
Full textAbstract:
This paper reviews the nature of past waste dump failures, and examines their impacts. The geotechnical
issues affecting hazard prediction are discussed from both design and operational perspectives. Methodology for
evaluating the potential consequences of dump failures is presented and discussed. The methodology provides the
basis for a risk-based approach which is explicit and defensible. Criteria for the acceptance of certain types and
levels of risk are reviewed, and quantitative as well as qualitative approaches are described. The paper is intended
to provide mine management with an effective tool for obtaining project approvals efficiently.
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Brawner, Carroll Oliver, and Scott E. Broughton. "Recent problems with waste rock spoil dumps." 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/12532.
Full textAbstract:
Several failures of rock waste spoil dumps have occurred in the past few
years in British Columbia. A review of three dump failures is provided. General
details are described including the mechanics of the failure.
Recommendations are presented to develop procedures to reduce failures of these types in the future.
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Tolstoy, Dmitri G. "Microbiological method for recultivation of industrial waste dumps." 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/14205.
Full text
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Knapp, R. A., Jeno M. Scharer, C. M. Pettit, Robert J. Patterson, and Ronald V. Nicholson. "Acid generation modelling : Equity Silver waste rock dumps." 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/17535.
Full textAbstract:
The Equity Silver mine near Houston B.C. is proposing to cease operations in 1992. The large open pit operation
has produced more than 80 million tonnes of waste rock which for the most part has been placed into surface dumps.
The waste contains about 4 percent sulphide minerals and is a strong acid generator. Since 1981 Equity Silver Mines
Limited (Equity) have been intercepting and treating seepage during which time there has been a steadily increasing
load of acidity.
Over the past several years Equity have developed their plans for decommissioning. The plan includes the control
of acid release rates through the capping of the dumps with a low permeability cover. This plan was implemented
over much of the dump in 1990/91. The preliminary indications is that the cover is functioning well.
The decommissioning plan for Equity calls for perpetual treatment of seepage and runoff from the dumps. This
requires substantial operating costs for labour, power, chemicals and maintenance. In order to provide assurance that
these funds would be available over the long-term, Equity have been requested to post a bond. A Technical
Committee was formed with representation from Equity and several government agencies to review bonding
requirements.
The committee met on 6 occasions and presented their best estimate of potential long-term costs and the net present
value of a bond for several scenarios. The committees approach included empirical estimates of acid production for
a series of assumptions. The concerns of the committee were that they did not have sound basis for determining
peak acid production rates, the duration of peak rates and the decline in acid production over time or long-term acid
production rates. As a result they applied a broad range to their assumptions.
Equity was comfortable with the Technical Committee reports but wanted to confirm the data by having a site
specific ARD (Acid Rock Drainage) model developed for their site. The model development was completed in 1991
and calibrated to the historical data. Model runs were completed for till, uncompacted clay and compacted clay
covers.
Model results confirm the shape of the ARD curve and suggest that the Technical Committee estimates were
conservative but not unreasonable. The net present value of the bond based upon the ARD model results overlaps
the committees estimates.
This paper presents information regarding the general structure of the ARD model, estimates of ARD production by
the model for the various cover scenarios, and compares the model results with several empirical estimates.
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Lighthall, Peter C., C. David Sellars, and W. D. Burton. "Design of waste dumps with flow-through rock drains." 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/17621.
Full textAbstract:
A number of mines in mountainous regions of British Columbia are being forced by topographic constraints to dump large quantitites of waste rock in valley fills. As stream diversions around dumps are often very costly, a flow-through rock drain may be an economical alternative for conveying streamflow, particularly if suitable mine waste rock is available. Aspects to be considered in design of flow-through drains include analysis of the availability and quality of waste rock, the method of waste rock selection and placement, determination of design floods by hydrologie analysis, hydraulic design, stability of the downstream slope, assessment of sediment production, reclamation and abandonments. At the Teck Bullmoose Coal Project, a valley fill with a flow-through rock drain was an economical solution to waste rock disposal. The rock drain in being constructed by end-dumping selected, good quality sandstone. Construction of the dump began in early 1984 and observations indicate that the drain in functioning well.
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Kaitano, Rufaro. "Modelling of low temperature oxidation of coal dumps." Thesis, 1998. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/25853.
Full textAbstract:
A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering,
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, for the
Degree of Master of Science.storage and waste dumps from coal mining tend to spontaneously combust. This is mainly as a result of the oxidation process which is accelerated by the availability of oxygen and the exothermic nature of the oxidation process. In cases of poor ventilation the heat accumulation within the bed is thought to lead to the spontaneous combustion of coal. The work in this dissertation aims to investigate the change in oxygen concentration in a bed of coal and also measure the rate of oxidation (oxygen absorption) in a closed reactor under isothermal conditions. Drying rate of coal under nitrogen was also looked into. An analysis of the oxygen concentration profile in a three metre 20 cm ID plastic column filled up with coal has been carried out. As the coal ages (becomes oxidised) its reactivity towards oxygen decreases and changes in the oxygen concentration profile are noticed. Experiments have been carried out up to 8 months and from the results obtained, a simple pseudo-steady-state model has been developed to describe the diffusion of oxygen into a reacting coal bed. The findings could prove useful in trying to find a solution to coal and waste dump fire control. The second experiment is a simple isothermal oxygen absorption experiment in which the rate of absorption of oxygen on a given coal sample is measured at different initial concentrations of oxygen. The initial concentration of oxygen is varied over a fairly wide range in order to determine the dependence of the rate of oxidation on the oxygen concentration. The rate- limiting step in low temperature oxidation of coal is found to be the absorption of oxygen. Moisture also plays a role in coal oxidation. Drying experiments were also carried out so as to quantify and investigate the rate of loss of moisture. Models have been developed which try to explain the mechanisms involved in the drying process. The modelling suggest that the bound water model is more appropriate to the type of behaviour exhibited during the drying process
Andrew Chakane 2018