Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Dump and open burning'

Modern large-scale open pit mines move hundreds of thousands of tonnes of material daily, from the loading sources to the destination zones, whether these are massive mine dumps or, to a lesser extent, to the grinding mills. Mine dumps can be classified as leach or waste dumps, depending upon their economic viability to be processed in-place, a condition that has experienced great progress in the last decades and has reconfigured the open pit haulage network with an increase in the number of dumps. Therefore, new methods for dump design optimization are of the highest priority in mine planning management. This paper presents a methodology to model and optimize the design of a dump by minimizing the total haulage costs. The location and design of these dumps will be given mainly by the geological characteristics of the mineral, tonnage delivered, topographical conditions, infrastructure capital and transportation costs. Spatial and physical design possibilities, in addition, provide a set of parameters of mathematical and economic relationship that creates opportunities for modelling and thus facilitates the measurement and optimization of ultimate dump designs. The proposed methodology consists of: (1) Formulation of a dump model based on a system of equations relying on multiple relevant parameters; (2) Solves by minimizing the total cost using linear programming and determines a "preliminary" dump design; (3) Through a series of iterations, changes the "preliminary" footprint by projecting it to the topography and creates the ultimate dump design. Finally, an application for a waste rock dump illustrates this methodology.

Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2009.
Thesis Advisor(s): Bergin, Richard ; Simeral, Robert. "March 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 24, 2009. Author(s) subject terms: Fire, Intelligence, Firefighter Training, First Responders, Fire Service Intelligence, Open Source Intelligence, Fire Service. Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-79). Also available in print.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This study had the aim of evaluating the groundwater quality nearby the decommissioned Roger open dump in João Pessoa, Brazil, which was decommissioned in 2003 and occupies an area of 17 hectares, adjacent to the mangrove besides Sanhauá river, which increases the impact produced from the inadequate disposal of solid wastes. During the last three years of operation the open dump also received the solid wastes from the cities of Bayeux and Cabedelo. The monitoring of groundwater quality was done through six wells called P1, P2, P3, P4, P5 and P6, spread over the internal, direct influence and indirect influence areas of the decommissioned open dump. P1, P2, P3 and P4 were particular wells that the owner allowed to be included in the monitoring, while P5 and P6 were constructed in the internal area of the former open dump. Sampling occurred every three or four months during almost three years. The following parameters were monitored: pH, conductivity, hardness, color, turbidity, dissolved total solids, BOD, COD, oil and grease, chloride, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, aluminum, plumb and thermotolerant coliform. For statistical treatment of collected data, analysis of variance through the GT-2 grafic method was employed. Results have shown that P5 and P6 presented the worst water quality indicators suggesting that the former open dump poses some influence on the local groundwater quality. However, oil and grease, thermotolerant coliform and chloride were found in all the wells, indicating that other sources of contamination are present in the site. The groundwater in the region of the decommissioned Roger open dump does not satisfy the standards for drinking water according to Brazilian legislation.
Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a qualidade das águas subterrâneas na área da influência do antigo lixão do Roger em João Pessoa. Desativado em 2003, o antigo lixão ocupa uma área de manguezal, com 17 hectares, adjacente ao estuário do Rio Sanhauá, próximo ao centro de João Pessoa, potencializando os problemas ambientais e de saúde pública decorrentes da disposição inadequada de resíduos. Nos últimos anos de funcionamento, o referido lixão também recebeu os resíduos sólidos de cidades vizinhas (Cabedelo e Bayeux). O monitoramento das águas subterrâneas foi realizado através de seis poços denominados P1, P2, P3, P4, P5 e P6, distribuídos entre a área interna do referido lixão (P5 e P6), a área de influência direta (P1 e P4) e a indireta (P2 e P3). Os poços P5 e P6 foram construídos para a pesquisa, enquanto que os outros são de particulares que permitiram o acesso. O P5 é considerado o poço de montante e o P6 de jusante em relação à massa de resíduos sólidos e o fluxo predominante das águas subterrâneas. As águas coletadas foram caracterizadas durante 3 anos com freqüência trimestral ou quadrimestral, através dos seguintes parâmetros: pH, condutividade, dureza, cor, turbidez, sólidos totais dissolvidos, DBO, DQO, óleos e graxas, cloretos, amônia, nitrito, nitrato, alumínio, chumbo, e coliformes termotolerantes. Para tratamento dos dados foi aplicada análise de variância, através do método gráfico GT-2 que permitiu a comparação gráfica dos parâmetros entre os poços, além da análise gráfica do comportamento temporal de cada parâmetro e também com Valores Máximos Permitidos (VMP) estabelecidos pela Portaria nº 518 do Ministério da Saúde e a Resolução do Conselho Nacional de Meio Ambiente (CONAMA) nº 396 de 2008. O monitoramento das águas subterrâneas demonstrou que os poços P5 e P6 apresentaram os piores indicadores de qualidade tanto em comparação a legislação quanto aos demais poços. No entanto, em todos os poços foi constatada a presença de óleos e graxas, coliformes termotolerantes e cloretos, indicando haver outras fontes de contaminação . As águas subterrâneas nas proximidades do antigo lixão do Roger não atendem ao padrão de potabilidade da legislação. Mesmo após a desativação o lixão ainda é uma fonte de contaminação e oferece riscos a saúde da população circunvizinha, além de comprometer os usos futuros que se poderiam fazer das águas subterrâneas.

The purpose of this work is to understand and evaluate the phenomena that influence the burning rate. In particular it focuses on the separation between solid and liquid phase during the casting process. To evaluate it an open source solver is used (OpenFOAM) with the addition of formulas that allow to evaluate the difference in concentration of solid particles. The obtained results show a significant agreement between experimental data and previous studies, used as references, and the predicted ones. This work is the starting point from which other future studies can draw inspiration to continue the analysis in more detail.

This dissertation examines the contestations over the politics of knowledge, risk, and environmental justice in three fenceline sites. Mobilizing the fenceline standpoint to study risk strengthens our objective understanding of the social situatedness of risk. To illustrate how a fenceline standpoint contributes to stronger objectivity of risk contestations, I survey public discourse of coal slurry extraction in Black Mesa, Arizona using an environmental justice framework. Discursive justifications for the construction of the slurry pipeline reveal how environmental injustice in the fenceline community emerged through urban controversies over water and power generation that excluded a fenceline standpoint. Insights from Black Mesa frame the next two cases: open burning hazardous waste at Radford Army Ammunition Plant, and M6 Disposal at Camp Minden, Louisiana. At Radford, scholar-activist research examines the contestations of risk at one of the most hazardous waste facilities in the nation. I analyze the construction of risk from open burning of hazardous waste from a fenceline standpoint. I discursively situate the controversy over fenceline community risk from open burning, by showing the inadequacies of official risk assessments. Critical discourse analysis of risk shows the extant contestations over the practice of open burning. In juxtaposition to Radford, the Camp Minden open burn controversy demonstrates how a fenceline movement successfully constructed alternatives to open burning. Fenceline success in Minden is forcing scrutiny over the risks produced by the practice of open burning explosives across the United States. The activation of fenceline knowledge and expertise, through grassroots organizing, is propelling inquiry from scientific and technical experts of the American Chemical Society who are questioning why the Department of Defense and the Environmental Protection Agency have approved the use of open burning at other sites despite safer alternative technology. Synthetically, each case illustrates the importance of fenceline knowledge as a crucial site of expertise. I present an argument for how a fenceline standpoint can challenge regulatory and producer constructions of fenceline risk. The creation of a program of research: Critical Risk Analysis, offers a model for scholar-activist intervention on the fenceline. The Camp Minden Dialogue demonstrates a successful example of how fenceline expert-activists can influence the construction of risk. Normatively, I build the argument that environmental justice research within Science and Technology Studies ought to situate the fenceline standpoint as equal to the competing epistemological claims of production and regulatory experts in order to strengthen the objectivity of our research in contested fenceline sites.
Ph. D.

Os sistemas de gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) nos países em desenvolvimento são caracterizados por prestação de serviços inadequados, baixa recuperação de resíduos, ineficiências operacionais e eliminação inadequada dos resíduos. A presença de resíduos sólidos urbanos, representam uma ameaça à saúde pública e ao ambiente se não forem geridos de forma adequada. Em Nampula, província de Moçambique, existem diversas lixeiras a céu aberto e há populações que residem junto dessas lixeiras. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar as implicações e percepções sobre os efeitos na saúde e no ambiente dessas populações que vivem junto a lixeiras de RSU na cidade de Nampula. Utilizou-se pesquisa mista, com instrumentos de recolha de dados: questionário epidemiológico e guiões de entrevistas. Foram aplicados 300 questionários, por administração indirecta, a indivíduos residentes em quatro áreas geográficas diferentes e que representam dois grupos: um grupo exposto aos efeitos das lixeiras (grupo dos casos) e que estão sob a administração dos postos administrativos de Carrupeia, MuhalaExpansão e Namicopo; e um grupo não-exposto aos efeitos das lixeiras (grupo dos controlos), que está sob a administração do posto administrativo de Marrere. Foram realizadas doze entrevistas a técnicos: seis a técnicos de saúde e seis a técnicos de ambiente, tendo como base duas entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Para a aplicação do questionário contou-se com o apoio dos secretários dos bairros, os chefes do Município das áreas de meio ambiente e da empresa EMUSANA que ajudaram na selecção da amostra e garantiram a adesão dos participantes. Para a análise descritiva e testes estatísticos de associação e homogeneidade dos resultados utilizou-se o software IBM SPSS Statistics, versão 25.0. Os principais resultados obtidos foram as populações estudadas consideraram que o seu estado de saúde era bom ou razoável. Nas diferentes doenças ocorridas registou-se diferenças significativas para a doença Matequenha, com maior ocorrência nos casos. No entanto as outras doenças também identificadas implicavam a implementação de medidas para se proteger as populações casos e controlo (malária, bilharziose, filária, cólera e febre amarela). As populações casos produziam alimentos nas lixeiras, que consumiam e vendiam, podendo ocorrer a contaminação através da cadeia alimentar. Outro factor de preocupação e exposição tem a ver com a água consumida. Verificou-se que as populações que viviam junto das lixeiras, não tinham conhecimentos sobre os impactos que estas lixeiras podiam fazer na sua saúde e no ambiente. Embora neste estudo não tenha sido possível determinar os contaminantes a que as populações possam estar expostas, o facto da recolha dos resíduos ser indiferenciada e os diferentes tipos de resíduos serem todos depositados nestes locais, é de prever que para além de contaminação por diferentes vectores (mosquitos, ratos e animais domésticos) que podem provocar diferentes doenças tropicais nestas populações, também não são de excluir outros contaminantes tais como metais pesados e compostos orgânicos persistentes. Estas populações são pobres e vulneráveis e é necessário a implementação de um conjunto de medidas para proteger estas populações, tais como: educação das populações de forma eficaz e contínua sobre os riscos; envolvimento destas populações nos processos de decisão e de participação sobre a gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos; reassentamento das populações mais expostas; melhorar as condições de vida e de habitabilidade destas populações; regulamentar os indivíduos que trabalham de forma informal com os Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos.
Urban solid waste management systems (MSW) in developing countries are characterized by inadequate service delivery, low waste recovery, operational inefficiencies and inadequate waste disposal. The presence of urban solid waste poses a threat to public health and the environment if not managed properly. In Nampula city, in Mozambique, populations live near open dumps with open burning. The present study aims to analyze the implications and perceptions about the effects on health and on the environment of these populations that live close to MSW dumps in the city of Nampula. A mixed survey was used with data collection instruments: an epidemiological questionnaire and interview guides. Three hundred questionnaires were administered by indirect administration, to individuals residing in four different geographical areas and representing two groups, a group exposed to the effects of open dumps (case group) and who are under the administration of administrative posts in Carrupeia, Muhala-Expansão and Namicopo; and a group not exposed to the effects of open dumps (control group), which is under the administration of the administrative post in Marrere. Twelve interviews were conducted with technicians: six with health technicians and six with environmental technicians, based on two semi-structured interviews. For the application of the questionnaire, we had the support of the secretaries of the neighborhoods, the heads of the Municipality of the environmental areas and the company EMUSANA, who helped in the selection of the sample and ensured the participation of the population. For descriptive analysis and statistical tests of association and homogeneity of results, the IBM, SPSS Statistics software, version 25.0, was used. The main results obtained were that the populations studied considered their health status to be good or fair. In the different diseases that occurred, there were significant differences for the Matequenha disease, with greater occurrence in cases. However, the other diseases also identified implied the implementation of measures to protect the populations from cases and control (malaria, schistosomiasis, filaria, cholera and yellow fever). The case populations produced food in dumps, which they consumed and sold, and contamination could occur through the food chain. Another factor of concern and exposure has to do with the water consumed. It has been found that that the populations who lived near the dumps had no knowledge of the impacts that these could have on their health and the environment. Although, in this study, it was not possible to determine the contaminants to which populations may be exposed, the fact that the collection of waste is undifferentiated and the different types of waste are all deposited in these places, it is expected that in addition to contamination by different vectors (mosquitoes, rats and domestic animals) that can cause different tropical diseases in these populations, other contaminants such as heavy metals and persistent organic compounds cannot be excluded. These populations are poor and vulnerable, and it is necessary to implement a set of measures to protect these populations, such as: effectively and continuously educating the population about the risks; involvement of these populations in decision-making and participation processes on the management of urban solid waste; resettlement of the most exposed populations; to improve the living and habitability conditions of these populations; regulate individuals who work informally with Municipal Solid Waste.

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
土木工程系所
103
In order to understand the impact of demolition wastes open burning on the ambient air quality, two Dichot samplers were used to collect the atmospheric coarse and fine particles during three kinds of demolition wastes burning (including waste cement bags, plastic wastes, and treated wood wastes) at a construction site (in Yujing, Tainan) in March, 2015. Additionally, water-soluble ions of the particles (F-, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+) were analyzed. The results show that burning waste cement bags or plastic wastes or treated wood wastes significantly increased the concentrations of both fine and coarse particles, especially that of PM2.5. Accordingly, the ratio of PM2.5/PM2.5-10 and PM2.5/PM10 (4.36 ± 0.15 and 0.81 ± 0.01, respectively) were higher than those background values (1.36 ± 0.10 and 0.58 ± 0.02, respectively) before burning. The main water-soluble ions in the atmospheric PM2.5 before burning were SO42-, NO3- and NH4+ nearby the open burning site. When burning waste cement bags, the major species of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 were NO3-, SO42-, and Na+. However, when the plastic wastes and treated wood wastes were burnt, the analyzed water-soluble ions in PM2.5 were mostly composed of NO3-, SO42-, and NH4+. According to the fractions of each ion in total water-soluble ions (ΣIons), Cl-, Na+ and K+ in PM2.5 can be used as element indicators of waste cement bags open burning, while Cl-, Na+ and Mg2+ were the element indicators of plastic wastes burning in the air, and opening burning of treated wood wastes can be indicted by Mg2+, Cl-, Na+ and Ca2+.

碩士
國立中央大學
國際環境永續發展碩士在職專班國際專班
98
Solid waste management has become a major priority practice for many developing countries in order to secure the public health and environment while promoting justifiable economic and social development. In Belize, waste management is a multidimensional problem that has been aggravated by rapid urbanization and population growth rate. Therefore, the state environmental agencies are continuously faced with an increasing amount of solid wastes to handle. The goal of solid waste management is to minimize waste generation in the production process through the implementation of more appropriate collection systems for each situation and the employment of recovery and recycling, treatment, and refuse disposal processes and technologies. This paper highlights the need of constructing adequate sanitary landfill site in Belize City. Currently in Belize, there is an initiative to build a central sanitary landfill, and try to close all existing open-dump facilities for refuse disposal. The refuse open-dump method may have serious danger to public health with its breeding of terrible flies and rats, which can transmit lots of diseases. The uncontrolled leachate from the open-dump refuse site may also pollute surface and ground waters. This study aims at assessing the establishment of Fukuoka semi-aerobic landfill site with the comparison of open-dump sites in the measure of a benefit-cost analysis. The Fukuoka landfill site will service five major districts including San Pedro Town, Caye Caulker, Belize City, San Ignacio and Santa Elena. The municipal solid wastes generated from these five districts are estimated in this study to be 45,758 tons per year (125 tons per day) in 2030. The Fukuoka landfill site, which designed capacity is 125 tons/day, is assessed by benefit-costs analysis with three factors: the decreased costs of mortality and morbidity due to the reduction of sulphur dioxide from spontaneous burning and the lead emissions from open-dump sites and land use recycling. The results showed that, according to the designed conditions and economic assumption, the total construction cost of the Fukuoka sanitary landfill is US$4,312,895, and the total operation costs for 20-year duration is US$18,618,912. However, the total benefit is estimated to be US$US$142,879,624 that much surpasses the construction costs plus operation expenses. This study has estimated that there will have a benefit of US$131,113,792 getting from decreasing the damage costs of mortality and morbidity, that is because of the elimination of sulphur dioxide from spontaneous burning as well as the reduction of lead emissions from open-dump sites. The other benefit could be from restoring closed open-dump sites, and the restored land value to be US$11,765,832. According to the analysis with cash-flow sheet, the financial benefit of the Fukuoka landfill investment for 20-year duration is that the net present value (NPV) is US $ 2,241,594 and internal rate of return (IRR) is 19%.

碩士
國立成功大學
環境工程學系碩博士班
98
Intensive samplings were performed on the top floor of Juo Chiun Building, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan from December 2008 to February 2009. PM10 and PM2.5, with duration time of 12 hours, were both measured at 8 a.m. and 8 p.m. LST. The objectives of this study are to observe the variations of PM concentrations and compositions during open-burning of rice straw and to compare the contributions analyzed by CMB and PMF. An additional field experience of straw burning was conducted for the analysis of its source profile. Under various conditions such as different sampling periods, different loads, and different styles of collecting straws for burning, the results shows that significant difference only exists in the different ways of collection: piling and spreading. In the situation of piling and spreading, the major tracing species of PM2.5 and PM10 were OC, Cl-, K+, and EC and Levoglucosan, the other important tracing specie, contributes largely to PM2.5 and PM10. Straws spread out were burned more completely and the EC increases approximately by six times. CMB and PMF were used in the study and compared. PMF was performed in different amounts of sources, that is, PMF10, PMF11, and PMF12. CMB found successfully 11 different sources, but PMF10, PMF11, and PMF12 found 8, 8, and 7 sources respectively. The significant difference of source by CMB and PMF is crustal and oil-fired boiler: CMB reveals crustal contribute 40% to particulate matter and only 20% for PMF.CMB indicates the contribution of oil-fired boiler is less than 1%, but 10% for PMF. Other contribution estimated such traffic, 50% sea spray, agriculture waste burning, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium nitrate are similar. However, 10% contribution is not identified in PMF. Comparing the result by PMF and CMB, they were not correlated well due to the incomplete source profiles and the deficiency and low concentration of tracing species.

碩士
國立成功大學
環境工程學系碩博士班
98
Rice straw open burning is always one of important sources of impacting air quality in Taiwan recently. Besides it will impact visibility, and particulate produced by rice straw open burning will impact air quality to our surroundings. We get monitor raw data after air quality automatic monitoring site starts to work, and we know that PSI value larger than 100 happens with increasing frequency in Cha-nan area in spring and winter. It is peak period of rice straw open burning, and high pressure of climate in winter makes it more stable. Therefore, pollutant accumulate because of badly dispersion. We use PM10、PM2.5 continuous sampling data from 2009/11/14 to 2009/12/23 in Singang and Shinying. We calculate ratio of contribution of pollutant sources by CMB and simulate the result of dispersion by AERMOD. By these results we can realize kinds and characteristic of rice straw open burning pollutant and the difference in air quality impaction between different areas. According to results of experiment, there is an increasing trend in PM10、PM2.5 mass concentration during rice straw open burning period. The average concentration of PM10、PM2.5(78.2、59.0μg/m3) is about 2.2 times higher than them burned before. The average concentration of EC、OC(5.38、5.69μg/m3) is about 1.75 times than them burned before. The average concentration of dissolvable cation NH4+、K+(4.40、1.04μg/m3) are about 2.74、3.50 times than them burned before. There are a large number of K+、EC、OC emitted to surroundings during rice straw open burning, it is the same as results of reference. There are 9 sources in this result of CMB model. Percentage of primary sources in Singang and Shinying are surface dust(40%)、ammonium sulfate of secondary aerosol(30%), and the influence of rice straw open burning in Singang is more serious in Shinying. We find that the concentration at 9:00 am~11:00 am and 3:00 pm~5:00 pm is higher because of vertical convection in the atmosphere. Vertical convection is stronger in the noon and afternoon, and it makes pollutant diffuse widely. According to result comparing with air quality monitoring site, it shows that positive correlation between increment of concentration of AERMOD model and concentration of air quality monitoring site.

碩士
東海大學
環境科學系
90
Abstract Concentrations of ambient suspended particulates were measured at Tzu Yun Yen Temple (120°, 34’, 10” E; 24°, 16’, 12” N) in this study. This Temple is characteristic of semi-open incense burning in Taiwan. Tzu Yun Yen temple is a typical famous Buddhist-Taoist combined Temple. But there are many pilgrims who come from different areas with various beliefs visiting the temple and burning incense. The average number of people visiting this temple is about 3000 to 5000 per day. Samples were with a universal sampler, MOUDI sampler, and dry deposition plate used for measuring particulate concentrations with sample period collected from 16/08/2001 to 2/1/2002 the temple. The average dry deposition flux (49.4 mg m-2day-1) in the indoor environment is lower than that measured in the outdoor environment (184.0 mg m-2day-1). The PM2.5/ PM10 ratios ranged from 31% to 87% with an average of 70 ± 11% during the heavy incense burning period. The average mass size distributions follows a bimodal with major two peaks occurring at 0.56-1 μm and 5.6-10μm on days of non-Zhong Yuan Jie and non-1st or 15 th days of each month (Chinese lunar calendar). The average mass size distributions are bimodal with two major peaks within 0.18-0.32 μm and 5.6-10μm, respectively during Zhong Yuan Jie and the 1st or 15th for each month (Chinese lunar calendar). In addition, metallic elements concentrations and compositions in PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 for incense burning particles were also analyzed in this study. The median metallic elements concentrations order for these elements are Fe > Zn > Cr > Cd > Pb > Mn > Ni > Cu in fine particle (PM2.5). And the median metallic elements concentrations order for these elements are Fe > Zn > Cr > Pb > Cd > Ni > Mn > Cu in coarse particle (PM2.5-10). These data reflect that elements of Fe, Zn, and Cr were the major elements distributed in PM10 at Tzu Yun Yen Temple.

博士
國立成功大學
資源工程學系碩博士班
100
The objectives of the research were to investigate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) characteristics from the emission sources. It contains two parts: the first part of this study includes the particulate matter (PM) and PAHs concentrations during rice straw open burning and non-open burning periods. In the ambient air of a rice field, the mean total PAH and total toxic equivalence (BaPeq) concentrations were 7206 ng/m3 and 10.3 ng/m3, respectively, whereas after the open burning event, they were 376 ng/m3 and 1.50 ng/m3, respectively. Open burning thus increases total PAH and total BaPeq concentrations by 19-fold and 6.8-fold, respectively. During a rice straw open burning event, in the ambient air of a rice field, the mean dry deposition fluxes of total PAHs and total BaPeq were 1222 µg/m2-day and 4.80 µg/m2-day, respectively, which are approximately 60- and 3-fold higher than those during the non-open burning period, respectively. During the non-open burning period, particle-bound PAHs contributed 79.2-84.2% of total dry deposition fluxes (gas + particle) of total PAHs. However, an open burning event increases the contribution to total PAH dry deposition by particle-bound PAHs up to 85.9-95.5%. The results show that due to the increased amount of PM in the ambient air resulting from rice straw open burning, particle-bound PAHs contributed more to dry deposition fluxes of total PAHs than they do during non-open burning periods. The results show that biomass (rice straw) open burning is an important PAH emission source that significantly increases both PM and PAH concentration levels and PAH dry deposition in ambient air. The second part is set out to clarify the emissions and distribution of PCDD/Fs from the stack flue gases, fly ashes and bottom ashes of various stationary sources. The mean total PCDD/F I-TEQ concentration of flue gas ranged from 0.00681 to 0.703 ng I-TEQ/Nm3. However, the emission factor of PCDD/F from various incinerators was 0.00827 to 3.50 µg I-TEQ/ton, whereas it was 5.36 µg I-TEQ/body for a crematory (CM). In addition, the mean total PCDD/F I-TEQ content in fly ash from an electric arc furnace (EAF) and a secondary aluminum smelter (secondary ALS) were 74.0 and 49.9 ng I-TEQ/kg, respectively, whereas they are 21.3 and 0.494 ng I-TEQ/kg for bottom ash. Meanwhile, the removal efficiency of PCDD/F by bag filters from EAF was -44.4% which is attributed to the “memory effect”. The indicatory PCDD/Fs of EAF, and secondary ALS have the same congeners (1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF, 2,3,7,8-TeCDF, and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF). In addition, CM, joss paper-A (JP-A) and joss paper-B (JP-B) incinerators have similar indicatory PCDD/F (2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF, OCDF, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD, and OCDD). The high contribution of total PCDD/F is from fly ash (61.1-95.3%) for metallurgical facilities (EAF, secondary ALS), whereas 99.9% contribution of stack flue gas is from JP-A and JP-B. In conclusion, continually monitoring various PCDD/F emission sources is necessary to understand current PCDD/F emission (flue gas, fly/bottom ash) and the related removal efficiency of existing air pollution control devices. Information about both emission factors of PCDD/Fs and indicatory PCDD/F congeners are useful for the establishment of control strategies and for use as fingerprints with regard to the dominant congeners from different emission sources.

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
環境與安全衛生工程系碩士班
100
Various biomass open burnings included clearing agricultural wastes and burning joss papers commonly appeared in Taiwan. A controlled burning chamber was utilized to examine burning aerosol derived from corn stoves, miscanthus, bamboo, and two kinds of joss paper (waste paper, bamboo material). Characteristics of particle sizes, gaseous pollutants (CO, CO2), water-soluble ions, and anhydrosugars constituents have been investigated. The results have shown that differences of CO2 emission from various biomass species were limited; and the emission of CO from corn stover presented a highest value in species. The particle-size emission from all species of burning mainly distributed in PM2.5 particle, meantime, the emission concentration in fine particle obviously was influenced by the combustion efficiency of biomass burning. Levoglucosan is a major constituent of three anhydrosugars (above 90%) in the study. The ratios of Levo/Manno in three particle sizes displayed no significantly difference, but the variation of ratios was apparently in among of biomass species. Furthermore, joss paper showed a high value of Levo/PM2.5 (31.4%) rather than common plant burnings did. The emissions of major ions from plant burnings (such as corn stover, miscanthus, and bamboo) were K+, Cl -, and SO42-. The distribution of ions was highly related with the composition of materials and the process of manufacturing. The results shown a high amount of emissions (PM2.5, CO2 and CO) derived from corn stover, and which is preciously concerned. PM of Joss paper made by bamboo emitted a less emissions comparing to that of paper made by waste paper. This investigation regarding characteristics of various biomass emissions is helpful to reveal some useful information to atmospheric researches.

碩士
國立成功大學
環境工程學系碩博士班
101
Biomass open burning emissions emit large amounts of air pollutant into the atmosphere, which has significant contribution to atmospheric chemistry pollution and also climate change. Southeast Asia currently has vast areas committed to agriculture. The agricultural areas in Southeast Asia contribute a large number of emissions from biomass open burning. Biomass open burning in Southeast Asia also has a big impact such as haze problem because of vegetation slash and burn as an impact of land use change. Remote sensing is used in this research to calculate burned area and emissions of the Southeast Asia area. The aim of this research is to get emissions inventory from biomass open burning in Southeast Asia. The burning of peat land in Indonesia also emits large of emissions, therefore this case has taken as a specific topic in this research. MODIS burned area and land cover data product is used to detect burned area and also the fuel load in Southeast Asia due to emissions calculation. As a result of this research, on 2001-2007, there are several countries in Southeast Asia which play a big role in emits atmospheric chemistry. The resulting inventory map shows that Myanmar contributes almost 50% of the total burned area in Southeast Asia during January to April, mainly caused by the open burning of agricultural (savanna). Burned area in Thailand largely has happen during November and December. Approximately 80% of the total burned are was occurred in Indonesia during May to October. From this study result, spatial and temporal information, the source of emission from biomass open burning can be detected. The emission of carbon dioxide with the consideration of calculation peat soil burning is increased about 85% compared to the emission of biomass open burning without the consideration of calculation peat soil burning. The significant influence of emissions of biomass open burning to the aerosol concentration and air quality in Southeast Asia could be seen in this study. The correlation coefficient of biomass open burning emissions for CO2, CO, and CH4 is about 0.6. Further expectation, NGO activist, government or scientist can elaborate to prevent the impact of emission from biomass open burning.

碩士
國立中山大學
環境工程研究所
94
This research used high-volume air sampling (PS-1) and micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI) to measure concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the air of a agricultural residue open burning area in Jhushan and Singang station during the rice straw non-burning and burning periods. And PAHs of different size distributions are analyzed. Finally, absolute principal component analyze (APCA) model confer the probable sources of pollution in open burning area. The average PAHs concentrations were 330.04 and 567.81 ng/m3 during the rice straw non-burning and burning period in Jhushan station, the average PAHs concentrations were 427.16 and 571.80 ng/m3 during the rice straw non-burning and burning period in Singang station, respectively, in the rice straw burning period, which were higher than those on the non-burning days. The results of APCA model analysis showed that the contributions of PAHs from mobile source (gasoline and diesel) were 66.50 ± 7.99 %, burning incense in temple source were 14.83 ± 6.68 % and burning coal and wood source were 18.67 ± 6.17 % during the rice straw non-burning period. PAHs from mobile (gasoline) and rice straw non-burning source were 57.27 ± 6.90 %, mobile source (diesel) were 42.73 ± 6.89 % during the rice straw burning period in Jhushan station. The results of APCA model analysis showed that the contributions of PAHs from mobile (diesel) and burning incense in temple source were 45.67 ± 6.43 %, mobile (gasoline) and plastics incinerator source were 54.33 ± 6.39 % during the rice straw non-burning period. PAHs from burning incense in temple, rice straw, mobile (gasoline and diesel) source were 50.69 ± 4.55 %, plastics incinerator source were 36.78 ± 4.24 % and other source were 12.53 ± 2.71 %。

Open-field burning has been an effective, economical, and widespread method of post-harvest residue management in creeping red fescue seed production in the Willamette Valley since the late 1940s. However, the use of field burning has been legislatively restricted due to air quality and safety issues. The foliar-applied plant growth regulator trinexapac-ethyl (TE), commercialized in the USA as Palisade, has been accepted by producers as a yield enhancing agent and is considered here as an alternative to open-field burning over a four-year period. The effects of open-field burning versus mechanical removal (flailing) of post-harvest residue, and spring versus fall applications of TE on seed yield, dry matter partitioning, and seed yield components were evaluated in a split-plot design. The response to the different treatment combinations differed across years. The young stand responded with a seed yield increase to spring TE applications, regardless of residue management treatment. However, as the stand aged, field burning became critical for maintaining high yields and, in 2003 and 2004, only spring TE applications resulted in seed yield increases in burned plots. The higher potential seed yield achieved in burned plots over flailed plots, as a result of a higher number of panicles per unit area and spikelets per panicle, was critical for maintaining high seed yields as the stand aged. Spring applications of TE, further increased seed yield over the untreated check by increasing the number of florets per spikelet, reducing fertile tiller height and lodging and consequently, favoring pollination and fertilization of the florets. Late spring TE applications also increased 1000-seed weight in 2003 and 2004. Although spring applications of TE were a promising alternative to open-field burning early during the life of the stand, as the stand aged they did not increase seed yield on flailed plots. Fall TE applications did not have a consistent effect on seed yield, dry matter partitioning or seed yield components, and were found not to be a viable management practice.
Graduation date: 2005