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Journal articles on the topic 'Duel conjugation'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

PRESSON, NORA, NURIA SAGARRA, BRIAN MACWHINNEY, and JOHN KOWALSKI. "Compositional production in Spanish second language conjugation." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 16, no. 4 (December 20, 2012): 808–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136672891200065x.

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Dual-route models of second language (L2) morphology (Clahsen & Felser, 2006; Ullman, 2004) argue that adult L2 learners rely on full-form retrieval, and therefore cannot use combination to produce inflected forms. We tested this prediction with learning of Spanish verb conjugations. Beginning (Experiment 1) and intermediate (Experiment 2) learners (total N = 816) completed 80–90 minutes of web-based training, conjugating regular and subregular verbs in present and preterite tense. Tests of generalization items showed that training led to substantial improvement, equally for metalinguistic and analogical feedback. Comparison with an untrained group showed that gains were maintained 18 weeks after training. In contrast with dual-route model predictions, pre-test accuracy and learning gains were strongly predicted by conjugation pattern, showing that full-form retrieval was insufficient to explain learner performance. Results indicate that adult L2 learners apply compositional analysis, and that conjugation patterns are learned on the basis of their relative cue validity.

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2

Gupta, Ankita, Shaifali Dubey, and Mayuri Mishra. "Unique Structures, Properties and Applications of Dendrimers." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 8, no. 6-s (December 15, 2018): 328–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i6-s.2083.

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Dendrimers are novel three dimensional, hyperbranched globular nano polymeric architectures. Attractive features like nanoscopic size, narrow polydispersity index and excellent control over molecular structure afford dendrimers with ideal drug delivery ability through encapsulating drugs in their interior or covalently conjugating drugs on their surfaces. The adaptable surface functionalization ability enables covalent conjugation of various targeting molecules onto the surface of dendrimers, thereby allowing for generation of various multifunctional nanodevices for targeted drug delivery applications. Drug delivery researchers are especially enthusiastic about possible utility of dendrimers as drug delivery tool. However, to get the maximum benefits of these novel class macromolecules, a research by collaboration is very much essential. Finally, it is one of the youngest and exciting fields of polymer researches where all branches of science can take part and hence, deserves more intensive attention. Keywords: Dendrimers, Drug Delivery, Targeting, Dual Drug Loading, PAMAM

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3

Salman, Maen, and Trond Saue. "Charge Conjugation Symmetry in the Finite Basis Approximation of the Dirac Equation." Symmetry 12, no. 7 (July 6, 2020): 1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12071121.

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Four-component relativistic atomic and molecular calculations are typically performed within the no-pair approximation where negative-energy solutions are discarded. These states are, however, needed in QED calculations, wherein, furthermore, charge conjugation symmetry, which connects electronic and positronic solutions, becomes an issue. In this work, we shall discuss the realization of charge conjugation symmetry of the Dirac equation in a central field within the finite basis approximation. Three schemes for basis set construction are considered: restricted, inverse, and dual kinetic balance. We find that charge conjugation symmetry can be realized within the restricted and inverse kinetic balance prescriptions, but only with a special form of basis functions that does not obey the right boundary conditions of the radial wavefunctions. The dual kinetic balance prescription is, on the other hand, compatible with charge conjugation symmetry without restricting the form of the radial basis functions. However, since charge conjugation relates solutions of opposite value of the quantum number κ , this requires the use of basis sets chosen according to total angular momentum j rather than orbital angular momentum ℓ. As a special case, we consider the free-particle Dirac equation, where opposite energy solutions are related by charge conjugation symmetry. We show that there is additional symmetry in that solutions of the same value of κ come in pairs of opposite energy.

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4

Jang, Hongje, Young-Kwan Kim, and Dal-Hee Min. "Synthesis of partially dextran-coated gold nanoworms and anisotropic structure based dual-strategic cargo conjugation for efficient combinational cancer therapy." Chemical Communications 53, no. 8 (2017): 1385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc08821j.

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5

Pattabiraman, Vijaya R., Matilde Arévalo Ruiz, Régis Boehringer, Benoit Hornsperger, Roy Meoded, Robert C. Tam, and Bertolt Kreft. "Abstract 2138: Creating next-generation biologics using a novel chemistry platform technology." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 2138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-2138.

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Abstract Bright Peak Therapeutics is developing a portfolio of differentiated biotherapeutics using chemistry for applications in immuno-oncology and autoimmune diseases. Our unique chemical protein synthesis and engineering platform allows us to fine-tune cytokines and other proteins to interrogate and modulate biological functions by incorporating new functional modifications. Standard recombinant bacterial or cellular expression systems used to produce proteins are largely restricted to using canonical amino acids, which limits access to diverse modifications that can bestow additional functional properties. With chemical protein synthesis technology, canonical and non-canonical modifications including conjugation handles can be easily introduced, ultimately enabling a medicinal chemistry approach for engineering cytokine structures. Enhanced cytokines with differentiated biology developed using this approach can be further elaborated by conjugating to a diverse array of molecules. We first applied our technology platform to identify BPT-143, a rationally designed enhanced IL-2 variant currently in IND-enabling studies. BPT-143 is engineered to have enhanced binding to IL2Rβ and no binding to IL2Rα for improved efficacy and safety independent of the conjugation to a half-life extending 30 kDa PEG. The chemical synthesis technology is robust, reproducible, and scalable. We are applying our platform to enhance a number of other cytokines for use in immuno-oncology and autoimmune diseases. Additionally, our synthetically engineered cytokines can be easily conjugated to monoclonal antibodies as ‘payloads’ using a distinct chemical conjugation technology. A rapid and simple chemical process allows site-selective conjugation of our engineered cytokines to existing antibodies ‘as-is’ to generate novel immunocytokines (IC). This ‘off-the-shelf’ approach is orthogonal to recombinant fusion methods to create ICs and does not require complex recombinant protein expression optimization and lengthy cell-line development. Moreover, it allows rapid screening of cytokine payloads in a structure-activity relationship (SAR) format to identify dual-targeting ICs with precisely tailored properties to generate the desired biological effect. We have prepared a number of ICs including anti-PD-1/IL-2 ICs with various drug-antibody ratio (DAR) and conjugation sites within the antibody. We will provide an overview of the platform technology and present highlights of its application for discovery and development of designer therapeutic cytokines and ICs. Citation Format: Vijaya R. Pattabiraman, Matilde Arévalo Ruiz, Régis Boehringer, Benoit Hornsperger, Roy Meoded, Robert C. Tam, Bertolt Kreft. Creating next-generation biologics using a novel chemistry platform technology [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 2138.

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6

Du, Fangfang, Xuewei Zhao, Wenjing Lu, Zhonghui Guo, Shaomin Shuang, and Chuan Dong. "Dual-ligand functionalized carbon nanodots as green fluorescent nanosensors for cellular dual receptor-mediated targeted imaging." Analyst 144, no. 22 (2019): 6729–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9an01530b.

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7

Wang, Tao, Xiaoge Su, Xuepeng Zhang, Wenhuan Huang, Linkun Huang, Xingyuan Zhang, Xiang Sun, Yi Luo, and Guoqing Zhang. "A combinatory approach towards the design of organic polymer luminescent materials." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 32 (2019): 9917–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc02266j.

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8

Lee, Jiyeon, Gyoyeon Hwang, Yeon Sun Hong, and Taebo Sim. "One step synthesis of quantum dot–magnetic nanoparticle heterodimers for dual modal imaging applications." Analyst 140, no. 8 (2015): 2864–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4an02322f.

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9

Raja Lakshmi, P., R. Manivannan, P. Jayasudha, and Kuppanagounder P. Elango. "An ICT-based chemodosimeter for selective dual channel sensing of cyanide in an aqueous solution." Analytical Methods 10, no. 20 (2018): 2368–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ay00818c.

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10

Crossley, M. D., and Sarah Whitehouse. "On conjugation invariants in the dual Steenrod algebra." Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 128, no. 9 (February 29, 2000): 2809–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/s0002-9939-00-05283-7.

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11

Aryal, Santosh, Che-Ming Jack Hu, and Liangfang Zhang. "Combinatorial Drug Conjugation Enables Nanoparticle Dual-Drug Delivery." Small 6, no. 13 (June 17, 2010): 1442–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201000631.

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12

Solomatina, Anastasia I., Pavel S. Chelushkin, Shih-Hao Su, Cheng-Ham Wu, Pi-Tai Chou, and Sergey P. Tunik. "Combined fluorophore and phosphor conjugation: a new design concept for simultaneous and spatially localized dual lifetime intracellular sensing of oxygen and pH." Chemical Communications 58, no. 3 (2022): 419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cc06132a.

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13

Dovgan, Igor, Stéphane Erb, Steve Hessmann, Sylvain Ursuegui, Chloé Michel, Christian Muller, Guilhem Chaubet, Sarah Cianférani, and Alain Wagner. "Arginine-selective bioconjugation with 4-azidophenyl glyoxal: application to the single and dual functionalisation of native antibodies." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 16, no. 8 (2018): 1305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ob02844j.

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4-Azidophenyl glyoxal enables arginine-selective functionalisation of native antibodies. Being orthogonal to classical lysine conjugation, this method allowed straightforward generation of dual-payload antibody.

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Xue, Xiukun, Yanjuan Wu, Xiao Xu, Ben Xu, Zhaowei Chen, and Tianduo Li. "pH and Reduction Dual-Responsive Bi-Drugs Conjugated Dextran Assemblies for Combination Chemotherapy and In Vitro Evaluation." Polymers 13, no. 9 (May 8, 2021): 1515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13091515.

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Polymeric prodrugs, synthesized by conjugating chemotherapeutic agents to functional polymers, have been extensively investigated and employed for safer and more efficacious cancer therapy. By rational design, a pH and reduction dual-sensitive dextran-di-drugs conjugate (oDex-g-Pt+DOX) was synthesized by the covalent conjugation of Pt (IV) prodrug and doxorubicin (DOX) to an oxidized dextran (oDex). Pt (IV) prodrug and DOX were linked by the versatile efficient esterification reactions and Schiff base reaction, respectively. oDex-g-Pt+DOX could self-assemble into nanoparticles with an average diameter at around 180 nm. The acidic and reductive (GSH) environment induced degradation and drug release behavior of the resulting nanoparticles (oDex-g-Pt+DOX NPs) were systematically investigated by optical experiment, DLS analysis, TEM measurement, and in vitro drugs release experiment. Effective cellular uptake of the oDex-g-Pt+DOX NPs was identified by the human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells via confocal laser scanning microscopy. Furthermore, oDex-g-Pt+DOX NPs displayed a comparable antiproliferative activity than the simple combination of free cisplatin and DOX (Cis+DOX) as the extension of time. More importantly, oDex-g-Pt+DOX NPs exhibited remarkable reversal ability of tumor resistance compared to the cisplatin in cisplatin-resistant lung carcinoma A549 cells. Take advantage of the acidic and reductive microenvironment of tumors, this smart polymer-dual-drugs conjugate could serve as a promising and effective nanomedicine for combination chemotherapy.

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Liu, Changliang, Houqian Gao, Zijian Zhao, Iman Rostami, Chen Wang, Ling Zhu, and Yanlian Yang. "Improved tumor targeting and penetration by a dual-functional poly(amidoamine) dendrimer for the therapy of triple-negative breast cancer." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 7, no. 23 (2019): 3724–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tb00433e.

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Chen, Huachao, Qirui Bi, Yongrong Yao, and Ninghua Tan. "Dimeric BODIPY-loaded liposomes for dual hypoxia marker imaging and activatable photodynamic therapy against tumors." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 6, no. 26 (2018): 4351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tb00665b.

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This work reports a dimeric BODIPY (BDP)-loaded liposome with conjugation of anti-HIF antibodies for dual hypoxia marker imaging and nitroreductase (NTR)-activatable photodynamic therapy (PDT) against hypoxic tumors.

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17

Beneš, David, Petr Sosík, and Alfonso Rodríguez-Patón. "An Autonomous In Vivo Dual Selection Protocol for Boolean Genetic Circuits." Artificial Life 21, no. 2 (May 2015): 247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00160.

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Success in synthetic biology depends on the efficient construction of robust genetic circuitry. However, even the direct engineering of the simplest genetic elements (switches, logic gates) is a challenge and involves intense lab work. As the complexity of biological circuits grows, it becomes more complicated and less fruitful to rely on the rational design paradigm, because it demands many time-consuming trial-and-error cycles. One of the reasons is the context-dependent behavior of small assembly parts (like BioBricks), which in a complex environment often interact in an unpredictable way. Therefore, the idea of evolutionary engineering (artificial directed in vivo evolution) based on screening and selection of randomized combinatorial genetic circuit libraries became popular. In this article we build on the so-called dual selection technique. We propose a plasmid-based framework using toxin-antitoxin pairs together with the relaxase conjugative protein, enabling an efficient autonomous in vivo evolutionary selection of simple Boolean circuits in bacteria (E. coli was chosen for demonstration). Unlike previously reported protocols, both on and off selection steps can run simultaneously in various cells in the same environment without human intervention; and good circuits not only survive the selection process but are also horizontally transferred by conjugation to the neighbor cells to accelerate the convergence rate of the selection process. Our directed evolution strategy combines a new dual selection method with fluorescence-based screening to increase the robustness of the technique against mutations. As there are more orthogonal toxin-antitoxin pairs in E. coli, the approach is likely to be scalable to more complex functions. In silico experiments based on empirical data confirm the high search and selection capability of the protocol.

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18

Nilchan, Napon, Xiuling Li, Lee Pedzisa, Alex R. Nanna, William R. Roush, and Christoph Rader. "Dual-mechanistic antibody-drug conjugate via site-specific selenocysteine/cysteine conjugation." Antibody Therapeutics 2, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abt/tbz009.

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Abstract Background While all clinically translated antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) contain a single-drug payload, most systemic cancer chemotherapies involve use of a combination of drugs. These regimens improve treatment outcomes and slow development of drug resistance. We here report the generation of an ADC with a dual-drug payload that combines two distinct mechanisms of action. Methods Virtual DNA crosslinking agent PNU-159682 and tubulin polymerization inhibitor monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF) were conjugated to a HER2-targeting antibody via site-specific conjugation at engineered selenocysteine and cysteine residues (thio-selenomab). Results The dual-drug ADC showed selective and potent cytotoxicity against HER2-expressing cell lines and exhibited dual mechanisms of action consistent with the attached drugs. While PNU-159682 caused S-phase cell cycle arrest due to its DNA-damaging activity, MMAF simultaneously inhibited tubulin polymerization and caused G2/M-phase cell cycle arrest. Conclusion The thio-selenomab platform enables the assembly of dual-drug ADCs with two distinct mechanisms of action.

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19

SILVERMAN, JUDITH H. "Hit polynomials and conjugation in the dual Steenrod algebra." Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 123, no. 3 (May 1998): 531–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305004197002302.

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Let [Ascr ]* be the mod-2 Steenrod algebra of cohomology operations and χ its canonical antiautomorphism. For all positive integers f and k, we show that the excess of the element χ[Sq (2k−1f)· Sq (2k−2f)… Sq (2f)·Sq (f)] is (2k−1)μ(f), where μ(f) denotes the minimal number of summands in any representation of f as a sum of numbers of the form 2i−1. We also interpret this result in purely combinatorial terms. In so doing, we express the Milnor basis representation of the products Sq (a1)…Sq (an) and χ[Sq (a1)…Sq (an)] in terms of the cardinalities of certain sets of matrices.For s[ges ]1, let ℙs=[ ]2= [x1, …, xs] be the mod-2 cohomology of the s-fold product of ℝP∞ with itself, with its usual structure as an [Ascr ]*-module. A polynomial P∈ℙs is hit if it is in the image of the action [Ascr ]*×ℙs→ℙs, where [Ascr ]* is the augmentation ideal of [Ascr ]*. We prove that if the integers e, f, and k satisfy e<(2k−1)μ(f), then for any polynomials E and F of degrees e and f respectively, the product E·F2k is hit. This generalizes a result of Wood conjectured by Peterson, and proves a conjecture of Singer and Silverman.

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ROMANO, Daniel A. "WEAK FINITELY DUAL QUASI-CONJUGATIVE RELATIONS." Journal of Universal Mathematics 3, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33773/jum.638823.

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21

Yang, Fulin, Jie Zhang, Qiguang Zang, Tanxiao Shen, Juechen Ni, Haoke Zhang, Jing Zhi Sun, and Ben Zhong Tang. "Poly(1-halogen-2-phenylacetylenes) containing tetraphenylethene units: polymer synthesis, unique emission behaviours and application in explosive detection." Materials Chemistry Frontiers 6, no. 3 (2022): 368–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1qm01490k.

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The TPE-containing PDSA shows unique AIE characteristics with dual-band emission due to through-bond conjugation of TPE units and intra-chain excimers of backbones, and it could be employed as a ratiometric fluorescent probe in explosive detection.

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22

Cernencu, Alexandra I., Andreea I. Dinu, Sorina Dinescu, Roxana Trușcă, Mircea Istodorescu, Adriana Lungu, Izabela C. Stancu, and Horia Iovu. "Inorganic/Biopolymers Hybrid Hydrogels Dual Cross-Linked for Bone Tissue Regeneration." Gels 8, no. 12 (November 23, 2022): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8120762.

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In tissue engineering, the potential of re-growing new tissue has been considered, however, developments towards such clinical and commercial outcomes have been modest. One of the most important elements here is the selection of a biomaterial that serves as a “scaffold” for the regeneration process. Herein, we designed hydrogels composed of two biocompatible natural polymers, namely gelatin with photopolymerizable functionalities and a pectin derivative amenable to direct protein conjugation. Aiming to design biomimetic hydrogels for bone regeneration, this study proposes double-reinforcement by way of inorganic/biopolymer hybrid filling composed of Si-based compounds and cellulose nanofibers. To attain networks with high flexibility and elastic modulus, a double-crosslinking strategy was envisioned—photochemical and enzyme-mediated conjugation reactions. The dual cross-linked procedure will generate intra- and intermolecular interactions between the protein and polysaccharide and might be a resourceful strategy to develop innovative scaffolding materials.

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23

Wenczel, Robert, and Andrew Eberhard. "Slice convergence of parametrised sums of convex functions in non-reflexive spaces." Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 60, no. 3 (December 1999): 429–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0004972700036601.

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The objectives of this study of slice convergence are two-fold. The first is to derive results regarding the passage of certain semi–convergences through Young–Fenchel conjugation. These semi–convergences arise from the splitting of the usual slice topology in the primal and dual spaces into (non-Hausdorff) topologies: the upper slice topology ; a topology generating a convergence closely resembling the bounded–weak* upper Kuratowski convergence; along with the respective primal and dual lower Kuratowski topologies. This gives rise to topological convergences not reliant on sequentially–based definitions found in many such studies, and associated topological continuity results for conjugation (in normed spaces), in contrast to the usual sequential continuity exhibited by analogues of Mosco convergence. The second objective is to study the passage of slice convergence through addition. Such sum theorems have been derived in other works and we establish previous theorems from a unified framework as well as obtaining a new result.

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24

MartÍnez–Legaz, J. E. "Dual representation of cooperative games based on fenchel-moreau conjugation." Optimization 36, no. 4 (January 1996): 291–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02331939608844186.

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25

Crossley, Martin, and Neşet Deniz Turgay. "Conjugation Invariants in the Mod 2 Dual Leibniz–Hopf Algebra." Communications in Algebra 41, no. 9 (September 2, 2013): 3261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00927872.2012.682675.

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26

Kaduhr, Lars, Cindy Brachmann, Keerthiraju Ethiraju Ravichandran, James D. West, Sebastian Glatt, and Raffael Schaffrath. "Urm1, not quite a ubiquitin-like modifier?" Microbial Cell 8, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15698/mic2021.11.763.

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Ubiquitin related modifier 1 (Urm1) is a unique eukaryotic member of the ubiquitin-fold (UbF) protein family and conserved from yeast to humans. Urm1 is dual-functional, acting both as a sulfur carrier for thiolation of tRNA anticodons and as a protein modifier in a lysine-directed Ub-like conjugation also known as urmylation. Although Urm1 conjugation coincides with oxidative stress and targets proteins like 2-Cys peroxiredoxins from yeast (Ahp1) and fly (Prx5), it was unclear how urmylation proceeds molecularly and whether it is affected by the activity of these antioxidant enzymes. An in-depth study of Ahp1 urmylation in yeast from our laboratory (Brachmann et al., 2020) uncovered that promiscuous lysine target sites and specific redox requirements determine the Urm1 acceptor activity of the peroxiredoxin. The results clearly show that the dimer interface and the 2-Cys based redox-active centers of Ahp1 are affecting the Urm1 conjugation reaction. Together with in vivo assays demonstrating that high organic peroxide concentrations can prevent Ahp1 from being urmylated, Brachmann et al. provide insights into a potential link between Urm1 utilization and oxidant defense of cells. Here, we highlight these major findings and discuss wider implications with regards to an emerging link between Urm1 conjugation and redox biology. Moreover, from these studies we propose to redefine our perspective on Urm1 and the molecular nature of urmylation, a post-translational conjugation that may not be that ubiquitin-like after all.

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Deng, Yunlong, Hao Wang, Wei Gu, Shuai Li, Ning Xiao, Chen Shao, Qunyuan Xu, and Ling Ye. "Ho3+ doped NaGdF4 nanoparticles as MRI/optical probes for brain glioma imaging." J. Mater. Chem. B 2, no. 11 (2014): 1521–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3tb21613f.

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CTX-conjugated doped NaGdF₄ (CTX-NaGdF₄:Ho³⁺) NPs were prepared by a thermal decomposition method followed by ligand-exchange with TETT silane and CTX conjugation. The potential of these NPs as dual-modal nanoprobes in tiny glioma imaging was demonstrated.

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Renard, Emma, Estel Collado Camps, Coline Canovas, Annemarie Kip, Martin Gotthardt, Mark Rijpkema, Franck Denat, Victor Goncalves, and Sanne A. M. van Lith. "Site-Specific Dual-Labeling of a VHH with a Chelator and a Photosensitizer for Nuclear Imaging and Targeted Photodynamic Therapy of EGFR-Positive Tumors." Cancers 13, no. 3 (January 23, 2021): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13030428.

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Variable domains of heavy chain only antibodies (VHHs) are valuable agents for application in tumor theranostics upon conjugation to both a diagnostic probe and a therapeutic compound. Here, we optimized site-specific conjugation of the chelator DTPA and the photosensitizer IRDye700DX to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) VHH 7D12, for applications in nuclear imaging and photodynamic therapy. 7D12 was site-specifically equipped with bimodal probe DTPA-tetrazine-IRDye700DX using the dichlorotetrazine conjugation platform. Binding, internalization and light-induced toxicity of DTPA-IRDye700DX-7D12 were determined using EGFR-overexpressing A431 cells. Finally, ex vivo biodistribution of DTPA-IRDye700DX-7D12 in A431 tumor-bearing mice was performed, and tumor homing was visualized with SPECT and fluorescence imaging. DTPA-IRDye700DX-7D12 was retrieved with a protein recovery of 43%, and a degree of labeling of 0.56. Spectral properties of the IRDye700DX were retained upon conjugation. 111In-labeled DTPA-IRDye700DX-7D12 bound specifically to A431 cells, and they were effectively killed upon illumination. DTPA-IRDye700DX-7D12 homed to A431 xenografts in vivo, and this could be visualized with both SPECT and fluorescence imaging. In conclusion, the dichlorotetrazine platform offers a feasible method for site-specific dual-labeling of VHH 7D12, retaining binding affinity and therapeutic efficacy. The flexibility of the described approach makes it easy to vary the nature of the probes for other combinations of diagnostic and therapeutic compounds.

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Hettiarachchi, Sajini D., Regina M. Graham, Keenan J. Mintz, Yiqun Zhou, Steven Vanni, Zhilli Peng, and Roger M. Leblanc. "Triple conjugated carbon dots as a nano-drug delivery model for glioblastoma brain tumors." Nanoscale 11, no. 13 (2019): 6192–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr08970a.

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Most of the dual nano drug delivery systems fail to enter malignant brain tumors due to a lack of proper targeting systems and the size increase of the nanoparticles after drug conjugation. Therefore, a triple conjugated system was developed with carbon dots (C-dots) which has an average particle size of 1.5–1.7 nm.

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Jaycen, Amelia. "Dual-polarization analog optical phase conjugation improves optical focusing through tissue." Scilight 2019, no. 24 (June 14, 2019): 240005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5114805.

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31

Wang, W., A. E. Chiou, G. J. Sonek, and M. W. Berns. "Self-aligned Dual-Beam Optical Laser Trap Using Photorefractive Phase Conjugation." Optics and Photonics News 8, no. 12 (December 1, 1997): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opn.8.12.000040.

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MEYER, DAGMAR M., and JUDITH H. SILVERMAN. "Corrigendum to ‘Hit polynomials and conjugation in the dual Steenrod algebra’." Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 129, no. 2 (September 2000): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030500410000459x.

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Li, Xiuling, James T. Patterson, Mohosin Sarkar, Lee Pedzisa, Thomas Kodadek, William R. Roush, and Christoph Rader. "Site-Specific Dual Antibody Conjugation via Engineered Cysteine and Selenocysteine Residues." Bioconjugate Chemistry 26, no. 11 (July 24, 2015): 2243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00244.

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Lin, Ran, Pengcheng Zhang, Andrew G. Cheetham, Jeremy Walston, Peter Abadir, and Honggang Cui. "Dual Peptide Conjugation Strategy for Improved Cellular Uptake and Mitochondria Targeting." Bioconjugate Chemistry 26, no. 1 (December 30, 2014): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc500408p.

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35

Turgay, Neset Deniz. "A note on conjugation invariants in the dual Leibniz-Hopf algebra." International Journal of Algebra 7 (2013): 809–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/ija.2013.31099.

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Wang, W., A. E. Chiou, G. J. Sonek, and M. W. Berns. "Self-aligned dual-beam optical laser trap using photorefractive phase conjugation." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 14, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.14.000697.

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37

Fletcher, Adam J., Donna L. Mallery, Ruth E. Watkinson, Claire F. Dickson, and Leo C. James. "Sequential ubiquitination and deubiquitination enzymes synchronize the dual sensor and effector functions of TRIM21." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 32 (July 6, 2015): 10014–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1507534112.

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Tripartite motif (TRIM) 21 is a cytosolic antibody receptor that neutralizes antibody-coated viruses that penetrate the cell and simultaneously activates innate immunity. Here we show that the conjugation of TRIM21 with K63-linked ubiquitin (Ub-63Ub) catalyzed by the sequential activity of nonredundant E2 Ub enzymes is required for its dual antiviral functions. TRIM21 is first labeled with monoubiquitin (monoUb) by the E2 Ube2W. The monoUb is a substrate for the heterodimeric E2 Ube2N/Ube2V2, resulting in TRIM21-anchored Ub-63Ub. Depletion of either E2 abolishes Ub-63Ub and Ub-48Ub conjugation of TRIM21, NF-κB signaling, and virus neutralization. The formation of TRIM21-Ub-63Ub precedes proteasome recruitment, and we identify an essential role for the 19S-resident and degradation-coupled deubiquitinase Poh1 in TRIM21 neutralization, signaling, and cytokine induction. This study elucidates a complex mechanism of step-wise ubiquitination and deubiquitination activities that allows contemporaneous innate immune signaling and neutralization by TRIM21.

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Bláhová, Markéta, Eva Randárová, Rafal Konefał, Benjamin Nottelet, and Tomáš Etrych. "Graft copolymers with tunable amphiphilicity tailored for efficient dual drug delivery via encapsulation and pH-sensitive drug conjugation." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 27 (2020): 4438–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py00609b.

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Amphiphilic poly(ε-caprolactone)-graft-(poly-N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide) copolymers with tunable solution properties form stable micelles with high drug payload via simultaneous encapsulation and pH-sensitive covalent conjugation.

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Carralot, Jean-Philippe, Matilde Arévalo Ruiz, Robert Tam, Eric Armentani, Vijaya R. Pattabiraman, and Bertolt Kreft. "Abstract 4223: Cis-activation of PD-1+ effector T cells with dual-targeting immunocytokines generated using a novel chemical conjugation platform." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 4223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-4223.

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Abstract Immunocytokines (IC) provide the opportunity for targeted delivery of cytokines as payloads to tissues and cells to improve safety and efficacy of cytokine-based therapies. ICs have gained significant interest in recent years and several antibody-cytokine fusion proteins have entered clinical trials. Compared to recombinant fusion proteins, we have developed an entirely different approach to IC generation based on the site-specific, chemical conjugation of synthetic cytokines to antibodies. Bright Peak generates enhanced and conjugatable cytokines using a novel protein engineering platform based on solid-phase peptide synthesis and subsequent chemical ligation of protein segments. Our synthetic cytokines can then be readily chemically conjugated to specific lysine residues in the Fc region of an existing IgG1, IgG2 or IgG4 antibody without the need for prior antibody engineering. Chemical conjugation of cytokine payloads is rapid, enabling the flexible generation of ICs based on different antibodies and payloads within weeks. We applied our technology to more than 10 antibodies and found that neither antigen binding nor payload potency and selectivity are affected by chemical conjugation. Importantly, binding of the Fc domain of ICs to Fc gamma receptors or FcRn is not significantly affected. We are initially focusing on the development of PD-1-targeted ICs to achieve dual-targeting of PD-1+ effector T cells (cis-signaling). Using several anti-PD-1 antibodies and various synthetic IL-2 variants as payloads, we created ICs with different drug-antibody ratios and explored alternative conjugation sites within the Fc region. Resulting PD-1/IL-2 ICs are highly active showing significantly enhanced potency due to avidity resulting from binding of the cytokine to PD-1+ effector T cells in cis. Our PD-1/IL-2 ICs induce strong pharmacodynamic effects in vivo, and we are currently optimizing the pharmacological profiles of PD-1-targeted ICs for clinical application. In addition, we are actively exploring cis-signaling ICs targeting different surface receptors and immune cells. Citation Format: Jean-Philippe Carralot, Matilde Arévalo Ruiz, Robert Tam, Eric Armentani, Vijaya R. Pattabiraman, Bertolt Kreft. Cis-activation of PD-1+ effector T cells with dual-targeting immunocytokines generated using a novel chemical conjugation platform [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 4223.

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Di Benedetto, Roberta, Francesca Mancini, Martina Carducci, Gianmarco Gasperini, Danilo Gomes Moriel, Allan Saul, Francesca Necchi, Rino Rappuoli, and Francesca Micoli. "Rational Design of a Glycoconjugate Vaccine against Group A Streptococcus." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 22 (November 13, 2020): 8558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228558.

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No commercial vaccine is yet available against Group A Streptococcus (GAS), major cause of pharyngitis and impetigo, with a high frequency of serious sequelae in low- and middle-income countries. Group A Carbohydrate (GAC), conjugated to an appropriate carrier protein, has been proposed as an attractive vaccine candidate. Here, we explored the possibility to use GAS Streptolysin O (SLO), SpyCEP and SpyAD protein antigens with dual role of antigen and carrier, to enhance the efficacy of the final vaccine and reduce its complexity. All protein antigens resulted good carrier for GAC, inducing similar anti-GAC IgG response to the more traditional CRM197 conjugate in mice. However, conjugation to the polysaccharide had a negative impact on the anti-protein responses, especially in terms of functionality as evaluated by an IL-8 cleavage assay for SpyCEP and a hemolysis assay for SLO. After selecting CRM197 as carrier, optimal conditions for its conjugation to GAC were identified through a Design of Experiment approach, improving process robustness and yield This work supports the development of a vaccine against GAS and shows how novel statistical tools and recent advancements in the field of conjugation can lead to improved design of glycoconjugate vaccines.

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Bernstock, Joshua D., Yang-ja Lee, Luca Peruzzotti-Jametti, Noel Southall, Kory R. Johnson, Dragan Maric, Giulio Volpe, et al. "A novel quantitative high-throughput screen identifies drugs that both activate SUMO conjugation via the inhibition of microRNAs 182 and 183 and facilitate neuroprotection in a model of oxygen and glucose deprivation." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 36, no. 2 (October 23, 2015): 426–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678x15609939.

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The conjugation/de-conjugation of Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO) has been shown to be associated with a diverse set of physiologic/pathologic conditions. The clinical significance and ostensible therapeutic utility offered via the selective control of the global SUMOylation process has become readily apparent in ischemic pathophysiology. Herein, we describe the development of a novel quantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) system designed to identify small molecules capable of increasing SUMOylation via the regulation/inhibition of members of the microRNA (miRNA)-182 family. This assay employs a SHSY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line stably transfected with a dual firefly-Renilla luciferase reporter system for identification of specific inhibitors of either miR-182 or miR-183. In this study, we have identified small molecules capable of inducing increased global conjugation of SUMO in both SHSY5Y cells and rat E18-derived primary cortical neurons. The protective effects of a number of the identified compounds were confirmed via an in vitro ischemic model (oxygen/glucose deprivation). Of note, this assay can be easily repurposed to allow high-throughput analyses of the potential drugability of other relevant miRNA(s) in ischemic pathobiology.

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Jiao, Xiaodan, Wei Zhang, Lei Zhang, Yang Cao, Zhigang Xu, Yuejun Kang, and Peng Xue. "Rational design of oxygen deficient TiO2−x nanoparticles conjugated with chlorin e6 (Ce6) for photoacoustic imaging-guided photothermal/photodynamic dual therapy of cancer." Nanoscale 12, no. 3 (2020): 1707–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr09423g.

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Heard, Drew, and Vesna Stojanoska. "K-theory, reality, and duality." Journal of K-theory 14, no. 3 (September 16, 2014): 526–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/is014007001jkt275.

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AbstractWe present a new proof of Anderson's result that the real K-theory spectrum is Anderson self-dual up to a fourfold suspension shift; more strongly, we show that the Anderson dual of the complex K-theory spectrum KU is C2-equivariantly equivalent to Σ4KU, where C2 acts by complex conjugation. We give an algebro-geometric interpretation of this result in spectrally derived algebraic geometry and apply the result to calculate 2-primary Gross-Hopkins duality at height 1. From the latter we obtain a new computation of the group of exotic elements of the K(1)-local Picard group.

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Li, Bingqiang, Meng Shan, Xiang Di, Chu Gong, Lihua Zhang, Yanming Wang, and Guolin Wu. "A dual pH- and reduction-responsive anticancer drug delivery system based on PEG–SS–poly(amino acid) block copolymer." RSC Advances 7, no. 48 (2017): 30242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra04254j.

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Whitmer, D. I., P. E. Russell, and J. L. Gollan. "Membrane-membrane interactions associated with rapid transfer of liposomal bilirubin to microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase. Relevance for hepatocellular transport and biotransformation of hydrophobic substrates." Biochemical Journal 244, no. 1 (May 15, 1987): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2440041.

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Bilirubin may be transported within intracellular membranes of the hepatocyte and may undergo membrane-membrane transfer to gain access to the conjugating enzyme UDP-glucuronyltransferase in the endoplasmic reticulum. We have demonstrated previously that the lipid composition of liposomal membranes incorporating bilirubin substrate influences the rate of transfer and glucuronidation of bilirubin by hepatic microsomes. To examine the mechanism(s) of substrate transfer, we incorporated radiolabelled bilirubin into small unilamellar model membranes of egg phosphatidylcholine or natural phospholipids in the proportions present in native hepatic microsomes. The rate at which bilirubin was transferred to rat liver microsomes and glucuronidated was then examined in the presence of various endogenous compounds that promote membrane fusion. For bilirubin substrate in membranes of egg phosphatidylcholine, the addition of Ca2+ (2 mM) increased the microsomal glucuronidation rate, whereas retinol enhanced microsomal conjugation rates for bilirubin in membranes of both lipid compositions. When the transfer of [3H]bilirubin from dual-labelled liposomes to microsomes was enhanced by Ca2+ or retinol, there was no associated increase in [14C]phospholipid transfer. Thus it appears likely that bilirubin is transferred to the endoplasmic reticulum by rapid cytosolic diffusion or membrane-membrane collisions, rather than by membrane fusion; this process may be modulated by changes in the lipid microenvironment of the substrate or the effective intracellular concentrations of Ca2+ or retinol. The observation that polymyxin B induced concomitant membrane-membrane transfer of [3H]bilirubin and [14C]phospholipid suggests that under certain circumstances membrane fusion or aggregation may promote the movement of lipophilic substrates in hepatocytes.

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Bédard, Mathieu, Pramod K. Avti, Tina Lam, Léonie Rouleau, Jean-Claude Tardif, Éric Rhéaume, Frédéric Lesage, and Ashok Kakkar. "Conjugation of multivalent ligands to gold nanoshells and designing a dual modality imaging probe." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 3, no. 9 (2015): 1788–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4tb01811g.

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Le Gall, Camille M., Johan M. S. van der Schoot, Iván Ramos-Tomillero, Melek Parlak Khalily, Floris J. van Dalen, Zacharias Wijfjes, Liyan Smeding, et al. "Dual Site-Specific Chemoenzymatic Antibody Fragment Conjugation Using CRISPR-Based Hybridoma Engineering." Bioconjugate Chemistry 32, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00673.

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Wada, Fumito, Tsuyoshi Yamamoto, Tetsuya Ueda, Motoki Sawamura, Shunsuke Wada, Mariko Harada-Shiba, and Satoshi Obika. "Cholesterol–GalNAc Dual Conjugation Strategy for Reducing Renal Distribution of Antisense Oligonucleotides." Nucleic Acid Therapeutics 28, no. 1 (February 2018): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/nat.2017.0698.

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Cheng, Zhongtao, Jiamiao Yang, and Lihong V. Wang. "Dual-polarization analog optical phase conjugation for focusing light through scattering media." Applied Physics Letters 114, no. 23 (June 10, 2019): 231104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5097181.

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Thielbeer, Frank, Sunay V. Chankeshwara, Emma M. V. Johansson, Neil Norouzi, and Mark Bradley. "Palladium-mediated bioorthogonal conjugation of dual-functionalised nanoparticles and their cellular delivery." Chem. Sci. 4, no. 1 (2013): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2sc20706k.

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