Academic literature on the topic 'Duchy of Aquitaine'

A commonplace among English historians today is the importance of English ties with Aquitaine during the later Middle Ages. For some three centuries, historical events came to link the destinies of these two countries and peoples who otherwise differed strikingly in economy, language and culture in general, with lasting consequences for both. It has long been taken for granted by both English and French historians that this association came about abruptly in the 1150s as a result of the ascent to the English throne of Henry of Anjou who, through his marriage to Eleanor, heiress of the duchy of Aquitaine, became the sovereign of that enormous territorial principality. Till the present no one has suspected that any significant ties existed between the Anglo-Saxons and Aquitanians prior to that time. To be sure, the Anglo-Saxons had been in contact with the late Carolingian kings in the tenth century and with the Normans in the eleventh, but those were purely northern French phenomena. So too were the important Anglo-Saxon relations with the monks of Fleury-sur-Loire in the later tenth and early eleventh centuries, but these were not known to have had any repercussions in Aquitaine far to the south.

Abstract Objectives To assess the efficacy of several repurposed drugs to prevent hospitalisation or death in patients aged 65 or more with recent symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) and no criteria for hospitalisation. Trial design Phase III, multi-arm (5) and multi-stage (MAMS), randomized, open-label controlled superiority trial. Participants will be randomly allocated 1:1:1:1:1 to the following strategies: Arm 1: Control arm Arms 2 to 5: Experimental treatment arms Planned interim analyses will be conducted at regular intervals. Their results will be reviewed by an Independent Data and Safety Monitoring Board. Experimental arms may be terminated for futility, efficacy or toxicity before the end of the trial. New experimental arms may be added if new evidence suggests that other treatments should be tested. A feasibility and acceptability substudy as well as an immunological substudy will be conducted alongside the trial. Participants Inclusion criteria are: 65-year-old or more; Positive test for SARS-CoV-2 on a nasopharyngeal swab; Symptoms onset within 3 days before diagnosis; No hospitalisation criteria; Signed informed consent; Health insurance. Exclusion criteria are: Inability to make an informed decision to participate (e.g.: dementia, guardianship); Rockwood Clinical Frailty Scale ≥7; Long QT syndrome; QTc interval > 500 ms; Heart rate <50/min; Kalaemia >5.5 mmol/L or <3.5 mmol/L; Ongoing treatment with piperaquine, halofantrine, dasatinib, nilotinib, hydroxyzine, domperidone, citalopram, escitalopram, potent inhibitors or inducers of cytochrome P450 CYP3A4 isoenzyme, repaglinide, azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, theophylline, pyrazinamide, warfarin; Known hypersensitivity to any of the trial drugs or to chloroquine and other 4-aminoquinolines, amodiaquine, mefloquine, glafenine, floctafenine, antrafenine, ARB; Hepatic porphyria; Liver failure (Child-Pugh stage ≥B); Stage 4 or 5 chronic kidney disease (GFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m²); Dialysis; Hypersentivity to lactose; Lactase deficiency; Abnormalities in galactose metabolism; Malabsorption syndrome; Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; Symptomatic hyperuricemia; Ileus; Colitis; Enterocolitis; Chronic hepatitis B virus disease. The trial is being conducted in France in the Bordeaux, Corse, Dijon, Nancy, Paris and Toulouse areas as well as in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Participants are recruited either at home, nursing homes, general practices, primary care centres or hospital outpatient consultations. Intervention and comparator The four experimental treatments planned in protocol version 1.2 (April 8th, 2020) are: (1) Hydroxychloroquine 200 mg, 2 tablets BID on day 0, 2 tablets QD from day 1 to 9; (2) Imatinib 400 mg, 1 tablet QD from day 0 to 9; (3) Favipiravir 200 mg, 12 tablets BID on day 0, 6 tablets BID from day 1 to 9; (4) Telmisartan 20 mg, 1 tablet QD from day 0 to 9. The comparator is a complex of vitamins and trace elements (AZINC Forme et Vitalité®), 1 capsule BID for 10 days, for which there is no reason to believe that they are active on the virus. In protocol version 1.2 (April 8th, 2020): People in the control arm will receive a combination of vitamins and trace elements; people in the experimental arms will receive hydroxychloroquine, or favipiravir, or imatinib, or telmisartan. Main outcome The primary outcome is the proportion of participants with an incidence of hospitalisation and/or death between inclusion and day 14 in each arm. Randomisation Participants are randomized in a 1:1:1:1:1 ratio to each arm using a web-based randomisation tool. Participants not treated with an ARB or ACEI prior to enrolment are randomized to receive the comparator or one of the four experimental drugs. Participants already treated with an ARB or ACEI are randomized to receive the comparator or one of the experimental drugs except telmisartan (i.e.: hydroxychloroquine, imatinib, or favipiravir). Randomisation is stratified on ACEI or ARBs treatment at inclusion and on the type of residence (personal home vs. nursing home). Blinding (masking) This is an open-label trial. Participants, caregivers, investigators and statisticians are not blinded to group assignment. Numbers to be randomised (sample size) A total of 1057 participants will be enrolled if all arms are maintained until the final analysis and no additional arm is added. Three successive futility interim analyses are planned, when the number of participants reaches 30, 60 and 102 in the control arm. Two efficacy analyses (interim n°3 and final) will be performed successively. Trial Status This describes the Version 1.2 (April 8th, 2020) of the COVERAGE protocol that was approved by the French regulatory authority and ethics committee. The trial was opened for enrolment on April 15th, 2020 in the Nouvelle Aquitaine region (South-West France). Given the current decline of the COVID-19 pandemic in France and its unforeseeable dynamic in the coming months, new trial sites in 5 other French regions and in Luxembourg are currently being opened. A revised version of the protocol was submitted to the regulatory authority and ethics committee on June 15th, 2020. It contains the following amendments: (i) Inclusion criteria: age ≥65 replaced by age ≥60; time since first symptoms <3 days replaced by time since first symptoms <5 days; (ii) Withdrawal of the hydroxychloroquine arm (due to external data); (iii) increase in the number of trial sites. Trial registration The trial was registered on Clinical Trials.gov on April 22nd, 2020 (Identifier: NCT04356495): and on EudraCT on April 10th, 2020 (Identifier: 2020-001435-27). Full protocol The full protocol is attached as an additional file, accessible from the Trials website (Additional file 1). In the interest of expediting dissemination of this material, the familiar formatting has been eliminated; this Letter serves as a summary of the key elements of the full protocol. The study protocol has been reported in accordance with the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Clinical Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) guidelines (Additional file 2).

Pendant longtemps, les relations entre les réseaux de communication et les sites castraux ont été associées à la fiscalité seigneuriale (perception de droits de péage) ou encore à un contexte militaire (en cherchant à bloquer le trafic dans une intention défensive). Toutefois, la coordination des maillages routiers, fluviaux et castraux fait apparaître en creux de nombreuses relations dynamiques entre les territoires, leur organisation économique, politique ou encore sociale. La question décisive revient à intégrer ces nouvelles perspectives à une représentation dynamique de la pratique des territoires pour définir les conditions réelles d'interrelation entre les sites castraux et les réseaux de communication au cours du second Moyen Âge. Le cadre géographique de cette thèse, la vallée du Lot, depuis sa source jusqu'à son confluent sur un parcours de 485 km, permet de considérer la permanence des relations sociales et spatiales dans un rapport réciproque d'organisation et de structuration, caractérisée par une pluralité d'ensembles politiques et de luttes d'influence entre individus. La présence de ces différents acteurs de pouvoir (grands princes territoriaux, seigneuries plus modestes, oligarchie et aristocratie locale), dont les seigneuries et les châteaux, les logis seigneuriaux ou aristocratiques s'imposent le long de cette rivière, peuvent faire dialoguer entre eux les espaces, la politique, les sociétés et l'économie pour ainsi détailler les phénomènes dynamiques qui se rapportent à la structuration viaire, fluviale et castrale des territoires observés. Cette étude est enrichie par le dépouillement de sources écrites collectées, entre autres, dans neuf dépôts d'archives départementales, à la BnF, aux archives nationales ou encore au Public record Office de Londres. Ce travail historique s'intéresse ainsi aux différents acteurs du pouvoir riverains du Lot et à leurs instruments de domination du sol afin de mieux cerner leurs logiques de pouvoir et de gestion territoriale quel que soit leur rang social
For a long time, the relations between communication networks and castral sites have been associated with seigniorial taxation (tolls) or military activities (by stopping the trafic). Nevertheless, the coordination of roads, rivers, waterways and castles make appear many dynamic relationships between territories, their economic, political or social organization. The decisive question is to integrate these new perspectives into a representation of the practice of territories to define the real conditions of interrelationship between castral sites and communication networks during the end of the early medieval period and the late Middle Ages. The geographical framework of this thesis, the Lot valley from its source to its confluence, on a course of 485 kilometers (301 miles), allows us to consider the reciprocal permanence of social and spatial relations characterized by a plurality of political groups and struggles of influence between individuals. These different powers (great territorial princes, modest lordships, oligarchy and local aristocracy), whose seigniories and castral domains obtrude along this river, can make spaces, politics, societies and economy interact together to explain the dynamic phenomena that relate to the road, river and castles of the territories observed. This study is enriched by the analysis of archives collected, in nine departmental archive repositories, at the National Library of France (BnF), at the national archives of France or at the Public Record Office of London. This historical work focuses on the various actors of power bordering the Lot and their instruments of land domination in order to understand their logic of power and territorial management regardless of their social rank

This chapter is essentially a case study that brings together the themes of law and identity, resilience and adaptation, empire, and ethnicity, highlighted in chapter 9. It zooms in on the various mechanisms employed to integrate the semi-independent polity of Aquitaine into the emerging Carolingian realm—and to deal with their significance in the sources composed in retrospect. Based around the “official” absorption of the duchy in 767/8, the chapter looks at the various modes of identification not only employed by the Aquitanians themselves but also visible within Carolingian chronicles, capitularies, and hagiographical narratives as they tried to make sense of this region, which was rich in Roman history but with a population that remained aware of its Visigothic and Basque roots as well.