Academic literature on the topic 'Dubious consent'
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Journal articles on the topic "Dubious consent"
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Mogollón, Moisés. "The Consent-Based Problems Surrounding the Persistent Objector Doctrine." Michigan Journal of International Law, no. 43.2 (2022): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.36642/mjil.43.2.consent-based.
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Most analyses of the persistent objector doctrine seem to omit the impact that its application has on the general requirement of consent as a cornerstone of the international legal order, and as an unavoidable requisite in the formation of rules of customary international law. The present work holds that the persistent objector rule not only undermines the consensual nature of obligations in international law, but also generates issues of normative authority, dubious attribution of meaning to silence, temporal determination, and with self-determination and equality. It concludes that the doctrine, furthermore, lacks practice and opinio juris, meaning that its validity and existence in the realm of customary international law is highly questionable.
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Ewing, Eve L., Sanya M. Khatri, Sireen B. Irsheid, and Leah Y. Castleberry. "“They Don’t Have the Right to Be Touching Girls”: Understanding Middle School Students’ Consent Scripts." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 124, no. 12 (December 2022): 3–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01614681231153180.
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Background/Context: Research suggests that sexual harassment and assault are distressingly common occurrences in middle school settings. However, prevention efforts have largely focused on secondary and post-secondary settings. While research-based initiatives to discuss consent could be effective, currently there is a dearth of literature on middle school students’ beliefs or attitudes on consent and sexual assault, which could inform such initiatives. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study: Using the concept of “consent scripts,” this study asks: How do seventh- and eighth-grade students define, proscribe, understand, and operationalize consent as a concept? Research Design: We surveyed 177 middle school students about their ideas regarding consent and their analysis of scenarios of dubious consent, and conducted follow-up in-depth semi-structured interviews with 66 of the participants. Conclusions/Recommendations: We identify four consent scripts prevalent among middle school students 1) consent works differently within relationships; 2) seeking consent is a form of empathy; 3) acts of seeking or violating consent are informed by norms of masculinity; and 4) close friends will respect norms of consent. These findings can inform sexual assault prevention and intervention efforts in the middle school context.
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Hough-Dugdale, Amy. "‘Forbidden Dance’: A film treatment by Tonino Guerra." Journal of Italian Cinema & Media Studies 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jicms_00159_7.
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Amidst a suffocating drought, a young, cloistered nun, Angela, experiences desires that draw her out of her convent to adventures, including a tarantella and collective sexual experience of dubious consent, that unsettle her and seem to reorient her relationship to Christ, direct her attention to the Madonna and ask the latter to end the drought in a prayer that is apparently answered.
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Lomasky, Loren E. "CONTRACT, COVENANT, CONSTITUTION." Social Philosophy and Policy 28, no. 1 (November 30, 2010): 50–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052510000051.
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AbstractContract is the dominant model for political philosophy's understanding of government grounded on the consent of the governed. However, there are at least five disabilities attached to classical social contract theory: (1) the grounding contract never actually occurred; (2) its provisions are vague and contestable; (3) the stringency of the obligation thereby established is dubious; (4) trans-generational consent is questionable; (5) interpretive methods for giving effect to the contract are ill-specified. By contrast, the biblical story of the covenant Israel embraces at Sinai is shown to be more adequately attentive to each of these five desiderata. The essay then focuses on the U.S. Constitution, arguing that in many ways it is more reflective of covenantal legitimating themes than those of social contract. The result is a promisingly different mode of understanding government by the consent of the governed.
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Gisclard, Thibault. "Consent in Licenses of Personality Rights." European Review of Private Law 22, Issue 3 (June 1, 2014): 345–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2014033.
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Abstract: Most of the legislation that has been enacted in many legal systems requires express consent to licenses of personality rights and often a written one. Tacit consent, a theory built on wrong grounds, is more rarely admitted. This refusal shall be approved, since not only its existence but also its scope is dubious. The personal component of personality rights obliges us to recognize a right to revoke one's consent. Such a right of withdrawal is not necessarily incompatible with the fundamental principles of the law of obligations. The right of withdrawal, which is recognized by many countries and even sometimes included in the law, is generally considered as a discretionary one, which has effects only for the future. Its exercise requires the restitution of the royalty as well as the indemnification of the damnum emergens, whereas the lucrum cessans should be only taken into account in case of an abuse of the right to withdraw one's consent. Résumé: La plupart des lois qui ont été adoptées dans de nombreux systems juridiques afin de régir les licences d'exploitation de droits de la personnalité exigent un consentement exprès, et souvent un consentement écrit. En revanche, le consentement tacite, théorie créée sur des fondements inappropriés, est plus rarement admis, ce qui doit être approuvé, puisque non seulement l'existence, mais aussi la portée d'un tel consentement sont incertaines. La composante morale des droits de la personnalité oblige à reconnaître à leur titulaire le droit de révoquer son consentement aux licences de droits de la personnalité. Une telle faculté de revocation n'est pas nécessairement incompatible avec les principes fondamentaux du droit des obligations. La faculté de révocation, qui est reconnue dans de nombreux pays, et même quelquefois intégrée à la loi, est généralement considérée comme discrétionnaire, et n'a d'effet que pour l'avenir. Son exercice exige la restitution de la contrepartie perçue par le modèle, ainsi que l'indemnisation du damnum emergens, tandis que le lucrum cessans ne devrait être pris en compte qu'en cas d'abus de la faculté de révocation.
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Maiani, Francesco. "The reform of the Dublin system and the dystopia of ‘sharing people’." Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 24, no. 5 (October 2017): 622–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1023263x17742815.
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In the debate surrounding the reform of the Dublin system, the idea of distributing protection seekers among the Member States on the basis of pre-determined quotas is gaining support. This article examines the proposals currently under consideration, and offers a critical appraisal in light of the experiences garnered under the Dublin system and the 2015 relocation schemes. It advances the argument that, in pursuing fair sharing among the Member States, such proposals risk replicating the failings of the Dublin system. It also advances the broader thesis that sharing large numbers of persons among states, without their consent, is dubious from a legal perspective and practically unfeasible, and that pursuing this option ultimately precludes any hope of establishing a fair, efficient and sustainable Common European Asylum System (CEAS).
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Janev, Igor. "Legal Aspects Related to the Termination of the Kumanovo Agreement (1999) and Possibilities for Serbian Armed Forces to return to Kosovo in Case of Termination of that Agreemen." Advances in Politics and Economics 5, no. 2 (May 11, 2022): p50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ape.v5n2p50.
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This article examines the Kumanovo Agreement as an obstacle to possible Serbian military intervention in Kosovo and Metohija (hereinafter shortly: Kosovo) in case of uncontrolled Albanian invasion against the Serb population in Kosovo. The Military Technical Agreement between the International Security Force (“KFOR”) and the Governments of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Republic of Serbia, known as the Kumanovo Agreement, represents a legal limitation to any involvement of the Serbian military force(s). With respect to the Kumanovo Agreement the consent element required for such peacekeeping agreements appears to be missing. The absence of consent element of the agreement undermines the legal basis and thus the legal validity of the Kumanovo treaty reached under apparent coercion in 1999. It appears that Kumanovo Agreement in the absence of proper consent requirement may be interpreted as a dubious act under the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (hereinafter VCLT), particularly Article 52 (related to the Coercion of a State by the threat or use of force). Therefore, the Kumanovo Agreement, as an Annex to the Security resolution 1244 (1999), can be considered as an invalid act according to the VLCT. As a consequence of its invalidity, the Serbian government in warlike situations, in case of massive human rights violations by Kosovo authorities against Serbian population, may resort to termination of the Kumanovo Agreement (under Article 52 and even under Article 53 (jus cogens) of the VLCT) for aim to protect the Serbian population against ethnic cleansing, oppression and other human rights violations of International (humanitarian) public Law.
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Cote, David J., Annelien L. Bredenoord, Timothy R. Smith, Mario Ammirati, Jannick Brennum, Ivar Mendez, Ahmed S. Ammar, et al. "Ethical clinical translation of stem cell interventions for neurologic disease." Neurology 88, no. 3 (December 7, 2016): 322–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000003506.
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The application of stem cell transplants in clinical practice has increased in frequency in recent years. Many of the stem cell transplants in neurologic diseases, including stroke, Parkinson disease, spinal cord injury, and demyelinating diseases, are unproven—they have not been tested in prospective, controlled clinical trials and have not become accepted therapies. Stem cell transplant procedures currently being carried out have therapeutic aims, but are frequently experimental and unregulated, and could potentially put patients at risk. In some cases, patients undergoing such operations are not included in a clinical trial, and do not provide genuinely informed consent. For these reasons and others, some current stem cell interventions for neurologic diseases are ethically dubious and could jeopardize progress in the field. We provide discussion points for the evaluation of new stem cell interventions for neurologic disease, based primarily on the new Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation released by the International Society for Stem Cell Research in May 2016. Important considerations in the ethical translation of stem cells to clinical practice include regulatory oversight, conflicts of interest, data sharing, the nature of investigation (e.g., within vs outside of a clinical trial), informed consent, risk-benefit ratios, the therapeutic misconception, and patient vulnerability. To help guide the translation of stem cells from the laboratory into the neurosurgical clinic in an ethically sound manner, we present an ethical discussion of these major issues at stake in the field of stem cell clinical research for neurologic disease.
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Nelson, Hilde Lindemann. "Dethroning Choice: Analogy, Personhood, and the New Reproductive Technologies." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 23, no. 2 (1995): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1995.tb01342.x.
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There is something about the debate over reproductive technologies of all kinds—from coerced use of Norplant to trait-selection technologies, to issues surrounding in vitro fertilization (IVF), to fetal tissue transplantation—that seems to invite dubious analogies. A Tennessee trial court termed Mary Sue and Junior Davis's frozen embryos “in vitro children” and applied a best-interests standard in awarding “custody” to Mary Sue Davis; the Warnock Committee drew an implicit analogy between human gametes and transplantable organs in its recommendation of a voluntary, nonprofit system for collecting and distributing gametes in the United Kingdom; Owen Jones compares the right to trait-selection to the right to abortion; Robert Veatch once claimed that if a woman had signed an organ donation card and then died while pregnant, she had in effect given consent to the attempt to sustain the pregnancy after her death; John Robertson has argued that contract pregnancy poses no problems we have not already encountered with adoption; and Andrea Bonnicksen has compared the wonders of preembryonic genetic screening to the riches housed in the gold museum in Bogota, Colombia.
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Kelly, J. Patrick. "Revolution by Customary International Law?" AJIL Unbound 112 (2018): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2018.81.
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B.S. Chimni's Customary International Law: A Third World Perspective announces a provocative normative approach to customary international law (CIL) designed to develop progressive norms by deemphasizing state practice and promoting deliberative reasoning as the basis for opinio juris rather than the general acceptance of states. Many of his historical concerns are compelling: the unfairness and dubious validity of the persistent objector principle, the lack of access and attention to non-European state practice, and the questionable legitimacy of CIL norms developed without the participation of a majority of states or their consent. While Chimni makes a compelling case for the problematic origins of much of CIL, his approach to reform raises serious legitimacy and practical questions that undermine the viability of his proposed solution. Problems such as extreme poverty, environmental degradation, and nuclear weapons are best resolved through democratic political institutions rather than weak and undemocratic international tribunals. I will analyze Chimni's approach first as a theory of customary law and then as a theory of the role of international tribunals. Finally, I will raise concerns about his normative goals.
Books on the topic "Dubious consent"
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Weyers, Wolfgang. The abuse of man: An illustrated history of dubious medical experimentation. New York, NY: Ardor Scribendi Ltd, 2003.
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Pauls, Charmaine. Loan Shark Duet: Dubious and Consent. Independently Published, 2020.
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Spanked Brats. Independent, 2020.
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Weyers, Wolfgang. The Abuse of Man: An Illustrated History of Dubious Medical Experimentation. Ardor Scribendi, 2007.
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I Dare You. Independent Publishing, 2018.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Dubious consent"
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Brownlee, Kimberley. "Associational Freedom." In Being Sure of Each Other, 135–53. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714064.003.0007.
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The ethics of sociability shows that many liberal beliefs about associational freedom are untenable. Importantly, our moral permission to associate or dissociate does not always hinge on consent or burdensomeness. Moreover, our permission to dissociate is limited even when the state takes up its responsibility to administer well-functioning social institutions, because social resources are special: they are not only fundamentally important, but also necessarily rest within individual people. Furthermore, although we have a claim-right against interference with many of our poor associational choices, our freedom of association is nonetheless content-sensitive and process-sensitive. This chapter examines several kinds of voluntary and non-voluntary relationships of dubious moral standing that are not protected by freedom of association. The chapter notes that our freedom to dissociate is indeed content-insensitive, but it too can be overridden by the duty to associate.
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Hanifah, Pocut. "Walking a Tightrope between the Army and the Church : Jesuit Relief during the Indonesian Occupation of Timor-Leste, 1975–1999." In Timor-Leste’s Long Road to Independence. Amsterdam University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463726375_ch12.
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This chapter discusses the dilemmas faced by the Indonesian Jesuits who operated in Timor-Timur during the Indonesian occupation. Torn between their missionary activities and Indonesian integration propaganda, they walked a tightrope between the Catholic Church and the Indonesian army. The Indonesian Jesuits in Timor were fully aware of their political role and the need to engage in constant negotiation between the Indonesian forces and their Timorese flock. They thus tried to act as a bridge between the local population and the military occupiers, an impossible endeavour whose fragility was exposed at every twist and turn of Timor’s blood-drenched politics. Still, this dubious position also allowed them to communicate across the political divide to organise educational and medical relief.
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Richman, Karen. "Who Owns the Religion of Haiti?" In Who Owns Haiti? University Press of Florida, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813062266.003.0007.
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“Who Owns the Religion of Haiti?” demonstrates how a futile religious ‘war’ has been waged in pursuit of control over elusive doctrinal boundaries and dubious doctrinal fidelity in a persistently fluid, plural religious landscape. Since 1860, the Vatican and French Catholic Church have waged crusades to conquer the cultural life of the nation and retake control of Haitian Catholicism. A century later, Protestant missionaries from the United States embarked on their own campaigns to accumulate converts in the Haitian countryside. During twentieth century ‘anti-superstition’ campaigns against vodou, and more recent post-earthquake iterations of anti-vodou campaigns, there has been a constant battle waged in Haiti over religion. Throughout, Haitians utilize diffuse, localized, and family-based features to provide a measure of immunity to the colonizing designs of religious crusaders.
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Tortora, Daniel J. "Join’d Together." In Carolina in Crisis, 10–24. University of North Carolina Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469621227.003.0002.
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This chapter discusses the beginnings of an Anglo-Cherokee Alliance, which had been established under dubious circumstances, beginning with the madcap adventure of a Scotsman, Sir Alexander Cuming, who had ventured to Indian territory hoping to secure such an economic and military alliance without royal appointment in 1729. Complicating the picture were the ongoing tensions between the British and the French, the latter of whom also had an economic stake in generating an alliance with the natives. The Cherokees were themselves at the center of a prosperous deerskin trade, albeit reaping these profits also made them dependent on British goods in exchange. For this and many other reasons the Cherokees eventually consented to an alliance with the British, linked together in a symbolic “Chain of Friendship,” even as it was forged amid cultural misunderstandings and bureaucratic machinations.
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Crouch, Dora P. "Introduction." In Geology and Settlement. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195083248.003.0006.
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Cities are a constant interplay between tangible and intangible, visible and invisible factors. Long-lived cities can provide data to compensate for the brevity of our modern urban experience (Croce 1985). To overcome these gaps in research, just beginning to close, the city is a most useful unit of study. Ancient cities can serve as four-dimensional models (length, width, height, and time) of how humans survived in their ecological niches. Yet comparative studies of groups of cities—such as Rorig’s (1967) of German medieval trading cities of the Hanseatic League, Andrews’s (1975) of the urban design history of Maya cities, and Hohenberg and Lee’s (1985) of the economic history of European cities—ignore the geological setting. The setting of our study is the Mediterranean periphery where cities are united by their Greco-Roman historical and cultural relationships. From the twenty-five Greco-Roman sites studied in Water Management in Ancient Greek Cities, we have selected for further study 10 sites with sufficient geological information to form a basis of comparison. Our comparisons are based on the physical aspects—both form and function—of the local area, not the particular object. There are exciting possibilities, both intellectual and practical, in such an approach. Until recently, ancient Mediterranean cities have been investigated mainly by ancient historians and classical archaeologists. Cities, however, are so complex as to require every possible sort of investigation. Because each model and methodology leaves out too much, the use of a single model from one discipline, whether archaeological, mathematical, engineering, or historic, has limited usefulness. The documents of the classicists and the physical remains located by archaeologists seem to an urban historian like myself to be useful but incomplete sources that take for granted the geographical base, assume a past social organization, and may ignore the technological and scientific aspects of ancient urban life. As classicist M. H. Jameson (1990) has written, “The surviving literature from Classical Greece sheds light only incidentally on practical matters such as patterns of settlement and domestic architecture . . . [yet] conceptions drawn from literature, sometimes with dubious justification, continue to prevail.”
Conference papers on the topic "Dubious consent"
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Lindstro¨m, Anders, and Stefan Hallstro¨m. "Energy Absorption of Sandwich Panels Subjected to In-Plane Loads." In ASME 8th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2006-95771.
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The energy absorption mechanisms of sandwich panels subjected to in-plane compression are studied. Quasi-static experiments are performed and analysed in order to support the development of a modelling strategy for failure initiation and propagation in sandwich panels. The test specimens consist of balsa wood cores and glass-fibre reinforced polyester faces. During compression of a tested panel, the displacement field on one outer face is measured using a digital speckle photography (DSP) equipment. The absorbed energy is related to debonding, delamination and crushing of the face sheets and crushing of the core. At initial failure, the load drops dramatically and is then relatively constant during continued compression. The energy per unit length necessary for propagation of the damage is considerably lower than for damage initiation. Assuming that the damage propagation is uniform through the thickness of the panels a simple model of damage growth is developed. Calibration of the model is however dubious due to the large scatter in the experimental results. The studied material shows damage mechanisms favourable for efficient energy absorption but the behaviour is far from being optimal.
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Savla, K., E. Frazzoli, and F. Bullo. "Constant-factor approximation algorithms for the Traveling Salesperson Problem for Dubins' vehicle." In Robotics: Science and Systems 2006. Robotics: Science and Systems Foundation, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.15607/rss.2006.ii.038.
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Zhong, Yuxuan, Jianjian Liu, Junhan Huang, Lingzhi Bao, and Zihao Wang. "Unmanned Vehicle Target Tracking Method Based on Dubins and Constant Bearing Guidance." In 2023 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icma57826.2023.10215593.
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Oberlin, Paul, Sivakumar Rathinam, and Swaroop Darbha. "Combinatorial Motion Planning for a Dubins Vehicle With Precedence Constraints." In ASME 2009 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2009-2720.
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This paper considers a combinatorial motion planning problem of finding a shortest tour for a Dubins’ vehicle that must visit a given set of targets and return to its initial depot while satisfying the motion constraints of the vehicle and the precedence constraints. Precedence constraints restrict the sequence in which a Dubins’ vehicle visits the given set of targets by imposing a partial ordering on the sequence in which the targets must be visited. This problem arises in applications involving fixed wing, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) where the vehicles have fuel and motion constraints. A fixed wing UAV may be modeled as a Dubins’ vehicle that can travel at a constant speed and has an upper bound on its turning rate. This is a difficult problem because it couples the combinatorial problem of optimally visiting a set of targets with the path planning problem of finding the shortest path that satisfies the motion constraints given the sequence in which the targets must be visited. In this paper, the sequence in which the targets must be visited is obtained by solving the combinatorial problem using a split dual algorithm. Using this sequence, the path planning problem is solved using Dynamic Programming. Computational results are given to corroborate the performance of the algorithms.
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Bakolas, E., and P. Tsiotras. "Time-optimal synthesis for the Zermelo-Markov-Dubins problem: The constant wind case." In 2010 American Control Conference (ACC 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.2010.5531602.
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Yezersky, V. V., and A. A. Plyaskina. "ON THE ISSUE OF MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE LATERAL TRAJECTORY MOTION CONTROL OF THE AIRCRAFT BY THE CRITERION OF SPEED." In Aerospace instrumentation and operational technologies. Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31799/978-5-8088-1554-4-2021-2-206-210.
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Considered are the issues of constructing the optimal control of the movement of the aircraft according to the criterion of control speed under constraints on the magnitude of the impact (roll angle) under conditions of large deviations described by the nonlinear model of lateral navigation movement, taking into account the constant crosswind. The issues of constructing an aircraft trajectory, optimal by the criterion of maximum speed, from a point in the phase space, given by coordinates and a heading angle, to another point are considered in the fundamental work of L. Ye. Dubins [4]. General questions of the synthesis of programmed control of dynamic systems are presented in the works of Atans Zh. And Falba PL [5], Afanasyev VN, Kolmanovsky VB, Nosov VR [1].
Reports on the topic "Dubious consent"
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Perkins, Dustin. Invasive exotic plant monitoring at Colorado National Monument: 2019 field season. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2286650.
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Invasive exotic plant (IEP) species are a significant threat to natural ecosystem integrity and biodiversity, and controlling them is a high priority for the National Park Service. The North-ern Colorado Plateau Network (NCPN) selected the early detection of IEPs as one of 11 monitoring protocols to be implemented as part of its long-term monitoring program. This report represents work completed at Colorado National Monument during 2019. During monitoring conducted June 12–19, a total of 20 IEP species were detected on monitoring routes and transects. Of these, 12 were priority species that accounted for 791 separate IEP patches. IEPs were most prevalent along riparian areas. Yellow sweetclover (Melilotis officinale) and yellow salsify (Tragopogon dubius) were the most commonly detected priority IEPs along monitoring routes, representing 73% of all priority patches. Patches of less than 40 m2 were typical of nearly all priority IEP species except yellow sweetclover. A patch management index (PMI) was created by combining patch size class and percent cover for each patch. In 2019, a large majority of priority IEP patches were assigned a PMI score of low (46%) or very low (50%), indicating small and/or sparse patches where control is generally still feasible. This is similar to the numbers for 2017, when 99% of patches scored low or very low in PMI. Seventy-eight percent of tree patches were classified as seedlings or saplings, which require less effort to control than mature trees. Cheatgrass (Anisantha tectorum) was the most common IEP recorded in transects, found in 30–77% of transects across the different routes. It was the only species found in transects on all monitoring routes. When treated and untreated extra areas near the West Entrance were compared, the treated area had comparable or higher lev-els of IEPs than the untreated area. When segments of monitoring routes conducted between 2003 and 2019 were compared, results were mixed, due to the different species monitored in different time periods. But in general, the number of IEPs per 100 meters is increasing or remaining constant over time. There were notable increases in IEP patches per 100 meters on several routes in 2019: field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) along East Glade Park Road; Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila) in Red Canyon; yellow salsify along East Glade Park Road, No Thoroughfare Canyon, No Thoroughfare Trail, and Red Canyon; and yellow sweetclover in No Thoroughfare Canyon and Red Canyon. Network staff will return to re-sample monitoring routes in 2021.