Journal articles: 'Dryland salinity'

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Rengasamy, P. "Transient salinity and subsoil constraints to dryland farming in Australian sodic soils: an overview." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 3 (2002): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01111.

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More than 60% of the 20 million ha of cropping soils in Australia are sodic and farming practices on these soils are mainly performed under dryland conditions. More than 80% of sodic soils in Australia have dense clay subsoils with high sodicity and alkaline pH (>8.5). The actual yield of grains in sodic soils is often less than half of the potential yield expected on the basis of climate, because of subsoil limitations such as salinity, sodicity, alkalinity, nutrient deficiencies and toxicities due to boron, carbonate and aluminate. Sodic subsoils also have very low organic matter and biological activity. Poor water transmission properties of sodic subsoils, low rainfall in dryland areas, transpiration by vegetation and high evaporation during summer have caused accumulation of salts in the root zone layers. This transient salinity, not influenced by groundwater, is extensive in many sodic soil landscapes in Australia where the watertable is deep. ‘Dryland salinity’ is currently given wide attention in the public debate and in government policies, but only focusing on salinity induced by shallow watertables. While 16% of the dryland cropping area is likely to be affected by watertable-induced salinity, 67% of the area has a potential for transient salinity not associated with groundwater and other subsoil constraints and costing the Australian farming economy in the vicinity of A$1330 million per year. A different strategy for different types of dryland salinity is essential for the sustainable management and improved productivity of dryland farming. This paper discusses the sodic subsoil constraints, different types of salinity in the dryland regions, the issues related to the management of sodic subsoils and the future priorities needed in addressing these problems. It also emphasises that transient salinity in the root zone of dryland agricultural soils is an important issue with potential for worse problems than watertable-induced seepage salinity.

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Callow, J. Nikolaus, Matthew R. Hipsey, and Ryan I. J. Vogwill. "Surface water as a cause of land degradation from dryland salinity." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 717–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-717-2020.

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Abstract. Secondary dryland salinity is a global land degradation issue. Drylands are often less developed, less well instrumented and less well understood, requiring us to adapt and impose understanding from different hydro-geomorphological settings that are better instrumented and understood. Conceptual models of secondary dryland salinity, from wet and more hydrologically connected landscapes imposed with adjustments for rainfall and streamflow, have led to the pervasive understanding that land clearing alters water balance in favour of increased infiltration and rising groundwater that bring salts to the surface. This paper presents data from an intra-catchment surface flow gauging network run for 6 years and a surface-water–groundwater (SW–GW) interaction site to assess the adequacy of our conceptual understanding of secondary dryland salinity in environments with low gradients and runoff yield. The aim is to (re-)conceptualise pathways of water and salt redistribution in dryland landscapes and to investigate the role that surface water flows and connectivity plays in land degradation from salinity in low-gradient drylands. Based on the long-term end-of-catchment gauge, average annual runoff yield is only 0.14 % of rainfall. The internal gauging network that operated from 2007–2012 found pulses of internal water (also mobilising salt) in years when no flow was recorded at the catchment outlet. Data from a surface-water–groundwater interaction site show top-down recharge of surface water early in the water year that transitions to a bottom-up system of discharge later in the water year. This connection provides a mechanism for the vertical diffusion of salts to the surface waters, followed by evapo-concentration and downstream export when depression storage thresholds are exceeded. Intervention in this landscape by constructing a broad-based channel to address these processes resulted in a 25 % increase in flow volume and a 20 % reduction in salinity by allowing the lower catchment to more effectively support bypassing of the storages in the lower landscape that would otherwise retain water and allow salt to accumulate. Results from this study suggest catchment internal redistribution of relatively fresh runoff onto the valley floor is a major contributor to the development of secondary dryland salinity. Seasonally inundated areas are subject to significant transmission losses and drive processes of vertical salt mobility. These surface flow and connectivity processes are not only acting in isolation to cause secondary salinity but are also interacting with groundwater systems responding to land clearing and processes recognised in the more conventional understanding of hillslope recharge and groundwater discharge. The study landscape appears to have three functional hydrological components: upland, hillslope “flow” landscapes that generate fresh runoff; valley floor “fill” landscapes with high transmission losses and poor flow connectivity controlled by the micro-topography that promotes a surface–groundwater connection and salt movement; and the downstream “flood” landscapes, where flows are recorded only when internal storages (fill landscapes) are exceeded. This work highlights the role of surface water processes as a contributor to land degradation by dryland salinity in low-gradient landscapes.

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Briggs, Sue V., and Nicki Taws. "Impacts of salinity on biodiversity—clear understanding or muddy confusion?" Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 6 (2003): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02114.

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Dryland salinity has been known for several decades in eastern Australia. Its causes have been known for at least five decades. Why did it take so long for the problem to be officially recognised? Why is it taking so long for impacts of dryland salinity on terrestrial biodiversity to be investigated in eastern Australia? To answer these questions we delve back into human history and then move forwards to modern times. Historically, salt has connotations of punishment, money, status and love. Today, salt ignites powerful emotions in humans in modern institutions. Controlling the salinity agenda enhances status and provides resources. Impacts of salinity on biodiversity are often ignored when powerful groups with little interest in biodiversity compete for dominance of the salinity agenda. After discussing these factors, the paper presents information about impacts of dryland salinity on terrestrial biodiversity in eastern Australia. The limited research conducted shows that dryland salinity threatens vegetation communities that are already depleted from extensive clearing. Native ground species of plants in salinised woodlands are replaced by exotics and weeds. Trees die. The paper concludes with recommendations for future actions to enhance understanding and management of impacts of dryland salinity on terrestrial biodiversity in eastern Australia.

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Perri, Saverio, Samir Suweis, Dara Entekhabi, and Annalisa Molini. "Vegetation Controls on Dryland Salinity." Geophysical Research Letters 45, no. 21 (November 5, 2018): 11,669–11,682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018gl079766.

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Clarke, C. J., R. J. George, R. W. Bell, and R. J. Hobbs. "Major faults and the development of dryland salinity in the western wheatbelt of Western Australia." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 2, no. 1 (March 31, 1998): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-2-77-1998.

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Abstract. Dryland salinity poses a major threat to agricultural production in the wheatbelt of Western Australia and much time and effort is expended on understanding the mechanisms which cause it and on developing techniques to halt or reverse its development. Whilst the location of much dryland salinity can be explained by its topographic position, a significant proportion of it cannot. This study investigated the hypothesis that major faults in the Yilgarn Craton represented in aeromagnetic data by intense curvilinear lows explained the location of areas of dryland salinity not explained by topography. Moreover, the causal mechanisms that might underpin a spatial relationship between major faults and dryland salinity were sought. In one fourth order catchment, nearly 85% of the salinity that was not explained topographically was within 2km of the centre line of a major fault, the remaining 15% being in the other 12km of the catchment. Three groups of similar third order catchments in the western wheatbelt of Western Australia were also investigated; in each case the catchment that was underlain by a major fault had dryland salinity an order of magnitude more than the unfaulted catchment(s). This evidence demonstrates a strong spatial association between major faults and the development of dryland salinity. Other evidence suggests that the underlying mechanism is hydraulic conductivity 5.2 to 2.9 times higher inside the fault zone compared to outside it and shows that geomorphology, salt store, regolith thickness, and degree of clearing are not the underlying mechanisms. In one of the groups of catchments, it has been calculated that an amount of recharge, significant in relation to recharge from rainfall, was entering from an adjacent catchment along a major fault. The paper concludes that geological features such as major faults affect the development of dryland salinity in the wheatbelt of Western Australia because of permeability differences in the regolith and therefore computer models of salinity risk need to take these differences into account. Techniques need to be developed to map, quickly and relatively cheaply, the geology-related permeability differences over wide areas of the landscape.

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Seddon, Julian A., Andre Zerger, Stuart J. Doyle, and Sue V. Briggs. "The extent of dryland salinity in remnant woodland and forest within an agricultural landscape." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 5 (2007): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06100.

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Dryland salinity is considered a significant and increasing threat to sustainable land management and biodiversity across large parts of temperate Australia. However, there is little information on the extent of this threat to terrestrial ecosystems in south-eastern Australia. This paper provides a quantitative assessment of the extent of dryland salinity in remnant native woody vegetation in the agriculture-dominated landscape of the Boorowa Shire located in the South West Slopes bioregion of south-eastern Australia. The amount and type of native woody vegetation in the Boorowa Shire affected by dryland salinity was assessed by analysing the extent of overlap between the following three spatial data layers: (1) woody vegetation mapping derived from high-resolution satellite imagery, (2) existing vegetation community mapping predicted from field data and expert opinion and (3) existing dryland salinity outbreak mapping derived from air photo interpretation and filed verification. There were more than 6000 patches of salt outbreak in woody vegetation in the Boorowa Shire, 383 (6%) of which were 1 ha or larger in area. Almost 2000 ha of woody vegetation were affected by dryland salinity, representing ~3% of the extant native woody vegetation in the Boorowa Shire. The vegetation type with the largest total area affected by dryland salinity was yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora Cunn. Ex Schauer)–Blakely’s red gum (E. Blakelyi Maiden) woodland. As a proportion of their current extent, vegetation communities lower in the landscape were significantly more affected than those higher up the topographic sequence, with 14% of riparian communities and nearly 6% of yellow box–Blakely’s red gum woodland exhibiting symptoms of dryland salinity. About 1% of white box (E. albens Benth) woodland, and of hill communities which are on mid- and upper slopes, were affected. The pattern of salinity outbreaks in relation to landscape position and vegetation type is significant for biodiversity conservation because the vegetation communities most affected by salinisation are those most heavily cleared and modified post-European settlement. Throughout the South West Slopes of New South Wales, remnants of riparian communities and yellow box–Blakely’s red gum woodland are highly cleared, fragmented and degraded. Dryland salinity represents an additional threat to these vegetation communities and their component species. Salinisation of woodland ecosystems poses significant problems for land managers. The long-term viability of these woodland remnants needs to be considered when allocating limited public funds for woodland conservation, whether on private land or in formal reserves.

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Jiang, Qingsong, Jie Peng, Asim Biswas, Jie Hu, Ruiying Zhao, Kang He, and Zhou Shi. "Characterising dryland salinity in three dimensions." Science of The Total Environment 682 (September 2019): 190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.037.

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8

Jardine, A., P. Speldewinde, and S. Carver. "Dryland Salinity and Human Health Outcomes." Epidemiology 17, Suppl (November 2006): S434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200611001-01163.

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9

Pannell, D. J. "Farm, food and resource issues: politics and dryland salinity." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 11 (2005): 1471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04158.

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Political forces make it difficult to develop effective and efficient policies for dryland salinity. The politics of the day have had major influences on salinity and salinity-related policy, beginning with the clearing of land for agricultural development. Tensions affecting salinity policy include urban political power v. rural salinity; short-term politics v. long-term salinity; crisis-driven politics v. slow and inexorable salinity; simplistic and uniform political solutions v. complex and diverse salinity problems; the need for winners in politics v. the reality of losers from effective salinity policy; east v. west; and national v. state governments. These tensions will interact with our improving scientific knowledge of salinity and ongoing social and economic changes in rural areas to shape future salinity policies. Prospects for changes in salinity policy and outcomes over the next 10 years are suggested, including the following possibilities: more carefully targeted and site-specific investments in salinity prevention; the beginnings of success of current research and development efforts to develop profitable new plant-based systems for salinity management; ongoing debate about the appropriate role for catchment management bodies for in salinity management; greater attention to the problem of salinity impacts on biodiversity and infrastructure; reduced attention to market-based instruments for salinity; and ongoing changes in the economics of agriculture, timber and energy influencing salinity outcomes and, potentially, salinity policy.

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Biggs, A. J. W., and P. Mottram. "Links between dryland salinity, mosquito vectors, and Ross River Virus disease in southern inland Queensland—an example and potential implications." Soil Research 46, no. 1 (2008): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07053.

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The impacts of dryland salinity on landscapes and agriculture are well documented, but few links have been made to public health. A cluster of cases of Ross River Virus (RRV) disease in the vicinity of a dryland salinity expression in the town of Warwick, Queensland, has highlighted the potential role of secondary salinity expressions as breeding zones for mosquitoes, including vector species of RRV. It is suggested that further work is required to investigate the matter in Queensland, particularly in relation to the expansion of urban populations in south-east Queensland into old agricultural lands containing secondary salinity expressions.

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11

Dawes, W. R., M. Gilfedder, M. Stauffacher, J. Coram, S. Hajkowicz, G. R. Walker, and M. Young. "Assessing the viability of recharge reduction fordryland salinity control: Wanilla, Eyre Peninsula." Soil Research 40, no. 8 (2002): 1407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr01044.

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The emerging paradigm to manage the spread of dryland salinity is the manipulation of farming practice to provide both a reduction in recharge and a commercial return to farm enterprises. Recent work has attempted to classify the groundwater systems across Australia into distinct provinces, with the implication that the flow processes, and therefore remediation strategies, of catchments within each province are similar. This paper presents a case study of the Wanilla catchment on the Eyre Peninsula in South Australia. This catchment is in the groundwater province that includes 60% of the dryland salinity expression in Australia. The results of conceptual and numerical modelling of the catchment suggest that the land management for reduced recharge paradigm may be less effective in this groundwater province than in others. The scale of expression and salinity history of such catchments provides further impediments to management options aimed at controlling or reversing existing dryland salinity.

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Sauer, Felix G., Mirco Bundschuh, Jochen P. Zubrod, Ralf B. Schäfer, Kristie Thompson, and Ben J. Kefford. "Effects of salinity on leaf breakdown: Dryland salinity versus salinity from a coalmine." Aquatic Toxicology 177 (August 2016): 425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.06.014.

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13

Naorem, Anandkumar, Somasundaram Jayaraman, Ram C. Dalal, Ashok Patra, Cherukumalli Srinivasa Rao, and Rattan Lal. "Soil Inorganic Carbon as a Potential Sink in Carbon Storage in Dryland Soils—A Review." Agriculture 12, no. 8 (August 18, 2022): 1256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081256.

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Soil organic carbon (SOC) pool has been extensively studied in the carbon (C) cycling of terrestrial ecosystems. In dryland regions, however, soil inorganic carbon (SIC) has received increasing attention due to the high accumulation of SIC in arid soils contributed by its high temperature, low soil moisture, less vegetation, high salinity, and poor microbial activities. SIC storage in dryland soils is a complex process comprising multiple interactions of several factors such as climate, land use types, farm management practices, irrigation, inherent soil properties, soil biotic factors, etc. In addition, soil C studies in deeper layers of drylands have opened-up several study aspects on SIC storage. This review explains the mechanisms of SIC formation in dryland soils and critically discusses the SIC content in arid and semi-arid soils as compared to SOC. It also addresses the complex relationship between SIC and SOC in dryland soils. This review gives an overview of how climate change and anthropogenic management of soil might affect the SIC storage in dryland soils. Dryland soils could be an efficient sink in C sequestration through the formation of secondary carbonates. The review highlights the importance of an in-depth understanding of the C cycle in arid soils and emphasizes that SIC dynamics must be looked into broader perspective vis-à-vis C sequestration and climate change mitigation.

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Daniells, I. G., J. F. Holland, R. R. Young, C. L. Alston, and A. L. Bernardi. "Relationship between yield of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and soil salinity under field conditions." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 2 (2001): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00084.

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Three field experiments using grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), an important dryland summer crop on the Liverpool Plains in northern New South Wales, were conducted: (i) to determine the effect of dryland salinity on the yield of commercial crops at 2 sites; (ii) to see if ridging the soil would ameliorate the problem; and (iii) to compare 16 commercial varieties for tolerance to dryland salinity. Grain sorghum was shown to be more severely affected by dryland salinity than most literature would suggest. Over 3 seasons and 2 sites, sorghum yield was reduced by 50% at soil electrical conductivity (saturation extract, ECe) levels as low as 2.8 dS/m whereas advisory literature indicated a salinity threshold (no yield reduction) for sorghum of 6.8 dS/m, and 50% yield reduction at 9.9 dS/m. Current advisory literature is based on research where salinity was artificially imposed after plants were established in non-saline soil. The measurements described in this paper were on sorghum sown into saline soil. Soil and crop management strategies (ridging the soil or choosing a tolerant variety) showed limited potential for improving yields of grain sorghum on saline soil. At one site, the ECe varied widely across the paddock but little down the soil profile at any sampling point. Hence, analysing the surface soil would indicate the salinity hazard. However, at a second site, where ECe levels in the surface soil were low (<2 dS/m) everywhere, ECe at soil depths of 1 m varied widely (from 2 to 15 dS/m) across the paddock. Soil sampling to assess salinity hazard before crop planting should therefore include the entire root zone.

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Spies, Brian, and Peter Woodgate. "Review of methods for mapping dryland salinity." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2004, no. 1 (December 2004): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2004ab137.

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Pannell, David J., and Michael A. Ewing. "Managing secondary dryland salinity: Options and challenges." Agricultural Water Management 80, no. 1-3 (February 2006): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2005.07.003.

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Tickell, Steven J. "Mapping Dryland-Salinity Hazard, Northern Territory, Australia." Hydrogeology Journal 5, no. 1 (January 1997): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100400050127.

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Mitloehner, Ralph, and Reinhard Koepp. "Bioindicator capacity of trees towards dryland salinity." Trees 21, no. 4 (March 2, 2007): 411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00468-007-0133-3.

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Dunin, Frank, and John Passioura. "Prologue: Amending agricultural water use to maintain production while affording environmental protection through control of outflow." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, no. 3 (2006): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/arv57n3_fo.

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The long-standing debate about the problem of dryland salinity in Australia has been increasingly well informed. We chart here the deepening understanding of the processes involved in how plants use water and what this means for flows in the regolith, from the introduction of the idea of the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum 50 years ago, through the comparative patterns of water use by annual and perennial vegetation and the variety of their hydrological effects in different landscapes, to the realisation, as demonstrated by many of the papers in this special issue of AJAR, that the era of unviable simplistic solutions to dryland salinity is behind us. The mood now is one of cautious optimism that we will be able to develop a wide range of options for maintaining economically viable farming systems that protect the environment by controlling outflow well enough to arrest the spread of dryland salinity.

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Haensch, Juliane, Sarah Ann Wheeler, Alec Zuo, and Henning Bjornlund. "The Impact of Water and Soil Salinity on Water Market Trading in the Southern Murray–Darling Basin." Water Economics and Policy 02, no. 01 (March 2016): 1650004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x16500041.

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Irrigators in the Murray–Darling Basin (MDB) of Australia face a salinity triple threat, namely: dryland salinity, surface-water, and groundwater salinity. Water trading has now been adopted to the point where it is a common adaptation tool used by the majority of irrigators in the Basin. This study uses a number of unique water market and spatial databases to investigate the association between the severity and extent of areas which suffer from salinity and permanent trade over time, holding other regional characteristics constant. It was found that larger volumes of permanent water were likely to be sold from areas suffering from higher dryland salinity. In addition, increases in the concentration of groundwater salinity was found to decrease volumes of surface-water entitlements sold, providing evidence that groundwater entitlements (where they are viable substitutes) have been increasingly used as substitutes for surface-water entitlements in recent years. Other key influences on water sales included water market prices and net rainfall.

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Acworth, R. I., and J. Jankowski. "Salt source for dryland salinity - evidence from an upland catchment on the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales." Soil Research 39, no. 1 (2001): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr99120.

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A detailed study involving drilling, geophysics, hydrogeochemistry, and groundwater monitoring over a 10-year period has been carried out at a small catchment south-east of Yass on the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales to investigate the source of salt causing dryland salinity. The catchment is within 2 km of the top of a regional groundwater and surface water divide and remains substantially tree covered. The investigations have found a highly heterogeneous distribution of salt, most of which is associated with swelling clay. Dispersion of this clay causes the surface features commonly associated with dryland salinity. There is no hydrogeochemical evidence to suggest evaporative or transpirative concentration of salt in the groundwater. The short flow path from the top of the catchment cannot provide a significant source of salt from bedrock weathering. An alternative model of salt accumulation is proposed with the salt imported into the catchment with silt during dust storms in the arid and windy conditions during the last glacial. The management implications of this model of salt distribution and the associated dryland salinity development are discussed.

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Goss, Kevin F. "Environmental flows, river salinity and biodiversity conservation: managing trade-offs in the Murray - Darling basin." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 6 (2003): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt03003.

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The Murray–Darling basin's river system suffers from over-allocation of water resources to consumptive use and salinity threats to water quality. This paper draws attention to the current state of knowledge and the need for further investigations into the biological effect of river salinity on aquatic biota and ecosystems, the threats of dryland salinity to terrestrial biodiversity, and managing environmental flows and salinity control to limit the trade-offs in water-resource security and river salinity.There is growing evidence that river salt concentrations lower than the normally adopted threshold have sublethal effects on species and ecosystems, over a longer time period. Further knowledge is required.There is no agreed process for incorporating terrestrial biodiversity values at risk into a strategic response for dryland-salinity management. This is a public policy issue to be addressed.Recent studies have quantified the trade-off in surface water flow and river salinity from refforestation and revegetation of upland catchments to control salinity. The potential losses or benefits to environmental values have not been quantified.Such improved knowledge is important to the Murray–Darling basin and relevant to other river basins and catchments in Australia.

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Dixon, Peter. "Dryland salinity in a subcatchment at Glenthompson, Victoria." Australian Geographer 20, no. 2 (November 1989): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049188908702986.

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Pannell, David J. "Dryland salinity: economic, scientific, social and policy dimensions." Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 45, no. 4 (December 2001): 517–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.00156.

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Schofield, N. J. "Tree planting for dryland salinity control in Australia." Agroforestry Systems 20, no. 1-2 (November 1992): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00055303.

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Lamontagne, S., W. S. Hicks, R. W. Fitzpatrick, and S. Rogers. "Sulfidic materials in dryland river wetlands." Marine and Freshwater Research 57, no. 8 (2006): 775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf06057.

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Due to a combination of river regulation, dryland salinity and irrigation return, lower River Murray floodplains (Australia) and associated wetlands are undergoing salinisation. It was hypothesised that salinisation would provide suitable conditions for the accumulation of sulfidic materials (soils and sediments enriched in sulfides, such as pyrite) in these wetlands. A survey of nine floodplain wetlands representing a salinity gradient from fresh to hypersaline determined that surface sediment sulfide concentrations varied from <0.05% to ~1%. Saline and permanently flooded wetlands tended to have greater sulfide concentrations than freshwater ones or those with more regular wetting–drying regimes. The acidification risk associated with the sulfidic materials was evaluated using field peroxide oxidations tests and laboratory measurements of net acid generation potential. Although sulfide concentration was elevated in many wetlands, the acidification risk was low because of elevated carbonate concentration (up to 30% as CaCO3) in the sediments. One exception was Bottle Bend Lagoon (New South Wales), which had acidified during a draw-down event in 2002 and was found to have both actual and potential acid sulfate soils at the time of the survey (2003). Potential acid sulfate soils also occurred locally in the hypersaline Loveday Disposal Basin. The other environmental risks associated with sulfidic materials could not be reliably evaluated because no guideline exists to assess them. These include the deoxygenation risk following sediment resuspension and the generation of foul odours during drying events. The remediation of wetland salinity in the Murray–Darling Basin will require that the risks associated with disturbing sulfidic materials during management actions be evaluated.

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Jolly, I. D., D. R. Williamson, M. Gilfedder, G. R. Walker, R. Morton, G. Robinson, H. Jones, et al. "Historical stream salinity trends and catchment salt balances in the Murray - Darling Basin, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 52, no. 1 (2001): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf00018.

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This paper summarizes the results from a study of historical stream salinity trends and catchment salt balances within the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia. A broad analysis of stream salinization was necessary to assist prediction of the increase in the effect and extent of dryland salinity across the basin. The sparseness of the water-quality data necessitated the development of an innovative statistical trend technique that also allowed for the high autocorrelation of the stream salinity data which was often present.Results showed the spatial distribution of stream salinization and identified regions of concern. The salinization characteristics of four distinct geographical regions were identified by providing a spatial analysis of catchment salt balances and stream salinity trends. The salinization behaviour of each region was also related to distinct physical processes. The most significant rising trends and catchment salt output/input ratios were in the zone with 500–800 mm year–1 rainfall in the southern and eastern dryland region.

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Taylor, R. J., and G. Hoxley. "Dryland salinity in Western Australia: managing a changing water cycle." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 7-8 (April 1, 2003): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0690.

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Clearing of agricultural land has resulted in significant changes to the surface and groundwater hydrology. Currently about 10% of agricultural land in Western Australia is affected by dryland salinity and between a quarter and a third of the area is predicted to be lost to salinity before a new hydrological equilibrium is reached. This paper develops a general statement describing the changes to the surface and groundwater hydrology of the wheatbelt of Western Australia between preclearing, the year 2000 and into the future. For typical catchments in the wheatbelt it is estimated that average groundwater recharge and surface runoff have increased about tenfold when comparing the current hydrology to that preclearing. Saline groundwater discharge and flood volumes have also increased significantly. Saline groundwater discharge and associated salt load will probably double in the future in line with the predicted increase in the area of dryland salinity. In addition, future increases in the area of dryland salinity/permanent waterlogging will probably double the volumes in flood events and further increase surface runoff in average years. The outcomes of surface and groundwater management trials have been briefly described to estimate how the hydrology would be modified if the trials were implemented at a catchment scale. These results have been used to formulate possible integrated revegetation and drainage management strategies. The future hydrology and impacts with and without integrated management strategies have been compared.

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CHRISTIE, H. W., D. N. GRAVELAND, and C. J. PALMER. "SOIL AND SUBSOIL MOISTURE ACCUMULATION DUE TO DRYLAND AGRICULTURE IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 65, no. 4 (November 1, 1985): 805–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss85-084.

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Subsoil moisture accumulation due to cultivation and particularly summerfallowing is considered as an important causative agent of dryland salinity. However, few studies have been conducted to quantify the magnitude of this accumulation. The amount of additional moisture that had accumulated under cultivated land as compared to adjacent native prairie was determined at two sites in Southern Alberta. In comparison to noncultivated sites, a total of 74.0 cm of additional moisture was found under the cultivated area of a Dark Brown Chernozem and 36.2 cm under a Brown Chernozem to a depth of 6 m. Only relatively insignificant changes in salt content were found. Key words: Dryland salinity, soil moisture, soluble salts

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Bennett, S. J., and J. G. Virtue. "Salinity mitigation versus weed risks — can conflicts of interest in introducing new plants be resolved?" Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 12 (2004): 1141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04049.

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Southern Australia’s annual-based agricultural system has come at a large cost to the landscape. Dryland salinity is a rapidly expanding environmental problem that is reducing the amount of land available for agriculture, and causing a significant ecological cost to remnant and riparian vegetation. There is an urgent need to increase the area of the landscape that is sown to deep-rooted herbaceous perennials to reduce the increase in dryland salinity, and for their successful adoption by landowners it is recognised that these perennials must be economically viable. Australian perennials are unlikely to provide such options in the short term and therefore there is a need to search for species overseas. Many agricultural weeds have arisen as a direct result of deliberately introduced species escaping cultivation and naturalising in the Australian environment. They cause a huge cost to agriculture in terms of both lost production and control. There is also a cost to natural ecosystems as a result of lost biodiversity and weed management. A conflict of interest thus arises. This paper follows on from a workshop held between the CRC for Plant-based Management of Dryland Salinity and the CRC for Australian Weed Management. It discusses 4 key areas where potential conflict exists between the maintenance of biodiversity in natural ecosystems and the development and introduction of new herbaceous perennials. Each of the issues within pre-entry weed risk assessment, post-entry weed risk assessment, weed risk of translocating native species and field assessments of new species is discussed in detail and suggestions are given on the means to resolve the conflicts. Actions to address the recommendations are urgently required if we are going to resolve the current conflicts of interest between the need for managing present and future environmental weeds and for mitigating dryland salinity.

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Barr, N., and R. Wilkinson. "Social persistence of plant-based management of dryland salinity." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 11 (2005): 1495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04159.

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Rural areas of Australia are undergoing rapid social and economic transformations, creating a divergence between those rural landscapes that are depopulating and those that are repopulating. In the depopulating landscape of the cropping zones at risk to salinity, the new paradigm of salinity management based on the development of new plant production systems may be the best strategy available. We suspect this strategy will be less suited to the repopulating rural areas, where amenity is a major factor in population growth. In these landscapes, investment in recharge control based upon commercial pasture production or plantation forest industries is unlikely to be socially compatible with the aspirations of future residents. Strategies aimed at low-cost re-establishment of native vegetation may be more appropriate, but will still be limited in their application. Any discussion of the sustainability of plant-based management systems for dryland salinity needs to include not only biological or agronomic persistence, but also social persistence.

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Steppuhn, H. "Combining subsurface drainage and windbreaks to control dryland salinity." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 86, no. 3 (May 1, 2006): 555–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s05-052.

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The reclamation of salinized soil involves lowering ground water levels, draining the vadose zone, and leaching the salts from the root zone. Plastic drain tubing placed 1.5 to 1.8 m below the land surface can lower water tables and drain phreatic water, but irrigation is usually required to leach the offending salts. The leaching process in non-irrigated drylands depends on natural precipitation. Rows of tall wheatgrass, Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Lui & Wang, (1.2 m mean height) spaced on 15.2-m centres across saline fields can retain blowing snow, augment water for leaching salts, and moderate evapotranspiration, especially when grown in conjunction with subsurface drainage. The mean salinity of saturated soil paste extracts from sets of soil samples taken every fall from such a site in southwestern Saskatchewan averaged 14.1 dS m-1 during 1985–1990 before the drainage was installed, 13.0 dS m-1 for 1991–1992 after drainage but before the grass windbreaks became established, and 9.6 dS m-1 for 1993–1998 with both drainage and windbreaks in place. Key words: Saline soil, engineered drainage, snow management, grass barriers

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Peters, G. D., and J. E. Reid. "A geophysical investigation of dryland salinity at Cressy, Tasmania." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2003, no. 2 (August 2003): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2003ab131.

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Nathan, Erika. "Dryland Salinity on the Dundas Tableland: A historical appraisal." Australian Geographer 30, no. 3 (November 1999): 295–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049189993594.

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Peters, Geoff D., and James E. Reid. "A Geophysical Investigation of Dryland Salinity at Cressy, Tasmania." Exploration Geophysics 33, no. 2 (June 2002): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg02078.

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Acworth, R. I. "Investigation of dryland salinity using the electrical image method." Soil Research 37, no. 4 (1999): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr98084.

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Electrical imaging is a 2-dimensional investigation method that can be used to rapidly determine subsurface conductivity variation. In dryland salinity studies, electrical imaging is used to define the vertical extent of high electrical conductivity zones first identified using electromagnetic (EM) profiling equipment. Field techniques are described using 25 or 50 electrodes, connected to a resistance meter by a multi-core cable, to obtain images at a variety of electrode separations. The model of electrical conductivity variation obtained by an inversion of the field data is shown to agree very well with the results of detailed field investigations, including data from soil sampling, 1 : 5 extract analysis, and borehole electrical conductivity logging. Results are described from the Liverpool Plains at Yarramanbah Creek and Round Island, where a thick sequence of smectite clay overlies sands and gravels. The image clearly identifies zones of high salt content in the clay which have been sampled and logged using borehole measurements of electrical conductivity. Results are also described from a dryland salinity area in the upper part of Dicks Creek catchment on the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales. These data show the extent of clay overlying bedrock and correlate very well with the results of 1 : 5 extract analysis from shallow piezometers along the profile line. Electrical imaging is an appropriate follow-up method for the investigation of electrical conductivity anomalies first identified by EM profiling and is advisable before drilling at a site to optimise the location of piezometers.

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Steppuhn, Harold, and L. J. Bruce McArthur. "Enhancing Subsurface Drainage to Control Salinity in Dryland Agriculture." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 33, no. 6 (2017): 819–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12252.

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Abstract. Controlling the physical processes of soil salinization involves lowering ground water levels, draining the vadose zones, and leaching excess salts from root zones. Plastic drain tubing strategically placed 1.5 to 1.8 m below the surface in semiarid lands can lower water tables and drain phreatic water, but irrigation is usually required to satisfactorily leach the offending salts. In non-irrigated drylands, the leaching process depends on natural precipitation, but the drier the climate, the greater the need for more leaching water. Possible practices which tap complementary water in conjunction with subsurface drainage include: (1) establishment of roughness barriers to trap wind-borne snow, and (2) pumping water from near-surface, ground water mounds. The mean electrical conductivity of saturated soil paste extracts sampled yearly from a semiarid site in Saskatchewan averaged 14.1 dS m-1 during the six years before the drainage was installed, 13.0 dS m-1 for two years just after drainage but before capturing blowing snow, and 9.6 dS m-1 for the six years following. The average barley grain harvested during the six years prior to drainage yielded 330 kg ha-1 and 2414 kg ha-1 after installation of the enhanced drainage system. In a follow-up sub-study, fall applications of 4.6 dS m-1 mounded ground water from a shallow well fitted with a solar-powered pump within a drainage system preceded spring seeding of alfalfa. Enhanced drainage improved mean seedling emergence from 20% to 79%. Every 28 mm of ground water applied, up to 2273 mm, increased alfalfa emergence by 1%. Keywords: Agricultural drainage, Plant emergence, Pre-seeding irrigation, Solar-powered pumping, Soil reclamation, Soil salinity, Windbreaks.

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Mueller, Ute, Steven Schilizzi, and Tuyêt Tran. "The dynamics of phase farming in dryland salinity abatement." Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 43, no. 1 (March 1999): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.00068.

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Jardine, Andrew, Peter Speldewinde, Scott Carver, and Philip Weinstein. "Dryland Salinity and Ecosystem Distress Syndrome: Human Health Implications." EcoHealth 4, no. 1 (February 13, 2007): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10393-006-0078-9.

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Kington, E. A., and D. J. Pannell. "Dryland salinity in the Upper Kent River catchment of Western Australia: farmer perceptions and practices." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 1 (2003): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01058.

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Dryland salinity, resulting from extensive land clearing, has been increasingly recognised as a serious environmental and economic problem in Western Australia. Policy initiatives at the state and national level in Australia have attempted to influence farmers' choices of land management practices to reduce the threat of salinity. This study examines, for a particular catchment, what farmers' salinity management practices have been and are likely to be, how farmers view the salinity problem and its recommended treatments, and farmers' perceptions of why the salinity problem continues to worsen. We found that the farmers had high levels of knowledge about salinity and its treatment, although their perceptions appeared to be overly optimistic on a number of aspects of the problem. As a group they were highly uncertain about its extent and the rate of worsening, and they highlighted the complexity, modest effectiveness and relatively poor economic performance of available treatment options. It appears that the scale of salinity prevention practices in the catchment is insufficient for preventing ongoing increases in the area of saline land.

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Dear, B. S., and M. A. Ewing. "The search for new pasture plants to achieve more sustainable production systems in southern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 4 (2008): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07105.

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Increasing the proportion of the landscape planted to deep-rooted perennial pasture species is recognised as one of several remedial actions required for the control of dryland salinity in southern Australia. The widespread use of perennials in farming systems is limited at present by the lack of well-adapted perennials that can be grown to reduce recharge in a landscape where drought, soil acidity, temporary waterlogging, infertile soils and unrestricted grazing prohibit the use of many species. The range of plants adapted to salinity also needs to be expanded to stabilise and ameliorate soils already degraded by rising watertables and to increase the profitability of grazing discharge regions within the landscape. This paper describes the steps involved in a national forage screening and breeding program initiated by the Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for Plant-based Management of Dryland Salinity1, seeking to expand the range of perennial and or salt-tolerant forage plants that can be incorporated into farming systems of southern Australia. It describes the target environments, soil constraints, farming systems and the criteria being considered when assessing the potential of new plants, including assessment of the weed risk posed by introducing new species. This paper forms an introduction to a special issue which presents the outcomes of the pasture species field evaluation and plant breeding program conducted by the CRC.

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Mcfarlane, DJ, and RJ George. "Factors affecting dryland salinity in two wheat belt catchments in Western Australia." Soil Research 30, no. 1 (1992): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9920085.

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We investigated why the Wallatin Creek Catchment in the Western Australian wheatbelt had an appreciable area of secondary salinity whereas the adjoining North Baandee Catchment had almost none. The Wallatin Creek Catchment, which is long and narrow, had a shallow regolith over granite bedrock. Although this catchment had less salt stored in the regolith than the wider North Baandee Catchment, the groundwaters came close to the ground surface because the regolith was thin and the valley cross-section narrow. Management practices which increase recharge (e.g. using level banks to control runoff), are likely to result in increased salinity in the short term in the Wallatin Creek Catchment. We also investigated whether retaining areas of remnant vegetation had reduced the amount of secondary salinity in a sub-catchment of the Wallatin Creek Catchment. At comparable positions in the landscape, groundwater levels were up to 7 m lower under the remnant vegetation. The vegetation appears to have delayed, if not prevented, the development of salinity in nearby and downslope areas.

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Masters, D., N. Edwards, M. Sillence, A. Avery, D. Revell, M. Friend, P. Sanford, G. Saul, C. Beverly, and J. Young. "The role of livestock in the management of dryland salinity." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 7 (2006): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06017.

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Management of dryland salinity in Australia will require changes in the design and utilisation of plant systems in agriculture. These changes will provide new opportunities for livestock agriculture. In areas already affected by salt, a range of plants can be grown from high feeding value legumes with moderate salt tolerance through to highly salt tolerant shrubs. A hectare of these plants may support between 500 and 2000 sheep grazing days per year. The type of plants that can be grown and the subsequent animal production potential depend on a range of factors that contribute to the ‘salinity stress index’ of a site, including soil and groundwater salinity, the extent and duration of waterlogging and inundation, the pattern and quantity of annual rainfall, soil texture and chemistry, site topography and other site parameters. Where the salinity stress index is high, plant options will usually include a halophytic shrub that accumulates salt. High salt intakes by grazing ruminants depress feed intake and production. Where high and low salt feeds are available together, ruminants will endeavour to select a diet that optimises the overall feeding value of the ingested diet. In areas that are not yet salt affected but contribute to groundwater recharge, perennial pasture species offer an opportunity for improved water and salt management both on-farm and at the catchments. If perennial pasture systems are to be adopted on a broad scale, they will need to be more profitable than current annual systems. In the high rainfall zones in Victoria and Western Australia, integrated bioeconomic and hydrological modelling indicates that selection of perennial pasture plants to match requirements of a highly productive livestock system significantly improves farm profit and reduces groundwater recharge. In the low to medium rainfall zones, fewer perennial plant options are available. However, studies aiming to use a palette of plant species that collectively provide resilience to the environment while maintaining profitable livestock production may also lead to new options for livestock in the traditional cropping zone.

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Lambers, Hans. "Introduction, Dryland Salinity: A Key Environmental Issue in Southern Australia." Plant and Soil 257, no. 2 (December 2003): V—VII. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:plso.0000003909.80658.d8.

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Rengasamy, Pichu, David Chittleborough, and Keith Helyar. "Root-zone constraints and plant-based solutions for dryland salinity." Plant and Soil 257, no. 2 (December 2003): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1027326424022.

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Pannell, David J., Donald J. McFarlane, and Ruhi Ferdowsian. "Rethinking the externality issue for dryland salinity in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 45, no. 3 (September 2001): 459–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.00152.

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Malins, David, and Graciela Metternicht. "Assessing the spatial extent of dryland salinity through fuzzy modeling." Ecological Modelling 193, no. 3-4 (March 2006): 387–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.08.044.

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48

Jardine, Andrew, Maree Corkeron, and Phil Weinstein. "Dryland salinity and vector-borne disease emergence in southwestern Australia." Environmental Geochemistry and Health 33, no. 4 (March 18, 2011): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10653-011-9387-1.

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Humphries, A. W., and G. C. Auricht. "Breeding lucerne for Australia's southern dryland cropping environments." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, no. 2 (2001): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar99171.

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Lucerne is a deep-rooted perennial forage legume with an important role in preventing dryland salinity in southern Australian cropping regions. Annual cereal production has created a water-use imbalance, which is placing the industry under threat through rising saline watertables and resultant dryland salinity. Lucerne is being incorporated into cropping systems to reduce groundwater recharge and improve the sustainability of grain production. Existing lucerne varieties have been developed for the animal industries, primarily for the areas with high rainfall or irrigation. The new challenge is to develop lucernes specifically for southern Australian cropping systems. This paper provides a background literature review of the breeding challenges that are anticipated in the development of these new types of lucerne. Lucerne is intolerant of acidic soils, waterlogging, saline soils, and intensive grazing. Other important attributes covered include the ability of the plant to fix nitrogen with existing rhizobia and be resistant to diseases that affect lucerne and other crops in the rotation. Finally, this paper addresses some of the breeding strategies that will be used to screen lucerne germplasm for tolerances to these soil conditions and diseases.

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Tan, Jiao, Jianli Ding, Lijing Han, Xiangyu Ge, Xiao Wang, Jiao Wang, Ruimei Wang, Shaofeng Qin, Zhe Zhang, and Yongkang Li. "Exploring PlanetScope Satellite Capabilities for Soil Salinity Estimation and Mapping in Arid Regions Oases." Remote Sensing 15, no. 4 (February 15, 2023): 1066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15041066.

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One reason for soil degradation is salinization in inland dryland, which poses a substantial threat to arable land productivity. Remote-sensing technology provides a rapid and accurate assessment for soil salinity monitoring, but there is a lack of high-resolution remote-sensing spatial salinity estimations. The PlanetScope satellite array provides high-precision mapping for land surface monitoring through its 3-m spatial resolution and near-daily revisiting frequency. This study’s use of the PlanetScope satellite array is a new attempt to estimate soil salinity in inland drylands. We hypothesized that field observations, PlanetScope data, and spectral indices derived from the PlanetScope data using the partial least-squares regression (PLSR) method would produce reasonably accurate regional salinity maps based on 84 ground-truth soil salinity data and various spectral parameters, like satellite band reflectance, and published satellite salinity indices. The results showed that using the newly constructed red-edge salinity and yellow band salinity indices, we were able to develop several inversion models to produce regional salinity maps. Different algorithms, including Boruta feature preference, Random Forest algorithm (RF), and Extreme Gradient Boosting algorithm (XGBoost), were applied for variable selection. The newly constructed yellow salinity indices (YRNDSI and YRNDVI) had the best Pearson correlations of 0.78 and −0.78. We also found that the proportions of the newly constructed yellow and red-edge bands accounted for a large proportion of the essential strategies of the three algorithms, with Boruta feature preference at 80%, RF at 80%, and XGBoost at 60%, indicating that these two band indices contributed more to the soil salinity estimation results. The best PLSR model estimation for different strategies is the XGBoost-PLSR model with coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) values of 0.832, 12.050, and 2.442, respectively. These results suggest that PlanetScope data has the potential to significantly advance the field of soil salinity research by providing a wealth of fine-scale salinity information.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Dryland salinity'

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