Relevant bibliographies by topics / Dryland

Academic literature on the topic 'Dryland'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Dryland"

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Dannenberg, Matthew P., Mallory L. Barnes, William K. Smith, Miriam R. Johnston, Susan K. Meerdink, Xian Wang, Russell L. Scott, and Joel A. Biederman. "Upscaling dryland carbon and water fluxes with artificial neural networks of optical, thermal, and microwave satellite remote sensing." Biogeosciences 20, no. 2 (January 25, 2023): 383–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-383-2023.

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Abstract. Earth's drylands are home to more than two billion people, provide key ecosystem services, and exert a large influence on the trends and variability in Earth's carbon cycle. However, modeling dryland carbon and water fluxes with remote sensing suffers from unique challenges not typically encountered in mesic systems, particularly in capturing soil moisture stress. Here, we develop and evaluate an approach for the joint modeling of dryland gross primary production (GPP), net ecosystem exchange (NEE), and evapotranspiration (ET) in the western United States (US) using a suite of AmeriFlux eddy covariance sites spanning major functional types and aridity regimes. We use artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict dryland ecosystem fluxes by fusing optical vegetation indices, multitemporal thermal observations, and microwave soil moisture and temperature retrievals from the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) sensor. Our new dryland ANN (DrylANNd) carbon and water flux model explains more than 70 % of monthly variance in GPP and ET, improving upon existing MODIS GPP and ET estimates at most dryland eddy covariance sites. DrylANNd predictions of NEE were considerably worse than its predictions of GPP and ET likely because soil and plant respiratory processes are largely invisible to satellite sensors. Optical vegetation indices, particularly the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and near-infrared reflectance of vegetation (NIRv), were generally the most important variables contributing to model skill. However, daytime and nighttime land surface temperatures and SMAP soil moisture and soil temperature also contributed to model skill, with SMAP especially improving model predictions of shrubland, grassland, and savanna fluxes and land surface temperatures improving predictions in evergreen needleleaf forests. Our results show that a combination of optical vegetation indices and thermal infrared and microwave observations can substantially improve estimates of carbon and water fluxes in drylands, potentially providing the means to better monitor vegetation function and ecosystem services in these important regions that are undergoing rapid hydroclimatic change.
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Wang, L., P. D'Odorico, J. P. Evans, D. Eldridge, M. F. McCabe, K. K. Caylor, and E. G. King. "Dryland ecohydrology and climate change: critical issues and technical advances." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 4 (April 16, 2012): 4777–825. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-4777-2012.

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Abstract. Drylands cover about 40% of the terrestrial land surface and account for approximately 40% of global net primary productivity. Water is fundamental to the biophysical processes that sustain ecosystem function and food production, particularly in drylands, where a tight coupling exists between water resource availability and ecosystem productivity, surface energy balance, and biogeochemical cycles. Currently, drylands support at least 2 billion people and comprise both natural and managed ecosystems. In this synthesis, we identify some current critical issues in the understanding of dryland systems and discuss how arid and semiarid environments are responding to the changes in climate and land use. Specifically, we focus on dryland agriculture and food security, dryland population growth, desertification, shrub encroachment and dryland development issues as factors of change requiring increased understanding and management. We also review recent technical advances in the quantitative assessment of human versus climate change related drivers of desertification, evapotranspiration partitioning using field deployable stable water isotope systems and the remote sensing of key ecohydrological processes. These technological advances provide new tools that assist in addressing major critical issues in dryland ecohydrology under climate change
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Metternicht, Graciela, and Mark Stafford Smith. "Commentary: on the under-valuing of Australia’s expertise in drylands research and practice globally." Rangeland Journal 42, no. 5 (2020): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj20055.

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Global drylands are a significant driver of earth system processes that affect the world’s common resources such as the climate. Their peoples are also among the first to be widely affected by global changes such as land degradation and climate change. Yet drylands are a source of many social and technical innovations, globally, as well as in Australia. As a major developed dryland nation, Australia has previously played a major role in extending these innovations to the rest of the world. The nation has reaped reputational and commercial benefits through major research and practice contributions to dryland agriculture, water management and governance, remote area services, indigenous partnerships, dryland monitoring systems, and ‘desert knowledge’ innovation. Australian researchers continue to contribute to various relevant international processes, yet recognition and support for this within Australia has dropped off markedly in recent years. We analyse the Australian government’s investment in research and in overseas aid for drylands over the last two decades, and explore trends in government’s active involvement in major international processes related to land. These trends are short-sighted, overlooking potential economic benefits for Australian enterprises, and undermining Australia’s stance and scientific leadership in dryland systems globally. In this commentary, we argue that it is time for the trends to be reversed, as this is an area of comparative advantage for Australian diplomacy with significant returns on investment for Australia, both direct and indirect, especially when most emerging economies contain substantial drylands. We identify four major pathways to obtaining benefits from science diplomacy, and four interrelated actions within Australia to enable these – to place a higher emphasis on science diplomacy, to re-forge a bipartisan recognition of Australian drylands expertise, to establish a dedicated Dryland Information Hub, and to create a network of relevant science and technology advisors.
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Young, Kristina E., Sasha C. Reed, Scott Ferrenberg, Akasha Faist, Daniel E. Winkler, Catherine Cort, and Anthony Darrouzet-Nardi. "Incorporating Biogeochemistry into Dryland Restoration." BioScience 71, no. 9 (May 5, 2021): 907–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biab043.

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Abstract Dryland degradation is a persistent and accelerating global problem. Although the mechanisms initiating and maintaining dryland degradation are largely understood, returning productivity and function through ecological restoration remains difficult. Water limitation commonly drives slow recovery rates within drylands; however, the altered biogeochemical cycles that accompany degradation also play key roles in limiting restoration outcomes. Addressing biogeochemical changes and resource limitations may help improve restoration efforts within this difficult-to-restore biome. In the present article, we present a synthesis of restoration literature that identifies multiple ways biogeochemical understandings might augment dryland restoration outcomes, including timing restoration around resource cycling and uptake, connecting heterogeneous landscapes, manipulating resource pools, and using organismal functional traits to a restoration advantage. We conclude by suggesting ways to incorporate biogeochemistry into existing restoration frameworks and discuss research directions that may help improve restoration outcomes in the world's highly altered dryland landscapes.
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Xie, Shuai, Guanyi Yin, Wei Wei, Qingzhi Sun, and Zhan Zhang. "Spatial–Temporal Change in Paddy Field and Dryland in Different Topographic Gradients: A Case Study of China during 1990–2020." Land 11, no. 10 (October 20, 2022): 1851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11101851.

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As a country with a vast area and complex terrain, the differentiation between paddy field and dryland under different topographic gradients in China is difficult. Based on a land-use grid data set with an accuracy of 1 km, this study applied the Topographic Potential Index and used land-use transition matrices and landscape analysis to compare the change in dryland and paddy field in China from 1990 to 2020 at different elevations, slopes, and slope aspects. The results indicate that paddy field and dryland were mostly distributed in areas with better photothermal conditions. However, in recent years, the paddy field and dryland on the “sunny” slope decreased. Specifically, the area of paddy field and dryland on the southeast, south, and southwest slopes decreased, while they increased on the northwest, north, and northeast slopes. From 1990 to 2020, land conversion among paddy field, dryland, and other land use was mostly concentrated in the third ladder (<500 m elevation) of China. However, the changes in paddy field and dryland have now become active on the second ladder of China. Moreover, the change from other land to dryland on the second ladder accounted for nearly 50% of the country’s change from other land to dryland. Paddy fields and drylands in areas with low elevation and low slopes were reduced, whereas those with higher elevation and higher slopes increased, indicating that the arable land in mountainous areas increased. This indicates that the topographic conditions of arable land that become worse may aggravate soil erosion in the planting process. The landscape fragmentation of paddy field and dryland increased. Compared with paddy field, the dryland was more aggregated, the shape was more complex, and the land plots were more fragmented. As a result, paddy field and dryland show significant differences in their spatial–temporal pattern, landscape characteristics, and land-use changes, and these results can provide an important reference for the sustainable utilization of arable land resources.
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Neswati, Risma, Sumbangan Baja, Samsu Arif, and Hasni Hasni. "Dryland land-use conflicts in humid tropics: an analysis using geographic information systems and land capability evaluations." SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology 17, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/stjssa.v17i1.37824.

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<p>This study analyses land-use conflicts in specific dryland agricultural areas in relatively dry humid tropics based on the Regional Spatial Land Use Planning Regulations and land-capability evaluation. This research was conducted in the Regency of Jeneponto, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The observation site was chosen based on several maps overlapping to produce 30 land units spread across 14 land systems in Jeneponto. This study integrates ground surveys and geographic information systems technology. The land capability analysis used a simple approach factor, according to United States Department of Agriculture definitions. The results indicate that land capability was dominated by Class IV, which covered 35,133 ha or 63.1%. Class VI covered 12,581 ha or 22.6%, Class III covered up to 4,378 ha or 7.9%, and Class VIII covered 3,130 ha or 5.6%. Class VII covered only 486 hectares, or 0.9%, the smallest area. These results indicate that the dryland area which had become a land-use conflict was delineated by Regional Spatial Land Use Planning Regulations. The drylands found in Jeneponto cover 22,214 ha or 39.9%, which has been divided into two: an area where non-dryland agriculture was converted into dryland farming (16,503 hectares, or 29.6%), and an area where dryland-farming was converted into non-agricultural dryland area (5,711 hectares, or 10.3%). Interviews with 50 farmers in the study location revealed factors that had changed agricultural dryland use into non-agricultural dryland use; lower incomes due to decreased soil fertility was a crucial factor.</p>
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Wang, L., P. D'Odorico, J. P. Evans, D. J. Eldridge, M. F. McCabe, K. K. Caylor, and E. G. King. "Dryland ecohydrology and climate change: critical issues and technical advances." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 8 (August 9, 2012): 2585–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2585-2012.

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Abstract. Drylands cover about 40% of the terrestrial land surface and account for approximately 40% of global net primary productivity. Water is fundamental to the biophysical processes that sustain ecosystem function and food production, particularly in drylands where a tight coupling exists between ecosystem productivity, surface energy balance, biogeochemical cycles, and water resource availability. Currently, drylands support at least 2 billion people and comprise both natural and managed ecosystems. In this synthesis, we identify some current critical issues in the understanding of dryland systems and discuss how arid and semiarid environments are responding to the changes in climate and land use. The issues range from societal aspects such as rapid population growth, the resulting food and water security, and development issues, to natural aspects such as ecohydrological consequences of bush encroachment and the causes of desertification. To improve current understanding and inform upon the needed research efforts to address these critical issues, we identify some recent technical advances in terms of monitoring dryland water dynamics, water budget and vegetation water use, with a focus on the use of stable isotopes and remote sensing. These technological advances provide new tools that assist in addressing critical issues in dryland ecohydrology under climate change.
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Naorem, Anandkumar, Somasundaram Jayaraman, Ram C. Dalal, Ashok Patra, Cherukumalli Srinivasa Rao, and Rattan Lal. "Soil Inorganic Carbon as a Potential Sink in Carbon Storage in Dryland Soils—A Review." Agriculture 12, no. 8 (August 18, 2022): 1256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081256.

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Soil organic carbon (SOC) pool has been extensively studied in the carbon (C) cycling of terrestrial ecosystems. In dryland regions, however, soil inorganic carbon (SIC) has received increasing attention due to the high accumulation of SIC in arid soils contributed by its high temperature, low soil moisture, less vegetation, high salinity, and poor microbial activities. SIC storage in dryland soils is a complex process comprising multiple interactions of several factors such as climate, land use types, farm management practices, irrigation, inherent soil properties, soil biotic factors, etc. In addition, soil C studies in deeper layers of drylands have opened-up several study aspects on SIC storage. This review explains the mechanisms of SIC formation in dryland soils and critically discusses the SIC content in arid and semi-arid soils as compared to SOC. It also addresses the complex relationship between SIC and SOC in dryland soils. This review gives an overview of how climate change and anthropogenic management of soil might affect the SIC storage in dryland soils. Dryland soils could be an efficient sink in C sequestration through the formation of secondary carbonates. The review highlights the importance of an in-depth understanding of the C cycle in arid soils and emphasizes that SIC dynamics must be looked into broader perspective vis-à-vis C sequestration and climate change mitigation.
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Xu, Jinqin, Yan Zeng, Xinfa Qiu, Yongjian He, Guoping Shi, and Xiaochen Zhu. "Aridity Changes and Related Climatic Drivers in the Drylands of China during 1960–2019." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 60, no. 4 (April 2021): 607–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-20-0209.1.

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AbstractDrylands cover about one-half of the land surface in China and are highly sensitive to climate change. Understanding climate change and its impact drivers on dryland is essential for supporting dryland planning and sustainable development. Using meteorological observations for 1960–2019, the aridity changes in drylands of China were evaluated using aridity index (AI), and the impact of various climatic factors [i.e., precipitation P; sunshine duration (SSD); relative humidity (RH); maximum temperature (Tmax); minimum temperature (Tmin); wind speed (WS)] on the aridity changes was decomposed and quantified. Results of trend analysis based on Sen’s slope estimator and Mann–Kendall test indicated that the aridity trends were very weak when averaged over the whole drylands in China during 1960–2019 but exhibited a significant wetting trend in hyperarid and arid regions of drylands. The AI was most sensitive to changes in water factors (i.e., P and RH), followed by SSD, Tmax, and WS, but the sensitivity of AI to Tmin was very small and negligible. Interestingly, the dominant climatic driver to AI change varied in the four dryland subtypes. The significantly increased P dominated the increase in AI in the hyperarid and arid regions. The significantly reduced WS and the significantly increased Tmax contributed more to AI changes than the P in the semiarid and dry subhumid regions of drylands. Previous studies emphasized the impact of precipitation and temperature on the global or regional dry–wet changes; however, the findings of this study suggest that, beyond precipitation and temperature, the impact of wind speed on aridity changes of drylands in China should be given equal attention.
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Guirado, Emilio, Javier Blanco-Sacristán, Emilio Rodríguez-Caballero, Siham Tabik, Domingo Alcaraz-Segura, Jaime Martínez-Valderrama, and Javier Cabello. "Mask R-CNN and OBIA Fusion Improves the Segmentation of Scattered Vegetation in Very High-Resolution Optical Sensors." Sensors 21, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010320.

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Vegetation generally appears scattered in drylands. Its structure, composition and spatial patterns are key controls of biotic interactions, water, and nutrient cycles. Applying segmentation methods to very high-resolution images for monitoring changes in vegetation cover can provide relevant information for dryland conservation ecology. For this reason, improving segmentation methods and understanding the effect of spatial resolution on segmentation results is key to improve dryland vegetation monitoring. We explored and analyzed the accuracy of Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) and Mask Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks (Mask R-CNN) and the fusion of both methods in the segmentation of scattered vegetation in a dryland ecosystem. As a case study, we mapped Ziziphus lotus, the dominant shrub of a habitat of conservation priority in one of the driest areas of Europe. Our results show for the first time that the fusion of the results from OBIA and Mask R-CNN increases the accuracy of the segmentation of scattered shrubs up to 25% compared to both methods separately. Hence, by fusing OBIA and Mask R-CNNs on very high-resolution images, the improved segmentation accuracy of vegetation mapping would lead to more precise and sensitive monitoring of changes in biodiversity and ecosystem services in drylands.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Dryland"

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McDonald, Peter James. "Refuges for declining mammals in dryland Australia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/19905.

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Dryland Australia has a distinctive mammal fauna that has been severely impacted by novel threats since European colonisation. I aimed to understand the defining characteristics of mammal refuges in this region. In chapter 2 I used atlas data to compare the historic and contemporary distributions of dryland marsupials. The greater bilby and common brushtail possum have substantially contracted in distribution. The bilby was more likely to occur on land without cattle grazing and with low rabbit densities, while the possum has contracted to cooler areas. In chapter 3 I focused on the MacDonnell Ranges to understand the factors protecting declining mammals. Predation was supported as a major driver of extant mammal richness and vast areas of rugged terrain provide vital refuge for dryland mammals. In chapter 4 I consider the hypothesis that trophic competition between the dingo and cat creates refuge from predation for small mammals by analysing the diets of the two predators for evidence of competition. I conclude that habitat complexity underpins the refuge and that effects of dingo predation on the cat population are of secondary importance. In chapters 5-7 I focused on the critically endangered central rock-rat (CRR). My habitat suitability maps confirmed a dramatic range contraction for this species over the last 100 years and their current association with extreme ruggedness supported the hypothesis that the impact of cat predation is mediated by habitat complexity. I established the effectiveness of camera trapping for sampling the CRR and, using this sampling tool, found that CRR occupancy was positively associated with areas burnt within the past 5 years and that cats forage less frequently in areas with dense hummock grass cover. Fire management could be used as a tool for rodent conservation in this environment. In chapter 8 I synthesise my findings and provide a framework for research on declining fauna.
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Mamede, George Leite. "Reservoir sedimentation in dryland catchments : modelling and management." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2008. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1704/.

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Semi-arid environments are mainly characterized by scarce water resources and are usually subject to risks of water stress. In these regions, water supply for drinking and irrigation purposes depends strongly on storage in surface reservoirs and sediment deposition in these reservoirs affects adversely the water storage. In order to reproduce the complex behaviour of sediment deposition in reservoirs located in semi-arid environments and the effects of using sediment management techniques, a reservoir sedimentation model is developed and coupled within the WASA-SED model, which simulates rainfall-runoff processes and sediment transport at the hillslope and river network. The reservoir sedimentation model consists of two modelling approaches, which may be applied according to reservoir size and data availability. For reservoirs with information about their geometric features (reservoir topography, stage-area and stage-volume curves) and physical properties of sediment deposits, such as deposition thickness, grain size distribution of sediment deposits and sediment densities, a detailed modelling approach of reservoir sedimentation may be applied. For reservoirs without those characteristics, a simplified modelling approach is used. The detailed modelling approach of reservoir sedimentation enables the assessment of sediment deposition pattern in reservoirs and the evaluation of sediment release efficiency of sediment management techniques. It simulates sediment transport along the longitudinal profile of a reservoir. The reservoir is divided into cross sections to elaborate the sediment budget. The sediment transport component is calculated using a non-uniform sediment transport approach based on the concept of sediment carrying capacity. Four different sediment-transport equations can be selected for the simulations. The simplified modelling approach of reservoir sedimentation is suitable to simulate water and sediment transfer in dense reservoirs network. Nevertheless, it allows simulating neither sediment management techniques, nor spatial distribution of sedimentation. In this approach, the reservoirs are classified into small and strategic reservoirs according to their location and size. Strategic reservoirs are medium and large-sized reservoirs located on main rivers at the sub-basin’s outlet or reservoirs of particular interest. The small reservoirs are located at tributary streams and represented in the model in an aggregate manner by grouping them into size classes according to their storage capacity. A cascade routing scheme is used to describe the upstream-downstream position of the reservoir classes. The water and sediment balances of small reservoirs are computed for one hypothetical representative reservoir of mean characteristics. Sediment trapping efficiency and effluent grain size distribution are estimated using the overflow rate concept. Three model applications are carried out within this research, as follows: • The detailed modelling approach of reservoir sedimentation is applied to the 92.2 Mm³ Barasona Reservoir, located in the foothills of the Central Pyrenees (Aragon, Spain). A two-stage calibration was performed to account for changes on the sediment deposition pattern caused by sediment management. The reservoir sedimentation model is then validated for another simulation period which confirms that the processes related to reservoir sedimentation are well represented by the model. • An application is carried out to the 933-km² Benguê catchment, located in the semi-arid region of Northeast Brazil. The catchment is characterized by a dense reservoir network, covering almost 45% of the catchment area, with a significant lack of data. Water and sediment balances of those reservoirs are computed using the simplified modelling approach. Three spatial configurations describing the cascade routing scheme are tested. • The reservoir sedimentation model is applied again to the Barasona reservoir to evaluate the sediment release efficiency of sediment management strategies. Cost analysis is presented to help in the choice of the most promising sediment management technique for that situation. Thus, the model enables the assessment of technical features of the sediment management strategies. Overall, simulation results are characterized by large uncertainties, partly due to low data availability and also due to uncertainties of the model structure to adequately represent the processes related to reservoir sedimentation.
Semiaride Gebiete sind hauptsächlich durch geringe Wasserressourcen gekennzeichnet und unterliegen häufig dem Risiko der Wasserknappheit. In diesen Gebieten ist die Wasserbereitstellung für Bewässerung und Trinkwasserversorgung stark von der oberflächlichen Speicherung in Stauseen abhängig, deren Wasserverfügbarkeit nachteilig durch Sedimentablagerung beeinflusst wird. Zur Wiedergabe des komplexen Sedimentablagerungsverhaltens in Stauseen von semiariden Gebieten und die Auswirkungen von Sedimentmanagementmaßnahmen wird ein Sedimentationsmodell entwickelt und mit dem WASA-SED Modell gekoppelt, das für die Modellierung der Abflussbildung und des Sedimenttransportes in Einzugsgebieten geeignet ist. Das Sedimentationsmodell beinhaltet zwei Ansätze, die unter der Berücksichtigung verschiedener Stauseengrößenklassen und Datenverfügbarkeit eingesetzt werden können. Für die Stauseen mit verfügbaren Informationen über ihre geometrischen Eigenschaften (wie Stauseetopographie und Höhe-Fläche-Volumen-Beziehung) und weitere Kenngrößen wie Ablagerungsmächtigkeit, Korngrößenverteilung und Sedimentdichte, kann ein detaillierter Modellansatz für die Sedimentablagerung verwendet werden. Wo diese Informationen nicht verfügbar sind, wird auf einen vereinfachten Ansatz zurückgegriffen. Der detaillierte Modellansatz ermöglicht die Betrachtung von Ablagerungsmustern im Stausee und Einschätzungen über die Effektivität von Sedimentmanagementmaßnahmen hinsichtlich der Sedimententlastung. Dieser Ansatz beruht auf der Simulation des Sedimenttransportes entlang eines Stauseelängsprofils. Für die Berechnung des Sedimenttransfers wird der Stauseekörper in einer Folge von Querprofilen repräsentiert. Der Sedimenttransport wird dabei korngrößenspezifisch entsprechend der Transportkapazität berechnet. Dafür stehen vier verschiedenen Sedimenttransportgleichungen zur Verfügung. Der vereinfachte Modellansatz ist für die Simulation des Sedimenttransfers in Gebieten mit hoher Stauseedichte geeignet, jedoch können weder Sedimentmanagementmaßnahmen noch die räumliche Verteilung der Ablagerungen berücksichtigt werden. Dafür werden die Stauseen in Abhängigkeit von ihrer Größe und Position in kleine und strategische Stauseen unterteilt. Dabei sind strategische Stausseen solche mit mittlerem bis großem Volumen sowie einer Lage im Hauptgerinne oder solche mit sonstiger besonderer Bedeutung. Kleine Stauseen hingegen befinden sich an den Nebenflüssen und werden im Modell in aggregierter Form durch ihre Einteilung in Stauseegrößenklassen repräsentiert. Ein Kaskadenverfahren wird für den Wasser- und Sedimentlauf zwischen den Stauseeklassen verwendet. Dabei werden für jede Stauseeklasse der Wasser- sowie Sedimenthaushalt für einen hypothetischen repräsentativen Stausee mit mittleren Eigenschaften berechnet. Die Sedimentaufnahme und die Korngrößenverteilung des abgegebenen Sediments werden mit dem Überlaufanteil-Ansatz berechnet. In dieser Studie werden drei Modellanwendungen vorgestellt: • Für den 92,2 Mio.m³-großen Barasona-Stausee (Vorland der Zentralpyrenäen, Aragon, Spanien) wird die Modellierung der Sedimentablagerung mit dem detaillierten Modellansatz vorgenommen. Die Kalibrierung dafür wurde in zwei Schritten durchgeführt, um Änderungen im Stauseemanagement Rechnung zu tragen. Die ModellValidierung wird schließlich für eine andere Simulationsperiode vorgenommen. Dabei wird ersichtlich, dass die Prozesse der Sedimentablagerung gut durch das Modell wiedergegeben werden. • Das Modell wird auf das 933 km²-große Benguê-Einzugsgebiet, das sich im semiariden Nordosten Brasiliens befindet, angewendet. Dieses Einzugsgebiet ist durch eine hohe Dichte an kleinen Stauseen, charakterisiert, die fast 45% des Gebietes umfasst, wofür jedoch wenige Messdaten verfügbar sind. Deshalb werden der Wasser- und Sedimenttransport mit dem vereinfachten Modellansatz berechnet. Dabei werden drei Konfigurationen des Kaskadenverfahrens getestet. • Die Modellanwendung erfolgt erneut für den Barasona-Stausee bezüglich der Effektivität der Sedimentmanagementmaßnahmen. Eine Kostenanalyse ermöglicht die Auswahl geeigneter Maßnahmen für den Stausee. Dadurch wird eine Beurteilung der verschiedenen Sedimentmanagementstrategien ermöglicht. Im Allgemeinen unterliegen die Simulationsergebnisse großen Unsicherheiten, teilweise wegen der geringen Datenverfügbarkeit, andererseits durch die Unsicherheiten in der Modellstruktur zur korrekten Wiedergabe der Sedimentablagerungsprozesse.
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Hutchison, Matthew P. "The sedimentological & petrophysical characterisation of dryland mudstones." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2014. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=210857.

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Tonmukayakul, Nop. "Water use efficiency of six dryland pastures in Canterbury." Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1498.

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The annual and seasonal water use efficiency of six pasture combinations were calculated from the ‘MaxClover’ Grazing Experiment at Lincoln University. Pastures have been established for six years and are grazed by best management practices for each combination. Measurements for this study are from individual plots of four replicates of ryegrass (RG)/white clover (Wc), cocksfoot (CF)/Wc; CF/balansa (Bal) clover; CF/Caucasian (Cc) clover; CF/subterranean (Sub) clover or lucerne. Water extraction measurements showed soils for all dryland pastures had a similar plant available water content of 280±19.8 mm. Dry matter measurements of yield, botanical composition and herbage quality were assessed from 1 July 2008 until 30 June 2009. Lucerne had the highest annual yield of 14260 kg DM/ha/y followed by the CF/Sub at 9390 kg DM/ha/y and the other grass based pastures at ≤ 6900 kg DM/ha/y. All pastures used about 670±24.4 mm/y of water for growth. Lucerne had the highest annual water use efficiency (WUE) of 21 kg DM/ha/mm/y of water used (total yield/total WU). The WUE of CF/Sub was the second highest at 15 kg DM/ha/mm/y, and the lowest was CF/Wc at 9 kg DM/ha/mm/y. The CF/Sub pastures had the highest total legume content of all grass based pastures at 21% and as a consequence had the highest annual nitrogen yield of 190 kg N/ha. This was lower than the monoculture of lucerne (470 kg N/ha). Ryegrass/white clover had the highest total weed component in all pastures of 61%. For dryland farmers spring is vital for animal production when soil temperatures are rising and moisture levels are high. The water use efficiency at this time is important to maximize pasture production. In spring lucerne produced 8730 kg DM/ha, which was the highest dry matter yield of all pastures. The CF/Sub produced the second highest yield of 6100 kg/DM/ha. When calculated against thermal time, CF/Sub grew 5.9 kg DM/ºCd compared with lucerne at 4.9 kg DM/ºCd. The higher DM yield from lucerne was from an extra 400 ºCd of growth. The highest seasonal WUE of all pastures occurred in the spring growing period. Linear regressions forced through the origin, showed lucerne (1/7/08-4/12/08) had a WUE of 30 kg DM/ha/mm (R2=0.98). Of the grass based pastures, CF/Sub produced 18 kg DM/ha/mm (R2=0.98) from 1/7 to 10/11/08 from 270 mm of water used. The lowest spring WUE was 13.5 kg DM/ha/mm by CF/Bal pastures which was comparable to the 14.3±1.42 kg DM/ha/mm WUE of CF/Wc, CF/Cc and RG/Wc pastures. During the spring, CF/Sub clover had the highest spring legume component of the grass based pastures at 42% and produced 120 kg N/ha. This was lower than the 288 kg N/ha from the monoculture of lucerne. Sub clover was the most successful clover which persisted with the cocksfoot. Based on the results from this study dryland farmers should be encouraged to maximize the potential of lucerne on farm, use cocksfoot as the main grass species for persistence, rather than perennial ryegrass, and use subterranean clover as the main legume species in cocksfoot based pastures. By increasing the proportion of legume grown the water use efficiency of a pasture can be improved. When pastures are nitrogen deficient the use of inorganic nitrogen may also improve pasture yields particularly in spring.
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Sallu, Susannah M. "Biodiversity dynamics, livelihoods and knowledge in Kalahari dryland biomes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.491074.

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The wealth of dryland biodiversity and associated knowledge is poorly documented and as a consequence dryland areas are now a thematic priority of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. A general lack of understanding of the multi-dimensional nature of environmental change and the complexity of these social-ecological systems has fuelled myths about degradation which persist today across Africa. Using a multi-methods approach, this research focuses on biodiversity as a concept through which a more holistic understanding of dynamics might be achieved.
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Thacker, Gary. "Will Dryland Farming Be Feasible in the Avra Valley?" College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200575.

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Rueff, Henri. "Optimizing dryland afforestation : prospects and limitations : minimum carbon payment for non-annex I dryland countries on an aridity gradient with stochastic weather and prices." Aix-Marseille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX32045.

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Des études récentes ont montré que les arbres dans les zones arides forment d’importants puits de carbone. On ne connait cependant pas le prix du carbone à partir duquel un agriculteur serait indifférent entre son activité agricole coutumière et une activité de plantation d’arbres. La production de carbone séquestré par les arbres a été simulée sur le modèle CO2FIX v3. 1 pour le pin d’Alep. Les récoltes de blé et la production des pâturages pour les activités agricoles renoncées ont été simulées par des modèles quadratiques semblables, se basant sur les engrais azotés et utilisant 30 ans de données climatiques pour simuler le déficit hydrique. Les deux modèles ont été développés pour les conditions des zones arides. Leur calibrage a été fait sur des données observées en Israël, sur 8 stations, distribuées le long d’un gradient d’aridité (de 200mm à 900mm de précipitation). Les valeurs obtenues pour les récoltes ont été adaptées à une fonction de distribution de probabilité gamma. Les prix de production et de vente, ont eux été adaptés à une distribution normale. Une méthode itérative a permis de simuler l’effet stochastique du prix et du climat sur un flux de trésorerie pendant 30 ans avec 10'000 itérations. Les résultats montrent qu'en dépit de la capacité élevée de l’afforestation dans les zones arides à séquestrer le carbone, son commerce est peu lucratif, quel que soit le niveau d’aridité et l’activité renoncée. En effet, le prix du carbone doit augmenter sensiblement, et les coûts de certifications doivent fortement diminuer, sans quoi, l’afforestation des zones arides dans les pays ne faisant pas partie de l’annexe I ne sera pas un mécanisme adopté
Recent findings demonstrate that dryland trees are efficient carbon sinks. The price of carbon at which a farmer would be indifferent between his customary activity and the plantation of trees for the trade of carbon credits remains however unknown. Carbon yields were simulated by means of the CO2FIX v3. 1 model for Pinus halepensis. Wheat yields and pasture yields were predicted on somewhat similar nitrogen-based quadratic models, using 30 years of weather data for the simulation of moisture stress. Both models were developed for dryland conditions, while calibration and validation were done with data collected in Israel on 8 stations (from 200mm to 900mm of annual precipitation). No-till wheat and pasture yield values were then fitted to a gamma probability distribution function, to enable iterative stochastic production simulation. Input and output prices were, however, fitted to a normal distribution. Stochastic production, input and output prices were afterwards simulated on a Monte Carlo matrix with 10,000 iterations on a 30 years cash flow. Results show that, despite the high levels of carbon uptake by dryland trees, carbon trading by afforesting is unprofitable anywhere along the aridity gradient. Indeed, the price of carbon will have to raise unrealistically high, and the certification costs will have to drop significantly, to make afforestation under the clean development mechanism a worthwhile activity for non annex I dryland countries
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Speldewinde, Peter Christiaan. "Ecosystem health : the relationship between dryland salinity and human health." University of Western Australia. School of Population Health, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0127.

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Australia is experiencing widespread ecosystem degradation, including dryland salinity, erosion and vegetation loss. Approximately 1 million hectares (5.5%) of the south-west agricultural zone of Western Australia is affected by dryland salinity and is predicted to rise to 5.4 million hectares by 2050. Such degradation is associated with many environmental outcomes that may impact on human health, including a decrease in primary productivity, an increase in the number of invasive species, a decrease in the number of large trees, overall decrease in biodiversity, and an increase in dust production. The resulting degradation affects not only farm production but also farm values. This study examines the effects of such severe and widespread environmental degradation on the physical and mental health of residents. Western Australia has an extensive medical record database which links individual health records for all hospital admissions, cancer cases, births and deaths. For the 15 diseases examined in this project, the study area of the south west of Western Australia (excluding the capital city of Perth) contained 1,570,985 morbidity records and 27,627 mortality records for the 15 diseases examined in a population of approximately 460,000. Environmental data were obtained from the Western Australian Department of Agriculture?s soil and landscape mapping database. A spatial Bayesian framework was used to examine associations between these disease and environmental variables. The Bayesian model detected the confounding variables of socio-economic status and proportion of the population identified as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. With the inclusion of these confounders in the model, associations were found between environmental degradation (including dryland salinity) and several diseases with known environmentally-mediated triggers, including asthma, ischaemic heart disease, suicide and depression. However, once records of individuals who had been diagnosed with coexistent depression were removed from the analysis, the effect of dryland salinity was no longer statistically detectable for asthma, ischaemic heart disease or suicide, although the effects of socio-economic status and size of the Aboriginal population remained. The spatial component of this study showed an association between land degradation and human health. These results indicated that such processes are driving the degree of psychological ill-health in these populations, although it remains uncertain whether this 4 is secondary to overall coexisting rural poverty or some other environmental mechanism. To further investigate this complex issue an instrument designed to measure mental health problems in rural communities was developed. Components of the survey included possible triggers for mental health, including environmental factors. The interview was administered in a pilot study through a telephone survey of a small number of farmers in South-Western Australia. Using logistic regression a significant association between the mental health of male farmers and dryland salinity was detected. However, the sample size of the survey was too small to detect any statistically significant associations between dryland salinity and the mental health of women. The results of this study indicate that dryland salinity, as with other examples of ecosystem degradation, is associated with an increased burden of human disease.
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Rick, Terry Lynn. "Phosphorus fertility in Northern Great Plains dryland organic cropping systems." Thesis, Montana State University, 2009. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2008/rick/RickT1208.pdf.

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Maintaining phosphorus (P) fertility in northern Great Plains (NGP) dryland organic cropping systems is a challenge due to high pH, calcareous soils that limit P bioavailability. Organic P fertilizers, including rock phosphate (RP) and bone meal (BM) are sparingly soluble in higher pH soils. Certain crops species have demonstrated an ability to mobilize sparingly soluble P sources. Objectives of this project were to 1) evaluate the effect of green manure (GM) crops and organic P fertilizers on the P nutrition of subsequent crops, and 2) investigate P fertility differences between organic and non-organic cropping systems. A two-year cropping sequence was conducted on an organic farm in north-central Montana (mean pH=6.6; Olsen P=16 mg kg⁻¹). Spring pea (Pisum sativum L), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum L.), yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and tilled fallow were fertilized with 0, 3.1 and 7.7 kg P ha⁻¹ as RP, grown to flat pod stage and terminated with tillage. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown on these plots in year two. Phosphorus uptake of winter wheat was enhanced (P>0.05) by RP following buckwheat only (P=0.02) at 7.7 kg P ha⁻¹ compared to 0 P. Results indicate buckwheat can enhance P in a subsequent crop. A greenhouse pot experiment in a low P soil (Olsen P=4 mg kg⁻¹) consisted of four green manures; buckwheat, spring pea, wheat, and a non-crop control fertilized with 7.0 and 17.5 kg available P ha⁻¹ as RP, 13.0 and 32.5 kg available P ha⁻¹ as BM and 10 and 25 kg available P ha⁻¹ as monocalcium phosphate (MCP). Green manures were harvested, dried, analyzed for nutrient content, and returned to pots. Pots were seeded with wheat. Phosphorus uptake in wheat following all crops was enhanced by MCP (P<0.05). Phosphorus uptake of wheat following buckwheat was enhanced by all P sources over the control. Buckwheat demonstrates the capacity to increase the availability of organic P fertilizers. Soil sampling of organic and non-organic no-tillage (NT) cropping systems was conducted in two separate studies to determine differences in P availability between management systems. Soil analysis determined available P tends to be lower in non-fertilized systems.
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Rule, Dwain Michael. "Corn and Palmer amaranth interactions in dryland and irrigated environments." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/377.

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Books on the topic "Dryland"

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Bose, Purabi, and Han van Dijk, eds. Dryland Forests. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19405-9.

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D'Odorico, Paolo, Amilcare Porporato, and Christiane Wilkinson Runyan, eds. Dryland Ecohydrology. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23269-6.

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D'Odorico, Paolo, and Amilcare Porporato, eds. Dryland Ecohydrology. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4260-4.

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Peterson, Gary A., Paul W. Unger, and William A. Payne, eds. Dryland Agriculture. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr23.2ed.

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1940-, Peterson Gary, Unger Paul W, Payne William A. 1958-, American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America., and Soil Science Society of America., eds. Dryland agriculture. 2nd ed. Madison, Wis: American Society of Agronomy, 2006.

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Nicholson, Sharon E. Dryland climatology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

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Nicholson, Sharon E. Dryland climatology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

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Farooq, Muhammad, and Kadambot H. M. Siddique, eds. Innovations in Dryland Agriculture. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47928-6.

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Westfall, Dwayne G. Sustainable dryland agroecosystem management. Fort Collins, Colo.]: Colorado State University, Agriculture Experiment Station, Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, 2004.

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Khan, Yaseen. Climate and dryland ecology. Jaipur: Rawat Publications, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Dryland"

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Osman, Khan Towhid. "Dryland Soils." In Management of Soil Problems, 15–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75527-4_2.

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van Dijk, Han, and Purabi Bose. "Dryland Landscapes: Forest Management, Gender and Social Diversity in Asia and Africa." In Dryland Forests, 3–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19405-9_1.

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Bekele, Melaku, Habtemariam Kassa, and Christine Padoch. "Diminishing Status of Land Rights of Communities in Dry Lowland Areas and Their Implications: The Case of Ethiopia." In Dryland Forests, 25–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19405-9_2.

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Mujawamariya, Gaudiose, and Kees Burger. "Private Versus Communal Tenure Systems in Gum Arabic Collection." In Dryland Forests, 53–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19405-9_3.

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Singh, Dheeraj, M. K. Choudhary, M. L. Meena, and M. M. Roy. "Oran Dynamics: A Community-Based Biodiversity Management System in India’s Arid Zone." In Dryland Forests, 73–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19405-9_4.

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Faye, Papa. "Adding Scepticism About ‘Environmentality’: Gender Exclusion Through a Natural Resources Collectivization Initiative in Dionewar, Senegal." In Dryland Forests, 95–114. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19405-9_5.

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Kariuki, Peris M., J. T. Njoka, C. L. Saitabau, and H. S. Saitabau. "Forest Governance, Livelihoods and Resilience: The Case of Loita Forest (Entime e Naimina enkiyio), Narok County, Kenya." In Dryland Forests, 117–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19405-9_6.

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Ingram, Verina. "Savannah Forest Beekeepers in Cameroon: Actions to Reduce Vulnerability." In Dryland Forests, 139–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19405-9_7.

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D’Odorico, Paolo, Amilcare Porporato, and Christiane Runyan. "Ecohydrology of Arid and Semiarid Ecosystems: An Introduction." In Dryland Ecohydrology, 1–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23269-6_1.

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Camporeale, Carlo, Paolo Perona, and Luca Ridolfi. "Hydrological and Geomorphological Significance of Riparian Vegetation in Drylands." In Dryland Ecohydrology, 239–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23269-6_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Dryland"

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Kodali, Ravi Kishore, and SreeRamya Soratkal. "Wireless sensor network for dryland farming." In 2015 International Conference on Applied and Theoretical Computing and Communication Technology (iCATccT). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icatcct.2015.7457011.

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Engle, Mark, Lin Ma, Nohemi Valenzuela, Hugo A. Gutierrez, Alfredo D. Torres, Orlando Ramirez-Valle, and Anthony Darrouzet-Nardi. "EXPLORING CONTROLS ON UNSATURATED WATER MOVEMENT IN DRYLAND ENVIRONMENTS: INITIAL INSIGHTS FROM THE DRYLAND CRITICAL ZONE NETWORK CLUSTER." In GSA Connects 2021 in Portland, Oregon. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021am-367003.

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Sammartino, Mariana Silvina. "Lineamientos para la definición de un modo de crecimiento urbano sostenible: el Caso de Mendoza (Argentina), provincia de tierras secas." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo. Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6333.

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Actualmente, la globalización está generando procesos territoriales que modifican sustancialmente los sistemas urbanos. En Mendoza, los procesos de ocupación han generado un territorio fragmentando producto de la interacción histórica naturaleza-sociedad, existiendo espacios dominantes (los oasis) sobre otros dominados (las tierras secas no irrigadas). Esto ha producido un modelo territorial de concentración difusa desequilibrada, reflejo de una región subdesarrollada con una estructura espacial muy jerarquizada y un predominio de urbanización difusa, fuertemente concentrada en los oasis. Sólo el 3% de la superficie provincial de tierras secas posee riego donde, gracias a la sistematización y el aprovechamiento integral del agua, conviven los centros urbanos y las actividades productivas. Por presentar las ciudades como modo preponderante de crecimiento la extensión de la mancha urbana sobre las escasas tierras secas irrigadas, se procede a formular lineamientos tendientes a definir un modo de crecimiento urbano sostenible para Mendoza, provincia de tierras secas. Currently, globalization is creating processes that substantially alter territorial urban systems. In Mendoza, the processes of occupation have generated a territory fragmenting product of the historical interaction between nature and society, existing dominant spaces (oases) dominated over other (non-irrigated drylands). This has been a model of unbalanced territorial concentration diffuse reflection of an underdeveloped region with a very hierarchical spatial structure and a predominance of urban sprawl, heavily concentrated in the oases. Only 3% of the provincial surface irrigation has drylands where, thanks to the systematic and comprehensive use of water, urban centers and live productive activities. By presenting the cities as dominant growth mode expansion of the urban area on the few irrigated drylands, we proceed to develop guidelines aimed at defining a sustainable way of urban growth for Mendoza province dryland.
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SAND, STEVEN G., PATRICIA M. SACO, LI WEN, NEIL SAINTILAN, GEORGE KUCZERA, GERARDO RICCARD, and JOSE F. RODRIGUEZ. "PREDICTING THE RESILIENCE OF DRYLAND WETLANDS AFFECTED BY DROUGHTS." In 38th IAHR World Congress. The International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/38wc092019-1262.

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PRINCE, STEPHEN D. "DESERTIFICATION, THE GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: DRYLAND DEGRADATION AND PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY." In International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies 34th Session. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812773890_0029.

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"Enhancing Subsurface Drainage to Control Salinity in Dryland Agriculture." In 2016 10th International Drainage Symposium. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/ids.20162489348.

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Honsberg, Christiana B., Greg Barron-Gafford, Stuart G. Bowden, and Robert Sampson. "Agrivoltaic Modules Optimizing Light for Crops in Dryland Regions." In 2022 IEEE 49th Photovoltaics Specialists Conference (PVSC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc48317.2022.9938498.

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Chen, Chengci, Reza Keshavarz Afshar, and Yesuf Mohammed. "Intensified Dryland Cropping Systems for Food and Biofuel Feedstock Production." In The 4th World Congress on New Technologies. Avestia Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/icert18.107.

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Shoewu, Oluwagbemiga Omotayo, Lateef Adesola Akinyemi, and Lawrence Oborkhale. "Towards Developing Path loss Models for Dryland and Wetland Environments." In 2019 IEEE AFRICON. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/africon46755.2019.9134041.

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Sun, Zheng, Di Wang, and Qingbo Zhou. "Dryland Crop Recognition Based on Multi-temporal Polarization SAR Data." In 2019 8th International Conference on Agro-Geoinformatics (Agro-Geoinformatics). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/agro-geoinformatics.2019.8820662.

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Reports on the topic "Dryland"

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Mutabazi, Khamaldin, and Gideon Boniface. Commercialisation Pathways and Climate Change: The Case of Smallholder Farmers in Semi-Arid Tanzania. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.046.

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The semi-arid drylands of central Tanzania have been characterised by low and erratic rainfall coupled with high evapotranspiration. Up until now, farmers of these local dryland farming systems have been able to cope with these climate conditions. However, climate change has led to new weather patterns that overwhelm traditional dryland farming practices and re-shape farmers’ commercialisation pathways. This paper explored the pathways in which smallholder farmers in Singida region in Tanzania engage with markets and commercialise in the face of climate change. The paper also examined how farm-level decisions on commercial crops and the commercialisation pathways they are part of, affect current and future resilience to climate change. Climate resilient commercialisation of smallholder dryland agriculture remains the centrepiece of inclusive sustainable development.
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Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. CGIAR research on program dryland systems. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896298460_05.

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Dometita, Maria Libertad Mella. Beneath the Dryland: Kenya drought gender analysis. Oxfam, December 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2017.1541.

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Amzeri, Achmad, B. S. DARYONO, and M. SYAFII. GENOTYPE BY ENVIRONMENT AND STABILITY ANALYSES OF DRYLAND MAIZE HYBRIDS. SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/amzeri.2020.2.

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The phenotypic analysis of new candidate varieties at multiple locations could provide information on the stability of their genotypes. We evaluated the stability of 11 maize hybrid candidates in five districts in East Java Province, Indonesia. Maize hybrids with high yield potential and early maturity traits derived from a diallel cross were planted in a randomized complete block design with two checks (Srikandi Kuning and BISI-2) as a single factor with four replicates. The observed traits were grain yield per hectare and harvest age. The effects of environment, genotype, and genotype × environment interaction on yield were highly significant (P < 0.01). KTM-1, KTM-2, KTM-4, KTM-5, and KTM-6 showed higher average grain yield per hectare than the checks (Srikandi Kuning = 8.49 ton ha−1 and BISI-2 = 7.32 ton ha−1) at five different locations. The average harvest age of 11 candidates was less than 100 days. KTM-4 and KTM-5 had production yields that were higher than the average yield of all genotypes in all environments (Yi > 7.78 tons ha−1) and were considered stable on the basis of three stability parameters, i.e., Finlay–Wilkinson, Eberhart–Russell, and additive main effect multiplicative interaction (AMMI). KTM-2 had the highest yield among all tested genotypes (9.33 ton ha−1) and was considered as stable on the basis of AMMI but not on the basis of Finlay–Wilkinson and Eberhart–Russell. KTM-1 performed well only in Pamekasan, whereas KTM-6 performed well only in Sampang. Thus, these two genotypes could be targeted for these specific locations.
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S., Lawry, McLain R.J., and Kassa H. Strengthening the resiliency of dryland forest-based livelihoods in Ethiopia and South Sudan: A review of literature on the interaction between dryland forests, livelihoods and forest governance. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.17528/cifor/005677.

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WALSH, MARTIN, and SOLOMON MOMBESHORA. Turning Water into Wellbeing: How an irrigation scheme changed lives in a Zimbabwean dryland. Oxfam, October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2017.0858.

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Verma, Shashi B., Kenneth G. Cassman, Timothy J. Arkebauer, Kenneth G. Hubbard, Johannes M. Knops, and Andrew E. Suyker. Carbon Sequestration in Dryland and Irrigated Agroecosystems: Quantification at Different Scales for Improved Prediction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1050841.

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Woldeyohanes, Tesfaye, Karl Hughes, Kai Mausch, and Judith Oduol. Adoption of improved grains legumes and dryland cereals crop varieties: A synthesis of evidence. World Agroforestry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp21022.pdf.

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Abstract:
Like other crop improvement programs, a key prerequisite for the CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes and Dryland Cereals (CRP GLDC) to generate large-scale impact is large-scale adoption. Hence, evidencing the breadth and depth of such adoption is both of intrinsic interest and important for estimating downstream impacts, such as improved food and nutritional security, income, resilience, and soil health. While various GLDC adoption studies have been undertaken, a recent effort to systematically review these studies and synthesize the results is lacking. We undertook such a review, identifying 69 studies and 35 independent country crop combinations (CCCs). To generate aggregated and updated estimates of GLDC improved varietal adoption, we devised and applied a procedure to estimate national cropping areas under such varieties and, in turn, the number of adopting households. Estimates derived from household surveys and expert opinion solicitation are treated with higher and lower levels of confidence, respectively. As of 2019, we estimate from higher confidence studies that improved GLDC crops were cultivated on 15.37 million hectares of land by 17.64 million households in CRP GLDC’s 13 priority countries. With the inclusion of lower confidence studies, these numbers increase to 32 and 44.64 million, respectively. We are further confident that the program exceeded its adoption target of 8.9 million newly adopting households from 2011, particularly when likely spillovers vis-à-vis non-surveyed areas, non-priority countries, and non-priority crops in priority countries are considered.
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9

Reed, Sasha. Final Technical Report: Dryland feedbacks to future climate change: how species mortality and replacement will affect coupled biogeochemical cycles and energy balance. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1608533.

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10

Katovich, Erik, Andrew Feist, Karl Hughes, and Kai Mausch. What do we really know about the impacts of improved grain legumes and dryland cereals? A critical review of 18 impact studies. World Agroforestry Centre, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp19006.pdf.

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