Relevant bibliographies by topics / Drying methods

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Drying methods'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 23 September 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Drying methods"

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Korpa, A., and R. Trettin. "The influence of different drying methods on cement paste microstructures as reflected by gas adsorption: Comparison between freeze-drying (F-drying), D-drying, P-drying and oven-drying methods." Cement and Concrete Research 36, no. 4 (April 2006): 634–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.11.021.

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Sugarman, Jane E., and Timothy J. Vitale. "Observations on the Drying of Paper: Five Drying Methods and the Drying Process." Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 31, no. 2 (1992): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3179491.

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Sugarman, Jane E., and Timothy J. Vitale. "Observations on the Drying of Paper: Five Drying Methods and the Drying Process." Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 31, no. 2 (January 1992): 175–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/019713692806066682.

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Maltesen, Morten Jonas, and Marco van de Weert. "Drying methods for protein pharmaceuticals." Drug Discovery Today: Technologies 5, no. 2-3 (September 2008): e81-e88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ddtec.2008.11.001.

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Pakowski, Zdzisław. "Modern Methods of Drying Nanomaterials." Transport in Porous Media 66, no. 1-2 (August 30, 2006): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11242-006-9019-x.

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Metzger, Thomas, Marzena Kwapinska, Mirko Peglow, Gabriela Saage, and Evangelos Tsotsas. "Modern Modelling Methods in Drying." Transport in Porous Media 66, no. 1-2 (August 30, 2006): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11242-006-9025-z.

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INANO, Toichiro. "On the traditional drying methods of rice in Japan. (I). Classification of drying methods." Japanese Journal of Farm Work Research 24, no. 2 (1989): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4035/jsfwr.24.156.

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Abd El-Rahman Elsayed Saad, Ashraf, Cem Aydemir, Samed Ayhan Özsoy, and Semiha Yenidoğan. "Drying methods of the printing inks." Journal of graphic engineering and design 12, no. 2 (June 2021): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/jged-2021-2-029.

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Accelerating the transition to post-print processes needed in the printing industry and shortening the time the product's release time is closely related to the drying time of the ink film. The drying of fluid ink on the surface of the print substrate, transforming from liquid to solid occurs physically and chemically in several ways. Drying systems can be functional alone on the surface of the printing substrate for an ink film or depending on the chemical content of the ink and the properties of the printing substrate, drying can be achieved at the same time with more than one system.Recently, in order to reduce climate, environmental and health impacts and with the development of technology, significant changes are also being experienced in the printing industry and preferences are changing. In this study, more environmentally friendly LED UV and microwave drying systems that save time and energy together with existing basic drying systems such as absorption, evaporation, oxidation-polymerization and conventional UV used in the printing industry are examined. The advantages of different drying systems to the printing industry, preferred drying systems and new studies on this issue have been evaluated.
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Vermaas, H. F. "Drying Eucalypts for Quality: Material Characteristics, Pre-drying Treatments, Drying Methods, Schedules and Optimisation of Drying Quality." South African Forestry Journal 174, no. 1 (November 1995): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00382167.1995.9629877.

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Hawlader, M. N. A., Conrad O. Perera, Min Tian, and K. L. Yeo. "Drying of Guava and Papaya: Impact of Different Drying Methods." Drying Technology 24, no. 1 (February 2006): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373930500538725.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Drying methods"

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Beaudry, Claudia. "Evaluation of drying methods on osmotically dehydrated cranberries." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32756.

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Since cranberry skin is thick and has low porosity, skin pretreatments were considered before drying in order to facilitate water diffusion. Mechanical and chemical pretreatments were considered, by cutting the fruits in half, by making pin holes in each cranberry, and by dipping the fruits in an alkaline solution.
A second pretreatment seemed necessary when drying cranberries in order to reduce their tartness. Cranberries were osmotically dehydrated, by immersing them in osmotic solutions of sucrose or high fructose corn syrup.
Once the pretreatment conditions were selected, four drying methods were tested on the pretreated cranberries. These methods included hot air drying, freeze-drying, vacuum drying and a combination of hot air and microwaves. A quality evaluation of the dried samples was also performed, including evaluation of overall appearance, taste, color, water activity, rehydration capacity and texture. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Ribeiro, Luciana Carneiro. "Acerola powder: drying methods and evaluation of stability." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=13078.

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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
The objective of this research was to obtain powder from the pulp of integral acerola two drying methods (spray-dryer and freeze drying), and the determination of physical and chemical stability and hygroscopic and morphological characteristics. Acerola pulps were acquired in the trade of Fortaleza. The pulp was characterized and post as the physicochemical, colorimetric and morphological parameters. The study of the stability of the powders was carried out in three distinct packaging for a period of 90 days. The adsorption isotherms were also determined. The results indicated optimal conditions for drying spray-dryer using drying temperature of 154 ÂC and the pulp concentration maltodextrin 17,1%, while in the lyophilizer, 19,1% maltodextrin with lyophilization time of 24 hours. All physico-chemical parameters evaluated in the whole pulp undergo change after drying. The drying spray-dryer powder generated with lower humidity, and lyophilization produced a more hygroscopic powder, with a greater degree of caking, and better color preservation, the pH being a parameter of small variation. The study of the stability of acerola pulp powder obtained by different drying methods allowed us to observe increased humidity and coordinate a* b* and decreased ascorbic acid and brightness. The use of laminated packaging laminate vacuum was effective to maintain moisture and hygroscopic powder, with less loss of ascorbic acid for packaging laminda vacuum. The BET model best fit the adsorption isotherms of the lyophilized powder acerola pulp, while for the spray-dryer model Oswin better adjusted to 25 ÂC, and Henderson model for 35 and 45 ÂC. Morphological characterization showed by analysis of Microcopia Scanning Electron (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR-ATR) that the lyophilization process generates an amorphous powder and adding maltodextrin protects the frame of samples and permits lower moisture absorption also show similar composition between samples, and a higher absorbance obtained is lyophilized in the whole sample.
O objetivo desta pesquisa foi a obtenÃÃo de pà a partir da polpa de acerola integral por dois mÃtodos de secagem (spray-dryer e liofilizaÃÃo), assim como a determinaÃÃo da estabilidade fÃsico-quÃmica e caracterÃsticas higroscÃpicas e morfolÃgicas. As polpas de acerola foram adquiridas no comÃrcio de Fortaleza-CE. Caracterizou-se a polpa e os pÃs quanto a parÃmetros fÃsico-quÃmicos e colorimÃtricos e morfolÃgicos. O estudo da estabilidade dos pÃs foi realizado em trÃs embalagens distintas por um perÃodo de 90 dias. Determinou-se ainda as isotermas de adsorÃÃo. Os resultados indicaram condiÃÃes Ãtimas de secagem em spray-dryer utilizando temperatura de secagem de 154ÂC e concentraÃÃo de maltodextrina na polpa de 17,1%, enquanto para o liofilizador, 19,1% de maltodextrina com tempo de liofilizaÃÃo de 24 horas. Todos os parÃmetros fÃsico-quÃmicos avaliados na polpa integral sofrem variaÃÃo apÃs secagem. A secagem em spray-dryer gerou pà com menor umidade, e a liofilizaÃÃo gerou um pà mais higroscÃpico, com maior grau de caking, e melhor preservaÃÃo da cor, sendo o pH um parÃmetro de pequena variaÃÃo. O estudo da estabilidade das polpas de acerola em pà obtidas por diferentes mÃtodos de secagem permitiu observar aumento da umidade e das coordenadas a* e b* e diminuiÃÃo do Ãcido ascÃrbico e luminosidade. O uso de embalagens laminada e laminada a vÃcuo mostrou-se eficaz para a manutenÃÃo da umidade e higroscopicidade dos pÃs, com menor perda de Ãcido ascÃrbico para a embalagem laminada a vÃcuo. O modelo de BET melhor se ajustou as isotermas de adsorÃÃo o pà de polpa de acerola liofilizado, enquanto para o spray-dryer o modelo de Oswin melhor se ajustou a 25ÂC, e o modelo de Henderson para 35 e 45ÂC. A caracterizaÃÃo morfolÃgica mostrou pelas anÃlises de Microcopia EletrÃnica de Varredura (MEV), DifraÃÃo de Raios-X (DRX) e Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR-ATR) que o processo de liofilizaÃÃo gera um pà amorfo e que a adiÃÃo de maltodextrina protege a estruturadas amostras e permite uma menor absorÃÃo de umidade, ainda mostra composiÃÃo similar entre as amostras, e que uma maior absorbÃncia à obtida em amostra integral liofilizada.
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Crévier, Hélène A. "Cultural methods for dehydrating onion production in Quebec, with particular reference to the fluid drilling technique." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65969.

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Echard, Dalton. "Drying Methods for the Fabrication of Polymer Foam Material." VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4096.

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This is a report on the study of the drying of nanoporous polymer foam material fabricated by photolithogtaphic methods. Three drying methods were employed, which were air drying, supercritical drying and freeze drying. After fabrication and drying, physical properties of the polymer foams were measured. These measurements included density of the material, Young’s modulus, surface area, and the shape of the skeletal particles. The measurements determined the effect of the polymer concentration and the effect of drying methods. It was determined that polymer concentration had a much larger effect on the properties of the materials than the drying method.
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Blount, Thomas Richard. "Evaluation of Methods to Control Mold on Hardwood Pallets." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/23231.

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The objectives of this project were:
1.����To compare the drying cost and drying time for oak and poplar pallets for the following mold mitigation strategies for hardwood pallets: air drying, forced air drying (fan shed), kiln drying to 25% moisture content and chemical treatment, and
2.����Develop and evaluate a procedure for preventing and controlling mold growth on heat treated hardwood pallets
Twenty red oak pallets and twenty yellow-poplar pallets were tested for each drying method to compare costs and to determine drying times. �Additional pallets were obtained to conduct a more thorough air drying procedure. �Drying data was extrapolated to allow estimates of the drying time from green (83% moisture content for poplar and 64% moisture content for oak) to 25%. �
After the pallets reached the desired 25% moisture content, they were placed in a 40�" enclosed trailer, inoculated with mold (Aspergillus, Stachybotrys, and Penicillium) and were left undisturbed for a period of 14 days. �After the 14 day incubation period, the pallets were inspected for mold using the ASTM D-4445 Standard Test Method for Fungicides for Controlling Sapstain and Mold on Unseasoned Lumber. �
A comparison of drying costs was then conducted to determine which method was the most cost efficient based on the data obtained in this study. �The cost to treat the pallets with each treatment was calculated including electrical cost, labor, and tax values. �In addition to the cost comparison, a Net Present Value (NPV) was calculated to determine which method produced the best outcome over a longer period of time.
Two heat treatment and drying schedules were then developed to meet both IPPC-ISPM #15 requirements and achieve the desired 25% moisture content with minimal degrade. �This was accomplished by testing several HT/drying schedules on green yellow-poplar and white oak pallets until the pallets met the criteria for being heat treated and had minimal degrade. �The schedules developed are a modified oak HT/KD schedule that required 30 hours to complete and a modified poplar HT/KD schedule that required 16 hours to complete.
The results demonstrated that that mold would not grow on the pallets stored in an enclosed container when the dew point is not reached. Air-drying pallets, chemical application in conjunction with air-drying pallets, fan shed drying pallets and kiln drying pallets to a 19-24% moisture content was demonstrated to prevent mold growth on oak and yellow poplar pallets. Estimates for the time required to dry yellow-poplar and oak pallets to 19% and 25% moisture content were developed for air-drying, forced air-drying and kiln drying for the conditions experienced in Blacksburg, VA between 7/30/2008 and 11/10/2008. Air-drying pallets was found to have the lowest daily operational cost but not the lowest total drying cost. �Fan shed drying had the lowest drying cost to achieve 25% moisture content. �Kiln drying was the most expensive daily and total cost, but yielded the fastest method of drying pallets to 25% moisture content. A NPV cost comparison showed that over a 3 year (36 month) time period, fan shed drying is the most cost effective method of drying pallets based on the values used in this study. Given the environmental conditions experienced between 7/30/2008 and 11/10/2008, no mold grew on the air-dried, fan shed, and kiln dried pallets during the drying process.

Master of Science
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Perumal, Rajkumar. "Comparative performance of solar cabinet, vacuum assisted solar and open sun drying methods." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18283.

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Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.var) is one of the most important vegetables in our diet and dried tomato products are becoming popular for the preparation of various food items. Though sun drying has been used for the preservation, it is a slow process and the quality of the dried product is often inferior due to contaminations. Therefore, a lab model solar cabinet and vacuum assisted solar dryers were developed to study the drying kinetics of tomato slices (4, 6 and 8 mm thicknesses) and the results were compared individually with open sun drying under the weather conditions of Montreal, Canada. The drying kinetics using thin layer drying models and the influence of weather parameters such as ambient air temperature, relative humidity, solar insolation and wind velocity on drying of tomato slices were evaluated. During drying, it was observed that the temperatures inside the solar cabinet and vacuum chamber were increased to 63 and 48oC when the maximum ambient temperature was only 30oC. The tomato slices of 4, 6 and 8 mm thicknesses could be dried from 94.0 to 11.5% wet basis moisture content, respectively in 300, 420 and 570 min using solar cabinet, in 360, 480 and 600 min using vacuum assisted solar dryer and it took 435, 615 and 735 min under open sun drying method. The quality of tomato slices in terms of physicochemical parameters such as colour retention, water activity, rehydration capacity and ascorbic acid retention were evaluated and the overall study concluded that good quality dehydrated tomato slices could be produced by using vacuum assisted solar dryer compared to solar cabinet and open sun drying methods. The Page model was found to be better in describing the drying kinetics of tomato slices in all the drying methods studied.
La tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum L. var) est une importante source nutritive de notre alimentation et les tomates séchées gagnent en popularité dans de nombreuses préparations alimentaires. Le séchage naturel est la méthode traditionnelle utilisée pour la production de tomates séchées, cependant c’est un processus lent et la qualité du produit séché est variable et sujette à la contamination. Un séchoir solaire et un séchoir solaire sous-vide furent donc développés afin d’étudier le séchage solaire de tranches de tomates (4, 6 et 8 mm d’épaisseur) en comparaison au séchage naturel sous les conditions météorologiques de Montréal, Canada. La cinétique du séchage des tranches de tomates suivant des modèles en couches minces a été établie en fonction de l’influence des conditions météorologiques telles que la température ambiante, l’humidité relative, le rayonnement solaire et la vitesse du vent. Lors du séchage dans le séchoir solaire et le séchoir solaire sous-vide, la température interne des deux séchoirs a atteint 63° et 48°C respectivement alors que la température ambiante était de 30°C. Les tranches de tomates de 4, 6 et 8 mm d’épaisseur ont pu être séchées d’un taux d’humidité de 94% à 11.5% (état humide) et ce après 300, 420 et 570 minutes en utilisant le séchoir solaire, en 360, 480 et 600 minutes grâce au séchoir solaire sous-vide, alors qu’il en a pris 435, 615 et 735 minutes par séchage naturel. La qualité des tranches de tomates a été évaluée en fonction de certains paramètres physico-chimiques tels que la stabilité de la couleur, l’activité de l’eau, la capacité de réhydratation, et la conservation de l’acide ascorbique. Des tranches de tomates séchées de meilleure qualité peuvent être produites par séchage solaire sous-vide en comparaison avec le séchage solaire et le séchage naturel. La modélisation de Page offre une très bonne représentation$
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Thabot, Arnaud Henri. "Porosity Analysis in Starch Imbued Handsheets - Challenges using impulse drying and methods for image analysis." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19804.

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In about 30 years of experiments and development, impulse drying is now considered as a well known technology and a good candidate in the constant effort to save energy in the paper industry. The drying section is indeed the most expensive section in the process of paper production. However, this potential technology has a major disadvantage, stopping its implementation in the industry. Paper, which is a porous material with a variable compressibility, experienced a sudden release of energy at the nip opening during impulse drying. Under these conditions of high intensity process (both in temperature and pressure), the fiber mat has a tendency to delaminate. This web disruption is a critical issue against impulse drying. This thesis comes up with a new approach to the problem. These last years, the technology itself has been addressed in this issue and many improvements have been reached in terms of energy release (heat transfer control, material coating ). The novel idea is then to investigate the inner structure of the paper once it has been coated with starch to a large extent (up to 10 or 20% of the relative basis weight). Starch is known for its large use in industry, but also its capability to expand under high temperature. Hence, both relative strength and bulking effects are investigated in this thesis, using numerous experiments with variable temperatures and pressures, along with ultrasonic testing and image analysis. We have the opportunity to appreciate the phenomenon of heat transfer and mass transport in the coated medium, while reaching promising results in terms of strength and bulk. These are finally investigated using scanning electron microscopy as a first step toward a pore expansion model for starch imbued handsheets.
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Boström, Charlotta, and Anna Rosén. "Fibre-to-Board - Validation of the Simulation Model and Development of Laboratory Methods to Receive Input Data." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-598.

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Fibre-to-board is a simulation model developed at Stora Enso Research Centre Karlstad. Within this model isotropic hand sheet properties are used as input data for prediction of the final multi ply board properties. In order to improve and verify the calculations from simulations in Fibre-to-board so that these will correspond better with the results from the measurements on the paper/board machine, it was requested at RCK to investigate the possibility to optimize the input data to the model.

Standardized hand sheet forming always results in sheets with properties far away from those produced on a machine. Therefore the aim with this Master thesis was to modify the laboratory procedure to receive hand sheets with properties closer to machine sheets. To achieve this, it was investigated how different parameters affect the sheet properties and if the hand sheet making process could be improved.

When freely dried sheets were investigated it was found that sheets pressed with a wire clothing between the blotting paper and the hand sheet were less cockled than sheets pressed against only blotting papers. These sheets also tend to have a higher density. The cockling i.e. as a result from shrinkage was also reduced when the sheets were dried between slightly weighted wire clothing. Neither wire clothing nor orientated blotting papers during pressing eliminate the influence of anisotropic blotters on the shrinkage for isotropic hand sheets.

It was also examined how the fine material influences sheet properties. The results showed that an increase in fines content result in higher shrinkage, higher density, increased TSI, more cockling and decreased air permeability.

Different pressing loads and an increased density did not have much influence on the shrinkage. The density for freely dried sheets increased with higher load, but the results did not reach machine sheet densities, when the laboratory platen press was used. It might be difficult to receive freely dried hand sheets with higher densities. This is because fibres in freely dried sheets tend to relax after pressing, which will influence the density. Another press than the platen press used in these studies might compensate this matter. An increased pressing load resulted in less cockled sheets.

The basis weight did not seem to have that large affect on the shrinkage when using machine chest furnish, therefore the basis weight on hand sheets used as input data to the simulation model Fibre-to-board might not be that important.

It was studied how different plies and SW/CTMP pulp in a mixture affect the shrinkage. The results showed that the shrinkage increased with a higher SW content. It was also found that there is a linear relation between the total shrinkage of a SW/CTMP pulp mixture and the shrinkage for each individual pulp.

In order to verify the Fibre-to-board model a simulation finally was performed. Furnishes and CD profiles of board were collected from a particular board machine within the Stora Enso Group. Properties from hand sheets made of furnishes were used as input data and the machine CD profiles were used as references. The CD TSI value corresponded with the value received from measurements on the machine board, but the MD TSI value did not. The shrinkage calculated on machine sheets did not coincide with the shrinkage from the simulation in Fibre-to-board.

There are insecurities in the results from shrinkage measurement on the board CD profile due to the lack of width measurement during the process, which complicates the validation of the Fibre-to-board model.


Fibre to board är en simulerings modell framtagen vid Stora Enso Research Centre Karlstad. Modellen används för att prediktera krympning och styrkeegenskaper hos en bestämd kartongbana. Indata till modellen hämtas ifrån isotropa laboratorieark. För att förbättra och verifiera erhållna resultat från simuleringsmodellen så att de korresponderar bättre med värden från kartongmaskinen fanns det ett önskemål från RCK om att undersöka möjligheten att optimera indata till modellen.

Laboratoriearktillverkning enligt standard resulterar alltid i ark med egenskaper som ligger långt från maskin arkens. Därför är syftet med detta examensarbete att modifiera arktillverkningsmetoden så att laboratorieark med egenskaper närmare de för maskinark kan erhållas. För att lyckas med detta undersöktes det hur olika parametrar påverkar pappersegenskaperna och om tillverkningsmetoden kunde förbättras.

Vid undersökning av fritorkade ark upptäcktes att ark som pressats med viraduk mellan läskark och laboratorieark blev mindre buckliga än ark som pressats med enbart läskark. Dessa ark hade också en något högre densitet. Buckligheten som är en följd av krympningen reducerades också när arken torkades mellan viraduk under lätt belastning. Läskarkens inverkan på de isotropa arken kunde inte elimineras genom att använda viraduk vid pressning, inte heller genom att växla läskarken så att deras MD riktning orienterades olika.

Även finmaterialets inverkan på pappersegenskaperna undersöktes. Resultaten visade att ett ökat finmaterial innehåll ger ökad krympning, högre densitet, ökat dragstyvhetsindex, buckligare ark och en minskad luft permeabilitet.

Det visade sig att olika presstryck ger arken en högre densitet men krympningen påverkades inte märkbart. Densitet i samma nivå som på maskinark kunde däremot inte erhållas med laboratorieplanpress. Detta kan bero på att fibrerna i fritorkade ark relaxerar efter pressning, vilket ger en lägre densitet. För att kunna få högre densitet kanske en annan press än den planpress som användes i dessa studier kan införas. Det kunde även konstateras att ett ökat presstryck ger mindre buckliga ark.

I dessa studier, där ark tillverkades av färdiga skiktblandningar från maskinkar, hade inte ytvikten på arken någon större inverkan på krympningen. Detta tyder på att ytvikten på arken som används som indata inte har så stor inverkan vid simulering i modellen Fibre-to-board.

Det undersöktes även hur skikten i ett två-skikts ark och en blandning av LF/CTMP massa påverkar krympningen. Resultaten visade att krympningen ökar med en högre andel LF och att det finns ett linjärt samband mellan den totala krympningen för en blandning av LF/CTMP massa och krympningen för de enskilda massorna.

För att kunna verifiera beräkningsmodellen Fibre-to-board utfördes slutligen en simulering. Skiktblandningar och tvärsprofiler från kartong togs ut från en specifik pappers maskin inom Stora Enso koncernen. Egenskaperna på laboratorieark gjorda av skiktblandningarna användes som indata till simuleringsprogrammet och kartongprofilerna från pappersmaskinen användes som referens. Dragstyvhetsindex i CD stämde bra överens med de mätningar som gjordes på maskinarken, men dragstyvhetsindex i MD skiljde sig. Krympningen som beräknades på maskinarken överensstämde inte med det simulerade resultatet. Det förekommer en osäkerhet i krympmätningarna som gjordes på kartong profilerna, då det idag inte förekommer någon mätutrustning på pappersmaskinen, som bestämmer bredden mellan press- och torkpartiet. Detta komplicerar valideringen av Fibre-to-board modellen.

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Stockinger, Allan Joseph. "Optimizing lanthanum (III) hydroxide by varying drying methods to maximize surface area to adsorb arsenic in water /." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2007. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1447803.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2007.
"May 2007." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-75). Online version available on the World Wide Web. Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2007]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm.
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Lam, Melanie. "Drying of red spring wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.) by various methods and investigation of its phenylalanine ammonialyase stability in an in vitro protein digestion." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/1625.

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Phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalanemia are autosomal recessive inborn errors of phenylalanine metabolism that are caused by mutations in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene. Due to the stringency of the present dietary therapy, alternative treatments are being studied. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is one of the potential dietary supplements for these patients. PAL is a well-studied plant enzyme which breaks down phenylalanine into trans-cinnamic acid and ammonia (Camm and Towers, 1973). It is found in the cytoplasm of the plant cells and is naturally encapsulated by plant cell walls which may protect it against the acidic pH environment in the gastrointestinal tract. It presumably degrades ingested Phe that circulates in the intestinal lumen. In this study, red spring wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.) found to contain high PAL activity naturally were investigated as a potential alternative oral therapy. Specifically, the objectives were (1) to evaluate different drying methods on generating concentrated and dried preparation of wheat seedlings containing high levels of PAL activity; (2) to examine the retention of PAL activity over three months of storage under various storage conditions; (3) to determine the stability of PAL activity in simulated human digestion condition to establish if further study of using plant source enzyme in vivo is warranted. Freeze-drying (FD) was found to have retained the most activity (>90 % recovery dry wt basis) compared to air-drying (AD) and vacuum-microwave drying (VMD) for both leaf and residual seed/root samples. Pre-freezing of leaf tissues at -18 °C before FD significantly retained the highest PAL activity compared to pre-freezing at -25 °C, -35 °C, and -80 °C (P<0.05). Over three months of storage, 60-80 % of PAL activity was recovered in leaf and —100 % was recovered in residual seed/root tissues after storage at -20 °C. After in vitro protein digestion, 36% and 42 % of PAL activity was recovered in fresh leaf and root tissues respectively; however, FD tissues were found to be susceptible to proteases and acidic environment and no activity was recovered after three hours of in vitro protein digestion. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the residual Phe after in vitro protein digestion confirmed that fresh tissues had significantly higher conversion of Phe than that of FD tissues. Together, these results suggest that red spring wheat seedlings may have potential as a dietary supplement for phenylketonuric patients while further study to enhance PAL activity in plant preparations is required.
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Books on the topic "Drying methods"

1

Larson, Timothy D. Comparison of drying methods for paper birch SDR flitches and studs. [Madison, WI]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1985.

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Schuck, Pierre. Analytical methods for food and dairy powders. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2012.

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Freeze drying/lyophilization of pharmaceutical and biological products. 3rd ed. New York: Informa Healthcare, 2011.

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Institution, British Standards. Methods for individual domestic washing and drying for use in textile testing. London: B.S.I., 1991.

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Simpson, William Turner. Effect of drying methods on warp and grade of 2 by 4's from small-diameter ponderosa pine. [Madison, Wis.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2001.

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Maeglin, Robert R. Alternative methods for sawing and drying structural lumber from second-growth loblolly pine (pinus taeda). [Madison, Wis.?: Forest Products Laboratory, 1987.

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Raphael, Toby. An insect pest control procedure: The freezing process. [Washington, D.C.?]: National Park Service, Dept. of the Interior, 1994.

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Simpson, William Turner. Method to estimate dry-kiln schedules and species groupings: Tropical and temperate hardwoods. Madison, Wis: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1996.

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Simpson, William Turner. Method to estimate dry-kiln schedules and species groupings: Tropical and temperate hardwoods. Madison, WI (One Gifford Pinchot Dr., Madison 53705-2398): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1996.

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Simpson, William Turner. Method to estimate dry-kiln schedules and species groupings: Tropical and temperate hardwoods. Madison, Wis: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Drying methods"

1

Hansen, Kurt Kielsgaard, Sture Lindmark, Lars-Olof Nilsson, and Oliver Weichold. "Drying Methods." In Methods of Measuring Moisture in Building Materials and Structures, 17–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74231-1_3.

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Rahaman, M. N. "Drying." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 28. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145333.ch18.

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Stamova, Slava, Irene Michalk, Holger Bartsch, and Michael Bachmann. "Gel Drying Methods." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 433–36. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-821-4_36.

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Feldmann, Anja, Nicole Berndt, Ralf Bergmann, and Michael Bachmann. "Gel Drying Methods." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 269–71. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8745-0_31.

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Johnson, D. W. "Freeze-Drying." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 10–12. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145333.ch6.

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Kumar, Jitendra, Mirko Peglow, Gerald Warnecke, Stefan Heinrich, Evangelos Tsotsas, Lothar Mörl, Mike Hounslow, and Gavin Reynolds. "Numerical Methods on Population Balances." In Modern Drying Technology, 209–60. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527631629.ch6.

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Kumar, Jitendra, Mirko Peglow, Gerald Warnecke, Stefan Heinrich, Evangelos Tsotsas, Lothar Mörl, Mike Hounslow, and Gavin Reynolds. "Numerical Methods on Population Balances." In Modern Drying Technology, 209–60. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527631728.ch6.

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Keey, Roger B., Timothy A. G. Langrish, and John C. F. Walker. "Less-Common Drying Methods." In Kiln-Drying of Lumber, 271–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59653-7_12.

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Singh, Shobhana. "Thermal Testing Methods for Solar Dryers." In Solar Drying Technology, 215–38. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3833-4_7.

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Rahaman, M. N. "Physical Principles of Drying." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 28–31. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145333.ch19.

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Conference papers on the topic "Drying methods"

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Thorat, Bhaskar, Bhaumik Bheda, Manoj Shinde, and Rajaram Ghadge. "Drying of algae by various drying methods." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7761.

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Algae drying was carried out using Vacuum Tray Dryer and an Innovative Solar Conduction Dryer. Algae was dried in a Vacuum Tray Dryer at 60°C under varied pressure conditions and makes use of specially designed double condenser system. The open sun drying and solar conduction dryer (SCD) was also used for algae drying. Comparison between open sun drying and solar conduction dryer were done and it was found that the solar conduction dryer gives high performance than the open sun drying. It was also found that, the conductive heat transfer mode plays a crucial role in the solar conduction dryer. Keywords: Vaccum Dryer; Solar Conduction Dryer; Algal Drying
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Plante, Sébastien, Scott Smiley, Alexandra Oliveira, and Peter Bechtel. "Methods for Drying Stickwater." In A Sustainable Future: Fish Processing Byproducts. Alaska Sea Grant College Program, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4027/sffpb.2010.12.

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Moreno, Fabian Leonardo, Adriana María Castro, and Edgar Yesid Mayorga. "Comparison between the finite differences, finite volume and finite element methods for the modelling of convective drying of fruit slices." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7422.

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Three numerical methods, finite differences, finite volume and finite element, were compared to know their convenience in the simulation of convective drying of fruit slices. The mathematical treatment, the stability, the convergence and the sensibility were analysed for each method. The data of the simulations were compared with the data of feijoa dried at 60°C, 5 mm of thickness and air velocity of 0.5ms-1. The error was 7%, 13% and 17% for finite element, finite volume and finite differences respectively. The method selection depends on the software, the required data precision and the use of the model. Keywords: mathematical model; convective drying; numerical methods
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Boubekri, A., S. Chouicha, M. H. Berbeuh, D. Mennouche, I. Frihi, and A. Rzezgua. "Post-harvest treatment of algerian broad beans using two different solar drying methods." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7858.

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This work was carried up in the objective to valorize the broad beans, largely harvested in Algeria, by solar drying means. In the present research paper, an experimental study was conducted on solar drying of broad beans by two different methods. Experimental trials were performed on a direct and an indirect laboratory scale solar dryers at Ouargla university in the southern of Algeria. Selected samples were dried at 50°C, 55°C, 60°C and 65°C. In both two applied cases, drying curves were obtained and compared. Among twelve consulted drying models the Page model was correlated with satisfaction to describe the solar drying of broad beans using a non linear regression analysis method. Operating and thermal performances of the two used drying systems were checked by the energy effeceincy and economic calculation. Obtained results showed that the direct solar drying ensures good preservation of the final product with a drying time of 5 hours. Keywords: solar drying ; convective drying ; broad bean ; quality
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Chin, S. K., D. T. Tan, H. M. Tan, and P. E. Poh. "Preservation of mesophilic mixed culture for anaerobic palm oil mill effluent treatment by convective drying methods." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7295.

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While anaerobic digestion is a reliable method that treats the waste and produces renewable biomethane fuel, the necessary sludge in liquid form is difficult to handle due to the constant biogas generation. Therefore, this study investigates the possibility of convective air drying, namely heat pump and hot air circulation oven as preservation methods for anaerobic microbial sludge. Drying was conducted at various temperatures, ranging from 22℃ to 70℃. The study found that heat pump drying at 22℃ resulted in highest COD removal of 55.3% as well as the least log reduction in methanogens and anaerobes at 1.4 and 2.4, respectively.Keywords: Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD); Heat pump drying; Hot air drying; Log reduction; Methane yield
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He, Yanling, Dan Huang, Yongjia Chen, Kaiyang Men, S. A. Sherif, and Wei Li. "Drying Characteristics and Quality of Fresh White Waxy Corn Under Different Drying Methods." In ASME 2021 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2021 15th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2021-63543.

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Abstract The drying characteristics and drying quality of fresh white waxy corn were investigated under three different drying methods (sun drying, hot-air drying and far-infrared drying) and different drying temperatures (55 °C, 60 °C, 65 °C, 70 °C, 75 °C, 80 °C). The optimal drying method and drying condition were obtained by comparing the drying time and drying quality including damage rate, rehydration capacity and the contents of protein, fatty acid and starch. The results showed that the drying time of sun drying was the longest, while the drying quality was the best, i.e., the damage rate was the lowest and the nutrient retention was the highest. The far-infrared drying time was shorter and the quality was better than that of hot air drying. The higher the temperature, the faster the drying rate. The optimal drying temperature was 60 °C under far-infrared drying, which can effectively remove the water and keep the food quality. Besides, the drying rate was faster than hot air, and the color of the dried products was brighter. When hot air drying was used, the value of fatty acids did not change much below 65 °C, but it rose sharply above 65 °C. The optimal drying temperature was 65 °C, under which the drying rate was moderate and the quality was relatively good. If the production cost was considered, sun drying was the best, following the 60 °C far-infrared drying. This conclusion can provide a reference for the drying conditions of corn after harvest in agricultural production, and to a certain extent provide suggestions for the later drying treatment methods and treatment temperatures of fresh white waxy corn.
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Chen, Qinqin, Huihui Song, Jinfeng Bi, Mo Zhou, Xinye Wu, and Jianxin Song. "Combined effects of sodium carbonate pretreatment and hybrid drying methods on the nutritional and antioxidant properties of dried Goji berries." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.8373.

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Combined effects of sodium carbonate (SC) pretreatment and hybrid drying methods (freeze drying-instant controlled pressure drop drying (FD-ICPDD), hot air drying (HAD-ICPDD) on nutritional and antioxidant properties of Goji berries were investigated. Compared with distilled water pretreatment, SC pretreatment could obtain products with better quality. Goji dried by FD-ICPDD showed better overall quality than that dried by HAD or FD alone. FD-ICPDD products exhibited higher contents of total Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (140 g/kg), total carotenoids (2.4 g/kg) as well as the strongest ABTS.+ radical scavenging activity (57.6 μmol TE/g). FD-ICPDD could be an alternative drying method for processing valuable agro-products. Keywords: sodium carbonate, instant controlled pressure drop drying, nutritional properties, antioxidant activity
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Quintanilla-Carvajal, Maria Ximena, M. Hernández-Carrión, M. Moyano-Molano, L. Ricaurte, and F. L. Moreno. "Effects of different drying methods on the physicochemical properties of powders obtained from high-oleic palm oil nanoemulsions." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7402.

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Nanoencapsulation is an efficient process to incorporate high nutritional oils, such as high oleic palm oil (HOPO). Several drying technologies can be applied for obtaining HOPO powders. The aim of this work was to study the effect of two different drying methods (spray-drying, SP and freeze-drying, FD) on some physical properties and microstructure of powders obtained from HOPO nanoemulsions. Results showed that FD powders presented lower aw and bulk density, and higher dissolution rate than SD powders. Results suggest that SD could be a more economical alternative to FD in order to obtain HOPO powders with low moisture and aw. Keywords: freeze-drying; high oleic palm oil; nanoemulsion; spray drying
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Zielinski, Reuben Q., and Joel C. Trusty. "Methods and apparatuses for drying electronic devices." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce.2016.7430508.

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Araujo, Lays Costa, Carolina Fontes de Sousa, Carla Gabriela Azevedo Misael, Ítalo Barros Meira Ramos, Severino Rodrigues de Farias Neto, and Líbia de Sousa Conrado Oliveira. "DRYING KINETICS OF CARROT BY FIXED BED DRYER." In XXXVIII Iberian-Latin American Congress on Computational Methods in Engineering. Florianopolis, Brazil: ABMEC Brazilian Association of Computational Methods in Engineering, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.20906/cps/cilamce2017-1103.

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Reports on the topic "Drying methods"

1

Large, W. S. Review of Drying Methods for Spent Nuclear Fuel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/14490.

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Jacobs, Brandy M., John F. Patience, Kenneth J. Stalder, William A. Dozier, and Brian J. Kerr. Evaluation of Drying Methods on Nitrogen and Energy Concentrations in Pig Feces and Urine, and on Poultry Excreta. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-94.

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Chapman, Ray, Phu Luong, Sung-Chan Kim, and Earl Hayter. Development of three-dimensional wetting and drying algorithm for the Geophysical Scale Transport Multi-Block Hydrodynamic Sediment and Water Quality Transport Modeling System (GSMB). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41085.

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The Environmental Laboratory (EL) and the Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory (CHL) have jointly completed a number of large-scale hydrodynamic, sediment and water quality transport studies. EL and CHL have successfully executed these studies utilizing the Geophysical Scale Transport Modeling System (GSMB). The model framework of GSMB is composed of multiple process models as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 shows that the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) accepted wave, hydrodynamic, sediment and water quality transport models are directly and indirectly linked within the GSMB framework. The components of GSMB are the two-dimensional (2D) deep-water wave action model (WAM) (Komen et al. 1994, Jensen et al. 2012), data from meteorological model (MET) (e.g., Saha et al. 2010 - http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2010BAMS3001.1), shallow water wave models (STWAVE) (Smith et al. 1999), Coastal Modeling System wave (CMS-WAVE) (Lin et al. 2008), the large-scale, unstructured two-dimensional Advanced Circulation (2D ADCIRC) hydrodynamic model (http://www.adcirc.org), and the regional scale models, Curvilinear Hydrodynamics in three dimensions-Multi-Block (CH3D-MB) (Luong and Chapman 2009), which is the multi-block (MB) version of Curvilinear Hydrodynamics in three-dimensions-Waterways Experiments Station (CH3D-WES) (Chapman et al. 1996, Chapman et al. 2009), MB CH3D-SEDZLJ sediment transport model (Hayter et al. 2012), and CE-QUAL Management - ICM water quality model (Bunch et al. 2003, Cerco and Cole 1994). Task 1 of the DOER project, “Modeling Transport in Wetting/Drying and Vegetated Regions,” is to implement and test three-dimensional (3D) wetting and drying (W/D) within GSMB. This technical note describes the methods and results of Task 1. The original W/D routines were restricted to a single vertical layer or depth-averaged simulations. In order to retain the required 3D or multi-layer capability of MB-CH3D, a multi-block version with variable block layers was developed (Chapman and Luong 2009). This approach requires a combination of grid decomposition, MB, and Message Passing Interface (MPI) communication (Snir et al. 1998). The MB single layer W/D has demonstrated itself as an effective tool in hyper-tide environments, such as Cook Inlet, Alaska (Hayter et al. 2012). The code modifications, implementation, and testing of a fully 3D W/D are described in the following sections of this technical note.
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Friedman, Shmuel, Jon Wraith, and Dani Or. Geometrical Considerations and Interfacial Processes Affecting Electromagnetic Measurement of Soil Water Content by TDR and Remote Sensing Methods. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580679.bard.

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Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) and other in-situ and remote sensing dielectric methods for determining the soil water content had become standard in both research and practice in the last two decades. Limitations of existing dielectric methods in some soils, and introduction of new agricultural measurement devices or approaches based on soil dielectric properties mandate improved understanding of the relationship between the measured effective permittivity (dielectric constant) and the soil water content. Mounting evidence indicates that consideration must be given not only to the volume fractions of soil constituents, as most mixing models assume, but also to soil attributes and ambient temperature in order to reduce errors in interpreting measured effective permittivities. The major objective of the present research project was to investigate the effects of the soil geometrical attributes and interfacial processes (bound water) on the effective permittivity of the soil, and to develop a theoretical frame for improved, soil-specific effective permittivity- water content calibration curves, which are based on easily attainable soil properties. After initializing the experimental investigation of the effective permittivity - water content relationship, we realized that the first step for water content determination by the Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) method, namely, the TDR measurement of the soil effective permittivity still requires standardization and improvement, and we also made more efforts than originally planned towards this objective. The findings of the BARD project, related to these two consequential steps involved in TDR measurement of the soil water content, are expected to improve the accuracy of soil water content determination by existing in-situ and remote sensing dielectric methods and to help evaluate new water content sensors based on soil electrical properties. A more precise water content determination is expected to result in reduced irrigation levels, a matter which is beneficial first to American and Israeli farmers, and also to hydrologists and environmentalists dealing with production and assessment of contamination hazards of this progressively more precious natural resource. The improved understanding of the way the soil geometrical attributes affect its effective permittivity is expected to contribute to our understanding and predicting capability of other, related soil transport properties such as electrical and thermal conductivity, and diffusion coefficients of solutes and gas molecules. In addition, to the originally planned research activities we also investigated other related problems and made many contributions of short and longer terms benefits. These efforts include: Developing a method and a special TDR probe for using TDR systems to determine also the soil's matric potential; Developing a methodology for utilizing the thermodielectric effect, namely, the variation of the soil's effective permittivity with temperature, to evaluate its specific surface area; Developing a simple method for characterizing particle shape by measuring the repose angle of a granular material avalanching in water; Measurements and characterization of the pore scale, saturation degree - dependent anisotropy factor for electrical and hydraulic conductivities; Studying the dielectric properties of cereal grains towards improved determination of their water content. A reliable evaluation of the soil textural attributes (e.g. the specific surface area mentioned above) and its water content is essential for intensive irrigation and fertilization processes and within extensive precision agriculture management. The findings of the present research project are expected to improve the determination of cereal grain water content by on-line dielectric methods. A precise evaluation of grain water content is essential for pricing and evaluation of drying-before-storage requirements, issues involving energy savings and commercial aspects of major economic importance to the American agriculture. The results and methodologies developed within the above mentioned side studies are expected to be beneficial to also other industrial and environmental practices requiring the water content determination and characterization of granular materials.
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Shani, Uri, Lynn Dudley, Alon Ben-Gal, Menachem Moshelion, and Yajun Wu. Root Conductance, Root-soil Interface Water Potential, Water and Ion Channel Function, and Tissue Expression Profile as Affected by Environmental Conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7592119.bard.

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Constraints on water resources and the environment necessitate more efficient use of water. The key to efficient management is an understanding of the physical and physiological processes occurring in the soil-root hydraulic continuum.While both soil and plant leaf water potentials are well understood, modeled and measured, the root-soil interface where actual uptake processes occur has not been sufficiently studied. The water potential at the root-soil interface (yᵣₒₒₜ), determined by environmental conditions and by soil and plant hydraulic properties, serves as a boundary value in soil and plant uptake equations. In this work, we propose to 1) refine and implement a method for measuring yᵣₒₒₜ; 2) measure yᵣₒₒₜ, water uptake and root hydraulic conductivity for wild type tomato and Arabidopsis under varied q, K⁺, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ levels in the root zone; 3) verify the role of MIPs and ion channels response to q, K⁺ and Na⁺ levels in Arabidopsis and tomato; 4) study the relationships between yᵣₒₒₜ and root hydraulic conductivity for various crops representing important botanical and agricultural species, under conditions of varying soil types, water contents and salinity; and 5) integrate the above to water uptake term(s) to be implemented in models. We have made significant progress toward establishing the efficacy of the emittensiometer and on the molecular biology studies. We have added an additional method for measuring ψᵣₒₒₜ. High-frequency water application through the water source while the plant emerges and becomes established encourages roots to develop towards and into the water source itself. The yᵣₒₒₜ and yₛₒᵢₗ values reflected wetting and drying processes in the rhizosphere and in the bulk soil. Thus, yᵣₒₒₜ can be manipulated by changing irrigation level and frequency. An important and surprising finding resulting from the current research is the obtained yᵣₒₒₜ value. The yᵣₒₒₜ measured using the three different methods: emittensiometer, micro-tensiometer and MRI imaging in both sunflower, tomato and corn plants fell in the same range and were higher by one to three orders of magnitude from the values of -600 to -15,000 cm suggested in the literature. We have added additional information on the regulation of aquaporins and transporters at the transcript and protein levels, particularly under stress. Our preliminary results show that overexpression of one aquaporin gene in tomato dramatically increases its transpiration level (unpublished results). Based on this information, we started screening mutants for other aquaporin genes. During the feasibility testing year, we identified homozygous mutants for eight aquaporin genes, including six mutants for five of the PIP2 genes. Including the homozygous mutants directly available at the ABRC seed stock center, we now have mutants for 11 of the 19 aquaporin genes of interest. Currently, we are screening mutants for other aquaporin genes and ion transporter genes. Understanding plant water uptake under stress is essential for the further advancement of molecular plant stress tolerance work as well as for efficient use of water in agriculture. Virtually all of Israel’s agriculture and about 40% of US agriculture is made possible by irrigation. Both countries face increasing risk of water shortages as urban requirements grow. Both countries will have to find methods of protecting the soil resource while conserving water resources—goals that appear to be in direct conflict. The climate-plant-soil-water system is nonlinear with many feedback mechanisms. Conceptual plant uptake and growth models and mechanism-based computer-simulation models will be valuable tools in developing irrigation regimes and methods that maximize the efficiency of agricultural water. This proposal will contribute to the development of these models by providing critical information on water extraction by the plant that will result in improved predictions of both water requirements and crop yields. Plant water use and plant response to environmental conditions cannot possibly be understood by using the tools and language of a single scientific discipline. This proposal links the disciplines of soil physics and soil physical chemistry with plant physiology and molecular biology in order to correctly treat and understand the soil-plant interface in terms of integrated comprehension. Results from the project will contribute to a mechanistic understanding of the SPAC and will inspire continued multidisciplinary research.
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Or, Dani, Shmulik Friedman, and Jeanette Norton. Physical processes affecting microbial habitats and activity in unsaturated agricultural soils. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7587239.bard.

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experimental methods for quantifying effects of water content and other dynamic environmental factors on bacterial growth in partially-saturated soils. Towards this end we reviewed critically the relevant scientific literature and performed theoretical and experimental studies of bacterial growth and activity in modeled, idealized and real unsaturated soils. The natural wetting-drying cycles common to agricultural soils affect water content and liquid organization resulting in fragmentation of aquatic habitats and limit hydraulic connections. Consequently, substrate diffusion pathways to soil microbial communities become limiting and reduce nutrient fluxes, microbial growth, and mobility. Key elements that govern the extent and manifestation of such ubiquitous interactions include characteristics of diffusion pathways and pore space, the timing, duration, and extent of environmental perturbations, the nature of microbiological adjustments (short-term and longterm), and spatial distribution and properties of EPS clusters (microcolonies). Of these key elements we have chosen to focus on a manageable subset namely on modeling microbial growth and coexistence on simple rough surfaces, and experiments on bacterial growth in variably saturated sand samples and columns. Our extensive review paper providing a definitive “snap-shot” of present scientific understanding of microbial behavior in unsaturated soils revealed a lack of modeling tools that are essential for enhanced predictability of microbial processes in soils. We therefore embarked on two pronged approach of development of simple microbial growth models based on diffusion-reaction principles to incorporate key controls for microbial activity in soils such as diffusion coefficients and temporal variations in soil water content (and related substrate diffusion rates), and development of new methodologies in support of experiments on microbial growth in simple and observable porous media under controlled water status conditions. Experimental efforts led to a series of microbial growth experiments in granular media under variable saturation and ambient conditions, and introduction of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) to study cell size, morphology and multi-cell arrangement at a high resolution from growth experiments in various porous media. The modeling efforts elucidated important links between unsaturated conditions and microbial coexistence which is believed to support the unparallel diversity found in soils. We examined the role of spatial and temporal variation in hydration conditions (such as exist in agricultural soils) on local growth rates and on interactions between two competing microbial species. Interestingly, the complexity of soil spaces and aquatic niches are necessary for supporting a rich microbial diversity and the wide array of microbial functions in unsaturated soils. This project supported collaboration between soil physicists and soil microbiologist that is absolutely essential for making progress in both disciplines. It provided a few basic tools (models, parameterization) for guiding future experiments and for gathering key information necessary for prediction of biological processes in agricultural soils. The project sparked a series of ongoing studies (at DTU and EPFL and in the ARO) into effects of soil hydration dynamics on microbial survival strategy under short term and prolonged desiccation (important for general scientific and agricultural applications).
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7

Andrawes, Bassem, Ernesto Perez Claros, and Zige Zhang. Bond Characteristics and Experimental Behavior of Textured Epoxy-coated Rebars Used in Concrete Bridge Decks. Illinois Center for Transportation, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/22-001.

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The deterioration of bridge decks is a problem typically associated with the corrosion of the reinforcing steel. This issue was partially controlled during the 1970s with the incorporation of the epoxy-coating protection system. However, research later demonstrated that the smooth surface resulting from the epoxy-coating application reduces most of the friction between the rebar and the surrounding concrete. Consequently, forces acting on the rib faces are reconfigured in such a way that the radial components increase, triggering the early development of cracks. To mitigate both the reduction of bonding and the formation of cracks, the Illinois Department of Transportation proposed a new type of coated bars: textured epoxy-coated (TEC) bars. Over the last few years, different projects have been executed to understand and improve the characteristics of TEC rebars. This report is a continuation of research performed at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign to evaluate the bond behavior of TEC bars. The experimental program starts by characterizing, qualitatively and quantitatively, the roughness of the TEC rebars. Next, their bond-slip interaction embedded in concrete is evaluated through pull-out tests. Finite element models of these tests are developed to validate the behavior observed as the textured reinforcement loses anchorage with concrete. Based on these results, the experimental program then aims to study the impact of the drying shrinkage, temperature change, and flexural demands on two large-scale bridge deck specimens reinforced, individually, with TEC and standard epoxy-coated bars. The results collected from both specimens using digital image correlation and strain gauges are compared to explore the differences exhibited by the traditional and the new type of reinforcement coatings in terms of stress distribution in bridge decks. Finally, given the specialized equipment and time-consuming procedure needed to calculate the roughness parameters of TEC bars, an empirical, weight-based approach is developed as a rapid method for assessing the rebars’ roughness on-site.
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