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Journal articles on the topic 'Dry scald'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Xue, G., and R. Hall. "Effects of surface wetness duration, temperature, and inoculum concentration on infection of winter barley by Rhynchosporium secalis." Phytoprotection 73, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/706020ar.

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The effects of surface wetness duration, temperature, and inoculum concentration on development of scald in winter barley (Hordeum vulgare) inoculated with race SOI of Rhynchosporium secalisfrom southern Ontario, Canada were examined. On barley line 'GW8614' sprayed with a spore suspension (2 x 105 conidia ml-1), wet periods of 2-48 h and constant temperatures of 10-25°C during the wet and dry periods, 10-25°C during the wet period and 20°C during the dry period, or 20°C during the wet period and 10-30°C during the dry period allowed scald to develop 8.3-11.5 d after inoculation. The disease developed most rapidly and most severely when the wet period after inoculation was 48 h and the temperature of the wet period and subsequent dry period was 20°C. Scald did not develop within 14 d following temperatures of 30°C during the wet period or of 5°C during the wet or dry periods. At inoculum densities of 102-106 conidia ml-1, the disease severity index values (0-100 scale) increased from 53 to 100 in line 'GW8614' and from 0 to 90 in cultivar OAC Acton and the latent periods decreased from 13.3 to 7.8 d in line 'GW8614' and from more than 14 to 8.5 d in cv. OAC Acton. This information should facilitate screening of barley for resistance to scald.

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2

Khan, TN. "Effects of fungicide treatments on scald (Rhynchosporium secalis (Oud.) J. Davis) infection and yield of barley in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, no. 2 (1986): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9860231.

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Application of fungicides (benomyl and triadimefon) to early sown barley (cv. Clipper) in 1979 and 1980 reduced the incidence of scald and greatly increased grain yield. Fungicide applied to the young crop 4-6 weeks after sowing was ineffective but applications at 10 and 12 weeks indicated that economic returns from the use of fungicides could be obtained. In subsequent experiments on cv. Stirling, an application at the 6-7 leaf stage gave the most consistent grain yield increase, ranging from 15 to 48% (225-937 kg/ha). Triadimefon was found to be more effective in reducing scald than was benomyl but gave no greater yield increases. Controlling scald by multiple application of fungicide increased harvest dry weight, number of heads/m2, number of grains/head and 100-seed weight, and prevented lodging in at least two trials. A single application, though it may be economic, offers only partial control of scald, and resistant cultivars are therefore necessary to achieve full yield potential in scald-prone areas.

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3

Sayed, Haitham, Gunter Backes, Hamed Kayyal, Amor Yahyaoui, Salvatore Ceccarelli, Stefania Grando, Ahmad Jahoor, and Michael Baum. "New molecular markers linked to qualitative and quantitative powdery mildew and scald resistance genes in barley for dry areas." Euphytica 135, no. 2 (2004): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:euph.0000014939.83612.a0.

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4

NASCIMENTO, IVANEIDE DE OLIVEIRA, ANTÔNIA ALICE COSTA RODRIGUES, HEDER BRAUN, CEALIA CRISTINE SANTOS, and ARICLÉIA DE MORAES CATARINO. "SILICON FERTILIZATION AND SEED MICROBIOLIZATION ON DISEASE SEVERITY AND AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF UPLAND RICE." Revista Caatinga 31, no. 1 (March 2018): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252018v31n115rc.

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ABSTRACT Rice is one of the world’s most consumed cereals, however, its production is affected by fungal diseases. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the severity of diseases and grain yield potential of upland rice with silicon fertilization combined with seed microbiolization with Bacillus methylotrophicus isolates. Two experiments were conducted, one in Igarapé do Meio, Maranhão (MA), Brazil, with rice seeds of the variety Palha-Murcha and one in São Bento MA with rice seeds of the variety BRS-Primavera. A randomized block experimental design in a split-plot arrangement with five replications were used in both experiments, with agro-silicon rates (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 Mg ha-1) in the plots and microbiolized and non-microbiolized rice seeds with B. Methylotrophicus at concentration of 108 CFU ml-1 in the subplots. The seedling emergence, grain yield, number of panicles, plant height, plant dry weight and severity of brown leafspot, leaf scald and grain spot were evaluated. Soil fertilization with agro-silicon affected positively the plant height of the variety Palha-Murcha and the number of panicles, plant dry weight and grain yield of the variety BRS-Primavera, and negatively the germination of the variety BRS-Primavera. Leaf scald severity in the variety BRS-Primavera reduced with microbiolized seeds with B. methylotropicus. Microbiolization with B. methylotropicus had no effect on severity of brown leafspot and grain spot in the varieties evaluated.

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5

Lu, Changwen. "Early-Summer Deficit Irrigation Increases the Dry-Matter Content and Enhances the Quality of Ambrosia™ Apples At- and Post-Harvest." Horticulturae 8, no. 7 (June 23, 2022): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8070571.

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Ambrosia™ is an apple that naturally has limited post-harvest quality retention, which is accompanied by relatively low dry-matter content (DMC). This trial was proposed to improve the DMC of this apple by scheduling deficit irrigation (DI) conducted in a semi-arid orchard in the Similkameen Valley (British Columbia, Canada) in 2018 and 2019. Two irrigation regimes were implemented in the orchard: commercial irrigation (CI) and DI, which was defined as irrigation for 2/5 of the timespan of CI. Five irrigation treatments were conducted: 1—adequate irrigation (AI), which used CI for the whole season; 2—early-summer DI (ED), which used DI from 20 June to 20 July; 3—middle-summer DI (MD), which used DI from 20 July to 20 August; 4—late-summer DI (LD), which used DI from 20 August to 10 days before harvest; and 5—double-period DI (DD), which covered the interval of MD and LD. The DI treatments resulted in a significant decrease from AI −1.0 to −1.5 MPa in stem water potential, followed by subsequent recovery. Conversely, SWP did not recover, and instead reached a critical low of −2.5 MPa under continued deficit conditions (DD). This, in turn, correlated with significant differences in the DMC among the treatments. Specifically, ED resulted in a rapid and sustained increase in DMC throughout the summer. At the time of harvest, ED resulted in a five-fold increase in the proportion of fruit, with greater than 16% DMC and 15% DMC in 2018 and 2019, respectively, compared to CI. DD resulted in similar levels of DMC elevation compared to ED, but also caused irregular maturation and the increased incidence of soft scald disorder in the post-harvest period. MD and LD had variable effects on DMC, and also increased the incidence of soft scald disorder. Consequently, fruit collected from the ED resulted in the best blush color attributes, higher soluble solid content, and a significant improvement in the post-harvest retention of both fruit firmness and acidity. The ED irrigation model would be recommended as a practical way for Ambrosia™ growers in semi-arid regions to decrease water usage, and to ensure high fruit quality for superior marketing and sustainable production.

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6

Marshall, Richard J. "Increasing cheese yields by high heat treatment of milk." Journal of Dairy Research 53, no. 2 (May 1986): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029900024912.

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SUMMARYMilk was heated at 97 °C/15 s to denature ∼ 30% of the whey protein and then used to make Cheshire cheese. Measurements of para-κ-casein production indicated that heating milk did not inhibit the enzymic action of rennet, but additional Ca and an initial pH of 6·4 were required for normal coagulation and curd-firming. In the experimental cheeses, about 4·5% more dry matter was recovered compared with controls made with pasteurized milk owing to a 6·7 and 0·7% increase in protein and fat recovery respectively. Experimental cheeses tended to be too moist and the curds did not fuse as well but these problems could be overcome by raising the scald temperature and cheddaring the curds. When the moisture in non-fat solids of control and experimental cheeses was similar (61%), the flavours and textures were not significantly different. The procedure requires little modification to existing commercial plant and should be suitable for varieties of cheese with higher moisture content and more crumbly texture than Cheddar.

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7

Khurram, Mohammed Fahud, MohdMohd Tafazul Sheikh, Imran Ahmad, Sudheer Kumar Maurya, Vivek Ambedkar, and Rajesh Kumar Maurya. "The efficacy of collagen based dressings for treatment of scald burns in under 5 years paediatric population: a non-comparative, prospective single centre experience." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 10 (September 24, 2018): 4298. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20183963.

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Background: One of the major challenges faced worldwide is management of burn wounds, particularly among the pediatric population. Immense research is going on to overcome the challenges associated with survival of these patients and healing of burnt areas. Newer dressing materials are being developed and one of them is collagen. The collagen is biocompatible. The aim was to achieve earlier and better healing of wounds, and to obviate the need for frequent change of dressings; which besides being painful, is quite troublesome in pediatric population.Methods: A prospective study was conducted in 38 patients of scald burns under-5 years of age, from October 2016 till July 2017. After thorough cleaning of burn wounds and thorough rinsing of collagen sheets with normal saline, the wounds were covered with sheets of collagen. Paraffin with chlorhexidine impregnated gauze dressing was applied over the sheet of collagen followed by dry gauze, cotton and bandage application. First dressing was opened after 5 days and then after 3 to 4 days.Results: The wounds healed in 10 to 14 days in most of them. Infection developed in one case, warranting removal of collagen sheet. None developed any adverse reaction to the application of collagen dressing.Conclusions: We conclude that collagen based dressing is a very good modality of treatment for the burn wounds with advantages of being cost effective, requiring lesser number of dressings and blood transfusions, and shorter duration of hospital stay.

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8

Cusmenco, Tatiana, Elisaveta Sandulachi, Viorica Bulgaru, and Artur Macari. "THE ROLE OF BERRIES IN QUALITY AND SAFETY ENSURING OF GOAT’S AND COW’S MILK YOGHURT." Journal of Engineering Science 28, no. 3 (September 2021): 158–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.52326/jes.utm.2021.28(3).13.

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The yogurt was obtained from a combination of 50% goat's milk and 50% cow's milk with the inclusion of scald fruits of aronia (Aronia melanocarpa), raspberries (Rubus idaeus), strawberry (Fragaria xanassa). Physico-chemical and microbiological indices were determined, according to standard methods, after manufacture and storage, after 1, 5, 10, 15 days. Compared to other samples, yogurt with aronia showed the best values of the dynamics specific to the development of microorganisms: 2.93.107 cfu/ml; the growth rate of lactic acid bacteria at fermentation 0.95 μ; physico-chemical indices: titratable acidity 85 ± 0.078⁰T, pH 4.28 ± 0.002, water activity 0.875 ± 0.025; total dry matter 18.45 ± 0.31%, viscosity 2500 ± 0.023 mPa s, ash content 0.89 ± 0.10% and the optical density 2.531 ± 0.054 nm. Yeasts and molds were not detected in any of the samples. From a physico-chemical point of view, in storage, in all fruit yogurt samples the titratable acidity showed increasing values, pH remaining in the range of permissible values. In storage fruits formed an association to control the microbiological risk and stability of yogurt. Fruit yogurt shows a synergism with Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Lactococcus lactis subsp lactis biovar diacetilactis. The overall Pearson coefficient (Pc = f(pH and MC) for all fruit yogurt samples is -0.95066.

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9

Andersen, Peter C., Brent V. Brodbeck, and Russell F. Mizell. "434 PB 203 INFLUENCE OF XYLEM FLUID CHEMISTRY OF PRUNUS SPP. ON THE ABUNDANCE AND PERFORMANCE OF ADULT HOMALODISCA COAGULATA." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 493d—493. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.493d.

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The xylophagous leafhopper Homalodisca coagulata Say is an important vector of diseases caused by the bacterium, Xylella fastidiosa (e.g., Pierce's disease, phony peach disease, plum leaf scald, etc.). Neither leafhoppers or X. fastidiosa can be controlled by chemical sprays. For many plant species there is no resistant germplasm. H. coagulata is highly polyphagous, and within Prunus spp. host preference ranges from moderate (plum) to low (peach). The abundance, feeding and performance of H. coagulata on many unrelated plant species have been previously correlated with the amino acid profile, and particularly the amides in xylem fluid. We tested Prunus scion/rootstock combinations, which provided for a range of xylem fluid chemistry, on the behavior (abundance, feeding) and performance (survivorship, fecundity, body weight and body composition) of H. coagulata. Leafhopper abundance on various rootstock/scion combinations was determined seasonally. During the period of peak abundance (June 14 to 30) feeding rates and performance indices were determined. Leafhopper abundance and feeding increased with an increased concentration of amino acids. Abundance and feeding rate were most highly correlated with the amides in xylem fluid; performance indices were influenced by the amides and certain essential amino acids. Lower consumption rates decreased survivorship, reduced body dry weight and the carbon concentration of surviving insects.

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10

Constantino Meirelles, Flávia, Orivaldo Arf, Nayara Fernanda Siviero Garcia, Anderson Teruo Takasu, Fernando De Souza Buzo, José Roberto Portugal, and Amanda Ribeiro Peres Portugal. "Impact of sowing dates on the yield efficiency of upland rice cultivars." Bioscience Journal 38 (August 5, 2022): e38040. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/bj-v38n0a2022-54110.

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The choice of cultivars adapted to different regions and the determination of the best sowing dates are indispensable tools for crop development. This allows the installation of the crop in times favorable to its development, as well as cultivars that manage to reach their maximum yield potential. The objective of this study was to determine the best sowing dates and the cultivars that can adapt to the low-altitude Cerrado region and have the best development and yield efficiency. The experiment was conducted on a typical clayey dystrophic Red Latosol soil. The experimental design was in randomized blocks in a factorial scheme, comprised by four sowing dates during the spring/summer season (October, November, December, and February) and in each sowing date there were eight upland rice cultivars (BRS Esmeralda, ANa 6005, ANa 5015, IPR 117, IAC 203, IAC 500, ANa 7211 and BRSGO Serra Dourada) with four replicates. Sowing in October and November benefited the aerial dry mass and the spikelets fertility however, sowing in November provided higher plant height, which caused lodging in plants. Sowing in December caused the incidence of scald, mainly affecting the cultivar ANa 7211. For all cultivars, sowing in October favored the yield efficiency of upland rice in the low-altitude Cerrado, followed by sowing in November. The cultivars which demonstrated higher yield efficiency in the conditions of the region were BRS Esmeralda and ANa 5015.

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11

Kalcsits, Lee, James Mattheis, Luca Giordani, Michelle Reid, and Katie Mullin. "Fruit canopy positioning affects fruit calcium and potassium concentrations, disorder incidence, and fruit quality for ‘Honeycrisp’ apple." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 99, no. 5 (October 1, 2019): 761–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2019-0017.

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One advantage of high-density apple orchard systems is homogeneity in fruit maturity and quality. However, even in modern orchard systems, variation in fruit quality occurs. ‘Honeycrisp’ apple is susceptible to numerous disorders including bitter pit, soft scald, and poor colour development. Heterogeneity in fruit quality and nutrient distribution can lead to variation in fruit storability. Here, we tested the effect of within-canopy position on fruit calcium and potassium concentrations, quality, and disorder development for fruit across nine representative high-density orchards. Calcium concentrations were greater in the upper part of the canopy compared with the lower part. Potassium was more evenly distributed within the canopy. Calcium concentrations and potassium-to-calcium ratios were significantly correlated with mean bitter pit incidence, which was between 20% and 30% in the lower half of the tree and <15% in the upper half. Fruit quality was significantly affected by the position in the canopy and was not constrained to only colour, but also other quality metrics such as dry matter, size, and firmness. Additionally, the internal ethylene concentrations (IECs) of fruit in the upper canopy were approximately 50% of the IECs for fruit from the lower canopy. With an increased emphasis on uniformity and predictability of fruit for long-term storage, these results underscore the importance of understanding variation within the canopy. Even for high-density systems, significant variation in fruit quality can occur and fruit from the upper canopy has lower disorder incidence and higher fruit quality than fruit from the lower canopy.

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12

Jin, L. J., C. Lalonde, and R. H. Demling. "Lung dysfunction after thermal injury in relation to prostanoid and oxygen radical release." Journal of Applied Physiology 61, no. 1 (July 1, 1986): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.61.1.103.

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We studied whether changes in lung function after burns (1- to 12-h period) were due to changes in lung water or airways resistance and the relationship of the changes to prostanoid and O2 radical activity (measured as lipid peroxidation). Twenty-five anesthetized mechanically ventilated adult sheep were given a 40% of body surface scald burn and resuscitated to restore and maintain base-line filling pressures. Dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn) decreased by 40% from 38 +/- 5 to 24 +/- 4 ml/cmH2O at 12 h. Venous thromboxane B2 transiently increased from 210 +/- 40 to 1,100 +/- 210 pg/ml, and the value in lung lymph increased from 180 +/- 80 to 520 +/- 80 pg/ml. Prostacyclin levels in lung lymph and plasma remained at base line. Protein-poor lung lymph flow increased two- to threefold, but postmortem lung analysis revealed no increase in lung water from the control of 3.5 +/- 0.3 g H2O/g dry wt. No increase in protein permeability was seen. However, the lipid peroxidation of lung tissue measured as malondialdehyde was significantly increased from the control value of 56 +/- 4 nmol/g lung to a value of 69 +/- 6. Ibuprofen pretreatment (12.5 mg/kg) markedly attenuated the decrease in Cdyn, with the value at 12 h being 90% of base line. Ibuprofen also decreased the amount of lung lipid peroxidation but did not decrease the lung lymph response. We conclude that the decrease in Cdyn seen early postburn is not due to increased lung water, but, rather, is due to a mediator-induced bronchoconstriction, attenuated by ibuprofen; the mediator being either thromboxane or a byproduct of O2 radicals as evidenced by increased lipid peroxide production in lung tissue.

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13

Badger, Phil, Scott Badger, Maureen Puettmann, Philip Steele, and Jerome Cooper. "Techno-economic analysis: Preliminary assessment of pyrolysis oil production costs and material energy balance associated with a transportable fast pyrolysis system." BioResources 6, no. 1 (November 2, 2010): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.6.1.34-47.

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A techno-economic analysis was performed for a 100 dry-ton/day (90,719 kg/day) fast pyrolysis transportable plant. Renewable Oil International® LLC provided the life cycle cost of operating a 100 dry-ton/day fast pyrolysis system using southern pine wood chips as feedstock. Since data was not available from an actual large-scale plant, the study examined data obtained from an actual 15 dry-ton/day pilot plant and from several smaller plants. These data were used to obtain base figures to aid in the development of models to generate scaled-up costs for a larger 100 dry-ton/day facility. Bio-oil represented 60% of mass of product yield. The cost for the bio-oil from fast pyrolysis was valued at $0.94/gal. Energy cost bio-oil and char was valued at $6.35/MMBTU. Costs associated with purchasing feedstocks can drastically influence the final cost of the bio-oil. The assumed cost of feedstocks was $25/wet ton or $50/dry ton. This paper is part of a larger study investigating the economic and environmental impacts for producing bio-oil / biocide wood preservatives.

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14

Rimmel, Oliver, and David May. "Modeling transverse micro flow in dry fiber placement preforms." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 13 (November 4, 2019): 1691–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319884612.

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Dry fiber placement has a large potential for manufacturing preforms for primary-load components at minimum scrap rate and fiber crimp. Yet, challenging impregnation behavior due to low permeability of these preforms during liquid composite molding imposes a need for further research to optimize preform structure for higher permeability. For full understanding of flow behavior within these preforms, flow has to be considered on micro scale (in between single fibers), on meso scale (in between single rovings or strands), and on macro scale (on scale of parts to be manufactured). While macro and meso scale can be measured in experiments or derived from filling times in real processes, micro scale is usually not easily assessable and accessible for standard textile materials. Analytical approaches are limited to regular fiber arrangements (square and hexagonal) that are strongly differing from real arrangements. The present work deals with application of a numerical solver to random fiber arrangements to determine micro permeability transverse to the fiber orientation, for later use in meso- and macro-scaled models. As a premise for reliable calculation, guidelines for boundary conditions as well as size and resolution of the representative volume element are elaborated in the course of this work. Calculated out-of-plane micro permeabilities are subsequently compared to real experiments and show good accordance. The influence of binder particles on micro permeability has not yet been conclusively clarified.

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15

Lee, Hye-joung, and An Na Park. "Effects of Scalp Scaling and Scalp Essence on Dry Scalp after Dyeing." Journal of Korea Society of Ingrielogy 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35359/jksi.2021.3.1.49.

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16

Buldum, A., and S. Ciraci. "Atomic-scale study of dry sliding friction." Physical Review B 55, no. 4 (January 15, 1997): 2606–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.55.2606.

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17

van Wachem, Berend, Kyrre Thalberg, Johan Remmelgas, and Ingela Niklasson-Björn. "Simulation of dry powder inhalers: Combining micro-scale, meso-scale and macro-scale modeling." AIChE Journal 63, no. 2 (July 29, 2016): 501–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.15424.

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18

Langrish, T. A. G., and J. Siemon. "Scale Up from Small Oven-Drying Tests of Mineral Concentrate to Pilot-Scale Drying with a Heated Pad." Drying Technology 21, no. 8 (January 10, 2003): 1385–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/drt-120023189.

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19

Mikulla, R., J. E. Hammerberg, B. L. Holian, and P. S. Lomdahl. "Large scale molecular dynamics simulation of dry friction." Computer Physics Communications 121-122 (September 1999): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-4655(06)70105-9.

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20

Vadgama, Bhavin N., Robert L. Jackson, and Daniel K. Harris. "Molecular scale analysis of dry sliding copper asperities." Applied Nanoscience 5, no. 4 (July 24, 2014): 469–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13204-014-0339-9.

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21

Qian, W., Q. Hu, Y. Zhu, and D. K. Lee. "Centennial-scale dry-wet variations in East Asia." Climate Dynamics 21, no. 1 (July 1, 2003): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-003-0319-3.

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22

Skamnakis, Christoforos. "Local child care policies: A reformulation of the structural deficiencies of social protection." Social Cohesion and Development 11, no. 2 (June 23, 2017): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/scad.14132.

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For years, care has been at the fore of social policy among local government authorities in Greece. In a context of budgetary constraints and protracted austerity policy, both of which lead to a retrenchment in social protection, the contribution of local government authorities has become essential. Our study engages with the present-day context, and with the features, objectives and prospects for the dynamic role of local government authorities in preschool care. We highlight those features that shape the new environment, while accounting for the demand and supply of the relevant services, the funding of the facilities, and finally, their contribution to social protection, as the latter proliferates at the local level.

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Madhiyanon, Thanid, Somchart Soponronnarit, and Warunee Tia. "INDUSTRIAL-SCALE PROTOTYPE OF CONTINUOUS SPOUTED BED PADDY DRYER." Drying Technology 19, no. 1 (January 31, 2001): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/drt-100001362.

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24

Zbiciński, I., M. Piatkowski, and W. Prajs. "Determination of Spray-Drying Kinetics in a Small Scale." Drying Technology 23, no. 8 (August 2005): 1751–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/drt-200065197.

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25

Bergqvist, Rickard. "Developing Large-Scale Dry Ports—The Case of Arriyadh." Journal of Transportation Technologies 03, no. 03 (2013): 194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jtts.2013.33020.

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26

Hong, Nan, Dmitry Kireev, Qishen Zhao, Dongmei Chen, Deji Akinwande, and Wei Li. "Roll‐to‐Roll Dry Transfer of Large‐Scale Graphene." Advanced Materials 34, no. 3 (November 17, 2021): 2106615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.202106615.

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27

Grubbs, Joseph, Kyle Huynh, Sue Tolleson-Rinehart, Mark A. Weaver, Jennifer Williamson, Chelsea Lefebvre, and Richard M. Davis. "Instrument Development of the UNC Dry Eye Management Scale." Cornea 33, no. 11 (November 2014): 1186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ico.0000000000000243.

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28

Nosonovsky, Michael, and Bharat Bhushan. "Scale Effect in Dry Friction During Multiple-Asperity Contact." Journal of Tribology 127, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1829722.

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Scale effect on dry friction during multiple-asperity contact is considered. The coefficient of friction is a sum of the adhesion component, two-body deformation component, three-body deformation (plowing) component, and a so-called ratchet component of friction. These components of the friction force depend on the relevant real area of contact (dependent on roughness and mechanical properties) and relevant shear strength during sliding. A model of rough surface topography based on an empirical power rule for scale dependence of roughness and contact parameters is proposed. The effect of load on contact parameters is also considered. Comparison of the model to experiment data on scale and load dependence of friction is presented.

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Hawkes, Elliot W., Eric V. Eason, David L. Christensen, and Mark R. Cutkosky. "Human climbing with efficiently scaled gecko-inspired dry adhesives." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12, no. 102 (January 2015): 20140675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.0675.

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Since the discovery of the mechanism of adhesion in geckos, many synthetic dry adhesives have been developed with desirable gecko-like properties such as reusability, directionality, self-cleaning ability, rough surface adhesion and high adhesive stress. However, fully exploiting these adhesives in practical applications at different length scales requires efficient scaling (i.e. with little loss in adhesion as area grows). Just as natural gecko adhesives have been used as a benchmark for synthetic materials, so can gecko adhesion systems provide a baseline for scaling efficiency. In the tokay gecko ( Gekko gecko ), a scaling power law has been reported relating the maximum shear stress σ max to the area A : σ max ∝ A −1/4 . We present a mechanical concept which improves upon the gecko's non-uniform load-sharing and results in a nearly even load distribution over multiple patches of gecko-inspired adhesive. We created a synthetic adhesion system incorporating this concept which shows efficient scaling across four orders of magnitude of area, yielding an improved scaling power law: σ max ∝ A −1/50 . Furthermore, we found that the synthetic adhesion system does not fail catastrophically when a simulated failure is induced on a portion of the adhesive. In a practical demonstration, the synthetic adhesion system enabled a 70 kg human to climb vertical glass with 140 cm 2 of adhesive per hand.

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Ghosh, Sudip K., and Satarupa Mondal. "Dry scaly skin in a 12‐year‐old boy." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 55, no. 11 (November 2019): 1401–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpc.1_14568.

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NISHII, Masato, Tei HIRASHIMA, and Tetsusei KURASHIKI. "OS0301 Dry Fabric Forming Simulation with Meso-scale Model." Proceedings of the Materials and Mechanics Conference 2013 (2013): _OS0301–1_—_OS0301–2_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemm.2013._os0301-1_.

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He, S., F. Sabri, and Kamel Hooman. "Transient natural convection: scale analysis of dry cooling towers." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 139, no. 4 (November 30, 2019): 2891–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-019-09104-9.

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Ding, Yu Qing, Wen Hui Tang, Xian Wen Ran, and Xin Xu. "Numerical Simulation of Small-Scale Explosion in Dry Sand." Advanced Materials Research 705 (June 2013): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.705.110.

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Numerical simulation of small-scale explosion in dry sand using two sand material models including the Sand model and the LA model were carried out in the present study. Three cases were considered which the depths of burial (DOB) of the explosive C4 charge were 0, 30 mm and 80 mm, respectively. The time arrival of the blast-wave front and the maximum overpressure of fixed measuring locations were studied using a two dimensional axisymmetric model in hydrocode ANSYS/AUTODYN. Furthermore, the crater diameters and the heights of detonation product cloud respect to the time were also studied by comparing with the test data. The simulation results indicate that the both sand material models were hardly predict the test data exactly which proves that the sand properties and the material model should be more carefully studied and defined.

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Antonopoulou, Maria Georgia. "Minimum wage in Greece and Southern Europe: Towards a new model for shaping labour relations." Social Cohesion and Development 14, no. 1 (January 18, 2021): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/scad.25765.

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The article focuses on the institution of the general minimum wage in Greece and Southern Europe during the economic recession and up to the present day. The economic crisis and the way it was dealt with by European and international institutions led not only to constraints in social expenditure but also restrictive income policies, among other things. Especially in countries that found themselves involved in ‘fiscal adjustment programmes’, like Greece, Spain, and Portugal, the whole of the labour market and labour relations became the arena for radical reforms. The declared targets were increasing flexibility in the labour market, decreasing labour force costs, gradually decentralizing collective agreements, changing the way wages are determined, and strengthening of flexible forms of work. Our study examines the changes in the established method of determining minimum wage in the countries of Southern Europe that were part of fiscal adjustment programmes.

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Larsson11, Henric, and David Orloff22. "LAB-SCALE IMPULSE DRYING EXPERIMENTS WITH EXTENSION TO HIGHER IMPULSE." Drying Technology 19, no. 10 (2001): 2549–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/drt-100108253.

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Delon, C., C. Galy-Lacaux, A. Boone, C. Liousse, D. Serça, M. Adon, B. Diop, et al. "Atmospheric nitrogen budget in Sahelian dry savannas." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 3 (June 30, 2009): 14189–233. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-14189-2009.

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Abstract. The atmospheric nitrogen budget depends on emission and deposition fluxes both as reduced and oxidized nitrogen compounds. In this study, a first attempt at estimating the Sahel nitrogen budget for the year 2006 is made, through measurements and simulations at three stations from the IDAF network situated in dry savanna ecosystems. Dry deposition fluxes are estimated from measurements of NO2, HNO3 and NH3 gaseous concentrations, and wet deposition fluxes are calculated from NH4+ and NO3− concentrations in samples of rain. Emission fluxes are estimated including biogenic emission of NO from soils (an Artificial Neural Network module has been inserted into the ISBA-SURFEX surface model), emission of NOx and NH3 from domestic fires and biomass burning, and volatilization of NH3 from animal excreta. This study uses original and unique data from remote and hardly-ever-explored regions. The monthly evolution of oxidized N compounds shows that deposition increases at the beginning of the rainy season because of large emissions of biogenic NO (pulse events). Emission of oxidized compounds is dominated by biogenic emission from soils (domestic fires and biomass burning account for 27% at the most, depending on the station), whereas emission of NH3 is dominated by the process of volatilization. Deposition fluxes are dominated by gaseous dry deposition processes (58% of the total), for both oxidized and reduced compounds. The average deposition flux in dry savanna ecosystems ranges from 8.6 to 10.9 kgN ha−1 yr−1, with 30% attributed to oxidized compounds, and the other 70% attributed to NHx. The average emission flux ranges from 7.8 to 9.7 kgN ha−1 yr−1, dominated by NH3 volatilization (67%) and biogenic emission from soils (24%). The annual budget is then balanced, with emission fluxes on the same order of magnitude as deposition fluxes. When scaled up to the Sahelian region (10° N:20° N, 15° W:10° E), the estimates of total emission range from 3.6 to 4.5 TgN yr−1 and total deposition ranges from 3.9 to 5 TgN yr−1. The N budget gives a net deposition flux ranging from 0.2 to 0.6 TgN yr−1. If scaled up to the global scale (in the tropical band), it is possible to calculate a total budget of oxidized and reduced N compounds for dry savannas, with a global nitrogen deposition flux ranging from 11.1 to 14.1 TgN yr−1, and a global emission flux ranging from 10.1 to 12.5 TgN yr−1. These ecosystems contribute a significant amount (around 12%) to the global nitrogen budget.

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Delon, C., C. Galy-Lacaux, A. Boone, C. Liousse, D. Serça, M. Adon, B. Diop, et al. "Atmospheric nitrogen budget in Sahelian dry savannas." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 6 (March 23, 2010): 2691–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-2691-2010.

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Abstract. The atmospheric nitrogen budget depends on emission and deposition fluxes both as reduced and oxidized nitrogen compounds. In this study, a first attempt at estimating the Sahel nitrogen budget for the year 2006 is made, through measurements and simulations at three stations from the IDAF network situated in dry savanna ecosystems. Dry deposition fluxes are estimated from measurements of NO2, HNO3 and NH3 gaseous concentrations and from simulated dry deposition velocities, and wet deposition fluxes are calculated from NH4+ and NO3− concentrations in samples of rain. Emission fluxes are estimated including biogenic emission of NO from soils (an Artificial Neural Network module has been inserted into the ISBA-SURFEX surface model), emission of NOx and NH3 from domestic fires and biomass burning, and volatilization of NH3 from animal excreta. Uncertainties are calculated for each contribution of the budget. This study uses original and unique data from remote and hardly-ever-explored regions.The monthly evolution of oxidized N compounds shows that emission and deposition increase at the beginning of the rainy season because of large emissions of biogenic NO (pulse events). Emission of oxidized compounds is dominated by biogenic emission from soils (domestic fires and biomass burning of oxidized compounds account for 0 to 13% at the most at the annual scale, depending on the station), whereas emission of NH3 is dominated by the process of volatilization from soils. At the annual scale, the average gaseous dry deposition accounts for 47% of the total estimated deposition flux, for both oxidized and reduced compounds. The average estimated wet plus dry deposition flux in dry savanna ecosystems is 7.5±1.8 kgN ha−1 yr−1, with approximately 30% attributed to oxidized compounds, and the rest attributed to NHx. The average estimated emission flux ranges from 8.4(±3.8) to 12.4(±5.9) kgN ha−1 yr−1, dominated by NH3 volatilization (72–82%) and biogenic emission from soils (11–17%), depending on the applied volatilization rate of NH3. While larger, emission fluxes are on the same order of magnitude as deposition fluxes. The main uncertainties are linked to the NH3 emission from volatilization. When scaled up from the 3 measurement sites to the Sahelian region (12° N:18° N, 15° W:10° E), the estimated total emission ranges from 2(±0.9) to 3(±1.4) TgN yr−1, depending on the applied volatilization rate of NH3 and estimated total deposition is 1.8(±0.4) TgN yr−1. The dry savanna ecosystems of the Sahel contribute around 2% to the global (biogenic + anthropogenic) nitrogen budget.

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Schnaitter, Martin, Adrian Kell, Hubert Kollmannsberger, Florian Schüll, Martina Gastl, and Thomas Becker. "Scale-up of Dry Hopping Trials: Importance of Scale for Aroma and Taste Perceptions." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 88, no. 12 (November 11, 2016): 1955–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.201600040.

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Masmali, Ali M., Sultan AL-Qhtani, Talha M. Al-Gasham, Gamal A. El-Hiti, Christine Purslow, and Paul J. Murphy. "Application of a new grading scale for tear ferning in non-dry eye and dry eye subjects." Contact Lens and Anterior Eye 38, no. 1 (February 2015): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2014.09.007.

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Martinez, D., M. Drotz, R. Lai, and A. Martin. "DRYNESS AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PAPER WEBS IN LABORATORY-SCALE IMPULSE PROCESSING." Drying Technology 19, no. 10 (2001): 2435–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/drt-100108247.

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Nijdam, J. J., and T. A. G. Langrish. "An Investigation of Milk Powders Produced by a Laboratory-Scale Spray Dryer." Drying Technology 23, no. 5 (May 2005): 1043–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/drt-200060208.

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Sipaúba-Tavares, LH, and AML Pereira. "Large scale laboratory cultures of Ankistrodesmus gracilis (Reisch) Korsikov (Chlorophyta) and Diaphanosoma biergei Korinek, 1981 (Cladocera)." Brazilian Journal of Biology 68, no. 4 (November 2008): 875–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842008000400025.

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Large-scale lab culture of Ankistrodesmus gracilis and Diaphanososma birgei were evaluated by studying the biology and biochemical composition of the species and production costs. Ankistrodesmus gracilis presented exponential growth until the 6th day, with approximately 144 x 10(4) cells.mL-1, followed by a sharp decrease to 90 x 10(4) cells.mL-1 (8th day). Algae cells tended to increase again from the 11th day and reached a maximum of 135 x 10(4) cells.mL-1 on the 17th day. D. birgei culture showed exponential growth until the 9th day with 140 x 10² individuals.L-1, and increased again as from the 12th day. Algae A. gracilis and zooplankton D. birgei contain 47 to 70% dry weight protein and over 5% dry weight carbohydrates. The most expensive items in the context of variable costs were labor and electricity. Data suggested that temperature, nutrients, light availability and culture management were determining factors on productivity. Results indicate that NPK (20-5-20) may be used directly as a good alternative for mass cultivation when low costs are taken into account, promoting adequate growth and nutritional value for cultured A. gracilis and D. birgei.

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Coleman, L., S. Varghese, O. P. Tripathi, S. G. Jennings, and C. D. O'Dowd. "Regional-Scale Ozone Deposition to North-East Atlantic Waters." Advances in Meteorology 2010 (2010): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/243701.

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A regional climate model is used to evaluate dry deposition of ozone over the North East Atlantic. Results are presented for a deposition scheme accounting for turbulent and chemical enhancement of oceanic ozone deposition and a second non-chemical, parameterised gaseous dry deposition scheme. The first deposition scheme was constrained to account for sea-surface ozone-iodide reactions and the sensitivity of modelled ozone concentrations to oceanic iodide concentration was investigated. Simulations were also performed using nominal reaction rate derived fromin-situozone deposition measurements and using a preliminary representation of organic chemistry. Results show insensitivity of ambient ozone concentrations modelled by the chemical-enhanced scheme to oceanic iodide concentrations, and iodide reactions alone cannot account for observed deposition velocities. Consequently, we suggest a missing chemical sink due to reactions of ozone with organic matter at the air-sea interface. Ozone loss rates are estimated to be in the range of 0.5–6 ppb per day. A potentially significant ozone-driven flux of iodine to the atmosphere is estimated to be in the range of 2.5–500 M moleccm−2 s−1, leading to a mixing-layer enhancement of organo-iodine concentrations of 0.1–22.0 ppt, with an average increase in the N.E. Atlantic of around 4 ppt per day.

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OGURA, Yoshimitsu, Ryoji KUMABE, and Masayuki YAMAMOTO. "A Foehn Event Enhanced by the Synoptic Scale Dry Intrusion." Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 82, no. 1 (2004): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.82.229.

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45

De Luca, Paolo, Gabriele Messori, Robert L. Wilby, Maurizio Mazzoleni, and Giuliano Di Baldassarre. "Concurrent wet and dry hydrological extremes at the global scale." Earth System Dynamics 11, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 251–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-251-2020.

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Abstract. Multi-hazard events can be associated with larger socio-economic impacts than single-hazard events. Understanding the spatio-temporal interactions that characterize the former is therefore of relevance to disaster risk reduction measures. Here, we consider two high-impact hazards, namely wet and dry hydrological extremes, and quantify their global co-occurrence. We define these using the monthly self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index based on the Penman–Monteith model (sc_PDSI_pm), covering the period 1950–2014, at 2.5∘ horizontal resolution. We find that the land areas affected by extreme wet, dry, and wet–dry events (i.e. geographically remote yet temporally co-occurring wet or dry extremes) are all increasing with time, the trends of which in dry and wet–dry episodes are significant (p value ≪ 0.01). The most geographically widespread wet–dry event was associated with the strong La Niña in 2010. This caused wet–dry anomalies across a land area of 21 million km2 with documented high-impact flooding and drought episodes spanning diverse regions. To further elucidate the interplay of wet and dry extremes at a grid cell scale, we introduce two new metrics: the wet–dry (WD) ratio and the extreme transition (ET) time intervals. The WD ratio measures the relative occurrence of wet or dry extremes, whereas ET quantifies the average separation time of hydrological extremes with opposite signs. The WD ratio shows that the incidence of wet extremes dominates over dry extremes in the USA, northern and southern South America, northern Europe, north Africa, western China, and most of Australia. Conversely, dry extremes are more prominent in most of the remaining regions. The median ET for wet to dry is ∼27 months, while the dry-to-wet median ET is 21 months. We also evaluate correlations between wet–dry hydrological extremes and leading modes of climate variability, namely the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO). We find that ENSO and PDO have a similar influence globally, with the former significantly impacting (p value < 0.05) a larger area (18.1 % of total sc_PDSI_pm area) compared to the latter (12.0 %), whereas the AMO shows an almost inverse pattern and significantly impacts the largest area overall (18.9 %). ENSO and PDO show the most significant correlations over northern South America, the central and western USA, the Middle East, eastern Russia, and eastern Australia. On the other hand, the AMO shows significant associations over Mexico, Brazil, central Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, China, and eastern Russia. Our analysis brings new insights on hydrological multi-hazards that are of relevance to governments and organizations with globally distributed interests. Specifically, the multi-hazard maps may be used to evaluate worst-case disaster scenarios considering the potential co-occurrence of wet and dry hydrological extremes.

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Fulmer, Andrew W., and Gregory J. Kramer. "Stratum Corneum Lipid Abnormalities in Surfactant-Induced Dry Scaly Skin." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 86, no. 5 (May 1986): 598–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12355351.

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Marín, F., F. Alhama, J. Solano, P. A. Meroño, and J. F. Sánchez. "Multi-scale Simulations of Dry Friction Using Network Simulation Method." Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences 1, no. 2 (November 23, 2016): 559–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21042/amns.2016.2.00044.

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AbstractThe study of everyday phenomena involving friction continues to maintain a high level of difficulty despite its long history. The causes of this problem lie in the different scale of the characteristics of the phenomenon, macroscopic and microscopic. Thus, very different models, valid in a narrow scope which prevents generalization, have been appearing. This survey presents the application of network simulation method to the numerical solution to the study of friction at very different scales. On the one hand, on a microscopic scale an atomic force microscope model has been studied, related to the analysis of soft surfaces at the atomic scale. Furthermore, on a macroscopic scale model related to the analysis of an industrial device, such as a brake mechanism has been studied. After presenting herein is a review of the different formulations of the friction force, the nature of the surfaces involved in the phenomenon, as well as the definition of the problems to be analyzed. The design of network models and the implementation of the initial conditions are explained. The results of the application of network models to selected problems are presented. In order to verify the reliability of the proposed models, their results are compared with the solutions obtained by other numerical methods or experimental results, one from a device developed during the preparation of this report.

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Chen, Ming-Yuan, Zheng-Han Hong, Te-Hua Fang, Shao-Hui Kang, and Li-Min Kuo. "ATOMISTIC SCALE SIMULATION OF TEXTURED SURFACES ON DRY SLIDING FRICTION." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 37, no. 3 (September 2013): 927–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2013-0079.

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Fe sliding on a Fe substrate with surface texturing is investigated using molecular dynamics simulation. The modified embedded-atom method many-body potential is used to describe the interaction of Fe atoms. The tribological properties of surface texturing during nanosliding are discussed. Results indicate that a textured surface has lower friction than that of a flat surface. In addition, a surface with parallel grooves has lower friction than that of a dimpled surface. Hence, surface texturing greatly affects friction.

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Cordova, Ana, and Barbara A. Knuth. "User satisfaction in large-scale, urban dry sanitationprograms in Mexico." Urban Water Journal 2, no. 4 (December 2005): 227–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15730620500386503.

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Zhang, Y. S., K. Wang, Z. Han, and G. Liu. "Dry sliding wear behavior of copper with nano-scaled twins." Wear 262, no. 11-12 (May 2007): 1463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2007.01.012.

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