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1
Gurmu, Fekadu, Shimelis Hussein, and Mark Laing. "Combining Ability, Heterosis, and Heritability of Storage Root Dry Matter, Beta-Carotene, and Yield-related Traits in Sweetpotato." HortScience 53, no. 2 (February 2018): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12280-17.
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Orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) is an effective, low-priced, and sustainable source of β-carotene (provitamin A). However, most OFSP varieties have low storage root dry matter content (DMC), which influences their acceptance by small-scale farmers and hence needs to be improved. The objective of the study was to determine the combining ability, type of gene action, heterosis and heritability of storage root DMC, β-carotene content, and yield-related traits of selected sweetpotato clones for further evaluation and breeding. Crosses were conducted using a 7 × 7 half-diallel mating design and a total of 28 genotypes (seven parents and 21 crosses) were evaluated at four locations in Ethiopia using a 7 × 4 alpha lattice design with two replications. The performance of the genotypes was significantly different (P < 0.01) across the four locations for storage root DMC, β-carotene content, sweetpotato virus disease (SPVD) reaction, storage root yield, and harvest index (HI). The general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) mean squares were significant (P < 0.01) for all traits except the SCA effect of storage root DMC. The GCA to SCA variance ratios were 0.96, 0.94, 0.74, 0.96, and 0.97 for storage root DMC, β-carotene content, SPVD, fresh storage root yield, and HI, respectively, indicating that the inheritance of these traits was controlled mainly by additive genes. Progenies of crosses involving Ukerewe × Ejumula, Ukerewe × Pipi, Resisto × Pipi, and Ejumula × Pipi exhibited high levels of positive heterosis for storage root DMC. Similarly, progenies of crosses including Resisto × Pipi and Resisto × Ogansagan had higher positive heterosis for fresh storage root yield, reflecting the breeding value of these parents. Relatively high narrow sense heritability (h2) was obtained for β-carotene content (79.8%) and HI (48.6%). However, the h2 estimates of storage root DMC, SPVD, and fresh storage root yield were relatively low at 19.0%, 14.9%, and 20.4%, respectively. Crosses with high β-carotene content such as Ukerewe × Resisto, Resisto × Ogansagan, Eumula × Pipi, and NASPOT 1 × Temesgen exhibited high storage root DMC. These families also had medium-to-high mean fresh storage root yield. Therefore, progenies derived from these families are good candidates to develop improved OFSP varieties with high storage root DMC.
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I. O., Udemba, Olasanmi B., and Iluebbey P. "Tandem Effect of Bio-Fortification on Dry Matter Content and Gari Yield of Some Yellow Root Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Varieties." Asian Journal of Advances in Agricultural Research 23, no. 2 (September 8, 2023): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajaar/2023/v23i2457.
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Bio-fortification of cassava increased its total carotenoid content (TCC) but may have boomerang effect on key quality traits of cassava like dry matter content (DMC). Meanwhile, DMC of cassava reflects its true biological and product yield. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between TCC of some novel yellow root cassava varieties (YRCVs) and each of DMC and gari yield. Three bio-fortified YRCVs (TMSI010593, TMSI011368 and TMSI010539) and a white root variety (TMSI30572) as check were harvested 12 months after planting. The TCC (µg/g) and DMC (%) of the fresh storage roots were determined following standard procedures. Subsequently, the fresh storage roots were processed into gari and gari yield (t/ha) was estimated. Data collected were subjected to descriptive statistics, analysis of variance at 5% level of probability and correlation analysis. The check variety lacked TCC but had significantly higher DMC (34.34%) and gari yield (3.40 t/ha) than other varieties except variety TMSI010593 for DMC (33.95%). Total carotenoid content of the bio-fortified cassava varieties ranged between 7.81 µg/g (TMSI011368) and 10.23 µg/g (TMSI010593). Among the YRCVs, TMSI010593 consistently had the highest DMC (33.95%) and gari yield (3.2 t/ha) whileTMSI010539 had least values of 24.63% and 2.2 t/ha, respectively. The TCC of the fresh storage roots correlated negatively with DMC (-0.22) and gari yield (-0.22). Notably, TMSI010593 had a good combination of high TCC, DMC and gari yield, hence, it can deliver high gari yield and TCC to processors and consumers, respectively. Propagation of variety TMSI010593 is therefore encouraged because it can offer the triple benefits of food, nutritional and financial security.
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Almeida, Júlio César Silva, Jean Kaique Valentim, Dawson José Guimarães Faria, Cassia Maria Silva Noronha, Jonatan Mikhail Del Solar Velarde, Janaina Palermo Mendes, Rita Therezinha Rolim Pietramale, and Henrique Momo Ziemniczak. "Bromatological composition and dry matter production of corn hydroponic fodder." Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 43 (August 19, 2020): e48800. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v43i1.48800.
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The objective was to evaluate sowing density influence on hydroponic corn fodder bromatological composition, harvested in different ages raised on grass mix substrate. The experimental design used was completely randomized with six replications for each treatment, using 2.0 m² plots (1.0 x 2.0 m). The densities were distributed into factorial array (4x4), consisting in four sowing densities (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 kg m-²) and four cutting ages (10, 15, 20 and 25 days). The dry matter content (DMC) and production (DMP) and crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), Fiber neutral detergent (FND) and ethereal extract (EE) were analyzed each cutting age. In terms of DMP (kg m-²), EE (%) and DMC (kg m-²), it is recommended to use the density 1.0 kg m-² with cutting age of 25 days. Regarding CP (%) the best result was at 15 days of cut and density 2.5 kg m-² and the values for FND (%) and ADF (%) were higher at 25 days at 2.0 kg density 2,0 kg m-². The choice of both best harvesting age and density will depend on what is desired of the nutritional forage (CP, EE, NDF, ADF, DMC and DMP) as well its destination, since very close values were found in all analyzes, regardless of density and age of harvest analyzed.
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Medic, T. "ESTIMATING DRY MATTER AND TOTAL SOLUBLE CONTENT IN APPLES USING A COMMERCIAL PORTABLE HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING SYSTEM." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-1/W2-2023 (December 14, 2023): 1757–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-1-w2-2023-1757-2023.
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Abstract. The quest for rapid, non-destructive, and precise technologies for fruit quality estimation is motivated by the needs across the whole food production chain. One of the emerging technologies fulfilling these requirements is spectral imaging. However, despite documented successes, the technology is yet to become established in commercial applications. The best results reported in the literature rely on fixed, non-portable dedicated setups, and controlled light conditions, which limits the potential use cases along the food production chain. In our study, we investigate the possibility of estimating dry matter content (DMC) and total soluble content (TSC) of store-bought apples in non-regulated indoor conditions using a commercial, portable, hand-held imaging system featuring a hyperspectral camera. The acquired images are transformed into per-fruit representative spectral profiles, pre-processed, and analyzed using partial least squares (PLS), the established method in the chemometrics community. We achieved the R2 of 0.93 for TSC and 0.91 for DMC on the test dataset, with a mean absolute error of 0.71 °Brix for TSC and 0.7% for DMC, which is comparable to the state-of-the-art results presented in the literature. These results indicate that recent instrumental developments enable the deployment of spectral imaging systems in a wider range of tasks in food production, requiring portability and allowing for less stringent control of environmental conditions.
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Lu, Changwen. "Early-Summer Deficit Irrigation Increases the Dry-Matter Content and Enhances the Quality of Ambrosia™ Apples At- and Post-Harvest." Horticulturae 8, no. 7 (June 23, 2022): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8070571.
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Ambrosia™ is an apple that naturally has limited post-harvest quality retention, which is accompanied by relatively low dry-matter content (DMC). This trial was proposed to improve the DMC of this apple by scheduling deficit irrigation (DI) conducted in a semi-arid orchard in the Similkameen Valley (British Columbia, Canada) in 2018 and 2019. Two irrigation regimes were implemented in the orchard: commercial irrigation (CI) and DI, which was defined as irrigation for 2/5 of the timespan of CI. Five irrigation treatments were conducted: 1—adequate irrigation (AI), which used CI for the whole season; 2—early-summer DI (ED), which used DI from 20 June to 20 July; 3—middle-summer DI (MD), which used DI from 20 July to 20 August; 4—late-summer DI (LD), which used DI from 20 August to 10 days before harvest; and 5—double-period DI (DD), which covered the interval of MD and LD. The DI treatments resulted in a significant decrease from AI −1.0 to −1.5 MPa in stem water potential, followed by subsequent recovery. Conversely, SWP did not recover, and instead reached a critical low of −2.5 MPa under continued deficit conditions (DD). This, in turn, correlated with significant differences in the DMC among the treatments. Specifically, ED resulted in a rapid and sustained increase in DMC throughout the summer. At the time of harvest, ED resulted in a five-fold increase in the proportion of fruit, with greater than 16% DMC and 15% DMC in 2018 and 2019, respectively, compared to CI. DD resulted in similar levels of DMC elevation compared to ED, but also caused irregular maturation and the increased incidence of soft scald disorder in the post-harvest period. MD and LD had variable effects on DMC, and also increased the incidence of soft scald disorder. Consequently, fruit collected from the ED resulted in the best blush color attributes, higher soluble solid content, and a significant improvement in the post-harvest retention of both fruit firmness and acidity. The ED irrigation model would be recommended as a practical way for Ambrosia™ growers in semi-arid regions to decrease water usage, and to ensure high fruit quality for superior marketing and sustainable production.
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Ogwuche, ThankGod Oche, Mercy Elohor Diebiru-Ojo, Adetoro Najimu, Chukwunalu Okolie Ossai, Ukoabasi Ekanem, Bidemi Adegbite, Gideon Oyebode, and Peter Kulakow. "Performance and Stability of Improved Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Clones in Demand Creation Trials in Nigeria." Crops 3, no. 3 (August 2, 2023): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/crops3030020.
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Cassava fresh root yield and dry matter content constitute major determinants of demand by end-users. Increased demand for the seeds of improved varieties will facilitate the development of a sustainable seed system. However, for wide acceptability, there is a need to continuously evaluate candidate varieties for stability across different agroecological zones. Participatory Demand Creation Trials (DCTs) were established to evaluate cassava varieties with farmers and processors utilizing the best agronomic practices. The multi-year DCTs were conducted in 20 environments (7 locations) during the 2016–2017, 2017–2018, 2018–2019, and 2019/2020 cropping seasons with two replications. The plot sizes were 320 m2 with a spacing of 1 m × 0.8 m. The traits evaluated were Plant Vigor (PV), root number, fresh yield, dry yield, Dry Matter Content (DMC), and bundle estimation. The traits were subjected to a GGE biplot in R software to identify high-yielding and stable genotypes. Results obtained from the 20 environments showed that genotype (G), environment (E), and GXE interaction effects were significant (p < 0.01) for all the traits but PV. The heritability ranged from 56% (PV) to 96% (DMC). The average fresh yield t/ha ranged from 25.5 (IBA30572) to 35.4 (IBA980505). The DMC ranged from CR36/5 (36.1%) to IBA010040 (30.7%). The dry yield ranged from 8.8% (IBA30572) to 11.4 (IBA980505). Estimated bundles ranged from 13.5 (CR36-5) to 15.7 (IBA950289). Three varieties, IBA961632, TMEB419, and CR36/5, were identified as the most promising high dry matter content varieties for cassava processors and farmers in Nigeria, and genotype IBA961632 was the most stable. The study revealed greater genotypic effects than from the environment and high genetic advances.
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Camps, Cédric, and Zo-Norosoa Camps. "Optimized Prediction of Reducing Sugars and Dry Matter of Potato Frying by FT-NIR Spectroscopy on Peeled Tubers." Molecules 24, no. 5 (March 9, 2019): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24050967.
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Dry matter content (DMC) and reducing sugars (glucose, fructose) contents of three potato varieties for frying (Innovator, Lady Claire, and Markies) were determined by applying Fourier-transform near-infrared spectrometry (FT-NIR), with paying particular attention to tubers preparation (unpeeled, peeled, and transversally cut tubers) before spectral acquisitions. Potatoes were subjected to normal storage temperature as it is processed in the industry (8 °C) and lower temperature inducing sugar accumulations (5 °C) for 195 and 48 days, respectively. Prediction of DMC has been successfully modeled for all varieties. A common model to the three varieties reached R2, root mean square error (RMSEP), and ratio performance to deviation (RPD) values of 0.84, 1.2, and 2.49. Prediction accuracy of reducing sugars was variety dependent. Reducing sugars were accurately predicted for Innovator (R2 = 0.84, RMSEP = 0.097, and RPD = 2.86) and Markies (R2 = 0.78, RMSEP = 0.033, and RPD = 2.15) and slightly less accurate for Lady Claire (R2 = 0.63, RMSEP = 0.036, and RPD = 1.64). The lack of accuracy obtained with the Lady Claire variety is mainly due to the tight variability in sugar content measured over the storage. Finally, the best preparation of the tuber from the point of view of the accuracy of the prediction models was to use the whole peeled potato. Such preparation allowed for the improvement in RPD values by 15% to 38% the RPD values depending on reducing sugars and 35% for DMC.
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Bejaei, Masoumeh, and Hao Xu. "Internal Quality Attributes and Sensory Characteristics of ‘Ambrosia’ Apples with Different Dry Matter Content after a Two-Week and a Ten-Week Air Storage at 1 °C." Foods 12, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12010219.
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This research was conducted to determine the compositional and textural characteristics and sensory profile of ‘Ambrosia’ apples with different dry matter content (DMC) as estimated using a Felix-750 Produce Quality Meter (Felix Instruments Inc., Camas, WA, USA). Fruits were harvested from a commercial orchard in Cawston and an experimental field in Summerland Research and Development Centre (SuRDC) in British Columbia, Canada, when the average absorbance difference index/coefficient of fruit skin δAbsorbance (δA) dropped under 0.45 ± 0.10. DMC levels were estimated after harvest at the blush/background transition zone for fruit categorization on 300 fruits from each location. Fruits were coded with an individual number and grouped in different DMC categories. The distribution of the estimated DMC levels obtained from two locations was different. The results indicate that DMC levels were strongly and positively correlated with the soluble solids content (SSC) of the fruit (r = 0.81). Sensory evaluations also demonstrated that apples in the lowest DMC category (12.5% ± 0.5 from Cawston) were considered the least sweet apples with the least overall flavour quality by panellists compared to the apples from the other DMC categories included in the sensory evaluations from the two locations. Panellists also perceived less-than-expected “fresh apple” and “tropical” flavours but more-than-expected “no flavour” and “bland” off flavour from the lowest-DMC-category apples. The non-destructive DMC measurements show a potential to be used to sort apples for SSC, sweetness and flavour; nevertheless, they were not related to firmness or textural attributes.
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Gatarira, Cobes, Paterne Agre, Ryo Matsumoto, Alex Edemodu, Victor Adetimirin, Ranjana Bhattacharjee, Robert Asiedu, and Asrat Asfaw. "Genome-Wide Association Analysis for Tuber Dry Matter and Oxidative Browning in Water Yam (Dioscorea alata L.)." Plants 9, no. 8 (July 31, 2020): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9080969.
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Yam (Dioscorea spp.) is a nutritional and medicinal staple tuber crop grown in the tropics and sub-tropics. Among the food yam species, water yam (Dioscorea alata L.) is the most widely distributed and cultivated species worldwide. Tuber dry matter content (DMC) and oxidative browning (OxB) are important quality attributes that determine cultivar acceptability in water yam. This study used a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assay from a diversity arrays technology (DArT) platform for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of the two quality traits in a panel of 100 water yam clones grown in three environments. The marker–trait association analysis identified significant SNPs associated with tuber DMC on chromosomes 6 and 19 and with OxB on chromosome 5. The significant SNPs cumulatively explained 45.87 and 12.74% of the total phenotypic variation for the tuber DMC and OxB, respectively. Gene annotation for the significant SNP loci identified important genes associated in the process of the proteolytic modification of carbohydrates in the dry matter accumulation pathway as well as fatty acid β-oxidation in peroxisome for enzymatic oxidation. Additional putative genes were also identified in the peak SNP sites for both tuber dry matter and enzymatic oxidation with unknown functions. The results of this study provide valuable insight for further dissection of the genetic architecture of tuber dry matter and enzymatic oxidation in water yam. They also highlight SNP variants and genes useful for genomics-informed selection decisions in the breeding process for improving food quality traits in water yam.
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Xue, Gang-Ping, C. Lynne McIntyre, Allan R. Rattey, Anthony F. van Herwaarden, and Ray Shorter. "Use of dry matter content as a rapid and low-cost estimate for ranking genotypic differences in water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations in the stem and leaf sheath of Triticum aestivum." Crop and Pasture Science 60, no. 1 (2009): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp08073.
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Stem water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) are an important source of temporary carbohydrate reserve in cool-season cereals. Genotypic variation in stem WSC concentration in wheat at anthesis is often positively associated with grain weight and yield in water-limited environments. In this study we have examined the relationship between dry matter content (DMC, dry weight per unit of fresh weight) and WSC concentration in field-grown bread wheat. Strong correlations (r = 0.92–0.95) were observed between DMC and WSC concentration in the stem and leaf sheath from the top two or three internodes of recombinant inbred lines from a cross between Seri M82 and Babax, at anthesis or 1 week after anthesis, in several field experiments. This strong correlation was also observed in diverse genotypes grown under rainfed or irrigated conditions. DMC and WSC concentration were also positively correlated in the whole above-ground biomass of wheat at anthesis (r = 0.74–0.91). Measurement of stem and leaf sheath DMC and WSC concentration in a small number of samples would allow the rapid prediction of WSC concentrations in a large number of field samples with reasonable accuracy, as demonstrated in a small dataset in this study. These data indicate that DMC can serve cereal breeding as a rapid and low-cost selection tool for genotypic ranking of WSC concentrations in breeding populations.
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Maeda, Kazuya, and Dong-Hyuk Ahn. "Estimation of Dry Matter Production and Yield Prediction in Greenhouse Cucumber without Destructive Measurements." Agriculture 11, no. 12 (November 24, 2021): 1186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11121186.
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In this study, we aimed to estimate dry matter (DM) production and fresh fruit yield in “Fresco-dash” (FD) and “Project X” (PX) cucumber cultivars using an empirical model developed for tomatoes. First, we cultivated the two cucumber cultivars under a hydroponic system for about six months. Also, parameters related to DM production such as light use efficiency (LUE), light extinction coefficient (k), DM distribution of fruits (DMD), and fruit dry matter content (DMC) were measured via destructive measurements. The k, DMD and DMC values were 0.99 and 0.93, 46.0 and 45.2, 3.84 and 3.78 in “Fresco Dash” and “Project X”, respectively. Second, we cultivated cucumbers to estimate DM production and fruit fresh yield using the model without destructive measurement for about eight months and validated the model’s effectiveness. The predicted DM fell within the range of the observed DM ± standard error at 51 and 132 d after transplantation (DAT) in PX as well as 51 (DAT) in FD. The predicted and observed DM at 163 DAT were 2.08 and 1.82 kg m−2, 2.09 and 1.87 kg m−2 in “Fresco Dash” and “Project X”, respectively. The predicted and observed fruit yield at 200 DAT were 30.3 and 31.7, 30.5 and 29.1 in “Fresco Dash” and “Project X”, respectively, which were 4.4% lower than the observed fruit yield in FD and 4.9% higher than that in PX. These results suggest that the model applies to cucumbers in predicting dry matter production and fresh fruit yield.
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Maroya, Norbert G., Peter Kulakow, Alfred G. O. Dixon, and Busie B. Maziya-Dixon. "Genotype × Environment Interaction of Mosaic Disease, Root Yields and Total Carotene Concentration of Yellow-Fleshed Cassava in Nigeria." International Journal of Agronomy 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/434675.
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Twenty-one yellow-fleshed cassava genotypes were evaluated over two years in five major cassava growing agroecological zones in Nigeria. The trials were established in a randomized complete block design with four replications to assess genotype performance and Genotype × Environment interaction for cassava mosaic disease (CMD), fresh and dry root yield (FYLD; DYLD), root dry matter content (DMC), and total carotene concentration (TCC). Combined analysis of variance showed significant differences (P<0.001) among genotypes (G), environment (E), and Genotype × Environment interaction (GE) for all the traits tested. For reaction to CMD, the best genotypes showing stable resistance were TMS 07/0539 and TMS 07/0628. For root yield, the best genotypes were TMS 01/1368 and TMS 07/0553. Genotype TMS 07/0593 was the best for DMC and TCC across the 10 environments. Variation among genotypes accounted for most of the Total Sum of Squares for CMD (72.1%) and TCC (34.4%). Environmental variation accounted for most of the Total Sum of Squares for FYLD (42.8%), DYLD (39.6%), and DMC (29.2%). This study revealed that TMS 07/0593 has the highest and most stable TCC, DMC with the lowest CMD severity score and appeared to be the best genotype.
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Ronzhina, D. A., Yu A. Rupyshev, L. A. Ivanova, S. V. Migalina, and L. A. Ivanov. "Diversity of structural and functional parameters of the photosynthetic apparatus among hydrophilic plants of the Maksimikha River (Republic of Buryatia, Russia)." Проблемы ботаники Южной Сибири и Монголии 21, no. 2 (November 17, 2022): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/pbssm.2022077.
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Structural and functional parameters of leaves were studied in 21 dominant and abundant species growing in shallow waters and excessively moistened banks at the mouth of the Maksimikha River (Barguzinsky district, Republic of Buryatia). The analysis of the variation coefficients revealed that in hydrophilic plants, the most variable were indicators associated with the size of the leaf blade - the area and thickness of the leaf (170 and 130 %, respectively). The parameters associated with the leaf structure, leaf density and dry matter content (DMC), depended on the degree of plant hydrophilicity. On average, the leaves of hygrophytes had denser leaves (by 41 %) with a higher DMC (by 38 %) compared to helophytes. The functional photosynthetic apparatus indicators of wetland plants, such as the content of chlorophylls per unit mass and leaf area, as well as the rate of CO2 uptake, were the most stable among the studied parameters (variation coefficients were 37, 33, and 29 %, respectively). On average, hygrophyte leaves had a 38 % lower transpiration rate and 29 % higher water use efficiency compared to helophytes. It was concluded that with a decrease in the degree of hydrophilicity of plants in the series helophytes - hygrophytes, the structural rearrangement of the leaf occurs in the direction of increasing its density and dry matter content, which is accompanied by a decrease in the transpiration rate and an increase in the water use efficiency.
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Abincha, Wilfred, Ugochukwu N. Ikeogu, Robert Kawuki, Chiedozie Egesi, Ismail Rabbi, Elizabeth Parkes, Peter Kulakow, Richard Edema, Paul Gibson, and Betty-Elizabeth Owor. "Portable Spectroscopy Calibration with Inexpensive and Simple Sampling Reference Alternatives for Dry Matter and Total Carotenoid Contents in Cassava Roots." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 14, 2021): 1714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041714.
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The use of standard laboratory methods for trait evaluation is expensive and challenging, especially for low-resource breeding programs. For carotenoid assessment, rather than the standard HPLC method, these programs mostly rely on proxy approaches for quantitative total carotenoid content (TCC) assessment. To ensure data transferability and consistency, calibration models were developed using TCC iCheck and Chroma Meter proxy methods for the adoption of the alternative near-infrared phenotyping method in cassava. Calibration was developed for dry matter content (DMC) using a simple and inexpensive sampling procedure associated with the proxy TCC protocols. The partial least square (PLS) and random forest (RF) models were compared for the two traits, and the correlation (r) between the actual and predicted values in the training and validation (in bracket) sets of r = 0.85 (0.76) and r = 0.98 (0.82) with PLS and RF, respectively, for iCheck, and r = 0.99 (0.96) and r = 0.99 (0.96) with PLS and RF, respectively, for Chroma Meter, was obtained. The calibration result of r = 0.93 (0.83) and r = 0.99 (0.81) using PLS and RF, respectively, was obtained for DMC. This effort is valuable in carotenoids improvement and supports the ongoing effort in adopting portable spectrometers for rapid and cheap phenotyping in cassava.
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Oliveira, Eder Jorge de, Saulo de Tarso Aidar, Carolina Viana Morgante, Agnaldo Rodrigues de Melo Chaves, Jailson Lopez Cruz, and Maurício Antônio Coelho Filho. "Genetic parameters for drought-tolerance in cassava." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 50, no. 3 (March 2015): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2015000300007.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of drought on genetic parameters and breeding values of cassava. The experiments were carried out in a completely randomized block design with three replicates, under field conditions with (WD) or without (FI) water deficit. Yield of storage roots (RoY), shoot (ShY), and starch (StY), as well as the number of roots (NR), and root dry matter content (DMC) were evaluated in 47 cassava accessions. Significant differences were observed among accessions; according to heritability, these differences had mostly a genetic nature. Heritability estimates for genotypic effects () ranged from 0.25±0.12 (NR) to 0.60±0.18 (DMC), and from 0.51±0.17 (NR) to 0.80±0.21 (RoY and StY) for WD and FI, respectively, as a consequence of greater environmental influence on WD. Selective accuracy was lower in WD, and ranged from 0.71 (NR) to 0.89 (RoY, DMC, and StY). However, genetic gains were quite high and ranged from 24.43% (DMC) to 113.41% (StY), in WD, and from 8.5% (DMC) to 75.70% (StY) in FI. These genetic parameters may be useful for defining which selection strategies, breeding methods, and experimental designs are more suitable to obtain cassava genetic gains for tolerance to drought.
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Ojulong, Henry Fred, Maryke Tine Labuschagne, Liezel Herselman, and Martin Fregene. "Yield traits as selection indices in seedling populations of cassava." Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 10, no. 3 (September 2010): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-70332010000300002.
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The cassava breeding scheme currently used is long, because initial stages concentrate mainly on improving yield, with root quality selection following later. To shorten the scheme, yield and root quality should be selected simultaneously, starting at the seedling nursery. In this study, a nursery comprising of eight cassava families and 1885 seedlings developed from parents adapted to three major agro-ecologies, were evaluated for yield related traits in Colombia. Percentage dry matter content (DMC) and harvest index produced similar ranking of the parents. Tuber yield, weight, and number showed potential of increasing yield through conventional breeding. A selection index including fresh root yield, percentage DMC, root weight and roots per plant, with heavier weights being assigned to root weight and roots per plant, should be used.
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Illés, Árpád, Atala Szabó, Seyed Mohammad Nasir Mousavi, Csaba Bojtor, Attila Vad, Endre Harsányi, and Lúcia Sinka. "The Influence of Precision Dripping Irrigation System on the Phenology and Yield Indices of Sweet Maize Hybrids." Water 14, no. 16 (August 12, 2022): 2480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14162480.
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Sweet maize is an annual plant that is extremely useful and economical for planting and harvesting. However, maize stands are damaged quickly in the case of nutrient and water deficiency. This research was carried out under dripping irrigation conditions and control plots without irrigation, involving seven different maize hybrids. The obtained results showed no existing variation in the dry matter content of cob (DMC) between the irrigated and non-irrigated treatments. Correlation analysis showed that increasing DMC causes decreasing moisture content of cob (MC) of sweet maize with irrigated and non-irrigated treatments. DMC and MC are important factors in the yield index on irrigation treatments. Biplots showed that the Dessert R72 (10.82) hybrid had maximum yield and effect on Brix/Abbe and Brix/Atago Pal-1, while the Messenger hybrids (42.96) had maximum effect on MC. It was also shown that DMC and MC are important factors in the yield index on irrigation treatments on hybrids. The Noa (37.97) and Honey hybrids (27.88) had minimum effect and performance on non-irrigation and irrigation treatments. The Messenger (11.25) and SF1379 hybrids (10.5) had a maximum performance on Brix Abbe and Brix Pal in the irrigation treatment and Dessert R78 (13.5), the Messenger hybrid (11.8) had a maximum performance on Brix/Abbe and Brix/Atago Pal-1 in non-irrigation treatment. The Dessert R78 (13.5) is the best-performing hybrid in terms of the yield of Brix/Abbe and Brix/Atago Pal-1 in the performed irrigation treatments.
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Lu, Changwen, Hao Xu, Brenda Lannard, and Xiaotang Yang. "Seasonal Changes in Amylose and Starch Compositions in ‘Ambrosia’ Apples Associated with Rootstocks and Orchard Climatic Conditions." Agronomy 13, no. 12 (November 28, 2023): 2923. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13122923.
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The dynamics of amylose (AM) and total starch content (TSC) have been studied in several apple varieties; however, their responses to environmental variables and rootstocks are less understood in new low-climacteric varieties. In addition, the pertinence of AM and TSC to fruit dry matter content (DMC), fruit quality at harvest, and quality retention after storage is little understood. In this study, we investigated the seasonal changes in AM and TSC of ‘Ambrosia’ apples grafted onto dwarfing rootstocks Malling 9 (M.9) and Budagovsky 9 (B.9) in two consecutive years, 2016 and 2017, in the Okanagan-Similkameen Valley, British Columbia, Canada. Enzymatic methods with Megazyme® kits were used to analyze the fruit samples collected from four orchards in the growing season. In 2016, the orchard microclimate exhibited cooler nights and greater diurnal temperature ranges (DTRs) compared to 2017. As a result, the AM content and AM portion in TSC were significantly higher in 2016, with levels peaking over 40% compared to the values observed in 2017. However, there were no significant differences in peak values of TSC between the two years. Additionally, the apples grown on the B.9 rootstock consistently showed higher levels of AM and AM percentage compared to those grown on the M.9 rootstock. The study also used Felix 750 Produce Quality Meter, a handheld infrared spectrometer, to assess the dry matter content (DMC) of growing fruit, which showed a strong correlation with AM content (r > 0.8). After being harvested at commercial maturity and stored in controlled atmospheric chambers (CA) for 8 months, fruit quality analysis suggested that the AM level and its percentage in TSC played an important role in determining ‘Ambrosia’ apple quality after long-term storage.
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Samnegård, Ulrika, Peter A. Hambäck, and Henrik G. Smith. "Pollination treatment affects fruit set and modifies marketable and storable fruit quality of commercial apples." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 12 (December 2019): 190326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190326.
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Insect-mediated pollination increases yields of many crop species and some evidence suggests that it also influences crop quality. However, the mechanistic linkages between insect-mediated pollination and crop quality are poorly known. In this study, we explored how different pollination treatments affected fruit set, dry matter content (DMC), mineral content and storability of apples. Apple flowers supplementary pollinated with compatible pollen resulted in higher initial fruit set rates, higher fruit DMC and a tendency for lower fruit potassium (K) : calcium (Ca) ratio than flowers that received natural or no pollination. These variables are related to desirable quality aspects, because higher DMC is connected to higher consumer preference and lower K : Ca ratio is related to lower incidence of postharvest disorders during storage. Using structural equation modelling, we showed an indirect effect of pollination treatment on storability, however mediated by complex interactions between fruit set, fruit weight and K : Ca ratio. The concentrations of several elements in apples (K, zinc, magnesium) were affected by the interaction between pollination treatment and apple weight, indicating that pollination affects element allocation into fruits. In conclusion, our study shows that pollination and the availability of compatible pollen needs to be considered in the management of orchard systems, not only to increase fruit set, but also to increase the quality and potentially the storability of apples.
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Abeshu, Biratu, B. C. Nandeshwar, S. P. Ramteke, and Derbew Belew. "Nutritional Changes In Anchote [Coccinia Abyssinica (Lam.) Cogn.] Root Cultivar Under The Use Ofmixed NPSB And FYM Fertilizers Rates." Agriculture Association of Textile Chemical and Critical Reviews Journal 11, no. 4 (October 2023): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.58321/aatccreview.2023.11.04.98.
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Anchote (Coccinia abyssinica (Lam.) Cogn.) is a critically important root crop native to Ethiopia on the African continent. In terms of nutrition, economics, medical, and social welfare, it is a highly valued food source that is abundant throughout the Western part country. The nutrient makeup of the crop may be affected by the application of various organic and inorganic fertilizers. The effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the nutritional content of the Anchote food crop, on the other hand, are unknown. As a result, during the 2019-20 cropping season, a field experiment was conducted in the southwestern part of Ethiopia to see how the Anchote variety (Desta 01) responded to various levels of NPSB and farmyard manure in terms of yield and nutritional components. Six rates of mixed NPSB fertilizer (0, 58,116,175,233, and 291 kg ha-1) and three levels of Farmyard Manure (FYM) (0, 5, and 10 t ha-1) were treated within the experimental plot in the field to assess the yield and nutritional composition of the Anchote variety. In a randomized complete block design, the experiment was set up in 3 x 6 factorial patterns with three replications.For laboratory analysis, samples of its roots from all three replications were collected separately after the crop maturity and subjected to SAS (version 9.3) software, which was used to assess nutritional characteristics such as dry matter content of roots (DMC) (percent), crude fat (percent), moisture content (percent), total soluble solid (TSS), and total ash (percent). The results of the laboratory analysis revealed that the interaction effects of blended NPSB fertilizer and FYM levels significantly changed nutritional features such as dry matter and moisture content (P0.01). DMC, ash percent, TSS, moisture content, and crude fat were all significantly (P0.01) affected by FYM and NPSB application in the field, whereas the interaction effects of both NPSB and FYM treatment in the field had a significant (P0.01) impact on laboratory parameters like ash and crude fat content of Anchote cultivar. Finally, the results of the laboratory experiment showed that applying blended NPSB fertilizer and FYMtogether to the field had an effect on the quality and nutritional attributes of the Anchote cultivar gathered for laboratory testing in the research region.
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Rahmawati, Rika Sri, Ahmad Fathoni, Dewi Sukma, Sintho Wahyuning Ardie, and Sudarsono Sudarsono. "Assessment of Yellow and White Fleshed Cassava Tuberous Root Cultivars Reveals Different Responses to Post-harvest Physiological Deterioration." Journal of Tropical Crop Science 11, no. 01 (February 29, 2024): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.11.01.64-73.
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Identification of post-harvest physiological deterioration (PPD) tolerance in cassava is crucial, as PPD significantly hampers the cassava tuberous root industry by shortening storage periods post-harvest and diminishing product quality. Characteristics linked to PPD tolerance encompass high carotenoid levels and low dry matter content (DMC). This study aimed to evaluate the PPD responses of six yellow fleshed and ten white-fleshed cassava tuberous roots and determine the source of PPD tolerance. PPD and DMC assessments were conducted using standard methods at three storage periods: 2, 5, and 10 days after harvest (DAH). The k-means clustering analysis revealed six clusters, each corresponding to distinct PPD symptom patterns and tolerance statuses. Cluster 1, comprising three yellow-fleshed and three white-fleshed cassava cultivars, demonstrated PPD tolerance with minimal symptoms up to 5 DAH. Clusters 2 and 3 exhibited a moderate PPD response with elevated symptoms at 5 DAH, comprising three yellow-fleshed and three white-fleshed cassava cultivars. Clusters 4 to 6 displayed a sensitive response to PPD, showcasing a significant increase in symptoms at 5 and 10 DAH, with four white-fleshed cassava cultivars identified within this cluster. These findings underscored the presence of PPD tolerance in both yellow-fleshed and white-fleshed cassava tuberous roots. The correlation between PPD and DMC was significant only at 2 DAH, displaying a moderate positive correlation. Consequently, this study identified three cultivars, “Carvita-25”, “Manggu”, and ““Ubi Kuning””, with high DMC and low PPD incidence at 5 DAH, suggesting their suitability for further breeding programs.
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Amelework, Assefa B., Michael W. Bairu, Roelene Marx, Mark Laing, and Sonja L. Venter. "Genotype × Environment Interaction and Stability Analysis of Selected Cassava Cultivars in South Africa." Plants 12, no. 13 (June 29, 2023): 2490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12132490.
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Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important root crop worldwide. It is adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions, exhibiting differential genotypic responses to varying environmental conditions. The objectives of this study were: (1) to examine the effect of genotype, environment and genotype × environment interaction (GEI) on fresh root yield (FRY) and dry matter content (DMC); and (2) to identify superior genotypes that exhibit high performance for the traits of interest using the genetic tools of additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype stability index (GSI) analysis. Eleven cassava genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design at six trial sites in South Africa. The combined analysis of variance based on AMMI revealed significant genotype, environment and GEI for the traits. The percentage variation due to GEI was higher than the percentage variation due to genotype for FRY, reflecting differential genotypic responses across the experimental sites. The proportion of variance due to genotype variation was larger for DMC. Genotype stability index (GSI) showed that UKF3 (G6), 98/0002 (G2) and P4/10 (G5) were the highest yielding and most stable genotypes for FRY, and 98/0002 (G1), UKF3 (G6) and UKF9 (G11) were the highest yielding and most stable genotypes for DMC. Cultivars 98/0002 and UKF3 were identified as providing high stability with superior fresh root yield and DMC. These genotypes could be recommended to farmers for food, feed and industrial applications without the need for further breeding. The AMMI-2 model clustered the testing environments into three mega-environments based on the winning genotypes for FRY and DMC. Mabuyeni (KwaZulu-Natal), Shatale (Mpumalanga) and Mandlakazi (Limpopo) would be the best testing sites in future cassava-genotype evaluation and breeding programs. This study provides a baseline for a future study on the GEI of cassava varieties, using a larger set of genotypes, factoring in seasonal variation.
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MICHAUD, A., S. PLANTUREUX, E. POTTIER, and R. BAUMONT. "Links between functional composition, biomass production and forage quality in permanent grasslands over a broad gradient of conditions." Journal of Agricultural Science 153, no. 5 (July 14, 2014): 891–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859614000653.
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SUMMARYTo upgrade the use of permanent grasslands in livestock farming systems for their economic and environmental utility, their value needs better assessment in terms of both quantity (biomass production) and quality (nutritive value: organic matter digestibility (OMD) and crude protein content (CP)). The wide variability in permanent grassland botanical composition makes it important to understand the links between vegetation characteristics and permanent grassland value, and how far environmental factors influence this value. The current work investigated how vegetation characteristics and weather explained the variability of the biomass production and nutritive value of permanent grasslands. Two models were used to determine the best vegetation characteristics for the prediction: (i) plant functional types (PFT), proportions of grasses, legumes and forbs and weather, and (ii) two proxies for PFT (dry matter content (DMC) and phenological development at medium plant stage (MPS)), proportion of grasses, legumes and forbs, and weather. The study was conducted on a set of 190 permanent grasslands distributed over a wide range of soil, climatic and management conditions, and lasted 2 years (2009/10). For each of the permanent grasslands, climatic data, values of vegetation characteristics, biomass production and nutritive value were collected at the beginning and end of spring, and during summer and autumn regrowths. Contribution of weather was important and particularly for regrowths. Composition in terms of botanical families, plant stage and sward DMC was the common variables that explained both biomass production and nutritive value during the growing season. Biomass production was mainly explained by the proportion of legumes and forbs, MPS and DMC considering both models. Grass nutritive value was linked to the same factors, including PFT. However, the contribution of grass PFTs was lower in models. Both models could be used to predict biomass production and nutritive value:R2of the two models are quite similar. Over a wide range of environmental and management conditions, vegetation characteristics and climatic data explained almost half of the variance of forage quality and 20–40% of the variance of biomass production.
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Galic, Vlatko, Maja Mazur, Andrija Brkic, Josip Brkic, Antun Jambrovic, Zvonimir Zdunic, and Domagoj Simic. "Seed Weight as a Covariate in Association and Prediction Studies for Biomass Traits in Maize Seedlings." Plants 9, no. 2 (February 20, 2020): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9020275.
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Background: The seedling stage has received little attention in maize breeding to identify genotypes tolerant to water deficit. The aim of this study is to evaluate incorporation of seed weight (expressed as hundred kernel weight, HKW) as a covariate into genomic association and prediction studies for three biomass traits in a panel of elite inbred lines challenged by water withholding at seedling stage. Methods: 109 genotyped-by-sequencing (GBS) elite maize inbreds were phenotyped for HKW and planted in controlled conditions (16/8 day/night, 25 °C, 50% RH, 200 µMol/m2/s) in trays filled with soil. Plants in control (C) were watered every two days, while watering was stopped for 10 days in water withholding (WW). Fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), and dry matter content (DMC) were measured. Results: Adding HKW as a covariate increased the power of detection of associations in FW and DW by 44% and increased genomic prediction accuracy in C and decreased in WW. Conclusions: Seed weight was effectively incorporated into association studies for biomass traits in maize seedlings, whereas the incorporation into genomic predictions, particularly in water-stressed plants, was not worthwhile.
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Elsysy, Mokhles, and Todd C. Einhorn. "Air-Pruning Containers Modify Root and Scion Growth and Alter Resource Allocation of Bench-Grafted Apple Plants." Horticulturae 8, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8090797.
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The profitability of modern apple orchard plantings depends largely on how rapidly the costs of planting are returned. Tree establishment and growth in the formative years are often can be limited by transplant shock associated with bare-root trees. In this experiment, we examined the effect of two planting systems, air-pruning containers, and field-grown liners, on above- and below-ground growth and development during the first year in the nursery. M9 ‘Nic 29’ bench grafts for three apple cultivars of different vigor classes, ‘Fuji’ (high vigor), ‘Gala’ (moderate vigor), and ‘Honeycrisp’ (low vigor). We hypothesized that air root-pruning containers would alter rooting distribution compared to field-grown liners by increasing fine root production, and this, in turn, would result in improved resource allocation and greater biomass partitioned to above-ground organs. Bench grafts were divided evenly between a field-grown liner bed (for bare root production) and an air-pruning container system. Air-pruning containers produced trees with significantly more root tips and greater total root length per tree than field-grown liners. Importantly, air-pruning containers resulted in a marked and significant increase in roots < 0.4 mm in diameter; however, field-grown liners produced trees had significantly more roots with diameters > 1.5 mm and, thus, significantly greater root dry matter content (DMC). Above-ground parameters (scion length, DMC of wood and leaves, and individual leaf area and DMC) were significantly increased for plants in air-pruning containers. Generally, the growth benefits from air-pruning containers were less pronounced in ‘Gala’ compared to ‘Honeycrisp’ or ‘Fuji’. The percentage of total DMC partitioned to the canopies of air-pruning containerized trees was significantly greater than field-grown liners.
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Pokhrel, Dharma Raj, Panmanas Sirisomboon, Lampan Khurnpoon, Jetsada Posom, and Wanphut Saechua. "Comparing Machine Learning and PLSDA Algorithms for Durian Pulp Classification Using Inline NIR Spectra." Sensors 23, no. 11 (June 4, 2023): 5327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23115327.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the performance of multivariate classification algorithms, specifically Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) and machine learning algorithms, in the classification of Monthong durian pulp based on its dry matter content (DMC) and soluble solid content (SSC), using the inline acquisition of near-infrared (NIR) spectra. A total of 415 durian pulp samples were collected and analyzed. Raw spectra were preprocessed using five different combinations of spectral preprocessing techniques: Moving Average with Standard Normal Variate (MA+SNV), Savitzky–Golay Smoothing with Standard Normal Variate (SG+SNV), Mean Normalization (SG+MN), Baseline Correction (SG+BC), and Multiplicative Scatter Correction (SG+MSC). The results revealed that the SG+SNV preprocessing technique produced the best performance with both the PLS-DA and machine learning algorithms. The optimized wide neural network algorithm of machine learning achieved the highest overall classification accuracy of 85.3%, outperforming the PLS-DA model, with overall classification accuracy of 81.4%. Additionally, evaluation metrics such as recall, precision, specificity, F1-score, AUC ROC, and kappa were calculated and compared between the two models. The findings of this study demonstrate the potential of machine learning algorithms to provide similar or better performance compared to PLS-DA in classifying Monthong durian pulp based on DMC and SSC using NIR spectroscopy, and they can be applied in the quality control and management of durian pulp production and storage.
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Schmidt, Fruzsina, Herwart Böhm, Hans-Peter Piepho, Peer Urbatzka, Michael Wachendorf, and Rüdiger Graß. "Management Effects on the Performance of Double Cropping Systems—Results from a Multi-Site Experiment." Agronomy 12, no. 9 (September 4, 2022): 2104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092104.
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Traditional (silage) maize production often has negative side-effects related to unprotected soil surface. There are several possibilities to enhance system sustainability through reducing soil disturbance. However, implementation may be hindered due to reduced nitrogen availability and increased weed infestation, especially in organic agriculture. A field experiment to evaluate yield potential of 18 silage maize cropping systems under organic management was conducted at three distinct locations. Examined parameters were first crop, maize and total harvested dry matter yield (DMY), and maize dry matter content (DMC). Treatment factors included first crop (FC—winter pea, hairy vetch, and their mixtures with rye, control (SCS), management—incorporating FC use and tillage (double cropping system no-till (DCS NT), double cropping system reduced till (DCS RT), double cropped, mulched system terminated with roller-crimper (DCMS Roll), SCS control), fertilization, mechanical weed control—and row width (75 cm, 50 cm). A high variation among environments occurred, but similar patterns manifested across locations: Number of crops in the rotation had a high influence, followed by management and FC. Row width had only marginal and inconsistent effect. FC mixtures generally yielded higher than pure legumes. Maize DMY in DCS, DCMS was lower than or comparable to SCS. Maize DMC were environment-specifically below acceptable range, especially under DCMS. Total harvested DMY in DCS were similar to or greater than SCS. Results suggest differences from the optimization of farming operations for one (SCS) or two crops (DCS, DCMS) with strong effects at early maize development and on the length of season. FC use and tillage factors possibly altered the soil water, temperature, and mineralization dynamics, resulting in modified maize growth. DCS RT and DCMS Pure performed with the best maize yields, improved soil protection, and tillage reduction in the silage maize part of the rotation under organic management. However, alternative management systems, especially under DCS NT and DCMS (Mix) with studied maize maturity classes are less suited, particularly in cool and wet spring conditions, because of a potentially slower development of FC, a later establishment of maize plants and therefore, a shorter growing season for the maize crop.
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Kunicki, Edward, Aneta Grabowska, Agnieszka Sękara, and Renata Wojciechowska. "The effect of cultivar type, time of cultivation, and biostimulant treatment on the yield of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)." Folia Horticulturae 22, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2013-0153.
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Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of spraying with Aminoplant on the yield of two spinach cultivars in the spring and autumn cultivations. The experiment was carried out in 2008 and 2009 in the experimental station of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland. Three factors were taken into consideration: (1) cultivar: ‘Rembrandt F1’ and ‘Spiros F1’; (2) time of cultivation: spring and autumn; (3) dose of Aminoplant: control (without Aminoplant), 1.5 dm3 ha-1 and 3.0 dm3 ha-1. The spinach yield was dependent on the time of production and cultivar type, and ranged between 18.6-44.8 t ha-1. Both cultivars yielded better in autumn cultivation. Spraying with Aminoplant had no effect on spinach yield. Dry matter content in spinach leaves was between 6.3-11.2 g 100 g-1. Spinach grown in the autumn had a greater content of dry matter in comparison to the spring cultivation. In 2009, ‘Rembrant F1’ was characterized by greater dry matter content than ‘Spiros F1’. Aminoplant in a dose of 3.0 dm3 ha-1 lowered dry matter content in spinach leaves as compared to the control. The nitrate content in spinach was differentiated (558-3506 mg NO3 kg-1 f.m.) and depended on the time of cultivation, the cultivar, and the Aminoplant dose.
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Makani, Mildred N., Steven A. Sargent, Lincoln Zotarelli, Donald J. Huber, and Charles A. Sims. "Harvest Interval Has Greater Effect on Periderm Maturity and Storage Quality of Early-maturing, Tablestock Potato than Nitrogen Rate." HortScience 52, no. 10 (October 2017): 1390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci11870-17.
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Early-maturing potato cultivars (Solanum tuberosum L.) grown in many subtropical and tropical regions are typically packed and shipped without curing. The objective of this study was to evaluate two early-maturing potato cultivars (‘Fabula’ and ‘Red LaSoda’) grown under four nitrogen fertilizer (NF) rates and harvested at three intervals after vine kill for effects on tuber physical and compositional quality at harvest and during storage. NF was applied through fertigation (0, 112, 224, or 336 kg·ha−1) and compared with granular NF application (224 kg·ha−1). The tubers were harvested weekly after vine kill (H1, H2, and H3) then evaluated for quality at 7 and 14 days during storage at 10 °C/80% to 85% relative humidity (RH). ‘Fabula’ tubers from H1 had the highest cumulative weight loss (3.6%) after 14 days of storage (season 1), while those from both H1 and H2 were highest (4.4%) in season 2, regardless of NF application method or rate. Tuber firmness increased by 1.5 newtons (N) for tubers from H1 after 7 days storage, and again by 0.76 N after 14 days for tubers from H2 and H3. Periderm dry matter content (DMC) for H1 tubers increased to 13.9% after 7 days, regardless of fertilizer treatment, in contrast to those from H2 or H3 where DMC remained constant throughout storage (10.6% and 11.4%, respectively). For ‘Red LaSoda’, cumulative weight loss in season 1 for H1 tubers was 2.2% after 14 days storage, whereas that for H2 and H3 tubers averaged 0.7%; this trend was similar for season 2. Periderm DMC significantly increased with increased storage time; that for H2 tubers was highest (19.6%) after 14 days. In both cultivars, tuber ascorbic acid content (AAC), soluble solids content (SSC), and total titratable acidity (TTA) remained constant throughout the 14-day storage period. Periderm maturity of ‘Fabula’ and ‘Red LaSoda’ potatoes had a greater effect on tuber physical and compositional quality during storage than the fertilizer rates or application methods. Fertigation at NF rates of 112, 224 or 336 kg·ha−1 was comparable with conventional granular NF application for growing high-quality tubers with acceptable postharvest life. Growing tubers at 112 kg·ha−1 nitrogen via fertigation has the potential to reduce both irrigation water usage and fertilizer runoff during the production cycle.
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Wanderley Junior, Marcus Andrade, Cristiane Leal dos Santos, Leandro Pereira Lima, Thon Jovita Farias, Rodrigo Soares Junqueira, Ivon Pinheiro Lôbo, Jeferson Ladeia dos Santos, and Andrezza Miguel da Silva. "Effect of the diet on performance characteristics and quality of meat fat of lamb by principal component analysis." Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 43 (October 11, 2021): e53180. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v43i1.53180.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of use of agroindustrial co-products in the diet of lambs on the performance and nutritional quality of meat fat. Twenty lambs were distributed into four experimental groups: control diet (C) or diets containing cottonseed (CS), sunflower meal (SFM), and castor cake (CC). During the experimental period, data on dry matter consumption (DMC) and total weight gain (TWG) were collected. After slaughter, samples of Logissimus dorsi (LD) muscle were taken for fatty acids and cholesterol analysis. Diets C and CS provided similar characteristics of fat quality and animal performance. However, SFM and CC diets tend to form isolated groups, with different fat and performance characteristics. The SFM diet results in meat with a higher saturated fatty acids and cholesterol content. The CC diet is related to improved performance characteristics and lower cholesterol content. In conclusion, the inclusion of CC in the experimental diets provided, in the proportions used in this experiment, better characteristics of animal performance and meat fat quality.
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Riikonen, Johanna, and Jaana Luoranen. "An Assessment of Storability of Norway Spruce Container Seedlings in Freezer Storage as Affected by Short-Day Treatment." Forests 11, no. 6 (June 18, 2020): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11060692.
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Determination of safe times at which to transfer seedlings to freezer storage is problematic in forest tree nurseries. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between pre-storage frost hardiness (FH) of different plant parts, dry matter content (DMC), chilling hours (the sum of hours when temperature was between −5 °C and +5 °C), and post-storage vitality, and the impact of short-day (SD) treatment on these relationships. One and a half year old control seedlings and SD-treated seedlings of Norway spruce were transferred to freezer storage (−3 °C) on five occasions during autumn. On each occasion, the FH of buds, needles, stem, and roots, as well as DMC, were determined, and chilling hours were calculated. The vitality of the freezer-stored seedlings was determined through their root growth capacity in the subsequent spring, and through the field performance of the seedlings (shoot growth and seedling damage) at the end of the following two growing seasons. Seedlings were considered to be storable when the FH of the needles was at least −25 °C, and the FH of the roots was about −10 °C in both treatments. Early storage reduced the vitality of the seedlings. SD treatment did not advance the storability of the seedlings, although it alleviated some of the negative effects of early storage by improving the FH of needles and stem, but not that of the roots. The DMC value, indicating storability, was higher for SD-treated seedlings than for control seedlings. When data from five experiments conducted in Suonenjoki were combined, it was found that the relationship between accumulation of chilling hours and needle FH was dependent on nursery treatment and assessment year, which reduces the reliability of using chilling hours in predicting the storability of Norway spruce seedlings. The predicted climate change may complicate the fall acclimation of seedlings. New, user-friendly methods for determining storability of seedlings are urgently needed.
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Santos, Fernanda Helena Souza, Elka Fabiana Aparecida Almeida, Jussara Ellen Morais Frazão, Simone Novaes Reis, and Ângela Maria Pereira Nascimento. "Adubação nitrogenada via substrato no cultivo de bromélia." Ornamental Horticulture 21, no. 2 (August 31, 2015): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/aohl.v21i2.587.
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One of the reasons for the predatory extraction of bromeliads is the lack of information about the techniques of growing these plants, mainly in relation to fertilization. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of nitrogen on substrate in vegetative growth and nutrient content in leaves of bromeliads Nidularium fulgens. Seedlings were submitted to six levels of nitrogen: 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg/dm3. The experimental design used was the randomized block design with six treatments, five replications and three plants per plot. Plants were evaluated on the number of leaves, height, diameter of base, dry matter and foliar mineral composition. The results showed that there was a linear increase of the height, number of leaves and foliar dry matter with higher nitrogen rates. The increasing levels of nitrogen gave an increase in foliar nitrogen and manganese and reduce leaf content of calcium and copper. Nitrogen rates applied did not influence the contents of P, K, S, B, Zn and Mg. These results suggest that the addition of nitrogen fertilizer at 500 mg/dm3 in Nidularium fulgens provides greater vegetative development, increases the leaf N and Mn content and reduces the content of Ca and Cu.
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Galán, Rodrigo José, Angela-Maria Bernal-Vasquez, Christian Jebsen, Hans-Peter Piepho, Patrick Thorwarth, Philipp Steffan, Andres Gordillo, and Thomas Miedaner. "Early prediction of biomass in hybrid rye based on hyperspectral data surpasses genomic predictability in less-related breeding material." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 134, no. 5 (February 17, 2021): 1409–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-021-03779-1.
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Abstract Key message Hyperspectral data is a promising complement to genomic data to predict biomass under scenarios of low genetic relatedness. Sufficient environmental connectivity between data used for model training and validation is required. Abstract The demand for sustainable sources of biomass is increasing worldwide. The early prediction of biomass via indirect selection of dry matter yield (DMY) based on hyperspectral and/or genomic prediction is crucial to affordably untap the potential of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) as a dual-purpose crop. However, this estimation involves multiple genetic backgrounds and genetic relatedness is a crucial factor in genomic selection (GS). To assess the prospect of prediction using reflectance data as a suitable complement to GS for biomass breeding, the influence of trait heritability ($$H^{2}$$ H 2 ) and genetic relatedness were compared. Models were based on genomic (GBLUP) and hyperspectral reflectance-derived (HBLUP) relationship matrices to predict DMY and other biomass-related traits such as dry matter content (DMC) and fresh matter yield (FMY). For this, 270 elite rye lines from nine interconnected bi-parental families were genotyped using a 10 k-SNP array and phenotyped as testcrosses at four locations in two years (eight environments). From 400 discrete narrow bands (410 nm–993 nm) collected by an uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) on two dates in each environment, 32 hyperspectral bands previously selected by Lasso were incorporated into a prediction model. HBLUP showed higher prediction abilities (0.41 – 0.61) than GBLUP (0.14 – 0.28) under a decreased genetic relationship, especially for mid-heritable traits (FMY and DMY), suggesting that HBLUP is much less affected by relatedness and $$H^{2}$$ H 2 . However, the predictive power of both models was largely affected by environmental variances. Prediction abilities for DMY were further enhanced (up to 20%) by integrating both matrices and plant height into a bivariate model. Thus, data derived from high-throughput phenotyping emerges as a suitable strategy to efficiently leverage selection gains in biomass rye breeding; however, sufficient environmental connectivity is needed.
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Lefsrud, Mark, Dean Kopsell, Carl Sams, Jim Wills, and A. J. Both. "Dry Matter Content and Stability of Carotenoids in Kale and Spinach During Drying." HortScience 43, no. 6 (October 2008): 1731–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.6.1731.
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Drying of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala D.C.) is required to determine percentage of dry matter (%DM) and pigment concentration of fresh leaves. ‘Melody’ spinach and ‘Winterbor’ kale were greenhouse-grown in hydroponic nutrient solutions containing 13 or 105 mg·L−1 N. Using vacuum freeze dryers and convection ovens, plant tissues were dried for 120 h at five different temperature treatments: 1) freeze drying at −25 °C; 2) freeze drying at 0 °C; 3) vacuum drying at +25 °C; 4) oven drying at +50 °C; and 5) oven drying at +75 °C. Spinach leaf tissue %DM was affected, but kale %DM was unaffected by drying temperature. Spinach and kale leaf tissue %DM were both affected by N level. The high N spinach decreased from 7.3 to 6.4%DM when drying temperature increased from +25 to +75 °C. The low N spinach decreased from 12.7 to 9.6%DM as the drying temperature increased from −25 to +50 °C. Kale averaged from 14.8%DM for the high N treatment and from 21.8%DM for the low N treatment. However, drying temperature did not have a significant impact on measured %DM in kale. Lutein, β-carotene, and chlorophyll levels for both spinach and kale leaf tissue were affected by drying temperature. Measured concentrations of all pigments decreased over 70% as the drying temperature increased from −25 to 75 °C. The largest pigment fresh and dry weight concentrations for spinach and kale were measured at drying temperatures below +25 °C. The spinach and kale samples dried between −25 and +25 °C were not significantly different from each other in %DM or pigment concentration measured on a dry or fresh weight basis. Thus, drying leaf tissue for accurate pigment analysis requires temperatures below +25 °C using vacuum or freeze drying technology.
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Peiris, K. H. S., G. G. Dull, R. G. Leffler, and S. J. Kays. "Spatial Variability of Soluble Solids or Dry-matter Content within Individual Fruits, Bulbs, or Tubers: Implications for the Development and Use of NIR Spectrometric Techniques." HortScience 34, no. 1 (February 1999): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.1.114.
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Spatial variation in soluble solids content (SSC) of fruits of apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh. cv. Red Delicious), cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L. Cantaloupensis group), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf. cv. Indian River Ruby Red), honeydew melon (Cucumis melo L. Inodorus group), mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Hayden), orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck. cv. Valencia), peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch. cv. Windblow), pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr. cv. Kew) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), and of bulbs of onion (Allium cepa L. Cepa group) and in dry-matter content (DMC) of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Russet Burbank) tubers was measured along three directional orientations (i.e., proximal to distal, circumferentially midway along the proximal to distal axis, and radially from the center of the interior to the outer surface). The pattern and magnitude of constituent variation depended on the type of product and the direction of measurement. Radial and proximal to distal variation was greater than circumferential variation in all the products tested. Honeydew had the highest radial variation with a SSC difference of 6.0 % and a cv of 22.8%, while tomato displayed lower radial variation with a cv of 1.0%. Pineapple had a proximal to distal SSC difference of 4.6% with a cv of 13.8%, while the difference in tomato was 0.6% with a cv of 5.1%. Circumferential variation of SSC in all products tested was <2% with cv ranging from 1.1% to 3.8%. The results confirm that considerable constituent variability exists within individual fruit and vegetable organs. This variability may affect the accuracy of calibration equations and their prediction capability. Therefore, within-unit constituent variability should be meticulously assessed when an NIR spectrometric method is being developed for the nondestructive quality evaluation and sorting of a product.
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Michálková, Jaroslava, Daniel Bíro, Miroslav Juráček, Milan Šimko, and Branislav Gálik. "Changes in amino acid profile of alfalfa silage preserved by chemical and biological additives during fermentation." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 57, no. 5 (2009): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200957050213.
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Changes in amino acid profile of alfalfa silage preserved with chemical or biological additives were studied in fresh and wilted silage. The chemical additive was formic acid and the biological additive consisted of Lactobacillus rhamnosus, L. plantarum, L. brevis, L. buchneri and Pediococcus pentosaceus. Second cut alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was harvested at the bloom stage, ensiled in mini silos (15 dm3) and fermented at 20–23 °C for 12 weeks. The dry matter of the fresh silage was 228 g . kg−1 and 281.6 g . kg−1 for the wilted before ensiling. The amino acid content was estimated by using an automatic amino acid analyzer AAA (INGOS Prague). The results of the experiments indicated that amino acid breakdown was inhibited by increased dry matter and the use of chemical and biological additive. Additionally, the content of amino acids was found to change in relation to the degree of wilting and formic acid treatment yielded the lowest amino acid breakdown. The amino acid breakdown was also reduced by biological preservative especially in the silage with a higher level of dry matter content.
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Norman, Prince Emmanuel, Pangirayi Bernard Tongoona, Agyemang Danquah, Eric Y. Danquah, Paterne A. Agre, Afolabi Agbona, Robert Asiedu, and Asrat Asfaw. "Genetic Analysis of Agronomic and Quality Traits from Multi-Location white Yam Trials using Mixed Model with Genomic Relationship Matrix." Global Journal Of Botanical Science 10 (August 4, 2022): 8–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12974/2311-858x.2022.10.02.
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Traits that define the suitability of a crop for production and consumption are often assessed and predicted to identify superior genotypes for commercial deployment. This study assessed genetic parameter estimates and prediction for 25 agronomic and quality traits in 49 white yam clones. It employed best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) in a mixed model analysis using genomic relationship matrix derived from 6337 Diversity Array Technology (DArT) molecular markers, multivariate technique of the principal component and canonical discriminant analysis with BLUP predicted values to select key traits for yam breeding. Findings revealed that additive genetic, non-additive genetic and non-genetic factors contributed substantially to phenotypic variation of the studied yam traits. The non-genetic effects accounted for higher variation than the total genetic effects for majority of the traits except yam mosaic virus (YMV), tuber number per plant, ash content, flour yield, peel loss, and protein content. The narrow sense heritability was generally low (<0.30) for all traits except yam anthracnose (0.31), ash content (0.30) and peel loss (0.89). Trait selection with multivariate analysis identified 15 from the 25 traits with fresh tuber yield, tuber dry matter content (DMC), YMV, root-knot and Scutellonema bradys nematode susceptibility as the most important traits for white yam variety testing. This paper presents the importance of complementing BLUP prediction that accounts for the relationship among the genotypes with multivariate analysis for genetic parameter estimation, prediction and selection in yam breeding trials to accelerate the genetic gains.
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Grabowska, Aneta, Edward Kunicki, Agnieszka Sękara, Andrzej Kalisz, and Renata Wojciechowska. "The Effect of Cultivar and Biostimulant Treatment on the Carrot Yield and its Quality." Vegetable Crops Research Bulletin 77, no. 1 (December 1, 2012): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10032-012-0014-1.
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Summary Modifications in growing techniques can affect the yield and nutritional quality of various cultivated plants. Among them, the use of biostimulants is environmental friendly method of stimulating crop productivity, stress resistance, and affecting yield or chemical composition of the plants. The aim of the investigation was determining of the effect of biostimulant treatment on yield and its quality of carrot grown for summer harvest. The experiment was carried out in 2009-2011 in the experimental station of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, south Poland. Two experimental factors were taken into consideration: (1) cultivar: Nandrin F1 and Napoli F1 (2) dose of Aminoplant (foliar application): 1.5 and 3.0 dm3∙ha-1 and control (without Aminoplant). Total and marketable yield, root length, its diameter, leaf mass and leaf : root mass ratio were assessed. The dry matter, soluble sugar, carotenoids and nitrate ions contents were analyzed as main determinants of carrot nutritional quality. Aminoplant influenced not only carrot productivity, but mainly chemical composition of the roots. The present results also suggest that carrot reaction to biostimulant treatment was depended on a cultivar more than on environmental conditions in particular growing seasons. The significant effect of Aminoplant in a dose of 1.5 dm3∙ha-1 on the yield of roots and leaf rosette mass of ‘Nandrin F1’ appeared only in the first year of the experiment. Spraying with Aminoplant in a dose of 3.0 dm3∙ha-1 significantly increased the soluble sugars content in carrot roots of both cultivars but only in 2011. Dry matter content was also affected by biostimulant treatment mainly for ‘Napoli F1’, which showed the lowest dry matter content when sprayed with Aminoplant in a dose of 1.5 dm3∙ha-1. In 2010 control plants contained the greater amount of carotenoids, while in next year roots of plants treated with Aminoplant in a dose of 3.0 dm3∙ha-1 had more these compounds. The significant effect of Aminoplant on nitrates content in carrot roots was observed but were not repeatable in the experimental years, so different climatic conditions modified carrot reaction on biostimulant spraying.
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Lima, João E. S., Adriano S. Nascente, Wilson M. Leandro, and Pedro M. da Silveira. "Urochloa ruziziensis responses to sources and doses of urea." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 20, no. 5 (May 2016): 401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v20n5p401-407.
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ABSTRACT The use of products that promote reduction of nitrogen (N) losses from the urea fertilizer can contribute to increasing its use efficiency in forage grasses. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of N sources and doses on the growth of Urochloa ruziziensis. The experiment was carried out in the growing season of 2007/2008 in Santo Antônio de Goiás-GO, in a Brazilian Oxisol. A completely randomized block was used, with four replicates in a factorial scheme, corresponding to two N sources (conventional urea and urea with urease inhibitor) and five N doses (0, 50, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1), divided into equal applications in five periods (Nov 14 to Dec 13, Dec 14 to Jan 12, Jan 13 to Feb 11 - rainy season, Mar 24 to Apr 22 and Jul 10 to Aug 08 - dry season). The effects of the treatments were evaluated for: shoot dry matter, tiller density, total N content in the leaves and relative chlorophyll content. N fertilizer sources did not affect the evaluated variables; however, N fertilization allowed linear increases in all variables with higher values during the rainy period. The relative chlorophyll content in U. ruziziensis had positive correlation with its dry matter productivity.
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Shumbusha, Damien, Hussein Shimelis, Mark Laing, and Placide Rukundo. "Assessment of the roles and farmer-preferred traits of sweetpotato in a crop-livestock farming system in Rwanda: implications for breeding dual-purpose varieties." Open Agriculture 5, no. 1 (December 16, 2020): 834–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2020-0082.
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AbstractIn Rwanda, sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam) is a highly valued crop in a crop-livestock mixed farming system. The objective of this study was to assess the role of sweetpotato in the crop-livestock farming system, to identify farmer-preferred traits, and to establish farmer-led priorities in breeding dual-purpose varieties (DPVs) in Rwanda. A participatory rural appraisal (PRA) study was conducted in three selected districts of Rwanda, namely, Bugesera, Huye, and Nyagatare. Data on the uses of sweetpotato and farmers’ trait preferences in sweetpotato varieties were collected and analysed. In Huye District, a high percent (56.7%) of respondents consumed sweetpotato every day, followed by Nyagatare with 53.3% consuming it at least twice a week. Most farmers (52.2%) used sweetpotato vines for livestock feed, depending on their availability. All respondents wanted to grow new sweetpotato varieties with improved root production combined with high aboveground biomass. About 87.7, 66.6, 56.6, and 51.1% of the respondents indicated that root-related traits of the crop such as high dry matter content (DMC), red skin colour, marketable root size, and yellow flesh colour were additional preferred traits, respectively. Therefore, farmers-preferred DPVs with improved root and green fodder yields could be developed to enhance the sustainable production and adoption of sweetpotato in a mixed farming system in Rwanda.
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Phát, Võ Tấn, Lê Văn Việt Mẫn, Trần Thị Thu Trà, and Nguyệt Nữ Minh Tôn. "Use copra meal as a partial substitute for wheat flour in fiber-rich biscuits." Science & Technology Development Journal - Engineering and Technology 4, no. 2 (May 19, 2021): first. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjet.v4i2.831.
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Biscuits, which are loved by many consumers, often provide a high level of energy because they are rich in sugar, flour, fat and low in fiber. Fiber plays an important role in preventing constipation, cardiovascular diseases and obesity, so the current trend of manufacturers is to create high-fiber biscuit lines. Defatted copra meal (DCM) is a rich source of fiber and is added to biscuits to increase the fiber content of the cake. In this study, defatted copra meal, after being hydrolysed with the enzyme Cellulast1.5L (HDCM), will be used to replace wheat flour with different ratios, from 10% to 40%, in fiber rich biscuit recipe. The hydrolysis of DCM was carried out with an enzyme concentration of 5U/g dry matter, for 30 minutes. The obtained HDCM has a soluble fiber (SDF) content of 7.3% dry matter, an increase of 2.43 times compared to the DCM sample. At the same time, the ratio between insoluble fiber and soluble fiber (IDF/SDF) of HDCM also decreased by 2.64 times compared to this ratio of DCM. The chemical composition, hardness, physical and sensory parameters of biscuits were used to evaluate the effect of hydrolyzed copra meal replacement rate. When increasing the percentage of HDCM from 20-40%, the total fiber content of biscuits increased 1.7- 5.9 times compared with the control sample. The HDCM substitution rates of 20% and 30%, for biscuits with acceptable taste scores of 5.7 and 5.0, respectively, with total fiber content of 9.0 and 15.5%, respectively, are suitable for manufactures fiber-rich biscuits.
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Jachniak, Ewa, Joanna Chmura, Mariusz Kuglarz, and Józef Wiktor. "The opportunities for obtaining of the biogas on methane fermentation from marine algae biomass and water plant biomass." BIO Web of Conferences 10 (2018): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20181001007.
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The aim of the research was to try to obtain of the biogas on a laboratory scale from marine algae biomass and water plant biomass. The research was conducted in 2016 year and samples were taken from the Polish coast of the Baltic Sea. In laboratory work, algae and plant species were first identified. The next, in order to subject them to methane fermentation processes and to obtain biogas,partial mechanical treatment of the biomass was conducted. Dry matter content and dry organic matter content were also determined. The research has shown different production of the biogas depending on the various species of the algae and plants. The percentage composition of the biogas was also determined (% CO2 and % CH4). In this research some kinds and species of algae and aquatic plants were distinguished: Scytosiphon cf. S. tortilis, Fucus vesiculosus, Cladophora, Audouinella, Potamogeton perfoliatus. Production of biogas from selected algae and water plants oscillated between 0.023 dm3·g-1 and 0.303 dm3·g-1. The highest content of the methane in biogas was obtained from the mixture of Ectocarpus from spring and autumn harvest (values oscillated from 80.7 % to 81.2 %), while the highest percentage share of carbon dioxide in the biogas was characterized by the mixture Fucus vesiculosus and Audouinella (22 %). Due to a small amount of the research in this field, more research is needed.
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KUNELIUS, H. T., L. J. HALLIDAY, J. B. SANDERSON, and U. C. GUPTA. "EFFECT OF HARVEST DATES ON YIELD AND COMPOSITION OF FORAGE KALE." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 69, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps89-016.
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Forage kale (Brassica oleracea L. ’Maris Kestrel’) was sown on 27 May and harvested at 18- to 22-d intervals between 16 Sept. and 6 Dec. in 1985 and 1986. Dry matter accumulated until early November and then declined at about 19 kg ha−1 d−1 until the final harvest. In vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDDM) ranged from 916 to 952 g kg−1 among harvest dates. Crude protein was similar for most harvest dates. Hemi-cellulose content decreased in 1985 but not in 1986 while cellulose content decreased in 1986 but not in 1985. Lignin content increased from 25 to 43 g kg−1 between mid-September and early December. The cell content peaked at 814 g kg−1 in mid-November. There was an increase in S-methylcysteine sulphoxide (SMCO) concentration of leaves from 1.4 g kg−1 to 6.2 g kg−1 between the first and last harvest dates. Potassium concentrations increased in 1985 and decreased in 1986 from September to December while concentrations of P and S were not influenced by harvest dates. With later harvests, both Ca and Mg concentrations decreased while B decreased in 1985 but not in 1986. Zinc concentrations peaked in October in 1986 while in 1985 they were similar for the five harvest dates. Iron concentrations fluctuated in the two years while Cu and Mn concentrations were not influenced by harvest dates. Forage kale provided highly digestible dry matter in late season. The mineral composition of kale was adequate with the exception of Cu, Mn and Zn which would not satisfy the dietary requirements of ruminants. The SMCO concentrations in kale leaves increased steadily from mid-September to early December but were lower than those concentrations considered deleterious to animal health.Key words: Brassica oleracea L., crude protein, hemicellulose, cellulose, SMCO, macronutrients
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Vieira, Montesquieu da S., Fábio H. T. de Oliveira, Hemmannuella C. Santos, and Jailma dos S. de Medeiros. "Contribution of non-exchangeable potassium forms and its accumulation in corn plants." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 20, no. 1 (January 2016): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v20n1p9-15.
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ABSTRACT The state of Paraíba, Brazil, has soils from well- to poorly-developed, in which potassium (K) is found in different levels, forms and, consequently, with varying availability to plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of non-exchangeable K forms to corn plants in 12 soils from Paraíba state, along four successive cycles. The experimental design was completely randomized block with three replicates and the 24 treatments consisted of the combination between two K levels (0 and 100 mg dm-3) and 12 soils. Before and after each cycle, subsamples of 0.2 dm3 were collected in each pot for the determination of non-exchangeable K (Kne), exchangeable K (Ke) and soluble K (Ks). For each cycle, dry matter production, dry matter K content and plant K content (absorbed K) were determined. In the studied soils, the amounts of absorbed K after successive cycles were higher than the amounts of exchangeable K released, which shows the contribution of non-exchangeable K forms to corn nutrition.
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Khemshetty, Amar, D. H. Patil, Pandit S. Rathod, A. S. Police Patil, and K. Basavaraj. "Studies on Nano DAP on Growth, Yield and Quality of Chickpeas under Rainfed Conditions of Northeastern Dry Zone of Karnataka." Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 46, no. 3 (February 24, 2024): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i32332.
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A field experiment was conducted at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Kalaburagi, during rabi season of 2022-23 to study the growth and yield of chickpea as influenced by fertilizers and foliar application of nano DAP. The experiment included four levels of RDF in main plots viz., 0% RDF (M1), 50% RDF (M2), 75% RDF (M3) and 100% RDF (M3) and three levels of nano DAP sprays in subplots viz., 2 ml litre-1 of water (S1), 4 ml litre-1 of water (S2), and Seed treatment with Nano DAP @ 5ml kg-1 seeds (S3) laid out in split plot design. The results revealed that among all the treatment combinations,100% RDF + nano DAP @ 4 ml litre-1 of water recorded significantly higher growth, parameters viz., plant height (37.56 cm), number of primary branches plant-1 (6.86), leaf area plant-1 (2.58 dm2 plant-1), LAI (0.86) and total dry matter accumulation in plant (20.24 g plant-1) at harvest.; yield parameters viz., number of pods plant-1 (23.52), seed weight per plant (9.16 g), 100 seed weight (22.30 g), haulm yield (3550kg ha-1), seed yield (1868 kg ha-1), quality parameters viz., protein content (19.31%) and protein yield (361.15 kg ha-1). This treatment was however found on par with 75 per cent RDF + foliar spray of nano DAP @ 4 ml litre-1 of water which recorded on par growth parameters viz., plant height (36.56 cm), number of primary branches plant-1 (6.59), leaf area plant-1 (2.51 dm2 plant-1), LAI (0.84), chlorophyll content (57.47) and total dry matter accumulation by plant (19.80 g plant-1) at harvest.; yield parameters viz., number of pods plant-1 (23.25), seed weight per plant (9.04 g), 100 seed weight (21.16 g), haulm yield (3504kg ha-1), seed yield (1796 kg ha-1), protein content (19.04%) and protein yield (342.52 kg ha-1).
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Ufidiyati, Nain, Ibnu Adib Fuady, Sutaryo Sutaryo, and Agung Purnomoadi. "Penanganan kembali slurry keluaran digester biogas dengan substrat awal manure sapi perah dan biji pepaya untuk meningkatkan produksi methan." Jurnal Ilmu Peternakan Terapan 7, no. 1 (October 30, 2023): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.25047/jipt.v7i1.3957.
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Co-substrate of papaya seeds (PS) with dairy cow manure (DCM) resulted an increase of organic matter (OM) content and not all OM could be digested properly in the continuous digester. This research was conducted to measure methane production of slurry that study. The experiment used MSP, BP, NaOH, batch type digester with completely randomized design. The treatments were R1 (100% DCM), R2 (95% DCM and 5% PS non germination) and R3 (95% DCM and 5% PS germination) with 5 replications. Data were analysed using analysis of variance. The observed variables were methane production, pH value, dry matter reduction (DMR) and OM reduction (OMR). Methane production showed significantly different (P<0.05), namely: 5.28; 7.19 and 6.26 l/l for R1, R2 and R3. The limited hydraulic retention time of substrate in continuous digester caused not all of the OM in R2 and R3 to be properly digested and is still left in the slurry. The decrease methane production of R3 than R2 was due to better nutrient content of R2 so that it was digested better while in the continuous digester. The higher DMR, OMR and methane production in R2 and R3 than R1 indicate that the use of BP as a co-substrate with DCM can increase the OM content and its quality and some of OM is still left in the slurry.
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Xu, Huibo, Songtao Wu, and Jessica Ann Diehl. "The Influence of Harbin Forest–River Ecological Corridor Construction on the Restoration of Mollisols in Cold Regions of China." Forests 13, no. 5 (April 22, 2022): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13050652.
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Artificial ecological corridors (AECs) are internationally approved ecological restoration and climate mitigation strategies. The width and recovery time indices of AECs directly affect the restoration efficiency of degraded soil nutrients. However, there is a lack of comprehensive and quantitative evaluation research on the construction factors of AECs from the perspective of soil fertility improvement. This research aimed to examine the critical ecological corridor construction factors affecting Mollisols’ eco-chemometrics and give a scientific scope. We collected 55 Mollisol samples at different restoration years (0–35 years) and different distances (0–280 m) from the AEC of the Ashi River, a typical Mollisol restoration area in Harbin, and the cold regions of China. We measured the distances, restoration years, soil thickness, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil total organic carbon (SOC), soil total organic matter (SOM), dry matter content (DMC), and the proportion of nitrogen (TN), phosphorus (TP) and potassium (TK). The results are as follows: (1) Within the AEC, there were significant differences in soil stoichiometric characteristics in different restoration years and locations; after restoration for 10–35 years, the soil stoichiometric characteristics reach or exceed the reference value of Mollisols. (2) It is feasible to restore large-scale degraded Mollisols through ecological corridors. In this recovery process, the soil nutrients first decreased, then increased, and finally reached and exceeded the reference value of normal Mollisols. (3) Soil nutrient accumulation was related to ecological corridor width and recovery time. The recommended unilateral width of the ecological corridor based on Mollisols’ CEC and SOC indices for restoration is 175–225 m, and the restoration period is 22.7–35 years based on Mollisols’ EC and SOC indices for restoration. This study demonstrated the change mechanism of Mollisols in AECs based on recovery time and location, and provided the basis for the Chinese government to formulate policies for Mollisol remediation.
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Cecílio Filho, Arthur B., Sandra MC Nascimento, Alexsandra SN Silva, and Pablo F. Vargas. "Agronomic performance of sweet potato with different potassium fertilization rates." Horticultura Brasileira 34, no. 4 (December 2016): 588–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-053620160421.
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ABSTRACT Sweet potato is a vegetable with great potential due to its versatility of use, which covers human food, animal feed and biofuels. However, it is still little studied, especially regarding mineral nutrition and potassium. Thus, a study was conducted to evaluate potassium fertilizer doses (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg/ha K2O) on mineral nutrition and yield of 'Beauregard' sweet potato in a typic Hapludult soil with low K level (0.3 mmolc/dm3). The experimental design was of randomized blocks with four repetitions. Harvest took place 123 days after seedling transplanting. Foliar K content, shoot, root and total dry matter, root total yield, root commercial yield, K accumulation, K content in the soil and K optimal economic dose were assessed. The highest foliar K content was observed at the dose of 100 kg/ha K2O, with K value of 44.6 g/kg on leaf dry matter. In soils with low K availability, the highest yield (38 t/ha) was observed at the dose of 87 kg/ha K2O. Maximum commercial yield (24.3 t/ha) was obtained at the dose of 85 kg/ha K2O, and K accumulation of 150 kg/ha in the shoot and 57 kg/ha in the root, respectively, were observed (72.5 and 27.5%). Optimal economic production was of 71 kg/ha K2O, which corresponds to 83% of the dose that maximized commercial production.
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Matusevich, G., О. Bagatcka, A. Kudryavtsev, А. Grinko, and D. Shabalkov. "Influence of monopotassium phosphate fertilizer on vegetable crops yield and indicators of fruit quality and safety." Agroecological journal, no. 2 (May 17, 2023): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2077-4893.2.2023.283705.
Full textAbstract:
Research new mineral fertilizer of monopotassium phosphate (MPP) regarding the impact (effects) on biometric indicators, yield, quality and safety of vegetable crops was conducted. We studied the effect of MPP on the growth and development of tomatoes and cucumbers at different rates of use. When using MPP, tomato biometric indicators increased: the height of the plants is 6.7–8.2 cm, stem diameter — by 0.9–1.2 cm, leaf area — by 4.2–9.7 dm2 compared to the control and cucumbers: plant height — by 9.4–41.5 cm, stem diameter — by 0.2–0.5 cm compared to the control. It was established that with foliar feeding of open ground vegetables, an increase in the yield of tomatoes to 48.0–49.2 t/ha and cucumbers to 3.9–4.7 t/ha is observed, compared to the control variant 41.4 and 3.1 t/ha, respectively, and the quality of fruits increases significantly. The content of dry matter, sugar, and vitamin C indicate the quality of the fruits of vegetable crops. The dry matter content of cucumbers was 4.1–4.8%, which is 0.2–0.9% more than in the control. The content of sugar and vitamin C had a similar tendency to increase. If in the control their content was 1.1% and 13.7 mg/kg, then when applying fertilizer the content increased by 0.6–1.5%; of vitamin C — by 11.2–18.2%, respectively. The content of dry matter of tomatoes was 7.3–7.7%, which is 0.8–1.2% more than in the control. The content of sugar, vitamin C, and carotene also increased: in the control, their content was 3.1%, 15.2 mg/kg, and 12.9 mg/kg, when the fertilizer was used, the content increased: sugar by 0.8–1.1%; vitamin C — by 5.9–13.0%; carotene — by 6.2–13.7%, respectively. Fruit acidity increased by 0.23–0.13%. The content of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co) in the composition of the МКР does not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations specified in the Ukrainian and European standards. Application of fertilizer taking into account the biologically justified rates of consumption will not lead to a significant change in gross (Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Pb, Cd, As, Мn, Cr, Hg) and mobile (Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Pb, Cd) forms of heavy metals in the soil. According to the content of natural radionuclides, monopotassium phosphate corresponds to the current Ukrainian regulatory documents. Agricultural products grown with the use of fertilizer meet hygienic requirements regarding the content of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) and are safe for human health.
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Auriyani, Wika Atro, Feerzet Achmad, Deviany Deviany, Muhammad Ikhwan Ardian, Rizky Dimas Prasetyo, Aldillah Herlambang, and Musa Musa. "Pengaruh Penambahan Ekstrak Jeruk Purut (Cytrus hitrix D.C) Sebagai Koagulan Alami Terhadap Karakteristik Karet." REACTOR: Journal of Research on Chemistry and Engineering 4, no. 1 (June 23, 2023): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52759/reactor.v4i1.85.
Full textAbstract:
Natural rubber is a plantation commodity that has a significant role in the country's economy. This study aims to determine the effect of the natural coagulant extract of kaffir lime with centrifugation and non-centrifugation treatment on the coagulation process, pH and coagulation time, characteristics of rubber clone IRR 118 and comparison of the quality of rubber with 2% formic acid chemical coagulant. The volume of coagulant used was 75 mL mixed with 150 mL of latex, so that coagulation occurred and produced coagulum. Then the resulting coagulum is analyzed for the characteristics of the rubber to determine the quality of the rubber. Characteristic analysis carried out was Dry Rubber Content (DRC), Initial Plasticity (Po), Plasticity Retention Index (PRI), Mooney Viscosity, ash content, impurities content, volatile matter content, and nitrogen content. The results showed that the natural coagulant extract of kaffir lime could coagulate latex, lowering the pH of latex thereby speeding up coagulation time. From the rubber characteristic test using kaffir lime natural coagulant it complies with SNI 06-1903-2017 SIR 20. The quality of rubber produced from using kaffir lime natural coagulant extract as a coagulant can equate the quality of rubber produced by using 2% formic acid chemical coagulant, but coagulant The natural ingredients used have drawbacks, namely the availability of seasonal fruit, and the need for treatment before being used as a coagulant.