Relevant bibliographies by topics / Dry cleaning Energy consumption

Academic literature on the topic 'Dry cleaning Energy consumption'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Dry cleaning Energy consumption"

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Dahlioui, Dounia, Fayrouz El Hamdani, Abdelali Djdiaa, Teodoro Martínez López, and Hicham Bouzekri. "Assessment of dry and wet cleaning of aluminum mirrors toward water consumption reduction." Renewable Energy 205 (March 2023): 248–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.01.086.

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Ariyawansha, Thilanka, Dimuthu Abeyrathna, Buddhika Kulasekara, Devananda Pottawela, Dinesh Kodithuwakku, Sandya Ariyawansha, Natasha Sewwandi, WBMAC Bandara, Tofael Ahamed, and Ryozo Noguchi. "A Novel Approach to Minimize Energy Requirements and Maximize Biomass Utilization of the Sugarcane Harvesting System in Sri Lanka." Energies 13, no. 6 (March 22, 2020): 1497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13061497.

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Sugarcane harvesting requires a significant amount of energy and time to manage dry leaves after the harvesting process. Therefore, the objective of this study was to minimize the energy requirement to process the cane and dry leaves’ harvesting (CDLH) for sugarcane while, at the same time, maximizing sugar production from cane and energy from dry leaves in Sri Lanka. The CDLH was conceptualized using a novel approach to optimize sugarcane harvesting to maximize biomass supply for energy production while reducing supply chain sugar-loss. The CDLH was investigated for manual harvesting capacity, energy consumption, sugar loss, and biomass energy potential. It was observed that CDLH consumed higher energy compared to the present practices of harvesting. However, the energy used for fieldwork was reduced because of the shifting of cane chopping and cleaning from the field to the factory. Low bulk density of the harvested cane of the CDLH system had a higher energy requirement in transportation. Comparatively, CDLH showed higher biomass energy potential and less sugar loss. High energy potential increases the energy potential to consumption ratio compared to the existing method. Therefore, the theoretical evaluation showed that the CDLH system can produce more than 20 kg of sugar and 879 MJ of electricity when processing 1 t of sugarcane.
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Fiaschi, Daniele, and Lorenzo Talluri. "Assessment of the thermoelectric conversion potential of low-temperature waste heat from textile dry-cleaning processes." E3S Web of Conferences 113 (2019): 03019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911303019.

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Even though textile industry is not considered an energy intensive sector, it comprises a large number of plants consuming and wasting a significant amount of energy that could be, at least partially, conveniently recovered. The objective of this work is to assess the possibilities and convenience of energy recovery from waste heat of different processes of a dry industrial textile laundry. The various thermal wastes from the processes were identified and characterised, in order to estimate their potential recovery and conversion into electricity. A suitable system layout was conceived, in order to exploit the heat deriving from thermal waste of different machinery in the factory, having distinct temperature levels, to an ORC powerplant, which converts the recovered heat into electricity. The ORC cycle was optimized to maximize the thermoelectric efficiency, comparing different possible working fluids. The best fluid was RC318, from which 92.5 kW power output was achieved, at 9.2% efficiency. The economic analysis revealed, conservatively, a payback period of 7 years for the whole system, which is potentially very interesting. The amount of electricity produced by the waste heat recovery equipment is well matched to the company's electrical needs, resulting in a significant reduction of electricity consumption, greatly reducing the electrical withdrawal from the grid and the related costs. The case study, the proposed solutions and the methodology have general aspects and may be extended to a wide range of cases in the sector of industrial textile laundry.
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Zhang, Fu Ming. "Research and Practice on BF Gas Dry Type Dedusting Technology at Contemporary Blast Furnace." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 2134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.2134.

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Blast furnace (BF) gas dry type bag filter desusting technology is an important technical innovation for energy saving, emission reducing and clean production for contemporary BF. It can reduce significantly the fresh water consumption during iron making process and reduce environmental pollution. It has become the development direction of contemporary BF iron making technology. The technical advantages and principle of BF gas dry bag filter dedusting are described in this paper, and the research and application on dry type bag filter dedusting technology of BF gas for 5500m3 BF at Shougang Jingtang (SGJT) are applied. The full dry type bag filter cleaning technology of gas self-developed has been applied successfully in 5500m3 BF, and standby wet type gas dedusting system has been cancelled. Several key technologies have been developed including gas temperature control, anti-corrosion of pipe, measuring of dust content in gas, dense phase pneumatic transportation of collected dust etc. The full dry type dedusting technology has reached internationally advanced level.
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Wahab, Hamdani. "Analysis of Energy and Exergoeconomic on Water Cleaning and Injection Facilities in the CPP Block, Indonesia." Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace -science and engineering- (JOMAse) 66, no. 2 (July 30, 2022): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36842/jomase.v66i2.285.

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One of the problems in the upstream oil and gas industry is that large quantities of produced water must go through a water cleaning and injection process in accordance with the Regulation of the State Minister of the Environment Number 19 of 2010 of the Republic of Indonesia concerning the quality standards of wastewater for oil and gas and geothermal activities. A total of 224,257.1 barrels of water per day which is produced water in the CPP Block must go through a water management process which requires a large energy consumption of 269.47 MW/month. One effort to reduce the use of electrical energy is to conduct energy and exergy analysis to determine the point of greatest energy use as a result of exergy destruction and convert it into economic costs as operating cost losses. From the research, it is known that the largest electrical energy consumption is at the injection pump 235.47 MW/month with exergy 67.72 KW, the largest exergy destruction is 31.04 KW at the charge filter pump with an efficiency of 54%. Energy and exergy analysis is used to identify changes in energy quality in a system.
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Lukyanov, Alexander V., Stanislav M. Orlov, and Boris R. Romanenko. "Study of the characteristics of the ascending vortex of the cyclone and the concentration of dust along its section." Vestnik MGSU, no. 8 (August 2021): 1034–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2021.8.1034-1044.

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Introduction. Protection of the atmosphere is a social and economic problem inextricably linked with the task of creating comfortable conditions for human life and work. Cyclones are the most typical representatives of dry inertial dust collectors. This work is aimed at reducing energy consumption when cleaning gas with cyclones. Materials and methods. In the course of the work, analytical and experimental research methods were applied. Results. Analytical dependences of the aerodynamics of the ascending cyclone vortex have been obtained, which showed that the ascending vortex has a complex structure and the cyclone is an artificially created spiral structure, akin to such a natural phenomenon as a tornado. The obtained mathematical model was fully confirmed by experimental studies. Conclusions. The studies carried out show that the ascending vortex in the cyclone has a structure consisting of two zones. In the first zone (core), the force of the radial pressure gradient exceeds the centrifugal force, and the dust rushes towards the cyclone axis. In the second, the centrifugal force exceeds the force of the pressure gradient, and the dust is thrown to the periphery. The obtained theoretical model will make it possible to reasonably choose methods for more rational use of the expended energy and increasing the efficiency of cyclones.
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Krumme, U., H. Keuthen, U. Saint-Paul, and W. Villwock. "Contribution to the feeding ecology of the banded puffer fish Colomesus psittacus (Tetraodontidae) in north Brazilian mangrove creeks." Brazilian Journal of Biology 67, no. 3 (August 2007): 383–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842007000300002.

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Stomach contents were examined from 102 banded puffer, Colomesus psittacus (Tetraodontidae), caught from intertidal mangrove creeks at diurnal neap tides between June and September, 1997 (early dry season) near Bragança (north Brazil). The study found that C. psittacus were specialized predators of Cirripedia (Balanus spp.) and Brachyuran crabs (Uca spp., Pachygrapsus gracilis) (mean: 58 and 38% by dry weight, respectively), emphasizing a short food chain in the mangrove system. Cirripedia and Brachyura dominated the diet in all size classes, however, the prey spectrum narrowed with fish size. The mean daily consumption of Cirripedia and Brachyura was 6.2% body weight of C. psittacus. On average C. psittacus consumed 100.3 g.ha-1.d-1 of Cirripedia and 178.7 g.ha-1.d-1 of Brachyura (wet weight). The predation on Brachyuran crabs - a significant driver of fluxes of organic matter and energy in the system - provides C. psittacus with an important ecological function in the mangrove food web. A plant-animal interaction is proposed where C. psittacus exerts a mutually beneficial cleaning function on the Aufwuchs (Cirripedia and associated epibiota) of Rhizophora mangle stilt roots. Our results and those of other studies suggest that C. psittacus encounter optimum foraging conditions in the mangrove at high inundations at daylight (spring tide-day) whereas darkness and low inundations are linked to poor foraging conditions (neap tide-night). The C. psittacus resource could be used as an alternative income in the region in terms of i) sustainable catch and filet processing for exports to East Asia, ii) developing certified aquaculture methods for breeding puffers for the aquarium trade.
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Haidar, Zeyad A., Mamdooh Al-Saud, Jamel Orfi, and Hany Al-Ansary. "Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plants Energy Consumption Management and Optimization for Improving Power Systems Voltage Stability with PV Generation Resources." Energies 14, no. 22 (November 18, 2021): 7739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227739.

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This paper studies energy consumption management of seawater Reverse Osmosis (RO) desalination plants to maintain and enhance the Voltage Stability (VS) of Power Systems (PS) with Photovoltaic (PV) plant integration. We proposed a voltage-based management algorithm to determine the maximum power consumption for RO plants. The algorithm uses power flow study to determine the RO plant power consumption allowed within the voltage-permissible limits, considering the RO process constraints in order to maintain the desired fresh water supply. Three cases were studied for the proposed RO plant: typical operation with constant power consumption, controlled operation using ON/OFF scheduling of the High-Pressure Pumps (HPPs) and controlled operation using Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) control. A modified IEEE 30-bus system with a variable load was used as a case study with integration of three PV plants of 75 MWp total power capacity. The adopted 33.33 MW RO plant has a maximum capacity of 200,000 m3/day of fresh water production. The results reveal that while typical operation of RO plants can lead to voltage violation, applying the proposed load management algorithm can maintain the vs. of the PS. The total transmission power loss and power lines loading were also reduced. However, the study shows that applying VFD control is better than using ON/OFF control because the latter involves frequent starting up/shutting down the RO trains, which consequently requires flushing and cleaning procedures. Moreover, the specific energy consumption (SEC) and RO plant recover ratio decreases proportionally to the VFD output. Furthermore, the power consumption of the RO plant was optimized using the PSO technique to avoid unnecessary restriction of RO plant operation and water shortage likelihood.
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Shaikh, Mohd Bilal Naim, and Mohammed Ali. "Turning of steels under various cooling and lubrication techniques: a review of literature, sustainability aspects, and future scope." Engineering Research Express 3, no. 4 (November 17, 2021): 042001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ac2e10.

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Abstract In this review work, various conventional cutting fluids and their application methods have been discussed, which serve different functions such as cooling, lubrication, cleaning, and corrosion protection during the machining process. According to the available research, issues associated with the conventional ones have beenidentified concerning sustainability metrics, i.e., economic, environmental, and social dimensions. These issues necessitated shifting toward sustainable alternatives. All such alternatives have been reviewed thoroughly, which are presently practiced in the machining of steels as a workpiece. It can be concluded that these sustainable methods, i.e., dry cutting, minimum quantity cooling and lubrication, cryogenic lubricant, gas-based coolant, solid lubricant, etc, provide better machinability performance as compared to conventional ones. However, there is a need oftrade-off analysis between cost-effectiveness and sustainability for various combinations of cutting fluids and their application methods. The last section summarizes the review study and recommends prospects based on the demands and challenges ahead. Further, it can be concluded that knowledge of the cutting fluid types and their application methods with detailed efficiency and energy consumption models are critically important to make them commercially viable.
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Pereira, Gislaine Silva, and Eduardo David. "AVALIAÇÃO DE PARÂMETROS ENERGÉTICOS EM ESTÁBULO LEITEIRO NO NOROESTE DO PARANÁ." ENERGIA NA AGRICULTURA 32, no. 3 (December 20, 2017): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.17224/energagric.2017v32n3p237-242.

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O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento das variáveis elétricas consumo, demanda, fator de potência e determinar o consumo específico de energia elétrica por litro de leite produzido no processo produtivo de um estábulo leiteiro no noroeste do estado do Paraná. A edificação em questão está localizada em zona rural do município de Rondon, tendo como principal atividade a produção de leite. A limpeza do sistema de ordenha mecânica é efetuada duas vezes ao dia com o uso de água aquecida por resistência de imersão. A retirada do leite do tanque é efetuada em intervalos de dois dias, sendo este encaminhado para o laticínio. A coleta dos dados de energia elétrica foi realizada com a utilização de um analisador de energia portátil, modelo RE4000 da Embrasul. Foram mensurados valores de consumo, demanda e fator de potência de energia elétrica (valores integralizados em intervalos de 15 min), em três períodos de coletas, sendo estes T100, T50 e T0, que correspondem respectivamente ao uso da resistência de imersão no processo de aquecimento de água para limpeza do sistema de ordenha nas duas ordenhas diárias (T100); em apenas uma ordenha (T50) e em nenhuma delas (T0). Foram determinados valores de consumo específico de energia por litro de leite produzido em cada tratamento. Verificou-se a homocedasticidade dos dados e posteriormente foi efetuado o teste de Scott-Knott (5%) para comparação de médias entre os tratamentos. Pode-se observar que a não utilização da resistência de imersão no aquecimento de água diminuiu significativamente os valores das variáveis elétricas no processo produtivo, o que pode vir a influenciar nos custos de produção do estábulo leiteiro. A diminuição dos custos dispendidos do uso de energia elétrica favorece ao produtor maior retorno econômico com a atividade. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: variáveis elétricas, demanda máxima, fator de potência, consumo específico. EVALUATION OF ENERGY PARAMETERS IN MILK STABLE IN NORTHWEST OF PARANAABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to evaluate the consumption, demand, and power factor variables and determine the specific consumption of electric energy per liter of milk produced from dairy cow production process in the northwest of Parana state. The construction in question is located in a rural area of the city of Rondon, with milk production as its main activity. The mechanical milking system is cleaned twice a day by water immersion resistance. The milk is withdrawn from the tank at two-day intervals, which is then sent to the dairy. The electric energy data was collected using a portable energy analyzer, model RE4000 from Embrasul. Consumption, demand, and power factor (values integrated in 15-minute intervals) were measured from three different cleaning treatment: immersion resistance after both milking (T100); immersion resistance after only one milking (T50) and without immersion resistance (T0). Specific values of energy consumption per liter of milk produced in each treatment were determined. The homoscedasticity of the data was evaluated and the Scott-Knott test (5%) was used to compare the treatment means. It was observed that the non-use of cleaning by immersion resistance in water heating significantly decreased the analyzed variables values that may influence the dairy production costs. Energy costs reduction favors the producer greater economic return with the activity.KEYWORDS: energy variables, maximum demand, power factor, specific consumption.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Dry cleaning Energy consumption"

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Sodagar, Behzad. "An investigation into the thermal performance of housing in the hot dry climate of Iran." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/288.

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This study is concerned with the identification and utilisation of design solutions for improving the thermal environment of residential buildings in hot dry climates in general and the hot arid zone of Iran in particular. The influence of various energy conservation options on energy use in a prototype house has been analysed using the ESP dynamic computer simulation program. The research was aimed at providing a range of design guidelines for use in the process of building design by builders, architects and engineers. It also suggests programs relying on occupancy behaviour such as; thermostat settings or operating windows. The recommended design solutions are among those which can be obtained economically through the architectural application of commonly available construction materials and skills whilst also being appropriate in the socio-economic context in which the design and use of buildings take place. The effect of parameters such as; thermal mass and insulation, surface characteristics, orientation, window design, shading and environmental control strategies on the thermal performance of the prototype house has been investigated. Energy and comfort have been used as indicators of performance.
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Hamdy, I. F. "Architectural approach to the energy performance of buildings in a hot-dry climate with special reference to Egypt." Thesis, University of Bath, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373396.

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Mousli, Kindah <1982&gt. "Optimize Natural Ventilation and Thermal Mass in Residential Buildings to Achieve Thermal Comfort and Reduction of Energy Consumption in Hot Dry Climate." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7469/.

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Using natural phenomena to reach indoor comfort has been known since early time and the oldest heritage architecture‘s and engineering of Middle East region, which has responded with such phenomena as well very good solutions special for hot-dry region (height temperature and radiation at summer and big variation between day and night temperature also between the hot summer and cool winter). This Architecture realized inside its houses optimum comfortable temperatures throughout nearly all the days of the yearlong. That was through equating with the volume adopting and the space taming with the different natural elements forces of the sun, atmosphere and climate as all which is common in these days as passive design strategies and reducing energy consumption . This research investigate the thermal mass and natural ventilation for traditional house (hot-dry region in Damascus) that gives high energy efficiency in providing cool indoor air through ventilation (single sided , cross ventilation) and envelope behavior, with the procedures of measurements combined with simulation program model, to improve Middle East new residential buildings through utilize combination of passive cooling and heating techniques. Natural ventilation in traditional building coupled with effects of massive construction and design assemble, provide thermal comfort (temperature control) over interior condition. This strategies are utilized to conserve energy in a hot-dry climate specially on middle east region as Damascus and other cities which have comfort traditional houses . The modern template applied by simulation program for traditional heating and cooling technique achieves thermal comfort related to occupant behavior and reduces energy consumption for new apartment of about 30-45% reduction of energy needs at Damascus, 20-35% at Cairo and 15-30% also at very hot dry climate as Riyadh.
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Karinkanta, P. (Pasi). "Dry fine grinding of Norway spruce (Picea abies) wood in impact-based fine grinding mills." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2015. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526207193.

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Abstract Wood powders are used in numerous applications such as thermoplastics and filters, and a lot of research effort has been put into developing novel ways of utilising them. The mechanical processing of wood powders, especially at particle sizes below 100 µm, has been reported in several studies, but they lack information on the effect of fine grinding conditions on the particle morphology and cellulose crystallinity, both of which are important parameters in the further processing of wood powders and in their various applications. This makes it very difficult to design and optimise fine grinding processes with different applications in mind. The aim of this thesis was to study the dry fine grinding of wood in several impact-based fine grinding mills in order to find out their effect on the properties of the wood and to study the energy required for the mechanical processing of the resulting powders. The effect of the main operational parameters on the properties of dried Norway spruce wood and the energy consumption was studied using three impact-based fine grinding mills that were capable of pulverising the wood down to a median particle size of less than 25 µm. It was found that the impact events occurring in media mills can be used for the production of very fine wood powders with lower cellulose crystallinity and rounder shaped particles having more uniform shape distribution than powders pulverised to a similar size range by means of impact events in non-media mills. A practical estimate was obtained for the minimum specific energy consumption in fine grinding in mills involving grinding media that could be utilised as a target for optimisation. Impact-based media milling under cryogenic conditions can be used to obtain different Norway spruce wood powders from those produced under ambient grinding conditions, i.e. without the freezing effect of nitrogen liquid. The energy efficiency of fine grinding can be enhanced by choosing cryogenic rather than ambient conditions. The moisture content of the wood has greater influence on the size and shape of the particles when milling is accomplished under ambient conditions. Torrefaction can reduce the energy consumption in impact-based media mills for median particle sizes over 17.4 µm (± 0.2 µm), while the shape and cellulose crystallinity of the particles are not significantly affected by torrefaction pretreatment as a function of energy consumption
Tiivistelmä Puujauheita käytetään laajalti erilaisissa sovelluksissa, kuten esimerkiksi biokomposiiteissa ja suodattimissa. Tämän lisäksi on olemassa paljon tutkimustietoa siitä, kuinka puujauheita voitaisiin hyödyntää laajemminkin. Puu voidaan mekaanisesti prosessoida alle 100 µm:n kokoluokkaan, mutta yksityiskohtaista tietoa kuivahienojauhatuksen olosuhteiden vaikutuksesta jauheiden morfologiaan ja selluloosan kiteisyyteen ei ole saatavilla. Puujauheen morfologialla ja selluloosan kiteisyydellä on kuitenkin merkittävä vaikutus sovelluksia ja jatkojalostusta ajatellen. Puun kuivahienojauhatuksen tiedon puute hankaloittaa merkittävästi prosessin suunnittelua ja optimointia erilaisia sovelluksia varten. Tämän väitöskirjan tavoitteena on selvittää iskuihin perustuvien hienojauhimien vaikutukset puun ominaisuuksiin ja tutkia mekaanisen prosessoinnin energiatehokkuutta hienojauhatuksessa. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin kolmen erilaisen iskuun perustuvan hienojauhatusmyllyn pääasiallisten operointiparametrien vaikutusta kuivatun metsäkuusen ominaisuuksiin ja energiankulutukseen. Jokaisella hienojauhimella onnistuttiin tuottamaan puujauhoja, joiden mediaanikoko oli alle 25 µm. Iskuihin perustuvalla jauhinkappalemyllyllä saatiin tuotettua puujauhoa, jonka selluloosan kiteisyys on alhaisempi ja partikkelimuodot pyöreämpiä verrattuna samankokoisiin puujauhoihin, jotka on tuotettu iskuihin perustuvilla jauhinkappaleettomilla hienojauhatusmyllyillä. Työssä saatiin käytännöllinen arvio kuivatun metsäkuusen hienojauhatuksen minimienergiankulutukselle iskuihin perustuville jauhinkappalemyllyille, mitä voidaan käyttää kyseisten myllytyyppien optimoinnin tavoitteena. Työssä havaittiin lisäksi, että kryogeenisiä jauhatusolosuhteita käyttämällä voidaan tuottaa erilaisia puujauhoja verrattuna puujauhoihin, jotka prosessoidaan ilman nestetyppijäädytystä, kun jauhatus suoritetaan iskuihin perustuvalla jauhinkappalemyllyllä. Ilman nestetyppijäädytystä puun kosteuspitoisuudella on merkittävämpi vaikutus puujauhojen ominaisuuksiin kuin kryogeenisissä olosuhteissa jauhetuilla. Kryogeenisillä jauhatusolosuhteilla voidaan parantaa myös jauhatuksen energiatehokkuutta. Torrefioinnilla voidaan vähentää hienojauhatuksen energiankulutusta iskuihin perustuvilla jauhinkappalemyllyillä, kun tavoitekoon mediaani on yli 17,4 µm (± 0,2 µm). Torrefioinnilla ei ole vaikutusta selluloosan kiteisyyteen tai partikkeleiden muotoon energiankulutuksen funktiona
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Krejčí, Tomáš. "Středotonážní spalovna odpadů - systém čištění spalin." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231797.

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Analysis of the regional energy supply, shows that suitable alternative may be a combination of primary energy sources with the municipal solid waste to energy plant. Starting from the fact that the regional thermal energy needs are characterized by smaller power demand, but relatively significant seasonal fluctuations in heat supply. These factors limit the processing performance of the considered waste to energy plant that could be included in the system of regional energy supply. The aim of the thesis was to propose adequate treatment capacity for regional waste to energy plant and explore alternative solutions in off-gas cleaning for exhaust gases generated during incineration of MSW. The balance sheets of two alternative solutions off gas cleaning are part of the thesis, both in terms of material and energy consumption. Presented evaluation of economic demands alternative arrangement of off gas cleaning includes operating costs and the impact on earnings from energy production.
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Chi-liangTsai and 蔡啓良. "Analysis and improvement of energy consumption of high pressure dry air system by systems approach." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/257n4y.

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碩士
國立中央大學
環境工程研究所在職專班
107
High-pressure dry air is widely used in automation equipment today and in the future due to the safety, cleanliness, easy control, and easy access of pneumatic equipment。 Almost every plant has to be configured, but the cost of compressed air production is extremely expensive。 Therefore, how to effectively operate and control and save energy waste of compressed air is an important issue that plant managers must face。 In order to reduce the energy consumption of the compressed dry air system, it is necessary to systematically analyze the system, analyze its internal and external to find the energy consumption link, and further develop energy-saving measures for each energy-consuming link, aiming at reducing the compressed dry air system。 At present, there is no relevant research and practical case to propose a systematic and accurate countermeasure for reducing energy consumption。 Because energy consumption is related to internal and external mechanisms of action and methods of use, it is more reasonable to use internal and external systems。 The mechanism of action is to identify the key energy consumption causes and formulate countermeasures to perform improvement and verification。 This study improved the continuous improvement and verification of the second phase of the CDA (Compressed Dry Air) system for an IC substrate。 The improvement results of this study did meet the research objectives。 The first phase improved the pipeline leakage (deducting the air volume used)。 The factors of change totaled a 8.1% reduction in energy consumption, a reduction in electricity consumption of 27,201 kWh/month, and a reduction in operating costs of NT$68,000/month。 In the second stage, a zero air loss dryer was added。 Under the condition of stable gas pressure and steady air volume, the systems power consumption was significantly reduced。 (The deducting the air volume change factor reduced the energy consumption ratio by 20.9%, and reduced the power consumption by about 46,943 kWh/month, reduced operating costs of 117,000 NTD / month)。 Therefore, it can be confirmed that the system method is used as a feasible method for analyzing the energy consumption and improvement of the compressed dry air supply system。 In the same way, it is also a feasible and effective way to use the systems approach as the energy supply analysis and improvement of other facility supply systems (such as the central chiller water system and the clean room system)。 It is expected that this research result can be used for future research and discussion。 The system energy consumption analysis and improvement reference, in order to achieve energy-saving emission reduction and enterprises to reduce production costs for a win-win purpose。
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Books on the topic "Dry cleaning Energy consumption"

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Office, Energy Efficiency. Energy efficiency in the dry-cleaning industry. London: Energy Efficiency Office, 1993.

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Lstiburek, Joseph W. Builder's guide: Hot-dry & mixed-dry climates. Westford, MA: Building Science Corporation, 2000.

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Solvent consumption in dry-cleaning. [U.K.]: Environmental Technology Best Practice Programme, 1997.

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Great Britain. Energy Efficiency Office., Harwell Laboratory. Energy Technology Support Unit., and Fabric Care Research Association, eds. Energy conservation in the dry-cleaning industry. Harwell: ETSU, 1993.

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Benchmarking energy use and costs in salt-and-dry fish processing and lobster processing. [Ottawa]: CIPEC, Natural Resources Canada, 2005.

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Running Dry: Essays on Energy, Water, and Environmental Crisis. Rutgers University Press, 2015.

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United States. Dept. of Energy. Building Technology, State and Community Programs., National Renewable Energy Laboratory (U.S.), and Innovative Design, eds. Energy design guidelines for high performance schools: Cool and dry climates. [Washington, D.C: Office of Building Technology, State and Community Programs, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. Dept. of Energy, 2002.

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Energy design guidelines for high performance schools: Hot and dry climates. [Washington, D.C: Office of Building Technology, State and Community Programs, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. Dept. of Energy, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Dry cleaning Energy consumption"

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Adak, Deepanjana, Silajit Manna, Shoubhik De, Manish Kumar, Santanu Maity, and Raghunath Bhattacharyya. "Mitigation of Soiling of Solar Panels by Applying Superydrophobic Aluminum Oxide Thin Film and Dry Cleaning by Electrodynamic Screen." In Springer Proceedings in Energy, 69–79. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9280-2_9.

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Kessler, H. G. "Multistage Evaporation and Water Vapour Recompression with Special Emphasis on High Dry Matter Content, Product Losses, Cleaning and Energy Savings." In Milk, 545–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-5571-9_63.

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Bhandari, Nikhil, and A. Meenatchi Sundaram. "Optimization of Windows for Daylighting and Energy Consumption for South Facade in Office Building in Hot and Dry Climate of India." In Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 307–20. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5974-3_27.

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Javanmard, Zinat, and Consuelo Nava. "Investigating the Effect of Form and Material of Spatial Structures on Energy Consumption in Hot and Dry Climates Case Study: Kerman City." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 1631–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06825-6_157.

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Okike, Iheanacho, Seerp Wigboldus, Anandan Samireddipalle, Diego Naziri, Akin O. K. Adesehinwa, Victor Attah Adejoh, Tunde Amole, Sunil Bordoloi, and Peter Kulakow. "Turning Waste to Wealth: Harnessing the Potential of Cassava Peels for Nutritious Animal Feed." In Root, Tuber and Banana Food System Innovations, 173–206. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92022-7_6.

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AbstractIn Nigeria, processing cassava for food and industry yields around 15 million tons of wet peels annually. These peels are usually dumped near processing centres to rot or dry enough to be burned. Rotting heaps release methane into the air and a stinking effluent that pollutes nearby streams and underground water, while burning produces clouds of acrid smoke. However, when properly dried, peels can be an ingredient in animal feed. Previous attempts over two decades to use peels in animal feed failed to yield profitable options for drying wet peels at commercial scale, but recent research suggests that cassava peels can be processed into high-quality cassava peel (HQCP) products to be used as nutritious, low-cost animal feed ingredients. The core innovation was to adopt the same steps and equipment used for processing cassava roots into gari, the main staple food in the country. When dried, 3 tons of wet peels yield a tonne of healthy and energy-rich animal feed, containing nearly 3,000 kilocalories per kilogram of dry matter (kcal/kgDM). Adopting this innovation at scale in Nigeria’s poultry and fish sectors alone has the potential to turn approximately 3.6 million tons of wet peels into 1.2 million tons of feed ingredients capable of replacing approximately 810,000 tons of largely imported maize. The innovation has great potential to increase feed availability and lower its cost while saving cereals for human consumption, reducing the import bill, creating new business opportunities, and protecting the environment. This research was initiated by CGIAR centres and taken up by the CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB) over the past decade with strategic input from the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock to accelerate development of the innovation, and this chapter documents the potential and progress in taking this innovation to scale.
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"coating layer itself, an d at the interface between the coating and the substrate, causes instant fracturing and separation of coating material from the surface. In general, if a coating or contaminant is CHEMICALLY bonded to a surface, dry ice particle blasting will NOT effectively remove the coating. If the bond is PHYSICAL o r MECHANICAL in nature, such as a coating of rubber residue which is "anchored" into the porous surface of an aluminum casting, then there is a good chance that dr y ice blasting will work. Contaminants which are etched, or stained into the surfaces of metals, ceramics, plastics, or other materials typically cannot be removed with dry ice blasting. If the surface of the substrate is extremely porous or rough, providing strong mechanical "anchoring" for the contaminant or coating, dr y ice blasting may not be able to remove all of the coating, or the rate of removal may be too slow to allow dry ice blasting to be cost effective. The classic example of a contaminant that does NOT respond to dry ice blast-ing is RUST. Rust is both chemically and strongly mechanically bonded to steel substrate. Advanced stages of rust must be "chiseled" away with abrasive sand blasting. Only the thin film of powderized "flash" rust on a fresh steel surface can be effectively removed with dry ice blasting. 4.2.1.1. Inductio n (venturi) and direct acceleration blast systems - the effect of the typ e of system on available kinetic energy In a two-hose induction (venturi) carbon dioxide blastin g system, the medium particles are moved from the hopper to the "gun" chamber by suction, where they drop to a very low velocity before being induced into the outflow of the nozzle by a large flow volume of compressed air. Some more advanced two-hose systems employ a small positive pressure to the pellet delivery hose. In any type of two-hose system, since the blast medium particles have only a short distance in which to gain momentum and accelerate to the nozzle exit (usually only 200 to 300 mm), the final particle average velocity is limited to between 60 and 120 meters per second. So, in general, two-hose systems, although not so costly, are limited in their ability to deliver contaminant removal kinetic energy to the surface to be cleaned. When more blasting energy is required, these systems must be "boosted" a t the expense of much more air volume required, and higher blast pressure is re-quired as well, with much more nozzle back thrust, and very much more blast noise generated at the nozzle exit plane. The other type of solid carbon dioxide medium blasting system is like the "pressurized pot" abrasive blasting system common in the sand blasting and Plas-ti c Media Blasting industries. These systems use a single delivery hose from the hopper to the "nozzle" applicator in which both the medium particles and the compressed air travel. These systems are more complex and a little more costly than the inductive two-hose systems, but the advantages gained greatly outweigh the extra initial expense. In a single-hose solid carbon dioxide particle blasting system, sometimes referred to as a "direct acceleration " system, the medium is introduced from the hopper into a single, pre-pressurized blast hose through a sealed airlock feeder. The particles begin their acceleration and velocity increase." In Surface Contamination and Cleaning, 162–63. CRC Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9789047403289-25.

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Hrideek, T. K., and K. U. K. Nampoothiri. "Millets as an Integral Part of Nutritional Diet in India." In Examining the Development, Regulation, and Consumption of Functional Foods, 83–108. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0607-2.ch004.

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Millets are small grained cereals belonging to the family Gramineae and they include major millets and minor millets. Millets are quite important from the point of food and nutritional security at regional and house hold level. In India's dry lands, they play a significant role in meeting food and fodder requirements of farming communities. Millets are found to have high nutritive value comparable and even superior to major cereals with respect to protein, energy, vitamins and minerals. They are also rich sources of phytochemicals and micronutrients. Since millet is gluten-free, it is an excellent option for the people who are suffering from atherosclerosis, diabetics and heart disease. In the face of increasing population and stagnant wheat and rice production, millets can be a promising alternative in solving the problem of food insecurity and malnutrition, because of their sustainability in adverse agro-climatic conditions. These crops have substantive potential in broadening the genetic diversity of the food basket and ensuring improved food and nutrition security.
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"CONCLUSION While cleaned silica-based glass surfaces have similar surface compositions, their susceptibility to strongly adsorbing organic contaminant s depends strongly on the glass composition and the cleaning procedure. For the three glass species exam-ined: silica, aluminoborosilicate, and sodalime glass , the glass surfaces behave similarly after chromic acid cleaning. They show significant differences in their properties followin g a dry cleaning procedure, such as pyrolysis or UV/ozone cleaning. The cleaned silica surfaces show a high susceptibility to adsorbing or-ganic contamination following pyrolysis cleaning, while the pyrolyzed sodalime glass appears to be virtually immune to strongly adsorbing organic molecules. Py-rolyzed aluminoborosilicate glass shows an intermediate susceptibility to adsorb-ing organic contaminants. The chromic acid cleaned glass surfaces all show an in-termediate susceptibility to contamination by adsorbed organic molecules. Thus, it may be an oversimplification to consider a clean glass surface as a high energy substrate that is bound to attract ambient organic contamination. The wettability behavior of the cleaned glass surfaces showed features associ-ated with their exposed chemical functions. The non-dispersive interaction energy between glass and water as a function of pH showed evidence of charging of the surface silanol groups. The point of zero charge for these surface chemical func-tions was observed at pH 3. An estimate of the non-dispersive interaction energy between glass and water at the point of zero charge enables a reasonable estima-tion of the density of surface silanol groups on the cleaned glass. The trends ob-served for the surface charge as a function of pH correlate with the observed sus-ceptibility for adsorbing organic contamination to the cleaned glass surfaces. Charge-adsorbed surfactant monolayers indicated a negative surface charge on the cleaned glass, as expected for silica-based glass surfaces at neutral pH. The wettability of grafted self-assembled octadecylsilane monolayers indicated high quality coatings on the cleaned glass surfaces. The coating quality was identical for all three glass species following chromic acid cleaning. The UV/ozone cleaned glass surfaces showed the highest coating quality on the silica surface, followed by the aluminoborosilicate surface and the sodalime glass surface. The trends in coating quality for all chromic acid cleaned surfaces and UV/ozone cleaned surfaces correlate with those seen for susceptibility to organic contamina-tion of the cleaned glass surfaces exposed to unpurified liquid octane. REFERENCES." In Surface Contamination and Cleaning, 114–16. CRC Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9789047403289-17.

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Żołnierczyk, Anna K. "Nutritional Properties of Edible Insects." In Environmental, Health, and Business Opportunities in the New Meat Alternatives Market, 143–65. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7350-0.ch008.

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Insects are the biggest animal group on earth. They constitute as much as 80% of the animal kingdom. Over 2000 species of insects are consumed in Central and South America, Africa, Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. Currently almost 1 billion people on this planet suffer from hunger, and we must strive to increase the efficiency of food production. One of the possible solutions is to use insects as a source of food. An important advantage of insect production is the high environmental safety compared to conventional livestock. Conventional animal husbandry is responsible for at least 18% of total greenhouse gas emissions and large consumption of drinking water. A much smaller amount of water is used to produce insect meat and insects require far less feed. Production of insect protein requires much less land and energy than the more widely consumed forms of animal protein. The nutritional usefulness of edible insects varies depending on the species, on the stage of development of the insect and the method of breeding and feeding. Insects have a high nutritional value. They are a rich source of protein which includes all eight essential amino acids (phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine). Edible insects contain on average 10-30% of fat in dry matter and they are good source of edible oil which contains more than 50% of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) desirable for nutritional and health reasons. The average energy value of edible insects is about 400-500 kcal/100g of dry matter. Insects also contain a variety of water soluble or lipophilic vitamins and minerals. Their consumption can build a well-balanced diet. Insects can be regarded as safe, if properly managed and consumed, but international food regulations are needed.
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Żołnierczyk, Anna K. "Nutritional Properties of Edible Insects." In Research Anthology on Food Waste Reduction and Alternative Diets for Food and Nutrition Security, 1187–209. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5354-1.ch061.

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Insects are the biggest animal group on earth. They constitute as much as 80% of the animal kingdom. Over 2000 species of insects are consumed in Central and South America, Africa, Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. Currently almost 1 billion people on this planet suffer from hunger, and we must strive to increase the efficiency of food production. One of the possible solutions is to use insects as a source of food. An important advantage of insect production is the high environmental safety compared to conventional livestock. Conventional animal husbandry is responsible for at least 18% of total greenhouse gas emissions and large consumption of drinking water. A much smaller amount of water is used to produce insect meat and insects require far less feed. Production of insect protein requires much less land and energy than the more widely consumed forms of animal protein. The nutritional usefulness of edible insects varies depending on the species, on the stage of development of the insect and the method of breeding and feeding. Insects have a high nutritional value. They are a rich source of protein which includes all eight essential amino acids (phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine). Edible insects contain on average 10-30% of fat in dry matter and they are good source of edible oil which contains more than 50% of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) desirable for nutritional and health reasons. The average energy value of edible insects is about 400-500 kcal/100g of dry matter. Insects also contain a variety of water soluble or lipophilic vitamins and minerals. Their consumption can build a well-balanced diet. Insects can be regarded as safe, if properly managed and consumed, but international food regulations are needed.
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Conference papers on the topic "Dry cleaning Energy consumption"

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Herrlander, Bo. "Novel Gas Cleaning With Integrated Energy Recovery." In 19th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec19-5415.

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High-energy recovery combined with low emissions to air and water was targeted when Jo¨nko¨ping Energi planned their new Waste to Energy plant at Torsvik in Sweden. The plant is compliant with the new EU Industry Directive and the Waste Frame Directive R-formula, which defines energy recovery levels for recycle of energy. In total about 160 000 tons of municipal (40%) and commercial waste (60%) is annually converted into usable energy. The average heat value is 11,7 MJ/kg. The energy produced is a combination of electricity (14 MWe) and heat (42–56 MWth, depending on electricity production). The heat is recovered both in a boiler and in a condenser. The flue gas condensing system is combined with a heat pump (10 MWth) to optimize the heat recovery rate. The plant is designed to fulfill the requirements set by the Swedish authorities, which are more stringent than the EU emission requirements. Some examples of the plant emissions to air guarantees: dust 5, HCl 5, SO2 20, HF1, Hg 0,03, Cd+Tl 0,05, other HM 0,5 all in mg/Nm3 and dioxin 0,05 ng/Nm3. The flue gas cleaning upstream of the condenser consists of a combination of a semi-dry system and a wet scrubber. The gas cleaning system operating range goes from 60 000 up to 127 000 Nm3/h depending on load and fuel heat value. The semi-dry system is carrying out the major part of the gas cleaning and is sufficient to comply with the air regulations. However, in order to minimize the treatment of the condensate from the condenser the wet scrubber is installed after the semi-dry system and upstream the condenser. The blow down from the scrubber is reused within the plant. Thus the polishing scrubber secures minimal treatment of the condensate to comply with the local stringent limits, particular chlorides, before release to the recipient lake Munksjo¨n. Emissions to water were 2010 nitrogen 1,7 mg/l, Cl <3,6 mg/l, As 0,66 μg/l, Cd <0,07 μg/l, Cr <6 μg/l, Cu 0,8 μg/l, Hg <0,4 μg/l, Ni <0,66 μg/l, Pb<1,2 μg/l, Tl<1,3 μg/l, Zn<7,2 μg/l and PCDD/PCDF 0,0088 ng/l. In the wet scrubber acid stage residual HCl and excess ammonia from the SNCR system are removed. The latter compound is important to capture in order to prevent eutrophication. The combination of a semidry and a wet system enables an optimization of the flue gas cleaning with regard to the different operating situations, taking into account seasonal demand variations as well as fuel alterations. The concept has demonstrated very low emissions combined with low consumption of lime. The possibility to optimize the flue gas cleaning performance is a prerequisite for minimal condensate treatment and optimal energy recovery. The paper will describe the system and the operating experiences.
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Margraf, Ruediger. "Conditioning Rotor–Recycle Process With Particle Conditioning: A Simple and Effective Process for the Gas Cleaning Downstream Waste Incinerators." In 18th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec18-3556.

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Following to the tightening of emission limit values in Europe between 1980 and 1990, complex, multi-stage plants have been installed for the gas cleaning systems downstream of waste incinerators. As a result of the extremely high investment and operating costs, a waste incineration was no longer economical. Due to the consistent advancement of semi-dry procedures, high-efficient cleaning systems could be developed, with reliable observance of the requested emission limit values at considerably lower investment and operating costs. The Conditioning Rotor–Recycle Process with particle conditioning offers such a procedure. It mainly comprises the component parts for additive powder injection (CaO / Ca(OH)2, AC), reaction chamber with conditioning rotor, fabric filter and multiple particle re-circulation with wetting of recycled particulate prior to reinjection into reactor. This system allows the simultaneous separation of particles, heavy metals, incl. mercury and mercury compounds, acid crude gas components such as HF, HCl, SOx as well as dioxins / furans. The approx. 50fold particle re-circulation combined with the wetting of the recycled particulate grants the high effectiveness of this system with regard to the separation capacity and the additive powder consumption. The efficiency is described on the basis of several application examples from the field of waste incinerators. The presentation includes among other things the degrees of separation and the emission limit values in comparison with definitely more complex scrubbing systems. The process is also provided with an up-to-date control device for the additive powder injection. Based on crude gas measurements of the acid crude gas components, HCl and SOx, as well as on measurements of the volume flow, the additive powder is injected in dosed quantities in accordance with a given stoichiometric factor. The control concept is explained by means of a practical example. Furthermore, results will be presented, showing the advantages of the Conditioning Rotor – Recycle Process with particle conditioning relating to the expenses for consumable supplies, compared to a conventional spray sorption for the separation of acid crude gas components, as used for many plants in the USA. A comparison of the emission limit values for waste incinerators in the USA and Europe shows, that the presented process is also suited for the American market and offers cost advantages for the operators of waste incinerators.
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Liu, Erlin, and Zhaoxu Hua. "Research on Optimization Method of Cleaning Parameters of Insulator Dry Ice Cleaning Robot." In 2021 IEEE 5th Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ei252483.2021.9712898.

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Aly, Shahzada Pamir, Palanichamy Gandhidasan, Nicolas Barth, and Said Ahzi. "Novel dry cleaning machine for photovoltaic and solar panels." In 2015 3rd International Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference (IRSEC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irsec.2015.7455112.

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Khalil, Ibrahim, Aaron Sahm, and Robert Boehm. "Wet or Dry Cooling?" In ASME 2006 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2006-99082.

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Two major aspects related to water use in solar power plants are examined. First we compare the water used in various approaches to power generation. These include water requirements for cooling (where applicable) and other needs within the plant. Included is attention to water requirements for makeup in Rankine cycles, as well as for cleaning of concentrating solar systems. In the second thrust, we examine the impacts of using dry cooling for Rankine cycles. It is generally established that this approach requires premiums in both capital and operating costs (the latter is dependent upon the cost of water), as well as a penalty in performance when compared to wet systems. We examine the trends associated with this technology and outline some for the current performance issues with various cooling approaches.
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Islam, S. Z., Z. A. Athira, M. Noor, M. S. Kamarudin, and J. Uddin. "Time-based dry cleaning brush controller for PV energy yield enhancement." In 11th International Conference on Renewable Power Generation - Meeting net zero carbon (RPG 2022). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/icp.2022.1685.

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Zhang, Yun-Yi, Zhen-Zhong Hu, Jia-Rui Lin, and Jian-Ping Zhang. "Data Cleaning for Prediction and its Evaluation of Building Energy Consumption." In 38th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction. International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction (IAARC), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22260/isarc2021/0059.

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Rohani, Shahab, Nada Abdelnabi, Thomas Fluri, Anna Heimsath, Christof Wittwer, and Javier García Pérez Ainsua. "Optimized mirror cleaning strategies in PTC plants reducing the water consumption and the levelized cost of cleaning." In SOLARPACES 2018: International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5117763.

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Jurj, D. I., A. Polycarpou, L. Czumbil, A. G. Berciu, M. Lancrajan, D. Barar, and D. D. Micu. "EXTENDED ANALYSIS OF DATA CLEANING FOR ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION DATA OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS." In The 12th Mediterranean Conference on Power Generation, Transmission, Distribution and Energy Conversion (MEDPOWER 2020). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.1237.

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Jurj, Dacian I., Dan D. Micu, Levente Czumbil, Alexandru G. Berciu, Mircea Lancrajan, and Denisa M. Barar. "Analysis of Data Cleaning Techniques for Electrical Energy Consumption of a Public Building." In 2020 55th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/upec49904.2020.9209781.

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Reports on the topic "Dry cleaning Energy consumption"

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Sela, Shlomo, and Michael McClelland. Desiccation Tolerance in Salmonella and its Implications. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594389.bard.

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Salmonella enterica is a worldwide food-borne pathogen, which regularly causes large outbreaks of food poisoning. Recent outbreaks linked to consumption of contaminated foods with low water-activity, have raised interest in understanding the factors that control fitness of this pathogen to dry environment. Consequently, the general objective of this study was to extend our knowledge on desiccation tolerance and long-term persistence of Salmonella. We discovered that dehydrated STm entered into a viable-but-nonculturable state, and that addition of chloramphenicol reduced bacterial survival. This finding implied that adaptation to desiccation stress requires de-novo protein synthesis. We also discovered that dried STm cells develop cross-tolerance to multiple stresses that the pathogen might encounter in the agriculture/food environment, such as high or low temperatures, salt, and various disinfectants. These findings have important implications for food safety because they demonstrate the limitations of chemical and physical treatments currently utilized by the food industry to completely inactivate Salmonella. In order to identify genes involved in desiccation stress tolerance, we employed transcriptomic analysis of dehydrated and wet cells and direct screening of knock-out mutant and transposon libraries. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that dehydration induced expression of ninety genes and down-regulated seven. Ribosomal structural genes represented the most abundant functional group with a relatively higher transcription during dehydration. Other large classes of induced functional groups included genes involved in amino acid metabolism, energy production, ion transport, transcription, and stress response. Initial genetic analysis of a number of up-regulated genes was carried out). It was found that mutations in rpoS, yahO, aceA, nifU, rpoE, ddg,fnr and kdpE significantly compromised desiccation tolerance, supporting their role in desiccation stress response.
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Eneroth, Hanna, Hanna Karlsson Potter, and Elin Röös. Environmental impact of coffee, tea and cocoa – data collection for a consumer guide for plant-based foods. Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.2n3m2d2pjl.

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In 2020, WWF launched a consumer guide on plant-based products targeting Swedish consumers. The development of the guide is described in a journal paper (Karlsson Potter & Röös, 2021) and the environmental impact of different plant based foods was published in a report (Karlsson Potter, Lundmark, & Röös, 2020). This report was prepared for WWF Sweden to provide scientific background information for complementing the consumer guide with information on coffee, tea and cocoa. This report includes quantitative estimations for several environmental categories (climate, land use, biodiversity and water use) of coffee (per L), tea (per L) and cocoa powder (per kg), building on the previously established methodology for the consumer guide. In addition, scenarios of consumption of coffee, tea and cocoa drink with milk/plant-based drinks and waste at household level, are presented. Tea, coffee and cacao beans have a lot in common. They are tropical perennial crops traditionally grown in the shade among other species, i.e. in agroforestry systems. Today, the production in intensive monocultures has negative impact on biodiversity. Re-introducing agroforestry practices may be part of the solution to improve biodiversity in these landscapes. Climate change will likely, due to changes in temperature, extreme weather events and increases in pests and disease, alter the areas where these crops can be grown in the future. A relatively high ratio of the global land used for coffee, tea and cocoa is certified according to sustainability standards, compared to other crops. Although research on the implications of voluntary standards on different outcomes is inconclusive, the literature supports that certifications have a role in incentivizing more sustainable farming. Coffee, tea and cocoa all contain caffeine and have a high content of bioactive compounds such as antioxidants, and they have all been associated with positive health outcomes. While there is a strong coffee culture in Sweden and coffee contributes substantially to the environmental impact of our diet, tea is a less consumed beverage. Cocoa powder is consumed as a beverage, but substantial amounts of our cocoa consumption is in the form of chocolate. Roasted ground coffee on the Swedish market had a climate impact of 4.0 kg CO2e per kg powder, while the climate impact of instant coffee powder was 11.5 kg CO2e per kg. Per litre, including the energy use for making the coffee, the total climate impact was estimated to 0.25 kg CO2e per L brewed coffee and 0.16 kg CO2e per L for instant coffee. Less green coffee beans are needed to produce the same amount of ready to drink coffee from instant coffee than from brewed coffee. Tea had a climate impact of approximately 6.3 kg CO2 e per kg dry leaves corresponding to an impact of 0.064 CO2e per L ready to drink tea. In the assessment of climate impact per cup, tea had the lowest impact with 0.013 kg CO2e, followed by black instant coffee (0.024 kg CO2e), black coffee (0.038 kg CO2e), and cocoa drink made with milk (0.33 kg CO2e). The climate impact of 1kg cocoa powder on the Swedish market was estimated to 2.8 kg CO2e. Adding milk to coffee or tea increases the climate impact substantially. The literature describes a high proportion of the total climate impact of coffee from the consumer stage due to the electricity used by the coffee machine. However, with the Nordic low-carbon energy mix, the brewing and heating of water and milk contributes to only a minor part of the climate impact of coffee. As in previous research, coffee also had a higher land use, water use and biodiversity impact than tea per L beverage. Another factor of interest at the consumer stage is the waste of prepared coffee. Waste of prepared coffee contributes to climate impact through the additional production costs and electricity for preparation, even though the latter was small in our calculations. The waste of coffee and tea at Summary household level is extensive and measures to reduce the amount of wasted coffee and tea could reduce the environmental impact of Swedish hot drink consumption. For the final evaluation of coffee and tea for the consumer guide, the boundary for the fruit and vegetable group was used. The functional unit for coffee and tea was 1 L prepared beverage without any added milk or sweetener. In the guide, the final evaluation of conventionally grown coffee is that it is ‘yellow’ (‘Consume sometimes’), and for organic produce, ‘light green’ (‘Please consume). The evaluation of conventionally grown tea is that it is ‘light green’, and for organic produce, ‘dark green’ (‘Preferably consume this’). For cocoa, the functional unit is 1 kg of cocoa powder and the boundary was taken from the protein group. The final evaluation of conventionally grown cocoa is that it is ‘orange’ (‘Be careful’), and for organically produced cocoa, ‘light green’.
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Monetary Policy Report - April 2022. Banco de la República, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr2-2022.

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Macroeconomic summary Annual inflation continued to rise in the first quarter (8.5%) and again outpaced both market expectations and the technical staff’s projections. Inflation in major consumer price index (CPI) baskets has accelerated year-to-date, rising in March at an annual rate above 3%. Food prices (25.4%) continued to contribute most to rising inflation, mainly affected by a deterioration in external supply and rising costs of agricultural inputs. Increases in transportation prices and in some utility rates (energy and gas) can explain the acceleration in regulated items prices (8.3%). For its part, the increase in inflation excluding food and regulated items (4.5%) would be the result of shocks in supply and external costs that have been more persistent than expected, the effects of indexation, accumulated inflationary pressures from the exchange rate, and a faster-than-anticipated tightening of excess productive capacity. Within the basket excluding food and regulated items, external inflationary pressures have meaningfully impacted on goods prices (6.4%), which have been accelerating since the last quarter of 2021. Annual growth in services prices (3.8%) above the target rate is due primarily to food away from home (14.1%), which was affected by significant increases in food and utilities prices and by a rise in the legal monthly minimum wage. Housing rentals and other services prices also increased, though at rates below 3%. Forecast and expected inflation have increased and remain above the target rate, partly due to external pressures (prices and costs) that have been more persistent than projected in the January report (Graphs 1.1 and 1.2). Russia’s invasion of Ukraine accentuated inflationary pressures, particularly on international prices for certain agricultural goods and inputs, energy, and oil. The current inflation projection assumes international food prices will increase through the middle of this year, then remain high and relatively stable for the remainder of 2022. Recovery in the perishable food supply is forecast to be less dynamic than previously anticipated due to high agricultural input prices. Oil prices should begin to recede starting in the second half of the year, but from higher levels than those presented in the previous report. Given the above, higher forecast inflation could accentuate indexation effects and increase inflation expectations. The reversion of a rebate on value-added tax (VAT) applied to cleaning and hygiene products, alongside the end of Colombia’s COVID-19 health emergency, could increase the prices of those goods. The elimination of excess productive capacity on the forecast horizon, with an output gap close to zero and somewhat higher than projected in January, is another factor to consider. As a consequence, annual inflation is expected to remain at high levels through June. Inflation should then decline, though at a slower pace than projected in the previous report. The adjustment process of the monetary policy rate wouldcontribute to pushing inflation and its expectations toward the target on the forecast horizon. Year-end inflation for 2022 is expected to be around 7.1%, declining to 4.8% in 2023. Economic activity again outperformed expectations. The technical staff’s growth forecast for 2022 has been revised upward from 4.3% to 5% (Graph 1.3). Output increased more than expected in annual terms in the fourth quarter of 2021 (10.7%), driven by domestic demand that came primarily because of private consumption above pre-pandemic levels. Investment also registered a significant recovery without returning to 2019 levels and with mixed performance by component. The trade deficit increased, with significant growth in imports similar to that for exports. The economic tracking indicator (ISE) for January and February suggested that firstquarter output would be higher than previously expected and that the positive demand shock observed at the end of 2021 could be fading slower than anticipated. Imports in consumer goods, retail sales figures, real restaurant and hotel income, and credit card purchases suggest that household spending continues to be dynamic, with levels similar to those registered at the end of 2021. Project launch and housing starts figures and capital goods import data suggest that investment also continues to recover but would remain below pre-pandemic levels. Consumption growth is expected to decelerate over the year from high levels reached over the last two quarters. This would come amid tighter domestic and external financial conditions, the exhaustion of suppressed demand, and a deterioration of available household income due to increased inflation. Investment is expected to continue to recover, while the trade deficit should tighten alongside high oil and other export commodity prices. Given all of the above, first-quarter economic growth is now expected to be 7.2% (previously 5.2%) and 5.0% for 2022 as a whole (previously 4.3%). Output growth would continue to moderate in 2023 (2.9%, previously 3.1%), converging similar to long-term rates. The technical staff’s revised projections suggest that the output gap would remain at levels close to zero on the forecast horizon but be tighter than forecast in January (Graph 1.4). These estimates continue to be affected by significant uncertainty associated with geopolitical tensions, external financial conditions, Colombia’s electoral cycle, and the COVID-19 pandemic. External demand is now projected to grow at a slower pace than previously expected amid increased global inflationary pressures, high oil prices, and tighter international financial conditions than forecast in January. The Russian invasion of Ukraine and its inflationary effects on prices for oil and certain agricultural goods and inputs accentuated existing global inflationary pressures originating in supply restrictions and increased international costs. A decline in the supply of Russian oil, low inventory levels, and continued production limits on behalf of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and its allies (OPEC+) can explain increased projected oil prices for 2022 (USD 100.8/barrel, previously USD 75.3) and 2023 (USD 86.8/barrel, previously USD 71.2). The forecast trajectory for the U.S. Federal Reserve (Fed) interest rate has increased for this and next year to reflect higher real and expected inflation and positive performance in the labormarket and economic activity. The normalization of monetary policy in various developed and emerging market economies, more persistent supply and cost shocks, and outbreaks of COVID-19 in some Asian countries contributed to a reduction in the average growth outlook for Colombia’s trade partners for 2022 (2.8%, previously 3.3%) and 2023 (2.4%, previously 2.6%). In this context, the projected path for Colombia’s risk premium increased, partly due to increased geopolitical global tensions, less expansionary monetary policy in the United States, an increase in perceived risk for emerging markets, and domestic factors such as accumulated macroeconomic imbalances and political uncertainty. Given all the above, external financial conditions are tighter than projected in January report. External forecasts and their impact on Colombia’s macroeconomic scenario continue to be affected by considerable uncertainty, given the unpredictability of both the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the pandemic. The current macroeconomic scenario, characterized by high real inflation levels, forecast and expected inflation above 3%, and an output gap close to zero, suggests an increased risk of inflation expectations becoming unanchored. This scenario offers very limited space for expansionary monetary policy. Domestic demand has been more dynamic than projected in the January report and excess productive capacity would have tightened more quickly than anticipated. Headline and core inflation rose above expectations, reflecting more persistent and important external shocks on supply and costs. The Russian invasion of Ukraine accentuated supply restrictions and pressures on international costs. This partly explains the increase in the inflation forecast trajectory to levels above the target in the next two years. Inflation expectations increased again and are above 3%. All of this increased the risk of inflation expectations becoming unanchored and could generate indexation effects that move inflation still further from the target rate. This macroeconomic context also implies reduced space for expansionary monetary policy. 1.2 Monetary policy decision Banco de la República’s board of directors (BDBR) continues to adjust its monetary policy. In its meetings both in March and April of 2022, it decided by majority to increase the monetary policy rate by 100 basis points, bringing it to 6.0% (Graph 1.5).
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