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1
Rana, Md Rasel, Md Masudul Karim, Md Juiceball Hassan, Md Alamgir Hossain, and Md Ashraful Haque. "Grain filling patterns of barley as affected by high temperature stress." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 15, no. 2 (December 29, 2017): 174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v15i2.35059.
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Grain filling determines the grain weight, a major component of grain yield in cereals. Grain filling in barley depends on current assimilation and culm reserves (mainly water-soluble carbohydrates). Nowadays barley is facing heat stress problem which is mostly responsible to reduce the yield of barley. A field experiment was conducted at the Field Lab, Department of Crop Botany, BangladeshAgriculturalUniversity, Mymensingh during November 2015 to March 2016 to study the grain filling patterns and the contributions of culm reserves to grain yield under heat stress. The experiment consisted of two factors—barley cultivars and heat stress. The heat stress was imposed by late sowing. The tillers were sampled once a week during grain filling period to determine the changes in dry weights of different parts, viz., leaves, culm with sheath, spikes, and grains; and to examine the contribution of culm reserves to grain yield. The results in the experiment revealed that the grain yield was reduced by 22-28% due to the stress. The grain yield varied from 52 to 150 g m−2 with the mean of 102 g m−2 under control while it varied from 37 to 116 g m−2 with the mean of 75 g m−2 under heat stress. Among the cultivars studied BARI Barley5, BARI Barley2 and BARI Barley1, seemed as high yielders while BARI Barley3, BARI Barley4, BARI Barley6 as the low yielders under heat stress treatment. The reduction in grain yield was attributable mainly to lighter grain weight due to the stress. Heat stress drastically reduced the grain filling duration by 45–50%. However, the stress increased the grain filling rate by 6–53%. The amount of reserves remobilized to grain varied among the cultivars ranging from 4.8 to 12.77 mg spike−1 in control and from 1.73 to 6.25 mg spike−1 in stressed plants. The stressed barley plants exhibited lower accumulation of reserves in culm but they showed almost its complete remobilization to the grain. The contribution of culm reserves to grain yield varied from 1.13 to 19.52%, and 1.09 to 2.11% in control and in stressed plants, respectively. In conclusion, culm reserve is the important attributes in grain yield in Bangladeshi barley cultivars but the contribution remains almost unaffected due the post-anthesis heat stress.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 15(2): 174-181, December 2017
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Przulj, N., and V. Momčilović. "Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and use in spring barley." Plant, Soil and Environment 49, No. 1 (December 10, 2011): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4087-pse.
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During growth, kernel of cereals can be provided with carbohydrate and nitrogen (N) from the translocation of pre-anthesis accumulated reserves stored either in the vegetative plant parts or from current assimilation during kernel development. This study was conducted to assess the effects of nitrogen level and cultivars on dry matter and N accumulation and mobilization during pre-anthesis and post-anthesis. Twenty two-rowed spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars were grown on a non-calcareous chernozem soil in four growing seasons (1995–1998) atNovi Sad (45°20'N, 15°51'E,86 m a.s.l.) at two nitrogen levels. Dry matter accumulation before anthesis ranged from less than 50% in unfavorable to 90% in favorable growing conditions. Dry matter translocation occurred in favorable growing conditions only. Pre-anthesis accumulated N represented 57–92% and 54–129% of total N at maturity at the low and high N levels, respectively. Translocated N represented 41–85% and 37–153% of grain N at the low and high N level, respectively. N losses occurred in favorable growing conditions when anthesis N exceeded 150 kg/ha. N accumulation during grain filling was in negative correlation with dry matter and N accumulation before anthesis. The N harvest index was 0.57–0.63 and 0.71–0.74 in unfavorable and favorable growing conditions, respectively. Selection of genotypes with a higher ability of pre-anthesis reserve utilization or genotypes with longer leaf area duration after anthesis may be two possible solutions in spring barley breeding for Mediterranean growing conditions.
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Dodig, Dejan, Vesna Kandić, Miroslav Zorić, Emilija Nikolić-Đorić, Ana Nikolić, Beba Mutavdžić, Dragan Perović, and Gordana Šurlan-Momirović. "Comparative kernel growth and yield components of two- and six-row barley (Hordeum vulgare) under terminal drought simulated by defoliation." Crop and Pasture Science 69, no. 12 (2018): 1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp18336.
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Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is often grown in sites with low rainfall and high temperature during grain filling. Because spike architecture is one of basic footprints of barley domestication, the importance of spikes in adaptation to different environments or abiotic stresses can be hypothesised. In order to compare different barley spike types in terms of kernel growth and yield components, we tested 15 two-row and 10 six-row winter genotypes in eight environments where terminal drought was simulated by defoliation at 7 days after heading (7 DAH). Control plants were grown intact. On average, two-row genotypes outyielded six-row genotypes by 17% under control conditions and 33% under simulated late drought. Observations of kernel dry weights from 7 DAH through to harvest maturity at 5-day intervals were regressed onto a measure of thermal time. After preliminary evaluation of four nonlinear (S-shaped) models for kernel dry-weight accumulation, the ordinary logistic model was deemed the most appropriate in most cases and was finally applied to all plant-growth curves. Four parameters were estimated from the logistic model. Whereas two earliness estimators (inflection point and thermal time needed to reach maximum kernel weight) were similar for the two barley types, maximum kernel weight (Ymax) and mean rate of kernel growth (RG) were higher (P<0.05) in two-row than in six-row barleys. Differences in Ymax and RG among six-row barley genotypes were greater between control and defoliation treatments than between years, whereas among two-row barley genotypes, differences between years were greater, suggesting better stability of six-row types and better drought tolerance of two-row types in the tested barley set.
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KOVALOVA, O. S., Yu O. CHURSINOV, and D. D. KOFAN. "RESEARCH OF HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSING OF DRY BARLEY MALT." Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s 18, no. 4 (January 17, 2019): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/gpmf.v18i4.1190.
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Functional properties of food products with the addition of germinated grain raw materials have become the object of increased attention of scientists and specialists in the food industry. In addition to the nutritional ingredients, food products with the addition of grain raw materials contain functional ingredients that positively affect the human body that helps to adapt to the effects of the external environment. Functional products with the addition of germinated grain are considered not only as a source of plastic substances and energy but also as a nutritional complex that provides a healing effect. The usage of germinated grain in the food and processing industries is very limited due to its short shelf life and the characteristics of preparing malt for further processing. A relevant technological challenge is the selection of barley malt moisture regimes. The cycle of researches concerning hydrothermal processing of dry barley malt has been carried out. The purpose of determining the optimal technological regimes of hydrothermal processing of dry germinated grain is the prospects for its further use in various food technologies as a food additive or a component of the enrichment of products with biologically active substances. The work highlights the selection process and the main technological parameters of the process that can be used in the industrial processing of barley malt. As a research object, dry germinated grain (malt) produced by a special technology was used. In the course of research, an optimal hydro module was selected for humidifying barley malt, the temperature regime of hydrothermal processing of germinated grain was determined, the degree of swelling of malted grain was determined, the optimum time of wetting of raw materials for its further processing was determined. When analyzing the data obtained, it was concluded that the optimal hydro module for swelling barley malt is 1:4, the optimum temperature is +65С and the duration of hydrothermal processing is 48 hours. The regimes of hydrothermal processing of barley malt presented in the article will allow optimizing the technological process of malt processing.
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Moate, P. J., D. E. Dalley, J. R. Roche, C. B. Gow, and C. Grainger. "Effects on milk production of increased dietary crude protein by feeding nitogen-fertilised turnips or lupins to dairy cows in mid-lactation." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 1 (2002): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00185.
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This experiment investigated whether increased crude protein concentration in turnips fertilised with nitrogen would improve milk production. Dairy cows were offered a basal diet of silage, hay and 5 kg dry matter barley supplemented with 5 kg dry matter turnips fertilised with nitrogen (n = 12) or 5 kg dry matter control turnips (n = 12) over 14 days. The effect of providing a diet isonitrogenous with the nitrogen-fertilised turnip diet and with rumen degradable protein on milk production was also investigated by replacing 1 kg barley with 1 kg lupins; 12 cows were offered 4 kg (dry matter) barley, 1 kg lupins with 5 kg control turnips. The control cows (offered control turnips with barley) consumed 17.8 kg dry matter, 2.34 kg crude protein and 187 MJ metabolisable energy. In comparison with the control cows, cows offered nitrogen-fertilised turnips with barley had lower (P<0.05) daily dry matter and metabolisable energy intakes and higher (P<0.05) crude protein intake whereas cows offered control turnips with barley and lupins had similar daily dry matter intake and higher (P<0.05) intakes of metabolisable energy and crude protein. The cows offered nitrogen-fertilised turnips with barley produced similar yields of milk and milk constituents to those of the control cows (19.6 L milk with 855 g fat, 625 g protein and 951 g lactose daily), reflecting the lower intakes of dry matter and metabolisable energy by the cows offered nitrogen-fertilised turnips with barley compared with that of the control cows. Cows offered control turnips with barley and lupins had a greater (P<0.05) daily yield of milk fat and protein than did the other groups of cows; milk yield was increased by 0.5 L when 1 kg dry matter barley was replaced with 1 kg dry matter lupins. It is economical for farmers to feed turnips in conjunction with barley and lupins to overcome summer shortages of high-quality feeds.
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ROTTER, B. A., R. R. MARQUARDT, W. GUENTER, C. BILIADERIS, and C. W. NEWMAN. "IN VITRO VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS OF BARLEY EXTRACTS AS PREDICTORS OF GROWTH RESPONSES IN CHICKS FED BARLEY-BASED DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH A FUNGAL ENZYME PREPARATION." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 69, no. 2 (June 1, 1989): 433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas89-048.
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The effects of in vitro extracting conditions on the viscosity of different barley cultivars were determined (exps. 1–3). Then, the relationship between three in vitro viscosity assays (method I, raw barley-HCl-KCl buffer; method II, autoclaved barley-H2O; and method III, raw barley-H2O) was compared with the performance of chicks fed barley-based diets supplemented with fungal enzyme (exp. 4). A significant three-way interaction (P < 0.0001) among fineness of grind, extraction method and barley cultivar showed that viscosity values for different barleys were not uniformly affected by the other two factors. Part of this differential response was eliminated by the use of finely ground barley (< 0.5-mm-mesh screen). When the three extracting methods were compared, method I gave higher readings than method II for high-viscosity barleys, and the reverse was true for low-viscosity barleys. The ranking of the barleys remained the same. Method III gave the lowest viscosity values, perhaps due to active endogenous β-glucanases in water extracts of the raw barley. When different barley cultivars were extracted by method I and subjected to different shear rates the viscosity differences were much more pronounced at the lower shear rates, particularly for high-viscosity barleys. Finally, the same seven barleys were compared in a feeding trial with chickens. The improvement in weight gain due to supplementation with a crude enzyme preparation from Trichoderma viride (Cellulase Tv) ranged from 2 to 41 % (P < 0.05). Similar improvements were obtained for feed consumption, feed-to-gain ratio and dry matter retention (P < 0.05). The highest simple correlation coefficients were between the viscosity of barleys that had been extracted by method I, measured at low shear rates, and relative weight gain (r = 0.97, week 1 plus week 2). The correlation coefficients using low shear rate data were slightly higher than those with high shear rate data. These results indicate that most pronounced differences among barleys were obtained with finely ground samples (<0.5 mm), extracted for one hour at 38 °C, using a low pH 1.5 buffer (method I) and assayed at low shear rates. Under these conditions the viscosity data reflected the antinutritive properties of barley, which in turn were reduced or abolished by adding a crude enzyme preparation to the diet. Key words: Viscosity, barley extracts, chicks, fungal enzyme
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WELTZIEN, E. M., and F. X. AHERNE. "THE EFFECTS OF ANAEROBIC STORAGE AND PROCESSING OF HIGH-MOISTURE BARLEY ON ITS ILEAL DIGESTIBILITY BY, AND PERFORMANCE OF, GROWING SWINE." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 67, no. 3 (September 1, 1987): 829–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas87-086.
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Two studies were undertaken to determine the feeding value of high-moisture barley (HMB) for growing swine. HMB containing approximately 25% moisture and dry barley (approximately 13% moisture) was harvested from the same 21.8-ha field. On a dry matter (DM) basis, the HMB yielded 19.6% more than the dry barley. In the first experiment, 56 crossbred gilts and 24 crossbred barrows of an average initial weight of 28 kg were allocated on the basis of initial weight and sex to diets based on either anaerobically stored HMB or dry barley. Pigs fed the HMB-based diet consumed significantly more feed (P < 0.05) on a DM basis, than did pigs fed the dry-barley-based diet. Average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) were not affected by diet (P > 0.05). In the second experiment, eight barrows (57.6 kg initial weight), fitted with ileal T-cannulas, were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square to determine the apparent ileal digestibilities of nutrients in diets based on ground or rolled HMB (75% DM) and ground or rolled dry barley (87% DM). There were no differences (P > 0.05) among the four treatment groups in the apparent ileal digestibilities of the DM, CP, gross energy, starch or β-glucan components of the diets. The average ileal digestibility coefficient for β-glucan of the four diets was 79.6% (range: 76–82.2%), suggesting that this component is readily digested by growing pigs. The apparent ileal digestibilities for neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and phosphorus were lower (P < 0.05) for the ground dry barley diet than for the other diets. The apparent ileal digestibilities of lysine, methionine, isoleucine, alanine, valine, and aspartic acid were significantly higher (P < 0.05) for the ground HMB diet than for the dry barley diets. However, the digestibility coefficients for lysine, isoleucine, valine, and aspartic acid for the rolled HMB diet tended to be intermediate between the digestibility coefficients of these amino acids for the ground HMB diet and those for the dry barley diet. Thus, earlier harvest, in combination with anaerobic storage generally improves the digestibility of HMB as compared to dry barley. Key words: Growing swine, high moisture barley, β-glucan, digestibility, amino acid
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Mirosavljevic, Milan, Novo Przulj, Vojislava Momcilovic, Nikola Hristov, and Ivana Maksimovic. "Dry matter accumulation and remobilization in winter barley as affected by genotype and sowing date." Genetika 47, no. 2 (2015): 751–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1502751m.
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Knowledge about the effect of genotypic variation and sowing date on dry matter accumulation, remobilization and partitioning in winter barley is important for crop management. Therefore, in field studies, six winter barley genotypes of various origin and maturity groups were studied across four sowing dates. In general, grain yield and dry matter content decreased with delayed sowing, after mid-October, and average grain yield in late October and November sowing was lower 14.2% and 16.9%, respectively, compared to the yield in the optimal sowing date. Among the tested genotypes, high grain yield and dry matter content was obtained from late and medium early barley genotypes. Delayed sowing dates, on average, reduced dry matter remobilization and contribution of vegetative dry matter to grain yield. In years characterized by high spring precipitation, late September and early October sowing of medium early and late barley genotypes enable increased accumulation and remobilization of dry matter and obtainment of high grain yield.
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Jones, M. J., and M. Singh. "Yields of crop dry matter and nitrogen in long-term barley rotation trials at two sites in northern Syria." Journal of Agricultural Science 124, no. 3 (June 1995): 389–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600073354.
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SUMMARYTrials were established at two sites in 1982 to compare six 2-course rotations, in which barley alternated with feed legumes (pure or mixed with barley), fallow or barley, in partial factorial combination with different N and P fertilizer regimes. This paper summarizes data from the second to the seventh cropping seasons.Barley yielded most after fallow and more after legumes than after barley; but, on the basis of total dry matter production over both courses, barley-legume rotations outyielded barley-fallow and barley-barley rotations. In terms of net nitrogen offtake, which may be taken as a rough measure of feed value, barley-legumes surpassed the other rotations by c. 100% at both sites, whether the comparison was made on values obtained from plots with or without added fertilizer. Of the legumes, Lathyrus sativus was slightly more productive than Vicia saliva, and this carried over into the rotational yield of both dry matter and nitrogen. Rotations involving pure legumes were slightly more productive than those involving legume/barley mixtures.Yields of all crops and rotations varied greatly from year to year depending on rainfall. Those of the barley-fallow rotation were much less variable than those of the barley-barley rotation at the wetter site (323±103 mm), with the barley-legume rotation intermediate; but variability was much greater at the drier site (250±79 mm), with much less difference between rotations. Nevertheless, fertilizer use and rotations including legumes gave a significant yield advantage under the driest conditions.
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Zając, T., A. Oleksy, A. Stokłosa, A. Klimek-Kopyra, and J. Macuda. "Vertical distribution of dry mass in cereals straw and its loss during harvesting." International Agrophysics 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10247-012-0072-0.
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Abstract The study aimed at evaluating the distribution of mass in the straw of cereal species and also at assessing the straw yield and its losses resulting from the amount of the stubble left in the field. It was found empirically that the wheat culms are composed of five internodes, and in barley, triticale and oats of six. The highest straw mass per 1 cm was found in the second internode in both forms of wheat and winter triticale, whereas barley and oats gathered the highest weight in the first internode. In the southern part of Silesia species and forms of cereals differed in the straw yield, which can be arranged as follows, from the highest: winter wheat > spring wheat, winter triticale, winter barley, and oats > spring barley. Due to the specific distribution of dry matter in each of internodes of both wheat forms - winter and spring, they loose less stubble mass (22 and 24%, respectively), comparing to other cereals, especially spring barley, which loose 31% yield of straw in the stubble of 15 cm height.
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Ala-Seppälä, Hannele, Pekka Huhtanen, and Matti Näsi. "Silage intake and milk production in cows given barley or barley fibre with or without dried distillers solubles." Agricultural and Food Science 60, no. 7 (December 1, 1988): 723–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72340.
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Twenty Friesian cows in four pens were arranged in a 4 x 4 Latin Square with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the effect of barley fibre with solubles and dried distillers solubles (DDS) as a protein supplement on silage intake and milk production. Each experimental period lasted 4 wk, during which the cows were given ad libitum silage with one of the four supplements: barley (B), barley+ DDS (BD), barley fibre (F) and barley fibre+DDS (FD). All the supplements were given at the rate of 7.5 kg/day on dry matter (DM) basis. In cows given DDS, 0.9 kg of barley or barley fibre was replaced by DDS on DM basis. The principal carbohydrate constituent of the B supplement was starch and of the F supplement hemicellulose. Silage DM intake was 0.38 kg/day (P
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Dewhurst, R. J., D. W. R. Davies, W. J. Fisher, and K. Aston. "Effect of undegradable protein given for six weeks before calving on the performance of dairy cows in the subsequent lactation." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1996 (March 1996): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600030555.
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Previous studies (Moorby et al, 1994) have shown increased yields of protein and lactose in the subsequent lactation as a consequence of feeding additional undegradable dietary protein (UDP) and restricting energy intake during the dry period. This experiment was undertaken to investigate the effect of supplementary UDP in the dry period diet of Holstein-Friesian cows given unrestricted access to grass silage and 1.5 kg of barley per day.Sixty-one cows received diets based on ad libitum access to grass silage with either (a) 1.5 kg barley / day or (b) 1.0 kg barley and 0.5 kg Maize Gluten Meal / day. After calving, cows had ad libitum access to grass silage (Metabolisable Energy (ME)=11.3 MJ/kg DM; crude protein (CP)=181 g/kg DM) and received 5 kg/day of concentrates (ME=13.0 MJ/kg DM; CP=250g/kg DM).
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Gardner, JJ, PT Doyle, JB Rowe, R. Hetherington, P. Spicer, N. McQuade, and M. Crowhurst. "Supplementation of young Merino sheep grazing annual pastures with lupin, barley grain, or silage." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 4 (1993): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930403.
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We examined the effects on liveweight change and wool production of supplements of lupin, barley grain, or silage given to Merino weaners (age 5-7 months; starting weight about 30 kg) grazing dry annual pastures. In experiment 1, each supplement was offered at 5 rates (g/sheep.day): lupin, air-dry, 75-450; barley, air-dry, 80-480; silage, fresh, 430-2580. Sheep on all treatments gained weight in the first 29 days of supplementary feeding, with no effect of rate of supplementation (lupin 97 g/day; barley 57 g/day; silage 74 g/day). Those receiving no supplement also gained weight (40 g/day). Different supplements were not compared because the energy levels of lupin and barley were not measured. Over the next 48 days, liveweight changes increased (P<0.001) linearly with rate of feeding of lupin (25 � 2.1 g/100 g) and barley (12 � 0.8 g/100 g). The trend with silage (11 � 5.0 g/kg) was not significant. Taken over the 77 days, liveweight changes increased (P<0.01) linearly with rate of feeding for lupin (20 �. 1.8 g/100 g), barley (8 �. 1.7 g/100 g), and silage (10 �. 2 g/kg). There were no significant (P>0.05) differences associated with the rate of supplementation for annual clean fleece weight (lupin 3.43 kg, barley 3.37 kg, silage 3.30 kg) or mean fibre diameter of the 12-month fleece (lupin 22.2 �m, barley 22.6 �m, silage 22.1 �m). In experiment 2, sheep were given no supplement, lupin, barley, or lupin and barley mixtures (metabolisable energy ratio, 1:3,1:1,3:1). All supplements increased liveweight change (P<0.01) and clean wool growth rates (P<0.05) compared with no supplement. There was also a trend towards an increase in total wool grown by supplemented sheep (3.8 - 4.00 v. 3.73 kg). Liveweight change during the first 71 days of feeding increased (P<0.01) as the proportion of lupin in the supplement increased, with no effects in the final 70 days of supplementation. During supplementation, clean wool growth rate increased (P<0.05) as the proportion of lupin in the mixture increased, but there was no significant effect on the total amount of wool grown over 12 months or on mean fibre diameter. Supplements resulted in increased (P<0.001) staple strength when compared with controls (21-25 v. 14 N/ktex).
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Vipond, J. E., E. A. Hunter, and Margaret E. King. "The utilization of whole and rolled cereals by ewes." Animal Science 40, no. 2 (April 1985): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000335610002540x.
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ABSTRACTTwo trials were undertaken to investigate the effect of rolling on the digestibility of barley and oat supplements offered to pregnant ewes at 0·43 kg dry matter per day. In the first trial, with ewes given a basal diet of grass silage ad libitum, rolling barley improved the apparent dry matter digestibility of the diet by 0·036 (s.e. 0·0115) and reduced the excretion of whole grains from 0·127 (s.e. 0·0190) of grain fed to almost nil. Method of storage (dried or treated with propionic acid) had no effect on utilization of whole or rolled barley. Grain excretion was lower with whole oats 0·049 (s.e. 0·0147) than with whole barley. In the second experiment, basal diets containing hay or roots ad libitum were supplemented with whole or rolled barley and oats. Excretion of whole grains was very low on the root-based diets and amounted to only 0·047 (s.e. 0·0177) for the whole barley and hay diet. Excretion of whole grains varied between animals and was shown to be a characteristic of the animal. It was concluded that in most situations grain should be given whole to ewes but that it may be advantageous to roll barley when it is given with silage.
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Mathison, G. W., B. K. Kerrigan, I. Vlach, R. Hironaka, L. P. Milligan, and R. D. Weisenburger. "Rate of starch degradation, apparent digestibility and rate and efficiency of steer gain as influenced by barley grain volume-weight and processing method." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 71, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): 867–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas91-102.
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The effects of barley grain volume-weight and processing method on rate of starch degradation, apparent digestibility, metabolizability and rate and efficiency of growth of steers were examined in a series of trials. The organic matter in an all-concentrate diet containing light barley grain (43 kg hL−1) was 2% less (P = 0.03) digestible than organic matter in diets containing heavier barley grains (59, 64 and 66 kg hL−1). No differences (P = 0.19) in methane production due to barley volume-weight were detected. Rates of gain (1.63–1.67 kg d−1, P = 0.90) and dry matter (DM) intakes (9.8–10.2 kg d−1, P = 0.52) of steers were not affected by including barley grains of differing volume-weights (43, 59 and 64 kg hL−1) in the diet of 90 growing-finishing steers. Steers fed the light barley had a 6% increase (P = 0.27) in DM:gain requirements in comparison with steers fed the two heavier barley grains. Steam-rolling barley in comparison with dry-rolling had no effect on either animal growth rate (1.66 versus 1.64 kg d−1, P = 0.84) or DM:gain ratio (6.15 versus 5.98, P = 0.40). Carcass characteristics were not influenced by grain type or grain processing method. Differences (P < 0.05) were detected in the rate of degradation of starch by amyloglucosidase among three barley grains. Starch in steam-rolled barley was degraded faster (P < 0.05) than starch in dry-rolled barley. Key words: Barley grain, steers, digestibility, gain, efficiency, starch degradation
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Mathison, G. W., D. F. Engstrom, R. Soofi-Siawash, and D. Gibb. "Effects of tempering and degree of processing of barley grain on the performance of bulls in the feedlot." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 77, no. 3 (September 1, 1997): 421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a96-087.
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A 2 × 3 factorially designed experiment with 216 bull calves (288 ± 43 kg) was conducted in which tempered and dry barley grains were lightly rolled (most of kernels cracked, few broken), medium rolled, or crushed (almost all kernels broken) and included in a feedlot diet containing 90% concentrate and 10% barley silage on a dry matter (DM) basis. In the tempering process 6% water was added to the control barley, which initially contained 13% moisture, and the damp grain was allowed to stand overnight at room temperature before rolling. Tempering had no influence on rate or efficiency of gain of the bulls during the 134-d trial or on carcass characteristics. Cattle fed slightly rolled, medium rolled, and crushed barley (kernel thicknesses of 2.70, 2.56 and 2.31 mm) gained 1.55, 1.57 and 1.61 kg d−1, respectively, with no difference detected between treatments. Corresponding DM intakes were 8.04, 7.79 and 7.54 kg d−1 (P < 0.05). Dry matter intake to gain ratios were 5.20, 4.96 and 4.68 (P < 0.05). Carcasses of bulls fed crushed barley had more (P < 0.05) grade fat than bulls fed slightly rolled barley. It was concluded that there was no advantage in tempering barley which initially contained 13% moisture. Efficiency of gain was improved as the degree of processing of barley was increased. Key words: Bulls, barley, tempering, processing, gain, feed efficiency
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Hadjicristodoulou, A. "Selection of Dry Pea (Pisum Sativum) Varieties and their Performance by Comparison with Barley and Wheat in Mediterranean Environments." Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 4 (October 1994): 477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700024741.
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SUMMARYThe possibility of growing dry peas in the semi-arid areas of Mediterranean countries was assessed by comparing dry pea (Pisum sativum L.) varieties with the highest yielding barley and durum wheat varieties under rainfed conditions and with supplementary irrigation in Cyprus. The yield of barley cv. Kantara was greater than that of the best pea variety selected, PS 210713, especially under the driest conditions, but the differences between cereals and dry pea varieties were smaller when grown in areas where there was more rain or where supplementary irrigation was supplied. The protein content of the dry seeds and straw of the peas was higher than those of the cereals. It is concluded that selected varieties of dry peas could be grown in dry Mediterranean areas, particularly in rotation with barley or wheat.Pisum sativum L. para zonas mediterráneas
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Henderson, Sylvia. "Moisture transfer between mixed wet and dry barley grains." Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 37, no. 3-4 (May 1987): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8634(87)80014-8.
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Renwick, Fiona, and Carol M. Duffus. "Factors affecting dry weight accumulation in developing barley endosperm." Physiologia Plantarum 69, no. 1 (January 1987): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1987.tb01957.x.
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Mallik, MR, AJ Swarna, A. Mobaswera, ABMMM Khan, and MHK Howlader. "Responses of barley genotypes for salt tolerance under in vitro culture condition." Progressive Agriculture 32, no. 1 (September 20, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v32i1.55709.
Full textAbstract:
An experiment was undertaken at Agricultural Botany Laboratory, Patuakhali Science and Technology, to screen out salt tolerant barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes. The evaluation was done based on germination percentage, shoot length, root length and shoot: root ratio. Five barley genotypes including BARI barley 2, BARI barley 3, BARI barley 4, BARI barley 5 and BARI barley 7 were used in the screening program. The barley genotypes were grown in eight levels NaCl solution like 0(Control), 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 mM. The present study shows that salinity reduced germination percentage of barley and the extent of reduction increased with the increase in the concentration of salinity in the growth medium. Shoot dry weight (1.40 mg), root dry weight (0.21 mg), shoot moisture content (80.0%), root elongation rate (1.81), vigor index (21.30), speed of germination (7.91) and root length (21.67 cm) were obtained from the variety BARI barley 4 with 80 mMNaCL (V3T4). Based on the growth attributes the genotypes BARI barley 7 and BARI barley 4 were found tolerant to salt stress as they grown up to 60 mM and 80 mMNaCl solution respectively. The genotypes BARI barley 4 was therefore selected to be grown in south coastal saline soil of Bangladesh.
Progressive Agriculture 32 (1): 1-9, 2021
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McDonald, GK. "The growth and yield of uniculm and tillered barley over a range of sowing rates." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 3 (1990): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9900449.
Full textAbstract:
The growth and yield of two lines of uniculm barley, WID-103 and WID-105, were compared over a range of sowing rates (50-400 kg/ha) with the commercial varieties Galleon and Schooner. The experiments were conducted at Strathalbyn, S.A., in 1986, 1987 and 1988 and at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute in 1987. A third tillered variety, Clipper, was included in the comparison in 1988. Over the three years plant populations measured early in the season ranged from 39/m2 to 709/m2, and grain yields from 97 to 41 1 g/m2. Dry matter production at ear emergence increased with greater plant density, and both the tillered varieties and the uniculm lines showed similar responses to higher sowing rates. At maturity, dry matter production of the tillered barleys was greater than or equal to that of the uniculms and the harvest indices (HIs) of the two types were similar. Consequently, grain yields of the tillered types were greater than or equal to the yields of the uniculms. Over the four experiments the tillered varieties had a 6% higher yield. The number of ears/m2 was the yield component most affected by plant density in both the tillered and uniculm barleys. The uniculm lines had more spikelets/ear, but tended to set fewer grains/spikelet and produce smaller kernels. The experiments failed to demonstrate any advantage of the uniculm habit to the grain yield of barley. These results differ from previous experiments that showed that a uniculm line, WID-101, had a higher yield than the tillered variety Clipper. It is suggested that the uniculm habit per se was not the cause of this higher yield, but its higher HI resulted in it outyielding Clipper. Current varieties, however, have HIs similar to the uniculm lines and yield equally to or more than the uniculm barleys examined. To further improve the grain yield of uniculm barley, greater dry matter production is necessary as the HIs of these lines are already high.
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GRIMSON, R. E., R. P. STILBORN, R. D. WEISENBURGER, and J. A. BASARAB. "EFFECTS OF BARLEY VOLUME-WEIGHT AND PROCESSING METHOD ON FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE OF FINISHING STEERS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 67, no. 1 (March 1, 1987): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas87-006.
Full textAbstract:
Barley of three different volume-weights (VW) (light, 47.8; medium, 55.6; heavy, 66.6 kg hL−1) was subjected to two processing treatments (DR, dry rolled; SF, steam flaked) and fed to 192 yearling steers (avg. body weight 332 kg) at a level of 85% of the dietary dry matter (DM) in combination with barley silage (10.75% of DM) and mineral-vitamin premix (4.25% of DM) during the finishing period. No significant two- and three-way interactions were observed for any of the traits studied. Average daily gain (ADG) of cattle fed SF and DR diets was similar (P > 0.05) except during the first 27 d of the trial in which the SF steers gained 9.4% faster (P < 0.05) than the DR steers. Dry matter intake (DMI) of steers fed SF barley tended to be higher (P < 0.10) in period one and in period three than for those fed DR barley but was similar for both processing groups in periods two and four and overall. Dry matter consumed per unit of liveweight gain (DM/G) was similar for the two processing treatments during all periods and overall although it tended (P < 0.10) to be lower for the DR steers during period two. Volume-weight had no effect (P > 0.05) on ADG or DMI. Overall, DM/G decreased (P < 0.01) an average 1.2% for each unit (kg hL−1 increase in VW from 47.8 to 55.6 kg hL−1. DM/G was similar for cattle fed medium and heavy barley. Large steers (avg. bodyweight 350 kg) gained 17.5% faster (P < 0.01), consumed 12% more (P < 0.01) dry matter and required 4.9% less (P < 0.01) DM per unit of gain than small steers (avg. bodyweight 314 kg). Steam flaking of the barley produced carcasses with 0.14 cm more (P < 0.05) grade fat and resulted in 31% fewer (P < 0.05) liver condemnations due to abscesses than dry rolling but did not influence the other carcass quality perameters. Medium VW barley resulted in lower (P < 0.05) grade fat than either light or heavy barley, which produced similar grade fat measurements. Large steers, marketed at an average liveweight that was 14.5 kg heavier (P < 0.01) than the small steers, had lower (P < 0.05) marbling scores than the small steers. Key words: Barley, volume-weight, steers, processing, dry rolling, steam flaking
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Lemerle, D. "Influence of rainfall and temperature on sensitivity of barley (Hordeum vulgare) to chlorsulfuron." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 1 (1993): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9930023.
Full textAbstract:
Effects of rainfall and temperature on the sensitivity of barley grown in low pH soil to chlorsulfuron applied post-emergence were examined under weed-free conditions. Chlorsulfuron at 15 g a.i. ha-1 applied to barley grown under a rainshelter in the field caused reductions in barley height (16%), leaf area (53%), shoot dry matter (23%) and tiller number (23%) at anthesis if simulated rainfall (5 or 10 mm) occurred within 7 days after treatment (DAT). Chlorsulfuron had little effect on barley when rain did not fall until 14 DAT. No responses of barley to chlorsulfuron were detected at maturity in any treatments, due to a dry end of season which prevented full expression of yield potential of untreated controls. Chlorsulfuron applied to barley growing at temperature regimes of 0/10, 5/15, 10120 and 15/25�C (night/day) for 7 DAT caused similar reductions at all temperatures in barley root DM, height, leaf area and tillering in cvv. Schooner and Grimmett grown in growth cabinets. Nodal roots were more sensitive to chlorsulfuron at high than at low temperature. Barley responded similarly to chlorsulfuron when grown at temperatures of 2/11 or 6/16�C (or combinations of both) for up to 14 DAT. Incidence of rainfall within 7 DAT is critical in causing damage from chlorsulfuron in this environment, although damage may not always result in yield loss at maturity.
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Huang, J., and R. E. Redmann. "Responses of growth, morphology, and anatomy to salinity and calcium supply in cultivated and wild barley." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, no. 12 (December 1, 1995): 1859–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-198.
Full textAbstract:
Growth, morphology, and anatomy were examined in cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Harrington), and wild barley (Hordeum jubatum L.) collected from a wild population located in Saskatoon, Sask. Plants were grown in nutrient solution plus mixed sulphate salts with low or high calcium supply and in nutrient solution alone (control), using a hydroponic system in a growth chamber. Salt stress had greater deleterious effects on growth, morphology, and anatomy of 'Harrington' than wild barley. Additional Ca supply markedly improved these parameters in 'Harrington' but not in wild barley, suggesting a greater responsiveness to Ca in the cultivated species. The wild barley population had greater leaf and tiller numbers per plant but smaller leaf area and dry mass than 'Harrington' in control solution. After 20 days of salt treatment, 'Harrington' showed a greater reduction in tiller and leaf number, shoot height and root length, and tissue dry mass than wild barley. Calcium-deficiency symptoms were found in 'Harrington' leaves in the low Ca salt treatment but not in wild barley. On the other hand, shoot height and dry mass growth were significantly increased in 'Harrington' by high Ca salt treatment, suggesting that 'Harrington' was more responsive to supplemental Ca than wild barley. Salt stress induced thicker roots with larger vessels in 'Harrington' but not in the wild barley population. Key words: calcium nutrition, Hordeum vulgare L., Hordeum jubatum L., hydraulic resistance, salt tolerance, root anatomy, sulphate salinity.
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GIBSON, D. M., J. J. KENNELLY, and G. W. MATHISON. "THE PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY AND FEEDLOT CATTLE FED SULFUR DIOXIDE-TREATED HIGH-MOISTURE BARLEY." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 68, no. 2 (June 1, 1988): 471–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas88-053.
Full textAbstract:
Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of feeding sulfur dioxide (SO2)-treated high-moisture barley (HMB) on the performance of lactating dairy cows and feedlot cattle. High-moisture barley was ensiled or treated with 1% (wt/wt) liquid SO2. In exp. 1, 36 lactating Holstein cows were assigned to three treatments for a 6-wk trial. Diets contained 35% rolled barley on a dry matter (DM) basis and differed only in the type of barley fed: dry barley, ensiled HMB or SO2-treated HMB. While no differences (P > 0.05) were observed in DM intake, milk yield, milk composition, milk taste or odour, cows fed SO2-treated HMB tended to have lower milk yield (21.7 kg d−1) than those fed ensiled (22.6 kg d−1) or dry barley (24.6 kg d−1). In experiment 2, 64 steers were allotted to four dietary treatments: (1) dry barley, (2) ensiled HMB, (3) SO2-treated HMB, and (4) SO2-treated HMB plus sodium bicarbonate. All diets contained 85% barley (DM) and were supplemented with thiamin (5.5 mg kg−1 DM). The results of the feedlot trial were confounded by the feeding of spoiled SO2-treated HMB, primarily between days 29 and 57 of the 96-d trial, at approximately 40% of the diet DM. During the period that spoiled SO2-treated grain was being fed, four steers (two from each treatment) developed polioencephalomalacia. Steers fed SO2-treated HMB (diets 3 and 4), had 10.1% lower DM intake (P < 0.01), 31% lower average daily gain and required 32% more DM per kilogram of gain than steers fed diets 1 or 2 (P < 0.001). Feeding SO2-treated HMB to either dairy or feedlot cattle cannot be recommended at the present time. Key words: Sulfur dioxide, preservative, barley, cattle (dairy, beef)
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White, N. D. G., R. B. Hulasare, and D. S. Jayas. "Effects of storage conditions on quality loss of hull-less and hulled oats and barley." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 79, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): 475–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p98-115.
Full textAbstract:
Oat and barley cultivars were stored at various temperatures (10–30 °C) and relative humidities (35–80%) for one year to determine rates of seed deterioration. Two hulled oat cultivars (Robert and AC Marie), one hull-less oat cultivar (AC Belmont), one hulled barley cultivar (Bedford) and one hull-less barley cultivar (Condor) were stored. Experimental data were obtained at specified intervals for fat acidity values (FAV), germination and moisture content to determine the deterioration during storage. FAV were initially 69 mg KOH 100 g−1 dry seed for AC Marie, 43 for Robert, and 46 for AC Belmont oats. Values for barley were 8 mg KOH 100 g−1 dry seed for Bedford and 9 for Condor. The incidence of microfloral infection by Aspergillus glaucus group, Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp., Rhizopus spp., and Alternaria alternata during the storage period was determined. Storage guidelines for barley and oat, based on grain moisture and temperature, were related to FAV increases of 1.5-fold for oats and two-fold for barley. Generally, hull-less cultivars of both crops stored as well as hulled cultivars at cool, dry conditions, but they deteriorated faster at high temperatures and high moisture contents. Key words: Oat, barley, hulled, hull-less, temperature, moisture, storage
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McLean, B. M. L., J. J. Hyslop, A. C. Longland, D. Cuddeford, and T. Hollands. "In vivo apparent digestibility in ponies given rolled, micronised or extruded barley." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1999 (1999): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175275620000288x.
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Processed cereals are used routinely in diets for equines but little information is available on how physical processing affects the digestibility of cereals in equines. This study examines the effects of three physical processing methods (rolling, micronisation and extrusion) on the in vivo apparent digestibility of barley fed to ponies.Three mature caecally-fistulated Welsh-cross pony geldings, (LW 284kg ± 3.8kg) were used in a 3 x 4 incomplete latin square changeover design experiment consisting of four 21 day periods. Each period comprised a sixteen day adaptation phase and a five day recording phase when apparent digestibility in vivo was determined. Ponies were offered 4kg dry matter (DM) per day of either 100% hay cubes (HC) or one of three diets consisting of a 50:50 barley:hay cubes mix. The barley in the mixed diets was either rolled barley (RB), micronised barley (MB) or extruded barley (EB). Diets were offered in 2 equal meals per day fed at 09:00 and 17:00 hours respectively.
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Pageau, D. "Effet de la dose de semis et de l'écartement entre les rangs de l'orge sur la répression du chiendent." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 921–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-154.
Full textAbstract:
A 4-yr study (1989–1992) was conducted to evaluate the effect of two row spacings (10 and 20 cm) and five seeding rates (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 viable seeds m−2) of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. 'Cadette') on the control of quackgrass (Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski). A control treatment consisted of quackgrass grown in the absence of the cereal. The productivity of quackgrass was measured at cereal harvest during the first year and in the following year. Compared with the control, increasing seeding rates from 100 to 500 seeds m−2, reduced dry weight of quackgrass aerial shoots by 43 to 76%, respectively. The presence of barley also reduced the number of quackgras shoots. The year following the cereal harvest of 1989, 1990 and 1992, the presence of barely during the seeding year caused a reduction in quackgrass aerial shoot dry weight of 32, 37 and 13% respectively. This reduction was only 5% in 1991. On average, the total number of quackgrass shoots was reduced by 23% in the year following the harvest of barley. Row spacing did not influence the number or dry weight of quackgrass aerial shoots during the seeding year or the following year. However, high seeding rates reduced the productivity of quackgrass during both the seeding year and the following year. Nevertheless, quackgrass numbers and aboveground biomass remain relatively high the year following cereal seeding.
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Danso, S. K. A., and I. Papastylianou. "Evaluation of the nitrogen contribution of legumes to subsequent cereals." Journal of Agricultural Science 119, no. 1 (August 1992): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600071495.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryThe effects of a preceding (1986/87) season's crop of vetch (Vicia saliva) or oats (Avena sativa), either singly or as two different mixtures, on the nitrogen uptake and growth of a succeeding barley crop (Hordeum vulgare) were examined in Cyprus in 1987/88, on field plots previously labelled (1984/85) with 15N enriched organic matter. Grain as well as the vegetative material were harvested before planting the barley. Barley after vetch accumulated 61 % more nitrogen than barley after oats, while, for the mixtures, the nitrogen yields in the succeeding barley crop did not differ significantly from those of barley grown after oats. The 15N enrichment in barley indicated that fixed N2 from vetch contributed little nitrogen to the available soil nitrogen pool and to the nitrogen in barley. Most of the increased assimilation of nitrogen in barley following vetch (compared to barley after oats) was attributable to a greater availability of soil nitrogen arising from the lower soil nitrogen uptake by the preceding vetch than oats. The dry matter yield of barley following vetch was 84% higher than for barley after oats, while barley after the vetch-oats mixtures yielded 38–54% higher than barley following oats. It was concluded that greater nitrogen availability to the cereal following the legume was not the sole cause of the dry matter yield responses observed.
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Jacobs, JL, RJ Morris, and J. Zorrilla-Rios. "Effect of ensiling whole barley grain with pasture on silage quality and effluent production, and the performance of growing cattle." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 6 (1995): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950731.
Full textAbstract:
Pasture was ensiled with increasing amounts of whole barley in stacks [0, 75 (SLB), 150 (SMB) kg/t fresh pasture] or in 200-L drum silos 10, 75 (DLB), 150 (DMB), 225 (DHB) kg/t fresh pasture]. All silages were well fermented with low pH values and low ammonia concentrations. The addition of barley significantly (P<0.05) increased the dry matter content of the resultant stack silages by 29% (SLB) and 54% (SMB) and significantly (P<0.05) increased residual water-soluble carbohydrate levels in the SMB silage compared with untreated stack silage. Incorporation of barley with pasture in 200-L silos significantly (P<0.001) increased the dry matter of the resultant silages and significantly (P<0.01) reduced effluent production by 55, 93, and 100% for DLB, DMB, and DHB compared with the untreated silo silage. Dry matter, nitrogen, and lactic acid concentrations in effluent did not differ significantly, although total losses of these components were significantly (P<0.01) higher in the untreated silage.| The stack silages were fed to beef steers (293 kg) and compared with silage diets containing equivalent levels of rolled barley mixed with untreated silage at feeding. Irrespective of method of feeding barley, animal performance improved compared with feeding a silage-only diet. At equivalent levels of barley inclusion, liveweight gains were higher and feed conversion ratios lower with the rolled barley diets. The results indicate that the addition of barley to low dry matter pasture during ensiling can reduce effluent production and the loss of soluble nutrients; however, it is likely that the grain will need to be processed to maximise subsequent animal production.
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Foley, Michael E. "Response Differences of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Barley (Hordeum vulgare) to Chlorsulfuron." Weed Science 34, no. 1 (January 1986): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500026369.
Full textAbstract:
Field observations indicate that wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) is considerably more tolerant to soil residues of chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} than barley (Hordeum vulgareL.). The basis for relative differences in tolerance was investigated by measuring herbicide dose response, uptake, movement, and metabolism using ‘Clark’ barley and ‘Marberg’ wheat. Barley root fresh and dry weights were significantly reduced when roots were exposed to nutrient solution containing 35 mM chlorsulfuron for 1 day. Wheat roots similarly exposed for 3 days to 1.1 mM chlorsulfuron displayed no growth reduction. The small differences in uptake and movement of chlorsulfuron detected in wheat and barley are inadequate to explain the large response difference between the two species. Both species rapidly metabolize chlorsulfuron in 1 day and there is no significant difference in the level of parent compound remaining in barley compared to wheat. A factor other than uptake, movement, or metabolism must account for barley roots greater sensitivity to root-applied chlorsulfuron.
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Belcrediová, Natálie, Jaroslava Ehrenbergerová, and Pavla Havlová. "Enzyme superoxide dismutase in grain of barley and malt." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 54, no. 2 (2006): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200654020007.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the work was modification of superoxide dismutase enzyme (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) activity analysis in barley grain and identical malts with using of the Ransod set. This set from company Randox were used for enzyme determination in blood samples. This method employs xanthine and xanthine oxidase to generate superoxide radicals, which react with tetrazolium chloride to form a red formazan dye. SOD is classified as natural antioxidants and enzyme plays a significant role at detoxication of products of molecular oxygen degradation. The largest rate of SOD occurs in embryo of barley grain. Its presence in barley grain and malt thus inhibits rancidity of grain during storage and undesirable beer flavour. The line Wabet x Washonubet (in grain-104,93 and malt 152,42 U/g dry matter) and the variety Annabell (104,65 a 147,21 U/g dry matter) had the highest activity of SOD in grain and malt of barley while the lowest activity was measured in the line KM 1910 (73,15 a 88,16 U/g dry matter) and variety Tolar (74,34 a 96,44 U/g dry matter).
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Soita, H. W., D. A. Christensen, J. J. McKinnon, and A. F. Mustafa. "Effects of barley silage of different theoretical cut length on digestion kinetics in ruminants." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 82, no. 2 (June 1, 2002): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a01-064.
Full textAbstract:
Two studies were conducted to determine the effects of two theoretical lengths of cut (TLC) (short = 4.7 mm and long = 18.8 mm) on the feeding value of barley silage to steers fed an all-forage diet. In the first study, six steers were used to determine intake of dry matter, total tract digestibility of dry matter (DMD), neutral detergent fiber (NDFD), and acid detergent fiber (ADFD) in a replicated switchback design. In the second study, six steers equipped with rumen cannulas were used to determine the effects of barley silage particle size on ruminal kinetic and fermentation parameters. Feeding short barley silage to steers increased (P < 0.05) dry matter intake (DMI), DMD, NDFD, and ADFD compared with feeding long barley silage. The results of the second study showed that reducing barley silage particle size decreased (P < 0.05) ruminal retention time and increased (P < 0.05) passage rate of particulate matter. Ruminal pH was lower (P < 0.05) at 1000, 1200, 1800, 2000, and 2200 h for steers fed the short barley silage compared with those fed the long barley silage. However, the effects of barley silage particle size on ruminal ammonia nitrogen and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations were minimal. Eating rate was similar in both dietary treatments (average 40.3 g min-1). However, steers fed the long silage produced more (P < 0.05) saliva per kg DMI compared with those fed the short barley silage diets. It was concluded that reducing TLC of barley silage increased feed intake and improved total tract utilization of cell wall components by steers. Results of the metabolism study also showed changes in fermentation parameters, but no adverse physiological changes were noted when cattle were fed all forage diets. Key words: Barley silage, particle size, fermentation patterns
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Thompson, D. J., D. G. Stout, and T. Moore. "Forage production by four annual cropping sequences emphasizing barley under irrigation in southern interior British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps92-018.
Full textAbstract:
Forage yield and quality of four annual cropping sequences were compared under irrigation in the southern interior of British Columbia. Spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was intercropped with annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) (BR), double cropped alone (B–B), double cropped in mixtures with common vetch (Vicia saliva L.) (BV-BV), or double cropped with annual ryegrass included with the second crop (B–BR). Averaged over 2 yr, BR produced 19% more dry matter, 38% more in vitro digestible dry matter and 43% more crude protein than B–B. Intercropped common vetch (BV–BV) improved forage quality and increased protein yield of both barley crops without reducing seasonal dry matter yield. Intercropping annual ryegrass reduced the neutral detergent fiber of both barley crops, but did not affect other quality characteristics or yield.Key words: Forage mixtures, barley, annual ryegrass, common vetch, forage yield and quality
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McKinnon, J. J., and A. M. Walker. "Comparison of wheat-based dried distillers’ grain with solubles to barley as an energy source for backgrounding cattle." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 88, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 721–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas08046.
Full textAbstract:
Replacement of barley grain with wheat-based dried distillers’ (DDGS) grain with solubles at 25 and 50% of the total ration dry matter increased average daily gain and gain efficiency of backgrounding steers. No differences in dry matter intake or composition of gain were observed. The results of this trial indicate that barley grain can be replaced by wheat-based DDGS at up to 50% of the diet dry matter in backgrounding rations without any adverse effects on cattle performance. The economics of feeding DDGS at these levels would depend on availability and price relative to barley and other cereal grains. Key words: Dried distillers' grain, beef cattle, feedlot, ethanol, by-products
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Al-Karaki, Ghazi N., and M. Al-Hashimi. "Green Fodder Production and Water Use Efficiency of Some Forage Crops under Hydroponic Conditions." ISRN Agronomy 2012 (December 26, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/924672.
Full textAbstract:
The objectives of this study were to evaluate five forage crops (alfalfa (Medicago sativa), barley (Hordeum vulgare), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), and wheat (Triticum aestivum)) for green fodder production and water use efficiency under hydroponic conditions. The experiment has been conducted under temperature-controlled conditions (24 ± 1°C) and natural window illumination at growth room of Soilless Culture Laboratory, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain. The results showed that green forage can be produced in 8 days from planting to harvest using hydroponic technique. Highest values for green fresh yields were recorded for the crops cowpea, barley, and alfalfa which gave 217, 200, and 194 tons/ha, respectively. However, only cowpea and barley crops gave the highest green dry yield, but not alfalfa. Barely crop used water more efficiently than the other four tested crops when produced about 654 kg fresh matter/m3 water in comparison to 633, 585, 552, and 521 kg fresh matter/m3 water for cowpea, sorghum, wheat, and alfalfa, respectively. No significant differences between barley and cowpea for water use efficiency were noted. It can be concluded from this study that barley crop can be considered the best choice for production of hydroponic green fodder with less water consumption.
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Kocic-Tanackov, Suncica, Marija Skrinjar, Olgica Grujic, and Jelena Pejin. "Zearalenone production during micro-malting of barley." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 113 (2007): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn0713027k.
Full textAbstract:
The zearalenone (ZEA) content was determined during a micro-malting process (after steeping, germination, kilning and degermination, as well as in barley samples before micro-malting process) of two winter two-rowed barley samples, grown at Kragujevac location. In all phases of micro-malting isolation and determination of Fusarium spp. were performed. It was established that barley samples, before malting, were contaminated with zearalenone (barley sample 1-9.7 ?g/kg, barley sample 2-9.2 ?g/kg). The following Fusarium spp. were isolated: F. avenaceoum, F. culmorum, F. poae F. sporotrichioides, F. tricinctum and F. verticillioides. In both barley samples zearalenone content increased during steeping (86.5 ?g/kg and 37.4 ?g/kg), decreased during germination (12.5 ?g/kg and 26.8 ?g/kg), and increased after kilning (62.9 ?g/kg and 71.2 ?g/kg). In the finished malt the zearalenone content in sample 1 was 35.7 ?g/kg dry matter, and in sample 2 was 17.8 ?g/kg dry matter.
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Edwards, S. A., C. Marconnet, A. G. Taylor, and A. Cadenhead. "Voluntary intake and digestibility of distillery products for dry sows." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1992 (March 1992): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600022558.
Full textAbstract:
Distillery products which are high in fibre have traditionally been fed only to ruminants, but might provide a cost effective feed for dry sows. If such bulky materials could be fed ad libitum, animal welfare might be enhanced by prolonging feeding time and providing the sows with a greater feeling of satiety in comparison with concentrate diets. To investigate such possibilities, voluntary intake and digestibility were determined with dry sows for three distillery products:The three distillery products investigated were:1) malt draff (MD), the barley residue remaining after starch extraction2) maize curne gold (CG), evaporated spent wash plus maize cereal residue3) wheat supergrains (SG), centrifuged spent wash plus wheat residueEach material was offered ad libitum to three pens of 6 dry sows, initially in conjunction with 0.5 kg/sow/day of a balancer meal. The balancer meal contained barley (890 kg/t), limestone (100 kg/t) and a vitamin/trace element supplement at 4 times the normal inclusion rate (10 kg/t). Sows were grouped according to service date and allocated to the experimental treatments in early pregnancy. They were housed in straw bedded pens with individual stalls for feeding of the supplement. Voluntary intake, liveweight and backfat change were monitored over a minimum period of 9 weeks. Sows which failed to maintain acceptable body condition on this regime were given additional ground barley as the experiment progressed.
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Yang, W. Z., M. Oba, M. L. Swift, and T. A. McAllister. "Short Communication: Variation in response to processing, in vitro gas production and fermentation of western Canadian feed barley." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 94, no. 4 (December 2014): 725–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas-2014-053.
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Yang, W. Z., Oba, M., Swift, M. L. and McAllister, T. A. 2014. Short Communication: Variation in response to processing, in vitro gas production and fermentation of western Canadian feed barley. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 725–729. Sixty feed barley samples were collected from various locations in western Canada. Samples were either ground (1 mm) or dry-rolled to a processing index of 80%, and fermentability was assessed by measuring gas production (GP) and dry matter disappearances (DMD) at 0, 4, 8, 14 and 24 h of incubation using a batch culture technique. Physical and chemical composition, and GP and DMD varied substantially among samples. There were significant correlations among test weight and nutrient content of barley with GP and DMD of ground barley. The results indicate that the impact of nutrient content on in vitro DMD is more easily detected with ground than rolled barley.
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Yang, W. Z., M. Oba, and T. A. McAllister. "Quality and precision processing of barley grain affected intake and digestibility of dry matter in feedlot steers." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 93, no. 2 (June 2013): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas2012-132.
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Yang, W. Z., Oba, M. and McAllister, T. A. 2013. Quality and precision processing of barley grain affected intake and digestibility of dry matter in feedlot steers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 251–260. A study was conducted to determine the impact of barley quality and precision processing to account for the impact of variable kernel uniformity on ruminal pH and fermentation, and digestibility in the digestive tract of steers. Eight ruminally cannulated steers were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square experiment. The four diets consisted of light-weight barley (LB) precision-processed with roller setting based on kernel size; heavy-weight barley (HB) precision-processed; LB and HB grain mixed equal parts then processed at a single roller setting (CON); or LB and HB precision-processed and mixed equal parts (PP). The diets consisted of 10% barley silage and 90% concentrate [dry matter (DM) basis]. Dry matter intake by steers fed LB was greater (P=0.04) than by steers fed HB. Intakes of DM and other nutrients were greater (P=0.04) for steers fed PP than for steers fed CON. There were no differences (P>0.14) in ruminal pH and fermentation among treatments. Digestibility of DM in the total digestive tract tended (P=0.06) to be less with LB than with HB. Precision processing increased digestibility of crude proteion (P=0.04) and acid detergent fibre (P=0.06) resulting in a trend (P=0.10) towards increasing organic matter digestibility as compared with CON. The results suggest that screening of blended barley into more uniform fractions and precision processing of each fraction could increase intake of digestible nutrients for feedlot cattle.
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Okba, M., E. Abdelrasoul, and A. Gomaa. "Evaluation of dry soup of fermented barley with some vegetables." Journal of Food and Dairy Sciences 4, no. 11 (November 1, 2013): 583–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jfds.2013.72109.
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Morris, P. C., R. C. Miller, and D. J. Bowles. "Endopeptidase activity in dry harvest-ripe wheat and barley grains." Plant Science 39, no. 2 (June 1985): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9452(85)90102-5.
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Rogers, Christopher W., Biswanath Dari, Gongshe Hu, and Robert Mikkelsen. "Dry matter production, nutrient accumulation, and nutrient partitioning of barley." Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 182, no. 3 (February 28, 2019): 367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201800336.
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Hadjichristodoulou, A. "Self-Reseeding Pasture Barley for Mediterranean Drylands." Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 3 (July 1995): 361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700025539.
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SummaryPermanent pastures were successfully established with mixtures of bulks of crosses of Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare with ssp.spontaneum (given the name Mia Milia) and with mixtures of natural crosses involving H. vulgare ssp. agriocrithon (given the name Akhera).These crosses were made to exploit the brittle rachis gene of wild barley in order to develop self-reseeding pasture barley. No re-seeding of the pasture was necessary but a light cultivation to cover the seed in the first year of sowing improved plant establishment. No cultivation was necessary in the following years. Genotypes with a tough rachis were rapidly eliminated from the Milia pastures (F2 bulks) because of their poor seed dispersal. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer increased dry matter yield. Levels of seed dormancy in the wild barley were adequate to provide a safeguard against extreme dry weather conditions and other natural hazards. Forage quality was very high, with a crude protein content of 18% and digestible organic matter of 80% in harvested dry matter. Permanent barley pastures that exploit the brittle-rachis gene of indigenous genetic material have considerable potential for increasing the animal-carrying capacity of permanent pastures and marginal cropped lands.
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DHIMA, KICO, IOANNIS VASILAKOGLOU, THOMAS GATSIS, and NIKOLAOS GOUGOULIAS. "FABA BEAN-BARLEY INTERCROPS FOR HIGH PRODUCTIVITY AND CORN POPPY SUPPRESSION." Experimental Agriculture 54, no. 2 (March 11, 2016): 163–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479716000132.
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SUMMARYA 2-year field study was conducted in central Greece (Larissa) and was repeated simultaneously in northern Greece (Thessaloniki) to determine the productivity and the competitive ability against corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas L.) of six faba bean (Vicia faba L.)-barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) intercrops grown at three seeding ratios (75:25, 50:50 or 25:75% of the recommended seeding rates) and two crop arrangements (alternate or mixed rows). Faba bean and barley sole crops were also included. Corn poppy dry weights in barley sole crop or faba bean-barley intercrops were 83 to 85% or 50 to 99%, respectively, lower than that in faba bean sole crop. Total dry matter (DM) and total crude protein (CP) yields of faba bean-barley intercrops were, in most cases, not significantly affected by corn poppy competition. The results obtained in both locations indicated that intercropping faba bean with barley could be an alternative practice to that of faba bean sole crop in sustainable production systems, because of its greater productivity, balanced nutritive value and competitiveness against aggressive weeds such as corn poppy.
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Rioux, Sylvie, Stéphan Pouleur, Paul Randall, Anne Vanasse, T. Kelly Turkington, Yves Dion, and Khaled Belkacemi. "Efficacy of acetic acid vapours and dry heat to control Fusarium graminearum and Bipolaris sorokiniana in barley and wheat seeds." Article scientifique 96, no. 1 (September 29, 2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1037531ar.
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To find seed treatments that are acceptable for organic cereal production, we tested the efficacy of three treatments, i.e. dry heat, a low dose of acetic acid vapours (AAV-L), and a high dose of AAV (AAV-H), to control Fusarium graminearum (Fg) and Bipolaris sorokiniana (Bs), two seed-borne pathogens affecting emergence and yield in barley and wheat. These treatments were compared with a control (no treatment) and Vitaflo®-280. Treatments were applied on six barley and six wheat seed lots contaminated with Fg at a rate of > 20% (i.e. > 20% of seeds contaminated) and/or Bs at a rate of > 50%. For all Fg-contaminated lots, the three non-chemical treatments reduced the contamination rate under the rejection threshold of 15%, which is the Danish recommendation for Fusarium spp. For Bs-contaminated lots, AAV-H reduced contamination the most, followed by AAV-L, and then by dry heat, which had no effect on barley. However, these treatments did not reduce Bs contamination under the rejection threshold of 30%, except for AAV-H in one barley lot and dry heat in one wheat lot. Also, AAV-H reduced the germination in three wheat lots and in the hulless barley AC Hawkeye, and this had negative effects on grain yield for two of the wheat lots. AAV-H had no effect on grain yield in the other lots, and neither did the other treatments in any of the lots. Dry heat was effective for controlling Fg in both cereals, whereas AAV-H showed some potential to control both pathogens, but only in covered grains. None of the treatments evaluated appears to be appropriate for reducing contamination by either pathogens in wheat and barley.
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ZoBell, D. R., L. A. Goonewardene, and D. F. Engstrom. "Use of triticale silage in diets for growing steers." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 72, no. 1 (March 1, 1992): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas92-023.
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A total of 120 steers were fed either barley silage (BS) or triticale silage (TS) combined with barley (B) or high-moisture barley (HMB) grain, as a total mixed ration in a 2 × 2 factorial design with three replications. The barley and triticale yields were 9.8 and 8.7 t ha−1, respectively. No differences (P > 0.05) in weight, average daily gain, dry matter intake or feed efficiency were observed for treatments or interactions. TS can be used to replace BS at moderate levels in growing steer rations containing barley grain. Key words: Barley, triticale, silage, steers, performance
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Valentine, SC, and BD Bartsch. "Production and composition of milk by dairy cows fed common vetch or lupin grain as protein supplements to a silage and pasture-based diet in early lactation." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 6 (1996): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960633.
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Milk production and composition were measured for 49 days in early lactation in 40 Holstein-Friesian cows fed 8 kg/day (fresh weight) of 1:1 mixtures of either rolled barley-lupin grain (Lupinus angustifolius L. cv. Gungurru) or barley-common vetch grain (Vicia sativa L. cv. Blanche Fleur). All cows were fed 1 kg/day of a pelleted concentrate containing minerals and vitamins, and wilted perennial ryegrass-subterranean clover pasture silage was available ad libitum with restricted grazing of perennial ryegrass-subterranean clover pasture. Cows ate all of the barley-lupin grain and barley-vetch grain mixtures. Mean daily dry matter intakes of silage (kg/cow.day) were 9.9 and 9.8 for cows fed the barley-lupin grain and barley-vetch grain mixtures respectively. Estimated pasture DM intake was 3.0 kg/cow.day. Mean daily yields of milk (L), fat (kg) and protein (kg) were significantly (P<0.001) greater for cows fed the barley-lupin grain mixture (30.3, 1.30 and 0.92 respectively) than for those fed the barley-vetch grain mixture (27.7, 1.23 and 0.87 respectively). Cows fed the barley-vetch grain mixture gained 0.2 kg/day more liveweight than those fed the barley-lupin grain mixture. Although both common vetch grain and lupin grain were readily eaten by dairy cows, when fed as protein supplements to a high quality silage and pasture-based diet in early lactation, cows fed the vetch grain produced less milk and milk components. This may be related to the greater partitioning of nutrients to liveweight gain rather than to toxicity problems in the cows fed vetch grain.
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Narasimhalu, P., D. Kong, and T. M. Choo. "Straw yields and nutrients of seventy-five Canadian barley cultivars." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 78, no. 1 (March 1, 1998): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a97-020.
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Straw, grain, and total yields were compared among 32 two-row and 43 six-row barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars registered in eastern and western Canada, that were grown at Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island in 1991 and 1992. Straw nutrients was determined in 1991. Two-row cultivars yielded more straw and less grain than six-row cultivars (P < 0.05). The total yield (i.e., total aboveground dry matter) of two-row cultivars was approximately equal to that of six-row cultivars. Straw of two-row cultivars contained more cell contents but less hemicellulose, total-N, Ca, Na, Mn, and Zn than six-row cultivars straw (P < 0.05). Straw yields were not different between eastern and western cultivars regardless of whether they were two-row or six-row types. Eastern two-row cultivars showed higher grain yield and higher total yield than western two-row, and their straws contained less lignin and P than those of western cultivars. Straw of eastern six-row cultivars contained less Ca, but more Na and Mg than that of western six-row cultivars. Hulless barleys showed less grain yield and their straw contained less cellulose than covered barleys regardless of whether they were two-row or six-row types. Two-row hulless cultivars yielded more straw than two-row covered barleys. Straw of six-row hulless barleys contained more cell contents, total-N, and minerals (except for Na and Mn) than that of six-row covered barleys. Key words: Barley cultivars, straw, yield, crude protein, fibre, minerals
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Muldoon, DK. "Dry matter accumulation and changes in forage quality during primary growth and three regrowths of irrigated winter cereals." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, no. 1 (1986): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9860087.
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Selected cultivars of oats (3), barley (2), wheat (3), cereal rye (1) and triticale (3) were grown under irrigation at Trangie, N.S.W., in 1978 and 1980. Dry matter accumulation and changes in the moisture, nitrogen and phosphorus content and dry matter digestibility of forage were monitored at intervals of about 21 days during uninterrupted primary growth (June-September 1980). In a split-plot design the crops were cut at 80 days, 80 and 122 days, and 80, 122 and 164 days after sowing. Regrowth was sampled on two or three occasions to determine dry matter yield and quality. Most cultivars accumulated 16-20 t/ha of dry matter by the end of sampling in late September; cereal rye only yielded 14 t/ha. Early maturing Minhaffer oats produced the highest yield when uncut but regrew poorly after cutting. Under a 42-day cutting interval oats and barley yielded 12-13 t/ha, winter wheat yielded 10-11 t/ha and triticale yielded 10-1 2 t/ha. The nitrogen and phosphorus content of all forages decreased linearly during primary growth. Oats and wheat had similar digestibilities and these began to decrease rapidly 40-50 days before head emergence (mid-August). The early maturing barley and triticale cultivars had lower digestibilities than oats. Regular cutting maintained the nitrogen content and digestibility of all cultivars above 2.7% and 72% respectively. Dry matter accumulation was described by mathematical equations which allowed cultivars to be compared under different cutting regimes. They also allowed dry matter and digestible dry matter yields from different systems of cutting to be predicted for irrigated cereals in western New South Wales.