Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Dry barley'

The work presented here explores the effect of storage on chemical and other characteristics of dry, free of added chemicals and pest-free barley and canola grain. This was achieved by measuring the changes in a number of variables of grain stored at different temperatures under laboratory conditions and in commercial storage. The following measurements were carried out: Viability, moisture contents (mc), oil contents (oc), whole grain colour, spectrophotometry of grain extracts, hydroxy methyl furaldehyde (HMF), changes in storage atmospheres, organic sulphide levels, tocol concentrations (vitamin E), Iodine Value (IV), Thiocyanogen Value (TV), Peroxide Value (PV), p-Anisidine Value (p-AV) and Acid Value (AV). The mc of canola and barley were within the range considered safe for storage. Oil content of canola did not change significantly with storage. Viability of canola stored at 4 and 25 °C did not change noticeably, but higher storage temperatures resulted in seed death. Barley maintained high viabilities at low temperatures, but was more susceptible to high temperatures than canola. Colour changes of whole barley grain in storage were pronounced and temperature dependent. Colorimetry of whole barley grain showed potential as a tool for monitoring quality changes in storage. Absorption spectra of grain extracts reflected chemical and physiological changes in storage. HMF, an indicator of Maillard browning, accumulated in short to medium term storage at 45°C and in long term storage at 25 and 35°C. Measurement of HMF was considered useful for monitoring quality changes of stored cereal grain. In a study of storage atmospheres, changes in the concentrations of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxygen, carbon disulphide and carbonyl sulphide were shown to be useful indicators of quality loss of grain in storage. Gas concentrations usually depended on storage temperature and time and reflected the storage history of the commodity. They indicated loss of carbohydrates and lipids by respiration, oxidative damage and deterioration of sulphur containing amino acids and other compounds. Oil quality indicators were consistent with oxidative damage to canola lipids in storage. IV, TV, and p-AV of canola oil did not correlate with quality of commercial samples. However, a relationship between increases in PV and high storage temperatures in canola was shown and AV increased in storage dependent on storage temperature and time. In barley and canola, the concentration of anti-oxidant tocol species (vitamin E) decreased at 35 and 45°C storage dependent on storage time. The overall tocol content as well as vitamin E activity decreased with storage decreasing the nutritional value of the commodities and indicating oxidative damage to lipids. It was concluded that the storage of dry, pest-free whole barley and canola grain at moderate temperatures (25-45°C) resulted in chemical and other changes. The consequence of these changes was a measurable reduction in the freshness of grain relevant to the nutritional, food technological and commercial quality of grain.

Regionally focused plant breeding has the potential to increase the productivity and profitability of dry beans and barley in western Washington, strengthening the local food system. Achieving this will require an interdisciplinary approach rooted in an understanding of social context, unique end-use potential, contemporary genetic techniques, and crop production methods, combined with the art and science of classical field-based breeding. Approaches to plant breeding for local food systems are reviewed emphasizing the potential of engaging diverse stakeholders in the selection process. Barriers to local dry bean production include access to scale appropriate equipment and drying the crop, however dry beans are being successfully grown in the region. Twenty-four varieties of dry beans, which have been cultivated in western Washington for 20 to 130 years, were collected. Utilization of these local heirlooms will require respectful engagement with the seed savers responsible for their maintenance and selection. Information on dry bean variety selection, production methods, pest management, harvesting and drying is presented. Growers producing malting barley may receive a premium for their crop, but require traits unique to that market. Locally adapted varieties were identified with stable yield and grain quality, as well as resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia hordei ), powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei) and pre-harvest sprouting. Custom malting of these varieties has the potential to contribute to the emerging craft malt industry. Continued development of regionally adapted varieties is supported through a genome wide association study of a foundational panel of two-row facultative malting barley. Significant markers associated with heading date genes were identified as well as resistance to stripe rust (P. striformis f. sp. hordei), leaf rust (P. hordei), and scald ( Rhyncosporium commune). The concepts and methods presented here can be transferred to other regions and crops where producers and researchers wish to leverage variety selection and breeding to achieve a resilient and productive food system with its own distinctive place-based character.

Prinos zrna predstavlja jednu od najznačajnijih i najsloženijih osobina u oplemenjivanju biljaka. Poznavanje razvića, rastenja i akumulacije suve materije, omogućava pravilan odabir genotipova i odgovarajuće tehnologije gajenja. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se izvrši ispitivanje filohrona, akumulacije i translokacije suve materije nadzemnog dela biljaka, prinosa zrna i komponenti prinosa, različitih genotipova ozime pšenice i ječma sejanih u više rokova setve i vegetacionih sezona. Zatim da se utvrdi odgovarajuća jednačina koja opisuje akumulaciju suve materije i pojavu listova na glavnom stablu ječma i pšenice u funkciji sume temperatura tokom različitih rokova setve i vegetacionih sezona. U ogled je bilo uključeno po šest genotipova ozimog dvoredog ječma i ozime pšenice različitog porekla, pedigrea i agronomskih osobina, sejanih dve sezone u četiri roka setve. Sredinom cvetanja i u punoj zrelosti, uzeto je 10 slučajno odabranih biljaka. Na uzetim biljkama određena je masa pojedinačnih organa i komponente prinosa, kao i translokacija suve materije i doprinos asimilata akumuliranih pre cvetanja u masi zrna. Za utvrđivanje filohrona i ukupnog broja listova, dva puta nedeljno se očitavao broj listova na obeleženim biljkama tokom čitave sezone. Istovremeno se uzimao i uzorak od pet biljaka u cilju praćenja akumulacije suve materije. Sezona, rok setve i sorta su imali značajan uticaj na variranje ukupnog broja listova i filohrona kod ječma i pšenice. U proseku, sorte ječma su formirale više listova u odnosu na pšenicu, dok se pšenica karakteriše dužim filohronom. Kasnija setva dovela je do značajnog smanjenja broja listova i skraćenja filohrona kod obe vrste. U zavisnosti od sezone, roka setve, sorte i njihove interakcije menjala se i biomasa biljaka u cvetanju i prinos zrna. Translokacija suve materije je bila u pozitivnoj korelaciji sa biomasom biljaka u cvetanju. Akumulacija biomase nadzemnog dela biljaka tokom sezone, pratila je tipičan sigmoidni obrazac u svim kombinacijama rokova setve i sorti. Od tri posmatrane nelinearne jednačine, Logistička jednačina se pokazala najprikladnijom za opisivanje akumulacije suvematerije tokom sezone kod ječma i pšenice. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na značaj vegetativne mase biljaka u cvetanju, koja predstavlja bitan izvor asimilata za translokaciju u zrno. Ovi rezultati ukazuju da je tokom oplemenjivanja strnih žita, neophodno stvarati genotipove sa većim brojem listova koji bolje nakupljaju biomasu, odnosno genotipove koji će u optimalnom roku setve, imati usklađen fenološki razvoj sa agroekološkim uslovima u području Panonske nizije.
Grain yield is one of the most important and complex traits in plant breeding. Knowledge about crop development, growth and dry matter accumulation enables the appropriate selection of genotypes and field technology. The aims of this study were to investigate the variability of phyllochron, dry matter accumulation and translocation, grain yield and yield components of various wheat and barley genotypes, in relation to the sowing date and growing season. Furthermore, the goal was to find the equation that would appropriately describe dry matter accumulation and leaf appearance of wheat and barley. Six winter barley and six winter wheat genotypes, characterized by different origin, pedigree and agronomic traits, were sown in two growing seasons across four sowing dates. At the anthesis and physiological maturity, 10 randomly selected plants were manually cut at ground level. Dry mass of different plant organs, yield components, dry matter translocation and contribution of pre-heading dry matter to grain yield were determined. To determine the leaf number and phyllochron, measuring was done according to the Haun scale on three tagged plants per replication three times per week. Also, samples consisting of five plants were collected to determine dry matter accumulation. Growing season, sowing date and variety had significant influence on the final leaf number and phyllochron of wheat and barley. At average, barley varieties had more leaf compared to wheat, while wheat had higher phyllochron values. Late sowing reduced the final leaf number and phyllochron in both barley and wheat. Furthermore, growing season, sowing date, variety and sowing date × variety interaction had significant influence on crop biomass at anthesis and grain yield. Dry matter translocation was in positive correlation with dry matter content at anthesis. Dry matter accumulation across growing seasons had a typical sigmoid pattern in every combination of sowing date and variety. Among studied models, the logistic equation was the most appropriate for description of dry matter accumulation in wheat and barley. Results from this study highlight the importance of dry matter content at anthesis, which represent a significant source of assimilates for translocation into the grain. These results indicated that during the selection of small grain cereals, it is necessary to develop genotypes characterized by higher leaf number and increased biomass, i.e. genotypes that in optimal sowing dates, have an adjusted phenological development to the agro-ecological conditions of the Panonian plane.

Many plant species, including Barrel Cacti, have developed long-term evolutionary adaptable traits to survive in extreme climates. The most important trait of cacti in extreme hot dry climates is to reduce water evaporation and increase water storage. The exterior skin of a cactus plays an important role in preventing water evaporation through heat transmission. On the other hand, there have been many passive design strategies applied to the space planning and building design of architecture in hot dry climates. The goal of these passive design strategies is to regulate the penetration of heat into building spaces while creating a strong ventilation system to help bring cool air inside the building. In this paper, adaptations of the Barrel Cactus' exterior skin, along with architectural passive design strategies for hot dry climates (in this caseYazd, Iran) will be discussed and integrated with one another through the concept of Biomimicry. The goal is to design an exterior building skin that is attuned to the environmental conditions of a hot dry climate, based on the successful applicable behaviors demonstrated in the Barrel Cactus. Key architectural features such as natural ventilation and daylight will be informed by the evolutionary cacti adaptations and passive architectural strategies in the design of the building skin in order to increase the possibility of consistent comfort for users of an office building.

The need for energy and the associated economic benefits from the oil and gas deposits found mainly in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria necessitated the exploration and exploitation activities being carried out by the oil and gas Companies. However, these exploration and exploitation activities due to their unpredictable nature have a huge potential for environmental pollution as been experienced in the form of oil spills, gas flaring, irresponsible disposal of waste and several other activities that have resulted in the environmental degradation of the Niger Delta region. In the light of these, the Federal Government of Nigeria having experienced the consequences of pollution of the environment during the Koko Toxic Waste Dump incident in the then Bendel State in 1987 established a regulatory body tasked with the responsibility of harmonizing the economic interest from the oil and gas exploration and exploitation activities with the sustainability of the natural environment by developing well structured and articulated policies aimed at guiding the operations of the oil and gas operators, track their compliance and administer appropriate punitive measures for non compliance. However, this research work which is aimed at evaluating the impact of the environmental protection policies in upstream oil and gas activities in the Niger Delta region, involved the use of questionnaires and interviews. These questionnaires were completed by the management and staff of three major oil and gas companies operating within the area, the Department of Petroleum Resources and members of the Host communities. The interview was carried out to provide relevant feedback on their assessment of the impact made by the environmental protection policies on the upstream oil and gas activities in their operational areas/host communities. The study however concluded that “Although there is a regulatory body tasked with the responsibility to develop, implement and track compliance of the environmental protection policies in the upstream oil industry, the body is ineffective and as such the impact of the environmental protection policies is inadequate. Appropriate informed recommendations on the improvement strategies to the identified gaps that resulted in the unfavorable conditions were also provided.
Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011

Les ciliopathies rétiniennes sont un groupe de maladies rares causés par des mutations de gènes ciliaires. Les défauts des gènes ciliaires peuvent causer des défauts de trafic de protéines et induit l'apoptose des cellules photoréceptrices causés par le stress du réticulum endoplasmique (RE). On a étudié ciliopathies rétiniennes par modèle mourin, amaurose congénitale de Leber, rétinopathie pigmentaire liée à l’X, syndrome de Bardet-Biedl, syndrome d’Alström. Les souris Bbs1-/- , Bbs10-/- et CEP290-/- ont monté une diminution de la fonction rétinienne et sont causée par ER stress. Les souris Rd9/y et Alms1foz/foz présentent une apparition tardive et avec un faible taux de dégénérescence rétinienne et ils pourrait être causée par d'autres mécanismes. Le traitement GV-Ret basé sur le stress du RE pourrait sauver à la fois la fonction de et la morphologie de la rétine dans souris BBS
Retinal ciliopathies are a group of rare diseases caused by mutations of ciliary genes. Defects in ciliary genes can cause defects in proteins traffics and induces apoptosis of photoreceptor cells caused by stress of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) .We studied retinal ciliopathies by mice models, Leber congenital amaurosis, Xlinked retinitis pigmentosa, Bardet-Biedl syndrome and Alström Syndrome. The Bbs1-/-, Bbs10-/- and CEP290-/- mice exhibited a decrease in retinal function caused by ER stress. Rd9/y and Alms1foz/foz mice showed a late onset and a low rate of retinal degeneration and they could be caused by other mechanisms. The GV-Ret treatment based on ER stress could save both the function and morphology of the retina in BBS mice

The aim of this qualitative interpretive research was to explore the experiences of HIV counsellors and how these experiences influence the counsellors' psychological wellbeing. The complexities of the context within which HIV pre and post test counselling occurs form the day-to-day real ity of barely trained volunteer counsellors whose task it is to counsel, inform and educate people at grass roots concerning HIV. The guiding question of the current research pertained to the experience of HIV counselors regarding the influence of their work on their own well-being. A case study design was used. In depth interviews were conducted with nine Sotho speaking HIV counselors working in primary healthcare clinics in the Sedibeng region of Gauteng. Additional data was collected through observation. Data was initially coded, using axial coding; this was followed by thematic analysis. The focus was .on the psychological well-being of the volunteer HIV counsellors. The data indicated that the participants were not overwhelmed by the many stressors of their challenging occupations. They succeeded in developing their own ways of stress relief especially through practising their spiritual beliefs and other means like participating in community activities and meaningful relationships of significant other. They experienced personal growth and empowerment in general, but especially in the field of health and sexuality. The female participants were increasingly able to negotiate safer sex. Participants' lives were enriched through amongst others the regard they received from their communities, and being in a position to give information and advice that they gained from the training and exposure to information. The participants experienced feelings of self-worth in that they were able to contribute to their communities and thereby adding meaning to their own existence. It became clear that their character strengths such as wisdom, courage, humanity, justice and transcendence enabled them to function and grow in their difficult situation. The research highlighted that the inner strengths and virtues of the volunteer counsellors enable them to persist, in challenging work conditions and socio-economic circumstances. Difficulties facing volunteer HIV counsellors that became clear are the lack of support and recognition they have to contend with. It is therefore recommended that more attention should be given by the relevant stakeholders to strengthen the support and to make more resources available to them.
Thesis (M.A. (Psychology))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2010.

Bibliography: leaves 223-247. Effects of water availability during grain filling is examined in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordum vulgare L.) genotypes. The study tests the accumulation of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) in the grain and also their remobilization from the shoot to the grain. Water stress during grain filling was found to reduce DM and N accumulation and also to increase N concentration in both wheat and barley grain.

The objective of this research was to determine the effect of stage of maturity at the time of harvest for barley and oat whole-crop forage on feed intake, ruminal fermentation and digestibility, and the impact forage allocation has on intake and ruminal fermentation. In the first 2 studies, whole-crop barley (Study 1; c.v. CDC Cowboy) and oat (Study 2; c.v. CDC Weaver) forage were harvested at the late milk (LM), hard dough (HD) and ripe (RP) stages and offered ad libitum to ruminally cannulated heifers. Diets were supplemented in an attempt to balance crude protein (CP) among treatments. Heifer performance, dry matter intake (DMI), ruminal fermentation parameters, ruminal digestibility, and total tract digestibility were evaluated. In Study 3, whole-crop oat (c.v. CDC Weaver) forage harvested at HD and RP was offered ad libitum to ruminally cannulated heifers in either daily (1-D) or 3 d (3-D) allocations. Dry matter intake and ruminal fermentation parameters were measured. In Study 1, harvest maturity of barley did not affect DMI (P = 0.70; average 5.4 kg/d) or average daily gain (ADG; P = 0.64). Total tract digestibility was decreased for barley harvested at HD (P = 0.003), but harvest maturity did not affect daily digestible energy (DE) intake (P = 0.52). Minimum ruminal pH for heifers fed the barley forage was lowest for LM (6.09), intermediate for RP (6.13), and greatest for HD (6.25; P = 0.016). Total short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations were not affected by harvest maturity (P = 0.36). In Study 2, harvest maturity of whole-crop oat did not affect DMI (P = 0.26; average 8.1 kg/d) or ADG (P = 0.52). There were no effects of harvest maturity of oat forage on total tract digestibility (P = 0.78) or daily DE intake (P = 0.68). The minimum ruminal pH from heifers fed oat forage was lowest for HD (5.84; P = 0.012), intermediate for RP (5.94) and greatest for LM (5.99). There was no effect of harvest maturity of oat forage on total SCFA concentrations (P = 0.21). The quantity of forage allocation (Study 3) had no effect on total or forage DMI over a 3-d duration (P ≥ 0.47). Throughout the 3-d feeding period, 3-D allocated heifers had a reduction in the area pH was under 5.8 (214.4, 79.5 and 10.9 pH × min/d, for d 1, 2 and 3, respectively; P = 0.003). Total SCFA concentrations were not affected by forage allocation or harvest maturity (P ≥ 0.14), however there was an interaction of forage allocation and day in the feeding cycle (P = 0.046). Heifers allocated 1-D had no change iii in total SCFA concentration over the 3-d feeding period (averaged 122 mM), but 3-D allocation had elevated concentrations on d 1 (138 mM) intermediate on d 2 (135 mM) and decreased on d 3 (117 mM). These data suggest that harvesting barley and oat at the HD stage improves DM yield without negatively affecting cattle DMI and ADG. These data also suggest that providing 3-d allocations of forage does not affect DMI, but can increase daily fluctuations of ruminal pH and ruminal SCFA concentrations.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
機械工程學研究所
100
In this work, barbed dry electrodes are designed and fabricated by MEMS technology for biopotential measurement such as EEG.　Compared to the traditional wet electrodes, the dry electrodes do not need electrolytic gel to reduce the impedance between skin and electrodes, so dry electrodes are more suitable for long-term measurement. Our proposed dry electrodes consist of arrays of miniaturized spikes. These spikes are designed for penetrating human skin so that the high impedance problems associated with layers of the outer skin can be resolved. We design the electrodes 50-100μm in length to avoid the painful or uncomfortable feeling during the measurement. The fabrication of electrodes is based on wet etching, which is simple and low cost. The simulation software Etch3DTM is used to evaluate the fabrication parameters of the wet etching. The spikes are fabricated by KOH. Subsequently, the photoresist is patterned as the etching mask on the spikes, and then etched in the solution mixed with HNO3 and HF. The fabricated barbed electrodes are 81μm in length, and widest and narrowest width is 20μm and 12μm, respectively.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
機械工程學研究所
101
In this work, barbed dry electrodes array for EEG measurement was designed and fabricated by using low-cost silicon wet etching techniques. Compared with traditional wet electrodes, the proposed dry electrodes can avoid skin preparation and electrolytic gel during measurement process. The preliminary pyramidal electrodes arrays were fabricated by KOH etching, and the barbed shapes were formed by HF/HNO3 etching. The radii of curvature of barbs decrease almost linearly as the etching time increases. Also, a through-silicon via (TSV), which improves the conductivity between the electrode lead and the tip array, was created on the substrate during the etching process. The average height of the dry electrodes is about 155 μm, and the average base width is 86 μm. By using conductive silver epoxy, the fabricated dry electrode was bonded with a traditional commercial ECG electrode, on which the electrolytic gel was removed. The detaching force measurement results showed that the barbed electrodes array was more adherent to soft materials than the pyramidal electrodes array. In the electrode-skin contact impedance measurement, the impedance of barbed dry electrodes is slightly higher than that of the wet electrodes. We also demonstrated that the proposed barbed dry electrodes can be used to measure the EEG signal effectively.

碩士
國立中興大學
食品暨應用生物科技學系所
107
Antrodia cinnamomea (AC) is a precious medicinal mushroom which is native to Taiwan. Plenty of studies had confirmed that Antrodia cinnamomea mycelium has a variety of health benefits, such as anti-cancer, liver protection, and anti-inflammatory effects. The purpose of this study was to identify genotoxic and toxicologic effects of red quinoa and barley-based solid-state fermented Antrodia cinnamomea mycelium (RQBACM). Three genotoxic tests including in vitro Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation (Ames) test, in vitro Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1) chromosomal aberration test, in vivo mammalian micronucleus test, and repeated dose 90-day oral toxicity study in rats were conducted. The results of the Ames test, with or without S9 mixture co-incubated with RQBACM, at the high dose of 5,000 microgram/plate, showed no significant increase in the number of reversed bacterial colonies. In addition, RQBACM, at the high dose of 2,000 microgram/mL, did not induce significant chromosomal variation either with or without S9 mixture in CHO-K1 cells. In vivo study, RQBACM, at the dose of 1,000, 3,000, and 5,000 mg/kg b.w., did not significantly affect the percentage of reticulocytes or micronuclei in peripheral blood of ICR mice. In acute limit toxicity test, orally administration of 5,000 mg/kg b.w. RQBACM did not cause significant toxic effects in rats. In the 90-day feeding toxcicity study, Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were orally fed with 1,000, 2,000, or 3,000 mg/kg RQBACM for consecutive 90 days. At the end of the study, a slight decrease in body weight was found in the high dose male rats; however, no treatment-related effects were found in hematology, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, organ weight, and pathology examinations. In summary, RQBACM poses no genetic mutation effects and the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 90-day feeding toxicity is 3,000 mg/kg b.w./day in rats. These parameters could provide a reference dose for use in the food safety of RQBACM for human.