Relevant bibliographies by topics / Drugs sports policy

Academic literature on the topic 'Drugs sports policy'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Drugs sports policy"

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O’Brien, Dianne, and James O. Overby. "Drugs and Sports—Developing a Drug Policy." Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport 2, no. 1 (February 1992): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jlas.2.1.32.

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Anderson, Jack. "Doping, sport and the law: time for repeal of prohibition?" International Journal of Law in Context 9, no. 2 (June 2013): 135–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552313000050.

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AbstractThis article concerns the legal issues that surround the prohibition of doping in sport. The current policy on the use of performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) in sport is underpinned by both a paternalistic desire to protect athletes' health and the long-term integrity or ‘spirit’ of sport. The policy is put into administrative effect globally by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), which provides the regulatory and legal framework through which the vast majority of international sports federations harmonise their anti-doping programmes. On outlining briefly both the broad administrative structures of international sport's various anti-doping mechanisms, and specific legal issues that arise in disciplinary hearings involving athletes accused of doping, this article questions the sustainability of the current ‘zero tolerance’ approach, arguing, by way of analogy to the wider societal debate on the criminalisation of drugs, and as informed by Sunstein and Thaler's theory of libertarian paternalism, that current policy on anti-doping has failed. Moreover, rather than the extant moral and punitive panic regarding doping in sport, this article, drawing respectively on Seddon's and Simon's work on the history of drugs and crime control mentality, contends that, as an alternative, harm reductionist measures should be promoted, including consideration of the medically supervised use of certain PEDs.
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Becker, Amy B., and Dietram A. Scheufele. "Public Perceptions of Steroid Use in Sport: Contextualizing Communication Efforts." International Journal of Sport Communication 1, no. 4 (December 2008): 444–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.1.4.444.

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Recently, the controversy surrounding the use of steroids and performance-enhancing drugs by Olympic and professional athletes has captured the media spotlight, in part as a response to the very public and pervasive steroids scandal plaguing Major League Baseball (MLB). This article examines trends in Americans’ attitudes toward the use of steroids and performance-enhancing drugs in Olympic and professional sport as a way to better understand the messaging challenges that policy makers, players, managers, coaches, and publicists face when trying to influence the media agenda. As the poll data presented suggest, Americans feel that the incidence of performanceenhancing- drug use in professional sport is significant, especially in MLB. Furthermore, Americans suggest that the leadership of various professional sports is not doing enough to combat the use of steroids and performance-enhancing drugs by top competitors.
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Mazanov, J., and J. Connor. "Managing drugs in sport: The evidence base for second generation policy." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 13 (December 2010): e16-e17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2010.10.495.

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Stuart, Mark, Young In Kwon, and Sandy Jeong Rhie. "Pharmacy services at the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games." British Journal of Sports Medicine 53, no. 17 (March 20, 2019): 1105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-100069.

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ObjectivePharmacy services at large multisport events support safe and effective medication use. Our aim is to describe the contribution of pharmacists and to share the pharmacy experiences at the 2018 PyeongChang Olympic and Paralympic Games.MethodsThe data collected included the accreditation details of patients and prescribers indicating: sport, country, athlete or non-athlete status, and prescription details including: medication, strength, frequency, length of treatment, for the period of the Olympic Games (1–26 February 2018) and the Paralympic Games (5–20 March 2018). The numbers of prescriptions dispensed were analysed by medication category, sports and country of the patient.ResultsA total of 5313 medication items were dispensed over the course of the Olympic and Paralympic Games (athletes: 670; non-athletes: 4615; unknown: 28), for a total of 2360 patients. 72 of 82 countries (87.8%) had fewer than 20 patient visits. The first high peak (Olympic: 5.0%; Paralympic: 7.3%) of daily volume of prescriptions were dispensed in the 2 days prior to the Olympic and the 1 day prior to Paralympic opening ceremonies. Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE) and International Olympic Committee NeedlePolicy were well managed and compliant with the regulations.ConclusionPharmacy services at major multisport games include dispensing over 5000 prescriptions, supporting the TUE and IOC Needle Policy processes and providing clinical information to athletes and prescribers on drugs in sports and the World Anti-Doping Agency regulations of drugs prohibited in sport. During the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games, pharmacists played a crucial role in delivering safe and effective pharmacy service based on their expert knowledge in antidoping and the clinical use of drugs in sport.
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Uyar, Yalcin, Ambra Gentile, Hamza Uyar, Övünç Erdeveciler, Hakan Sunay, Veronica Mîndrescu, Dino Mujkic, and Antonino Bianco. "Competition, Gender Equality, and Doping in Sports in the Red Queen Effect Perspective." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (February 22, 2022): 2490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14052490.

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The nature of sports is characterized by a strong competitive component that generates inequalities among athletes at different levels, specifically in relation to gender, technology, and doping. These inequalities can be represented according to the Red Queen effect perspective, which has been previously hypothesized in other competitive environments (evolutionary biology and economics, for instance). The Red Queen effect considers each competitive environment to require a constant effort to maintain a position of competitive advantage in order reach the best result possible. Therefore, the aim of the current paper is to provide an innovative perspective for the understanding of competition in sports, identifying factors (i.e., physical appearance for gender equality, socioeconomic status of a sport team for technology, and antidoping rules for doping) influencing athletes’ possibilities to win a competition. Concerning gender differences, the disparity between genders reflects a lower coverage in sports news, and media are more likely to focus on female athletes’ physical appearance than their performance in sports. Therefore, women struggle more with increasing their visibility and in affirming their status as an athlete. On the other hand, the introduction of science and technological innovations in sports has generated economic interests in sport competitions, which reached superior performance levels compared to the past. Teams that cannot afford financial burdens of technological innovation risk being left out from sport competitions. Finally, doping creates a Red Queen environment since antidoping rules catch a small portion of athletes using performance enhancement drugs.
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Samoshkin, Vladlen, Victor Meleshko, and Artem Yakovenko. "DOPING IN SPORTS AND WAYS COMBATING VIOLATIONS ANTI-DOPING LEGISLATION." Sports Bulletin of the Dnieper 1 (2020): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32540/2071-1476-2019-1-142.

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Introduction and purpose of the study. In article to perform that doping is one of the serious of problem of modern sport. Defines important questions regarding antidoping rules and anti-doping control in sport. Given the promising solutions to the problems of doping in Ukraine. It is an extremely complex because it involves the interrelated medical, legal, political, moral, organizational, social and pedagogical aspects. To use the doping is the same to spread and the most to chase’s infringement of the law in branch of sport which to lie in the area of several fields by law. Just for this offence to foresee the several kinds of responsibility at the same time-administrative, civic. discipline’s and is particular event the criminal. The hypothesis of the study lies in the fact that in modern Olympics sport to observe the tendency of introduction in quality of doping by new improved substances and methods, gene and cellular doping and other achievement by medicine and biology. And according constantly to widen a list of drugs and methods WADA-AMA which inclusive three measures of inhibition: complete forbidden, forbidden only on the match and the drugs what limited at kinds of sport. Experts of Olympics sport by Ukraine would be constancy monitoring that tendencies and to improve of legislative and normative-legal base and infrastructure of the anti-doping policy which should be brought in line with modern international standards. The aim of the research is to determine the parents’ attitude to systematize the modern knowledge about the ways of effective counteraction to infringe by anti-doping legislation. Methods. Analysis, synthesis and systematization of scientific literature data and materials from the Internet. Results. The analysis of literary sources has found the next. To suppose that the partial modification’ athletes on the gene and cellular level will be appearance earlier than will be official to approve of cellular technologies treatment by ills. The world anti-doping code to action joint with International standards as documents what to concern by of all constituent part doping checkup that nostrified in Ukraine. By effort of WADA-AMA to exploit a new analytic methods to research of human growth hormone and biomarkers of gene doping and steroid profile of athletes. A list complete forbidden by WADA-AMA of drugs and methods include: anabolic mediators, hormones and modulators of metabolism, diuretics and camouflage agents, beta-2 agonists, peptide hormones and factors of growth, to manipulate with blood and urine, genetics doping (sexual modifications). The drugs that forbidden only on the match: stimulates, narcotics, cannabinoids, steroid hormones glucocorticoids. The drugs what limited at kinds of sport: beta-blocks. Method of doping checkup as analysis by proofs of biological passport athlete what to put together with steroid, hematological and endocrinology modules, don’t substitution traditional doping checkup by method search of forbidden substances in specimens but to add its. The underline what adversary of doping to insist on therefore that ergolitic substances and methods to kill the just idea of “fair play” - the moral code of world sport. According to code on the start all athletes must to have equal chances on the victory. Conclusions. Defines such class from forbidden WADA-AMA from a list of drugs and methods what is: complete forbidden; forbidden only on the match; limited the kinds of sport and frequency offence there for internal use. Defines that analysis by proofs of biological passport athlete to add the traditional doping checkup. To accentuate on the fact that doping pursuit to threaten for social functions of sport. Key words: doping, athlete, sport, anti-doping measures
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Лазоренко, Сергій, Дмитро Балашов, and Микола Чхайло. "ЕПІСТЕМОЛОГІЯ ЯВИЩА «ТРАНСГЕНДЕР» У СУЧАСНОМУ ОЛІМПІЙСЬКОМУ СПОРТІ." Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології, no. 5-6(99-100) (August 31, 2020): 190–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.24139/2312-5993/2020.05-06/190-202.

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Relevance of the Research Topic. The forthcoming Olympic Games in July 2021 in Tokyo – the capital of the rising Sun country – in the view of most heads of international sports federations, which absolutely support the aspects of the current Olympic concept, and the athletes preparing to demonstrate the best sides of modern Olympic sports during the Tokyo Olympic Games, can become most scandalous in the context of determining the winners of the Games, the fairness of Olympic records, especially in women’s competitions and Athletes-Transgenders’ participation in the Games. In the history of the modern Olympic movement, these will be the first Olympics Games in which, alongside biological women, will compete representatives of the male half of humanity, who have artificially changed gender. The last four years, following the Games in Rio de Janeiro, have been marked by a total struggle against doping in sports. The purpose of the research is to study the issues of transgender ontology in modern Olympic sport and solutions to this problem. Being used research methods are analysis, comparison and generalization of historical information and its systematization according to the dialectic of the problem’s development. Results of the study. The International Olympic Committee has decided to purge modern Olympic sports from this shameful phenomenon, because peaceful Olympic rivalry is a demonstration of the individual qualities of the athlete, not a rivalry of the modern achievements in medicine and pharmacology. This struggle demonstrated the fundamental position of the IOC towards athletes, teams and national teams, who, for the sake of high sport achievements, used prohibited pharmacological drugs, manipulated of doping tests, etc. in the preparation for official competitions. The result of this struggle is the removal of specified subjects from participation in 2021 Games. Conclusions. The authors of the article tried to explore the dialectic of the transgender phenomenon in modern Olympic sports and to identify aspects of the IOC policy regarding the admission of transgender athletes to the 2021 Summer Olympics.
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Loer, Kathrin. "An Ounce for Prevention… Germany’s Public Policy on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention." European Journal of Risk Regulation 7, no. 4 (December 2016): 789–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00010217.

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AbstractThis section discusses the regulation of “lifestyle risks” a term that can apply to both substances and behaviours. Lifestyle risks take place along the line of “abstinence - consumption - abuse - addiction”. This can concern substances such as food, alcohol or drugs, as well as behaviours such as gambling or sports. The section also addresses the question of the appropriate point of equilibrium between free choice and state intervention (regulation), as well as the question of when risks can be considered to be acceptable or tolerable. In line with the interdisciplinary scope of the journal, the section aims at updating readers on both the regulatory and the scientific developments in the field. It analyses legislative initiatives and judicial decisions and at the same time it provides insight into recent empirical studies on lifestyle risks.
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Allen, Molly, Mark Campbell Stuart, Hannah Gribble, Richard Budgett, and Andrew Pipe. "Needle-use declarations at the Olympic Games Rio 2016." British Journal of Sports Medicine 52, no. 11 (November 21, 2017): 747–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098294.

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AimWe report on the results of the ‘IOC Needle Policy’ applied during the course of the Games of the XXXI Summer Olympiad in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The policy was intended to empower physicians to ensure appropriate clinical use of needles within team medical environments, enhance the safety of those responsible for housekeeping services and others in the Olympic environment, and permit documentation of such procedures as an adjunct to the doping control programme. Any needle use required the submission of an ‘Injection Declaration Form’ to IOC medical officials.MethodAll ‘Injection Declaration Forms’ were reviewed and archived. The declarations provided basic information regarding the nature of the needle use and the product(s) involved, the physician, athlete and respective National Olympic Committee (NOC). The details of the declarations were subsequently categorised.ResultsA total of 367 declarations were received from physicians representing 49 NOCs. Needle-use declarations were more common in athletics, gymnastics, football and aquatics. A single product was administered in 60% of the cases, and more than one product was administered in 40%. The majority of declarations indicated the use of local anaesthetics, glucocorticoids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and analgesics.ConclusionThe introduction of a ‘Needle Policy’ in the Olympic Games setting was intended to minimise the use of needles by non-physicians, promote evidence-based practice and to deter needle-based doping practices. Declarations were received from 49 of 209 NOCs suggesting either that needle use is minimal among certain teams or opportunities remain to enhance compliance with such policies at future games.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Drugs sports policy"

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Brakeley, August Kashiwa. "Better, Stronger, Faster Explaining the Variance Between Professional and Amateur Anti-Doping Policies." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Political Science and Communication, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1020.

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The world of sport has recently been inundated by stories of doping. These reports are not limited to a select few individuals or sports, but seemingly are spread across sports. At first, it was mostly members of the sports community voicing their discontent, but soon actors outside of the sports community, such as government committees, became interested. Anti-doping policies were created to reduce doping; however, these policies were created independently of government and vary in effectiveness. The most visible variances are between professional and amateur sports. Accordingly, this paper investigates why there is variation between professional and amateur anti-doping policies. This investigation is done in a qualitative fashion and employs the Most Similar System of Design (a comparative method) to identify that factors result in the differences. The paper also contributes to the field by creating and organizing the ethics of doping. Furthermore, it compares the various existing approaches to anti-doping policy by analysing the anti-doping policies of the PGA, IOC, WADA, and the MLB. Subsequently, the paper identifies seven obstacles facing anti-doping regulators and identifies new policy tools that could aid anti-doping policies. Finally, it closes with policy recommendations for the future. This paper is comprehensive: it introduces the topic of anti-doping, the subsequent definitions, explains the ethical considerations, answers why there is variation between professional and amateur anti-doping policies, and provides policy recommendations.
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Stoops, Robbin Lynn. "Creation of a collegiate level drug testing policy." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45194.

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The NCAA, in order to preserve fair and equal competition in intercollegiate athletics, created a drug testing program. In 1987 and again in 1988, student-athletes at two separate universities challenged the NCAA’s drug testing program in a court of law. As a result, constitutional questions pertaining to a student-athlete’s individual rights have surfaced. The purpose of the research was to create a collegiate level drug testing policy to be utilized during the regular season by NCAA Division I member institutions. A drug testing program, based upon individual reasonable suspicion, was created through the analysis of the NCAA’s 1987-988 drug testing rules and drug testing program, legal issues surrounding drug testing, litigation involving the NCAA, and NCAA Division I member institution’s drug testing programs.
Master of Science
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Amos, Anne. "Anti-Doping Policy: Rationale or Rationalisation?" University of Sydney, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/5437.

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Doctor of Philiosophy (PhD)
Since 1998 anti-doping policy has undergone massive change. The level of world-wide cooperation involved in establishing an international anti-doping system is unprecedented in the history of the regulation of performance enhancing substances in sport. Such cooperation and the unipartite nature of public doping discourse give the impression that anti-doping policy is clear, unproblematic and universally acceptable. However, scratching the harmonious surface of modern anti-doping approaches reveals fundamental problems and inconsistencies, the two most basic of which go to the very core of the policy. Basic issues — what constitutes doping and the reasons why we prohibit it — are still unsettled, lack clarity and give rise to many significant operational issues. For instance, the definition of ‘doping’ in doping discourse is quite different from the definition in the World Anti-Doping Code: what is thought of as ‘doping’ is very different from what is punished as ‘doping.’ Moreover, the commonly suggested anti-doping rationales do not adequately explain the present prohibition on the use of performance enhancing substances in sport. In light of this uncertainty, two questions arise: why is there so much confusion and why do we prohibit doping in sport? Desmond Manderson, in his study of the origins of illicit drug laws, has wrestled with a similar question; his conclusions are that drugs have been prohibited more for what they symbolise than their pharmacological properties. This thesis argues that, in a similar way to illicit drug policy, the symbolism of performance enhancing substances in sport has played a major role in the development of anti-doping policy. To demonstrate the influence of such symbolism, three significant time periods in anti-doping history are considered in the thesis: the 1920s, the 1960s and the 1970s. The most formative aspect of symbolism in the 1920s, when anti-doping rules were first passed, was the association between doping and illicit drug taking. The stigma attached to stereotypical images of illicit drug-users contributed to ‘doping’ being viewed as contrary to the amateur ethos and the adoption of a regulatory system modelled on illicit drug policy approaches. In the 1960s, when anti-doping policy began in earnest, illicit drug symbolism was also extremely influential. Concerns regarding drug addiction in sport fuelled fears about the health of the athlete which were prominent in doping discourse at this time. Combined with a strong belief in the power of drugs in general, illicit drug symbolism led to the expansion of the illicit drug model of regulation to include illicit drug style testing. Doping changed in the 1970s with the emergence of training drugs such as anabolic steroids. Steroids became strongly associated with ‘communist’ athletes and were viewed as extremely powerful transforming drugs. A kind of steroid hysteria was thereby created in doping discourse. Simultaneously, the continuing influence of illicit drug symbolism meant that the previously adopted illicit drug model was also applied to steroids. The conclusion of the thesis is that anti-doping policy is not fundamentally a rational system: instead it has been driven much more by emotional factors such as public opinion than rational argument. Such a basis is bound to create confusion and explains many of the problems of current anti-doping policy. The way in which symbolism has led to the regulatory decisions in anti-doping history is summarised as constituting the ‘reactive regulation model’ in the concluding section of the thesis. This pattern of regulation has produced a number of important operational difficulties in current anti-doping law, the prime example being the ‘fallacy’ of in-competition drug testing to deal with the issue of training drugs such as steroids. Finally, it is argued that in light of the reactive nature of anti-doping policy, it is unlikely that recent challenges, such as gene doping and the use of non-analytical evidence, will be treated any differently to past challenges. Anti-doping policy has always been largely driven by reactions to symbolism; there is no reason to suspect this type of approach will change.
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Hermann, Aaron. "Doping in sport: an interdisciplinary study of its management and prevention." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/93502.

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This thesis addresses aspects of two key fields of research. One component addresses the areas of medicine and science, whilst the second addresses the areas of law and policy. This research contributes new results regarding effects of doping on sport achievements, the widespread nature of doping and offers new ideas to the area of anti-doping, anti-doping policy and law, and to the greater sporting arena. It firstly demonstrates that doping is far more widespread than official results would have one think. Doping is not confined to a limited few individuals, rather it is a widespread major problem in a number of sports throughout the world. It furthermore demonstrates that summer sports appear to have a greater problem with doping than winter sports. Next, it shows that current anti-doping testing and detection systems are inefficient and ineffective. The current system is structured such that a single test will, in most cases, not detect a doped athlete. Moreover, in order for the current system to be effective, testing and funding would need to be increased to such a level as to make anti-doping, and sports in general, economically unfeasible. This thesis also shows that in order to combat doping (given the realities of the sporting arena and the findings of the papers) there are a few different approaches which could be taken to change the laws and policies; firstly, a restructuring of how sports are promoted and more specifically how they are seen by spectators. This view focuses on sports being an entertainment medium. This may benefit in reducing or removing doping issues. The role sport plays in modern society is such that it often conflicts with many of the ideals in modern society. Finally, as has been demonstrated by many doping scandals of late and the realities of doping cases, that multiple individuals are often involved in such cases not just the doped athlete. As such, this thesis proposes a series of policy changes to expand the responsibility and liability for doping infringements.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Medical Sciences, 2015
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Books on the topic "Drugs sports policy"

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Drugs in sport: The pressure to perform. London: BMJ Books, 2002.

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Canada, Sport. Drug use and doping control in sport: A Sport Canada policy : update. [Ottawa]: Government of Canada, Fitness and Amateur Sport, 1985.

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Doping and anti-doping policy in sport: Ethical, legal and social perspectives. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2011.

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Permanent World Conference on Antidoping in Sport (1st 1988 Ottawa, Ont.). First Permanent World Conference on Antidoping in Sport: Final report : June 26-29, 1988, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. [Ottawa?: The Conference?], 1988.

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Permanent World Conference on Antidoping in Sport (4th 1993 London, England). The social context of doping: The Fourth Permanent World Conference on Anti-doping in Sport 5-8 September 1993, London, United Kingdom. London: Sports Council, 1994.

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Reform, United States Congress House Committee on Government. Steroid use in sports, part II: Examining the National Football League's policy on anabolic steroids and related substances : hearing before the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, April 27, 2005. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2005.

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Fradkin, Barbara Fraser. Dream chasers: An Inspector Green mystery. Toronto: RendezVous Crime, 2007.

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Tout pour un podium: Roman. Rosemère, Québec: Éditions P. Tisseyre, 2011.

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Hunt, Thomas, and John Gleaves. Global History of Doping in Sport: Drugs, Policy, and Politics. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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Hunt, Thomas, and John Gleaves. Global History of Doping in Sport: Drugs, Policy, and Politics. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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Book chapters on the topic "Drugs sports policy"

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Parnabas, Vincent A., Julinamary Parnabas, Antoinette Mary Parnabas, and Nagoor Meera Abdullah. "Effective Drug Policy on Athletes." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Colloquium on Sports Science, Exercise, Engineering and Technology 2015 (ICoSSEET 2015), 149–58. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-691-1_16.

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Kleiman, Mark A. R., Jonathan P. Caulkins, and Angela Hawken. "When It Comes To Drugs, Why Can’t We Think Calmly and Play Nice?" In Drugs and Drug Policy. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780199764518.003.0011.

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Why do arguments about drug policy get so irrational and so mean-spirited? Patterns of drug taking are intertwined with personal and social identity. The drugs people use, or don’t use, define them as much as their clothing, the music they listen to, the sports they...
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"THE INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE, TRANSNATIONAL DOPING POLICY AND GLOBALISATION." In Drugs & Doping in Sports, 199–212. Routledge-Cavendish, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843140245-19.

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"Policy context for managing drugs in sport." In Managing Drugs in Sport, 65–82. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY :: Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315753690-11.

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Dimeo, Paul, and April Henning. "Sport, Drugs, and Doping." In The Oxford Handbook of Sport and Society, 458—C24.P110. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197519011.013.24.

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Abstract Two key issues continue to haunt sport: first, that athletes have cheated, and will continue to cheat, using strong performance-enhancing drugs that involve health risks; second, that draconian antidoping measures have led to excessive surveillance, disproportionate punishments, and severe consequences (financial, mental health, long-term career) for some athletes. Academic approaches are broadly divided into those practically supportive of antidoping through prevention research, those which accept the current nature of antidoping policy and aim to provide improved knowledge and understanding, and those with a more critical perspective, including trying to find manageable and acceptable new solutions, such as harm reduction. The chapter reviews these approaches and summarizes key issues and debates before exploring the contribution to be made by social science research.
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Hunt, Thomas M. "Anti-Doping Policy Before 1999." In Routledge Handbook of Drugs and Sport, 209–18. Routledge, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203795347-18.

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Houlihan, Barrie. "The Future of Antidoping Policy." In Routledge Handbook of Drugs and Sport, 249–59. Routledge, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203795347-22.

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"Science, morality and policy: The modernisation of anti-doping, 1965–1976." In A History of Drug Use in Sport: 1876 - 1976, 117–32. Routledge, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203003701-15.

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Symonds, Craig L. "10. The U.S. Navy in the Twenty-First Century." In American Naval History: A Very Short Introduction, 110–22. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199394760.003.0010.

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The dissolution of the Soviet Union did not erase the need for a global U.S. Navy, as events in the Middle East and elsewhere provoked serial crises that led to the dispatch of U.S. naval combat groups to various hot spots around the world. ‘The U.S. Navy in the twenty-first century’ explains how the U.S. Navy continues to fulfill many of its historic missions—suppressing pirates, protecting trade, and pursuing drug runners. It is also a potent instrument of American foreign policy and a barometer of American concern. In addition to its deterrent and peacekeeping roles, the U.S. Navy also acts as a first responder to natural or man-made disasters that call for humane intervention.
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Conference papers on the topic "Drugs sports policy"

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Zhang, Qingwei, Wei Zhang, Donggang Yao, Peter I. Lelkes, and Jack G. Zhou. "The Co-Continuous Micro-Porous PLLA Scaffolds and Their Application for ACL Reconstruction." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-38291.

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Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructive surgery is a major health concern world-wide because of a large aging population and increased occurrence of sport-related damage. Tissue engineering is a rapidly growing interdisciplinary field that offers a promising new approach for ACL repair. In order to overcome the shortages of current existing surgical fixation devices, we are combining gradient cellular structure (GCS) injection molding technique and biomedical engineering to develop novel surgical fixation devices (screw, anchor, plate, pin, staple, etc.) that not only incorporate bioactive materials such as growth factors, healing drugs and cells, but have natural bone GCS structure, intended to mimic the natural bone and promote bone tissue growth and eventually eliminate the defects associated with existing surgical fixation devices. In this work, a series of novel poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) scaffolds with micro-porous structure were prepared by injection molding an immiscible polymer blend, with spatially controlled thermal conditioning to adjust the phase size from core to surface. The produced scaffolds were observed under SEM, which shows a co-continuous structure was created successfully through our method. The biocompatibility and the feasibility of produced micro-porous structural PLLA and PLLA/HA scaffolds as a matrix supporting cell growth tested by culturing murine osteoblasts cell line (7F2) for up to 9 days were assessed by Alamar Blue™ assay, which showed that the manufacturing process had no negative effects on cell proliferation. The cell attachment, spreading, migration and proliferation to confluence were assessed by fluorescent nuclear staining with Hoechst 33258. In order to evaluate the functional and cell biological applicability of the micro-porous structural PLLA scaffolds, a subcutaneous biodegradation test was performed through rat model for 1 week and 1 month time period, respectively. Our results showed that the micro-porous structural PLLA scaffolds are non-toxic, and they showed a mild foreign body reaction and complete fibrous encapsulation after implantation. Well created interconnected porous structure and biocompatibility suggest great potential of the micro-porous PLLA scaffolds in application for ACL reconstruction.
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