Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Drugs Prescribing China Hong Kong'

Background: Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is a haematological malignant disease involving haematopoietic stem cells. It is caused by a known reciprocal chromosomal t(9;22)(q34;q11) translocation, or known as Philadelphia chromosome. The translocation results in the formation of a chimeric BCR-ABL fusion gene. In the most recent guidelines published by NCCN and European LeukemiaNet in 2013, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) specifically inhibiting the Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase, are the first-line therapy for patients with chronic phase CML. Imatinib is the oldest among the 3 TKI, and is the most commonly prescribed. Despite its proven therapeutic role in CML, imatinib is a drug of extreme high cost. Estimated annual drug cost is HKD$223,380for a standard 400mg adult daily dose. Therefore, this study aims to survey on the prescribing pattern of imatinib in CML patients, its funding status, response; and estimate its economic burden on the Hong Kong population. Methodology: This is a retrospective patient chart review study. All patients who were diagnosed with CML from 2003 to 2012 and were managed in QMH or QEH were reviewed. Electronic records were retrieved to see whether imatinib was started as first-line treatment within 6 months of diagnosis. The reasons for not initiating imatinib were also investigated. Patients’ response to imatinib, and funding source for the drug, were documented. Annual drug cost of imatinib was estimated from all CML patients who attended all Hospital Authority institutions in 2012 who were prescribed with the drug. Results: Total 153 patients from the 2 institutions were reviewed. One hundred twenty four (81%) of them started imatinib as first-line therapy within 6 months of diagnosis. Nine patients started second generation TKI as first-line. Among those who did not start TKI, the most common reasons are patient preference (3.9%) and financial difficulties (3.3%). Twelve paediatric patients are identified, and all but one of them started imatinib. Seventy one% patients on imatinib experienced side effects. Most frequently reported adverse reactions are thrombocytopenia, oedema and neutropenia. Twenty eight% switched to second generation TKI due to suboptimal response or intoleranceto imatinib. During their course of treatment, 46.3% patients on imatinib require social subsidy from Samaritan Fund. From the dispensing records, the average drug cost per patient per year is HK$113,902. The estimated annual cost burden on the whole Hong Kong population is HK$43,425,878. Conclusion: The prescribing rate of imatinib in chronic phase CML patients in Hong Kong is comparable to overseas prescribing rate. The drug has become a significant financial burden to patients’ family and the society as a whole.
published_or_final_version
Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
Master
Master of Medical Sciences

Background: Drugs have become an essential necessity in public health, people and the government has become willingly to spend more money on the country’s healthcare system to restore health, save lives, preventing disease and epidemics. Drugs should be properly regulated throughout development, production, importation and subsequent distribution to ensure it is prescribed with safe, effective and of good quality standards. The structure of drug regulations today has evolved over time. During the process, the scope of legislative and regulatory power expanded in result of a series of disastrous events related to pharmaceutical products, the adoption of more restrictive legislative were put in place for stronger safeguard to the public. In comparison to Singapore, Taiwan, US and EU where the drug regulatory system is highly structured, flexible and innovative, Hong Kong (HK) has a relatively simple and stubborn drug regulatory system and drug approval is greatly dependent on the approval status of the advance countries. According to the current registration system in HK, a new drug usually takes about 18-24 months to obtain an approval, and this figure is far behind the standard of Singapore in which medicine could be registered in 60 days. It is vital to have speedy approval process with high standards in safety, efficacy and quality on all approved drugs. If drugs are approved in a rush manner, it will lead to serious adverse drug reactions (ADR), or even deaths in consumption of unsafe, and ineffective drugs. On the other hand, slow approval will make patients suffer and increase the mortality rate to due inaccessibility of appropriate medicines to sustain life and combat diseases. With reference to the initiatives and innovative regulatory frameworks in the abovementioned countries, the modification of the local drug regulatory system is strongly recommended. Aim: 1. To examine the regulatory frameworks between Singapore, Taiwan, US and EU which affect the evaluation timeline required for new drugs approval. 2. As the first study to examine the drug regulations in HK, the regulatory barriers for new drugs submission will be explored and whether the regulatory initiatives from the abovementioned countries may result in an improvement in the overall drug regulation system HK. Method: This dissertation is a literature review and it will employ concentration in the drug regulation systems in Singapore, Taiwan, US and EU with varying levels of pharmaceutical regulation capacities. Search engines including Google, MedLine, PubMed (database up to 2012) with key words search of “Department of Health (DoH), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Union (EU), Taiwan FDA, Health Sciences Authority, evaluation routes, drug registration requirement, review timeline, Centre for Drug Evaluation, Pharmaceutical Evaluation Reports, risk management systems, pharmacovigilance, drug legislation”. Results: With an in-depth evaluation of the HK’s guideline and supporting document required for new drug submission, it is highly recommended that unnecessary documents at new drug submission (NDA) should be elimination to facilitate the new drugs approval process. The regulatory frameworks between all studied countries vary significantly in which implementation of initiatives (e.g. multiple evaluation routes, in-house evaluation system) from individual country affects the standards of new drugs approval and the evaluation timeline required to grant approvals. Conclusion: The regulatory frameworks in HK shall be revised with reference to numerous initiatives developed in the regulatory systems in Singapore, Taiwan, Us and EU. The possible key regulatory barriers which leads to the delays in new drugs approvals in HK includes duplication of certificates, limited number of Pharmacy and Poison Board meetings, the requirement of endorsement of new drugs approvals at the legislative council , absence of in-house evaluation system which allows full assessment of submission dossier, deficiency of clinical trials with the inclusion of local population, absence of electronic submission, multiple evaluation routes and rigorous post-marketing pharmacovigilance monitoring system. If the Department of Health (DoH) in Hong Kong could scrutinize the current regulatory frameworks with referenced to these countries, it will improve the overall drug regulatory system and reduce drug lag due to unnecessary barriers.
published_or_final_version
Public Health
Master
Master of Public Health

by Cheung Chi-kong, Chu Hok-keung, Ting Wai-tong.
Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990.
Bibliography: leaf 83.
Chapter I. --- BACKGROUND --- p.1
Introduction --- p.1
The Origin of Chinese Medicine --- p.2
A Definition of Chinese Medicine --- p.5
A Survey --- p.6
Chapter II. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.7
Chapter III. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.14
Data Sources --- p.14
Sample Design --- p.15
Data Processing --- p.16
Chapter IV. --- FINDINGS FROM THE STUDY --- p.17
Chinese Herbal Drugs --- p.17
Chinese Health Foods --- p.23
Further Analysis --- p.29
Chapter V. --- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS --- p.37
Summary --- p.37
Chinese Herbal Drugs : Recommendations --- p.39
Chinese Health Foods : Recommendations --- p.52
APPENDIX --- p.65
Profiles of Respondents --- p.65
Questionnaire (English/Chinese Version) --- p.68
BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.83

過去50年，香港媒體有關藥物成癮的主要概念主要來自對海洛因(俗稱「白粉」)吸毒者的想像。「吸毒者」通常被視為「對工作和家庭不負責任」，並且被描繪成「以犯罪獲得金錢購買毒品來紓緩嚴重的斷癮症狀。」然而，近年來，大部份青少年吸毒者吸食軟性毒品如氯胺酮和搖頭丸，而非海洛因。對青少年吸毒者而言，在道德和醫學概念上的「吸毒」定義並不符合他們的毒品經驗，原因是他們在使用藥物後並無嚴重的斷癮症狀。這種傳統毒品觀念與青少年吸毒者經驗之間的「矛盾」對戒毒和預防教育產生很大障礙。
本研究旨在找出現有主流媒體、戒毒機構及青少年吸毒者對「吸毒」的詮釋。本研究首先對禁毒政策進行歷史分析，以找出禁毒政策和現有的道德和醫學毒品論述之間的關係。另外，本研究對1978年至2008年的100個禁毒廣告及由1979年至2009年的26部禁毒電視新聞紀錄片進行文本及論述分析，以整合過去30年來本地媒體所運用的毒品論述。再者，本研究在一所福音戒毒中心（基督教得生團契）及一間社區戒毒輔導中心（香港路德會青欣中心）分別進行14個月及10個月民族誌考察，以檢視社工及青少年吸毒者如何運用主流媒體流行的毒品論述。
本研究發現主流媒體經常使用一種包含道德及醫學論述的「過來人」敘事法(go through narrative)。這種敘事法主要以吸毒「過來人」作為關鍵主體，去描述吸毒者最「真實」的「浪子回頭」故事，並且組成了主流的「浪子回頭」論述(Prodigal Son Returns Home Discourse)，為吸毒者建立了一個「浪子」身份。另外，本研究亦發現媒體中常見的「過來人」敘事法亦常被社工及戒毒過來人應用，並將吸毒定性為生活方式問題。青少年吸毒者對主流論述的「浪子」身份表現出不同程度的適應，但這種敘述自我身份的靈活性仍被局限於「過來人」敘事法及其容許的論述原素(discursive components)當中。
在理論層面上，本研究歸納出形成社會異類身份的主流論述所涉及的社會、組織、及互動層面的因素。而且，本研究亦歸納出在主流論述控制下，社會異類者體現自我身份自主性的策略，包括：「漠不關心」(Indifference)、「完整接受」(Adoption)、「自我適應」(Adaptation)及「自我肯定」(Affirmation)。透過靈活表述社會異類行為的性質，他們肯定個人身份及對抗主流論述。然而這種敘述自我身份的靈活性仍被局限於主流論述原素當中。
For over 50 years, the major conception of drug addiction in Hong Kong media comes from the imaginations of heroin addiction. Drug addicts are usually presented as irresponsible for job and family, and they commit crimes to get money to buy drugs in order to relieve serious withdrawal symptoms. However, in recent years, most youth addicts use ‘recreational drugs’ like ketamine and ecstasy rather than heroin. The moral and disease conceptions of drug addiction are not applicable in their drug-taking experiences because many youth psychotropic drug addicts find no severe withdrawal and tolerance symptom. The ‘gap’ between the conventional drug discourses and the experience of youth drug users produces dissonance among addicts, drug rehabilitation and preventive education.
This study aims at figure out the existing meanings of drug addiction in the mass media and drug rehabilitation. Firstly, a historical analysis on the government anti-drug policy was conducted to figure out the relationship between social policy and the moral and medical drug discourses. Secondly, textual analysis on 100 government anti-drug advertisements from 1978 to 2008 and discourse analysis on 26 local TV news documentaries about drug addiction from 1979 to 2009 were conducted to examine the mediated drug discourses. Thirdly, a 14-month ethnographic research in a Christianity drug rehabilitation camp (called the Christian New Being Fellowship) and a 10-month ethnographic research in a local drug rehabilitation-counseling center (called Hong Kong Lutheran Social Service Cheer Centre) have been conducted to reveal the current drug discourses consumed by the social workers and the youth drug addicts.
From the analysis on anti-drug TV advertisements and TV news documentaries, a “go through" narrative is identified which encapsulates the moral and medical drug discourses. Such narrative involves ex-addict as key subject who tells the “authentic" drug story of a “prodigal son". It contributes to a mediated dominant “Prodigal Son Returns Home" discourse that constitutes the ‘prodigal son’ identity of drug addicts. From the ethnographic studies in drug rehabilitation organizations, it is found that the “go through" narrative identified in media functions as an important discursive component for the social workers and professional ex- to present the nature of drug addiction. “Prodigal Son Returns Home" discourse could also be identified in drug rehabilitation, which morally defines drug addiction as personal misconduct and lifestyle problem. However, youth drug addicts adopt the ‘prodigal son’ identity to various extents. But such flexibility is restricted to selecting discursive components of the only available “go through narrative under rehabilitation.
This research makes theoretical contributions by identifying the factors in social, institutional and interactional dimensions that constitute the mediated dominant discourse of deviant identity. Besides, this research shows some tactics of the socially deviant in performing agency under the mediated dominant discourse, which include: “Indifference", “Adoption", “Adaptation", and “Affirmation". Socially deviants may favor their own personal identity and resist the mediated dominant discourse by flexible narration of deviant behavior, which is restricted by the available discursive components of the mediated dominant discourse.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Tsen, Wai Sing.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 516-534).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstract also in Chinese; some appendixes also in Chinese.
Abstract of thesis entitled --- p.i
Acknowledgements --- p.v
Table of Contents --- p.vi
List of Tables and Figures --- p.xiii
Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- The Current Conceptions of Drug Addiction -- 2 Dimensions --- p.2
Chapter 1.2 --- Current problem of youth drug addiction in Hong Kong -- changing conceptions on drug experiences --- p.4
Chapter 1.3 --- Challenge to the field: to negotiate a new conception of drug addiction --- p.7
Chapter 1.4 --- Theoretical Implication: The Question of Mediated Dominant Discourse and Agency of Deviant Identity --- p.9
Chapter Chapter 2 --- Social Constructionist Approach on Drug Addiction --- p.11
Chapter 2.1 --- The concepts of ‘Drug Addiction’ --- p.11
Chapter 2.2 --- Drug Addiction Models --- p.13
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Moral Model --- p.13
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Disease Model --- p.14
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Social Learning Model --- p.15
Chapter 2.2.4 --- Identity Model --- p.16
Chapter 2.3 --- Symbolic Interactionism and Identity Transformation --- p.17
Chapter 2.4 --- Social Construction of Drug Addiction --- p.20
Chapter 2.5 --- From Behaviorism to Discursive Psychology on Drug addiction --- p.23
Chapter 2.6 --- Addiction as Social Accomplishment --- p.25
Chapter 2.7 --- The Myth of Addiction -- A Functional Explanation for Drug Use --- p.29
Chapter 2.7.1 --- Attribution Bias in Drug Addiction --- p.30
Chapter 2.7.2 --- The Paradox of ‘Scientific’ Evidence on Drug Addiction --- p.32
Chapter 2.7.3 --- Drug Addiction as Preferred Explanation --- p.33
Chapter 2.8 --- Implications -- to Elucidate the Constituted Nature of Drug Addiction --- p.34
Chapter Chapter 3: --- Symbolic Interactionism on Deviant Identity --- p.38
Chapter 3.1 --- Sociological Study of the Socially deviants --- p.38
Chapter 3.2 --- Symbolic Interactionism: the Production of Self as Social Constructs --- p.40
Chapter 3.3 --- Goffman: Deviant as Social Construction on Social Identity --- p.43
Chapter 3.4 --- Becker: Deviant as Career on Social Label --- p.46
Chapter 3.5 --- The Issue of Power and Deviant Identity --- p.49
Chapter Chapter 4: --- Research Issues and Methodology --- p.52
Chapter 4.1 --- Discourse Analysis -- the Basic Principles --- p.53
Chapter 4.2 --- Discourse of Normality and Deviant Discursive Power of Regulations --- p.55
Chapter 4.3 --- Discourse, Identity and Power --- p.57
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Constructive Views on Social Identity --- p.57
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Formation of Drug Addicts in Subject Position --- p.58
Chapter 4.3.3 --- From Interpellation to Discursive Construction of Subjects --- p.59
Chapter 4.4 --- Intertextuality in Texts and Mediation -- Study of Narrative and Discourse --- p.64
Chapter 4.4.1 --- Narrative and Identity --- p.65
Chapter 4.4.2 --- Narrative of Recovery --- p.68
Chapter 4.4.3 --- The Structured Narrative of Recovery -- the Story of Professional Ex- --- p.70
Chapter 4.5 --- Drug Discourses in Institutions Study of Disorders of Discourses --- p.72
Chapter 4.6 --- Research Issues --- p.73
Chapter 4.7 --- Research Methods --- p.77
Chapter Chapter 5: --- Social and Historical Contexts of Drug Addiction in Hong Kong --- p.84
Chapter 5.1 --- Historical Context of Drug Addiction in Hong Kong --- p.84
Chapter 5.2 --- The Rise of Heroin Addiction in Hong Kong --- p.87
Chapter 5.3 --- The Construction of Moral and Disease Conceptions of Drug Addiction --- p.89
Chapter 5.4 --- Recent Trend of Drug Addiction in Hong Kong --- p.93
Chapter 5.5 --- Recent Youth Drug Addiction Profile -- the Rise of Psychotropic Substances --- p.96
Chapter 5.6 --- Youth Attitudes on Drug Addiction --- p.98
Chapter 5.7 --- The Influence of ‘Rave Culture’ and Psychotropic Drugs Addiction --- p.100
Chapter 5.8 --- Cross Border Drug Addiction in Youth Community --- p.101
Chapter 5.9 --- From Recreational Use to Personal Use of Psychotropic Drugs --- p.102
Chapter Chapter 6: --- Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation in Hong Kong --- p.106
Chapter 6.1 --- Treatment Goals in Rehabilitation --- p.106
Chapter 6.2 --- Treatments and Rehabilitation in Hong Kong --- p.108
Chapter 6.2.1 --- Compulsory Drug Treatment Scheme --- p.109
Chapter 6.2.2 --- Methadone Treatment Program in Hong Kong --- p.110
Chapter 6.2.3 --- Voluntary Residential Treatment and Rehabilitation Programs --- p.113
Chapter 6.2.4 --- Substance Abuse Clinics and Counseling Program for Psychotropic Substance Abusers --- p.115
Chapter 6.3 --- Christianity Drug Rehabilitation in Hong Kong --- p.115
Chapter 6.3.1 --- The Early History of Christianity Drug Rehabilitation --- p.117
Chapter 6.3.2 --- The Important Role of Operation Dawn --- p.120
Chapter 6.3.3 --- Further Development of Christianity Drug Rehabilitation in 1980s --- p.122
Chapter 6.4 --- The Rise of Counseling Services for Psychotropic Substances Abusers --- p.124
Chapter Chapter 7: --- Anti-Drug TV Advertisements -- Construction of Moral Drug Discourse in Hong Kong --- p.126
Chapter 7.1 --- Paradoxical Linkage between Drug Addiction and Crime --- p.127
Chapter 7.2 --- The Construction of Moral Conception of Drug Addiction in 1970s --- p.129
Chapter 7.3 --- New Approach in 1980s the Incoming of Psychotropic Drugs. --- p.133
Chapter 7.4 --- The Dilution of Moral Conception of Drug Addiction in the 1990s --- p.135
Chapter 7.5 --- From Lifestyle Appeal to Re-invention of Moral Appeal in 2000s --- p.137
Chapter 7.6 --- The Change of Moral Conception of Drug Addiction --- p.141
Chapter Chapter 8: --- Anti-Drug TV News Documentaries -- An Overview --- p.143
Chapter 8.1 --- Categories and Distributions of TV News Documentaries from 1979-2009 --- p.144
Chapter 8.2 --- Types of Informants in News Documentaries -- Who can speak? --- p.149
Chapter 8.3 --- The Image of Drug Addicts in the News Documentaries --- p.154
Chapter 8.4 --- Reported Types of Drugs Abused in News Documentaries --- p.156
Chapter 8.5 --- Attributions of Drug Addiction given in News Documentaries --- p.158
Chapter 8.6 --- Solutions of Drug Addiction in News Documentaries from Personal Misconduct to Societal Responsibility --- p.161
Chapter 8.7 --- Consequences of Drug Addiction in News Documentaries to Construct Moral and Medical Drug Discourses --- p.164
Chapter 8.8 --- The Importance of Christianity Drug Rehabilitation as Major Source of Informants in News Documentaries --- p.167
Chapter 8.9 --- The Preferred Image of Drug Addicts in News Documentaries --- p.169
Chapter Chapter 9: --- Mediated Drug Discourses in TV News Documentaries --- p.171
Chapter 9.1 --- Medical Discourse --- p.172
Chapter 9.1.1 --- Medical Discourse in TV News Documentaries --- p.173
Chapter 9.1.2 --- Defining Psychotropic Drug Addiction in Medical Discourse --- p.176
Chapter 9.1.3 --- The Construction of ‘Addictive Substance’ --- p.178
Chapter 9.2 --- Moral Discourse --- p.182
Chapter 9.2.1 --- Moral Discourse in TV News Documentaries --- p.183
Chapter 9.2.2 --- Moral Discourse and Heroin Addiction --- p.185
Chapter 9.2.3 --- Dominant Role of Moral Drug Discourse --- p.191
Chapter 9.3 --- Legal Discourse --- p.193
Chapter 9.3.1 --- Legal Discourse in TV News Documentaries --- p.193
Chapter 9.3.2 --- Functional Use of Legal Drug Discourse --- p.195
Chapter 9.4 --- The Dominance of Moral and Medical Drug Discourses --- p.199
Chapter Chapter 10: --- Prodigal Son Returns Home Discourse Articulation of Drug Addict Identity in Go Through Narrative --- p.202
Chapter 10.1 --- The ‘Go Through’ Narrative in Life Story Programs about Christianity Drug Rehabilitation --- p.203
Chapter 10.1.1 --- Subject Positions in Life Story Programs on Christianity Drug Rehabilitation --- p.203
Chapter 10.1.2 --- Stories by Addict / Ex-addict as Central Component --- p.205
Chapter 10.1.3 --- The Role of Social Workers / Rehabilitation Practitioners / Relatives --- p.211
Chapter 10.2 --- The ‘Go Through’ Narrative in Current Affairs Programs --- p.216
Chapter 10.3 --- Summary: ‘Go Through’ Narrative in TV News Documentaries --- p.222
Chapter 10.4 --- The Exception Alternatives and Disorders of Discourses --- p.225
Chapter 10.5 --- The “Prodigal Son Returns Home" Discourse and the Personalization of Drug Problems --- p.228
Chapter 10.6 --- ‘Prodigal Son Returns Home’ Discourse as Social Practice -- the Zheng Sheng College incident --- p.231
Chapter 10.7 --- The Mediated Drug Discourses and the Preferred Identity of Drug Addicts --- p.236
Chapter Chapter 11: --- Christianity Drug Rehabilitation and the Preferred ‘Prodigal Son’ Identity of Drug Addicts --- p.240
Chapter 11.1 --- About the Field of Study: Christian New Being Fellowship (CNBF) --- p.241
Chapter 11.1.1 --- Treatment Stages in the CNBF --- p.242
Chapter 11.1.2 --- Training Programs in the CNBF --- p.243
Chapter 11.2 --- Research Methods in the Field --- p.244
Chapter 11.2.1 --- Participant Observation --- p.245
Chapter 11.2.2 --- In-depth Interviews: the CNBF Trainees --- p.245
Chapter 11.2.3 --- In-depth Interviews: Ex-addicts Helpers and Social Workers --- p.246
Chapter 11.3 --- The “Scheduled" Life in CNBF --- p.246
Chapter 11.4 --- The “Dull" Life in CNBF --- p.249
Chapter 11.5 --- Ways to Tackle --- p.251
Chapter 11.6 --- The Preferred “Prodigal Son Returns Home" Discourse in the CNBF --- p.255
Chapter 11.6.1 --- Presenting the “Love" and “Heal" as Core Message --- p.255
Chapter 11.6.2 --- Drug Addiction as “Lifestyle Problem" --- p.256
Chapter 11.6.3 --- Professional ex- as the ‘Role Model’ of Lifestyle Transformation --- p.259
Chapter 11.6.4 --- The Hitting Bottom Experience as Key to Recovery --- p.260
Chapter 11.6.5 --- Sin, Heal and the Prodigal Son --- p.261
Chapter 11.7 --- Oppositional Readings to the “Prodigal Son" Story of Drug Addiction --- p.265
Chapter 11.7.1 --- The Narration of ‘Withdrawal’ Symptoms --- p.266
Chapter 11.7.2 --- The Volitional Nature of Recreational Drug Use --- p.267
Chapter 11.7.3 --- Functional Uses of drugs --- p.268
Chapter 11.7.4 --- Habitual and ‘Harmless’ Usage of Drugs --- p.270
Chapter 11.7.5 --- The Evil Heroin Addiction --- p.272
Chapter 11.8 --- Hardship in Christianity Drug Rehabilitation the Resistance to “Prodigal Son Identity --- p.275
Chapter Chapter 12: --- Outpatient Drug Counseling Centre The Strategic Use of Prodigal Son Identity --- p.279
Chapter 12.1 --- The History and Information of Out-patient Drug Counseling Service --- p.281
Chapter 12.1.1 --- Information about the Field of Study: Cheer Lutheran Centre --- p.282
Chapter 12.1.2 --- Characteristics of Youth Drug Addicts in Cheers Centre --- p.285
Chapter 12.2 --- Getting into the Field --- p.286
Chapter 12.3 --- Comparison between the CNBF and Cheer Centre: Mode of Rehabilitation --- p.291
Chapter 12.3.1 --- Major Differences in the Modes of Rehabilitation --- p.291
Chapter 12.3.2 --- Difference in Goal of Rehabilitation --- p.293
Chapter 12.3.3 --- Difference in Degree of Intimacy --- p.294
Chapter 12.4 --- The Basic Format of Counseling Groups --- p.296
Chapter 12.4.1 --- Themes of Motivational Groups: From Health Appeal to Self-Narrative of Lifestyle --- p.297
Chapter 12.4.2 --- Themes of Relapse Prevention Group Self Narration and Positive Psychology --- p.299
Chapter 12.4.3 --- The Important Role of Professional Ex- in Counseling Groups --- p.300
Chapter 12.5 --- Comparison between the CNBF and Cheer Centre: Organization Practices --- p.301
Chapter 12.5.1 --- Tight Regulations vs. Loose Regulations --- p.302
Chapter 12.5.2 --- Surveillance Role vs. Serving Role of Social Workers --- p.303
Chapter 12.5.3 --- Systematic Training vs. Loose Training of Professional Ex- --- p.305
Chapter 12.6 --- The Preferred Narrative of Drug Addiction in Cheer Centre --- p.308
Chapter 12.6.1 --- Health Appeal on Drug Addiction --- p.308
Chapter 12.6.2 --- Moral Appeal on Drug Addiction --- p.310
Chapter 12.6.3 --- Drug Addiction as a Lifestyle Problem --- p.311
Chapter 12.6.4 --- The Identification of Addictive Use as Hitting Bottom Experience --- p.313
Chapter 12.6.5 --- The Role of Positive Psychology --- p.314
Chapter 12.7 --- The Resistance and Disorders of Discourse in Cheer Centre --- p.318
Chapter 12.7.1 --- Resistance from Youth Addicts -- Tactics to Get Rid of Addict Identity --- p.318
Chapter 12.7.2 --- Contradiction between Medical and Legal Discourses --- p.320
Chapter 12.7.3 --- Disorders of Discourse: Hedonistic Discourse and Functional Use of Drug --- p.321
Chapter 12.7.4 --- Ignorance of Marijuana Users -- Incapability of Prodigal Son Returns Home Discourse --- p.323
Chapter 12.7.5 --- Ignorance of Hitting Bottom Experience --- p.324
Chapter 12.8 --- Adaptation by Youth Addicts -- Strategic Use of Prodigal Son Returns Home Discourse --- p.325
Chapter 12.9 --- Conclusion: Prodigal Son Returns Home Discourse in the CNBF and Cheers centre --- p.328
Chapter Chapter 13: --- Drug Narratives of Youth Drug Addicts in Cheer Centre --- p.332
Chapter 13.1 --- The Study of Self-Narrative as Part of the Drug Discourse --- p.333
Chapter 13.2 --- Narrative Inquiry on Youth Drug Addicts’ Life Stories --- p.335
Chapter 13.2.1 --- Dimensions in the Study of Self Narratives --- p.335
Chapter 13.2.2 --- A Narrative Model in the Analysis of Drug Stories --- p.338
Chapter 13.3 --- The Preferred Go Through Narrative of Drug Addiction --- p.340
Chapter 13.3.1 --- Cases showing the Preferred Go Through Narrative of Drug Addiction --- p.341
Chapter 13.3.2 --- Important Features of Preferred Go Through Narrative --- p.342
Chapter 13.3.2.1 --- Capable of Presenting Drug Stories in Temporal Order --- p.343
Chapter 13.3.2.2 --- Clear Identification of Addiction --- p.344
Chapter 13.3.2.3 --- Concrete Hitting Bottom Experience --- p.346
Chapter 13.3.2.4 --- Relating Drug Addiction to Lifestyle Problem --- p.347
Chapter 13.3.2.5 --- Capable in Narrating Key to Recovery --- p.349
Chapter 13.3.2.6 --- The Presentation of Stable Abstinent Identity --- p.349
Chapter 13.4 --- The Habitual and Consumption Story of Drug Use --- p.351
Chapter 13.4.1 --- Cases showing the Habitual and Consumption Story of Drug Use --- p.353
Chapter 13.4.2 --- Important Features of the Habitual and Consumption Story --- p.354
Chapter 13.4.2.1 --- Lack of Explicit Temporal Order in Drug Story --- p.355
Chapter 13.4.2.2 --- Lack of Identification of Addiction --- p.356
Chapter 13.4.2.3 --- Incapability to Articulate Hitting Bottom Experience --- p.357
Chapter 13.4.2.4 --- Drug Use as Personal Consumption but not Lifestyle Problem --- p.358
Chapter 13.4.2.5 --- Blurred Key to Recovery --- p.360
Chapter 13.4.2.6 --- Lack of Stable Abstinent Identity --- p.361
Chapter 13.5 --- The Flexible Prodigal Son Story of Drug Addiction --- p.362
Chapter 13.5.1 --- Cases showing the Flexible Prodigal Son Story of Drug Addiction --- p.365
Chapter 13.5.2 --- Important Features of the Flexible Prodigal Son Story --- p.368
Chapter 13.5.2.1 --- Clear Temporal Order of Drug Story --- p.368
Chapter 13.5.2.2 --- Clear Identification of Recreational Use to Addictive Use of Drugs --- p.369
Chapter 13.5.2.3 --- Capability in Articulating the Hitting Bottom Experience --- p.370
Chapter 13.5.2.4 --- Relating Drug Addiction to Lifestyle Problem --- p.371
Chapter 13.5.2.5 --- Clear but Diverse Keys to Recovery --- p.372
Chapter 13.5.2.6 --- Hybrid Abstinence Identity with Past Identity Practices --- p.373
Chapter 13.6 --- In Struggle: The Ineffective Prodigal Son Story of Drug Addiction --- p.375
Chapter 13.6.1 --- Cases showing the Ineffective Prodigal Story of Drug Addiction --- p.377
Chapter 13.6.2 --- Important Features of the Ineffective Prodigal Son Story --- p.380
Chapter 13.6.2.1 --- Lack of Clear Temporal Order of Drug Story --- p.380
Chapter 13.6.2.2 --- Identification of Addictive Use of Drugs --- p.382
Chapter 13.6.2.3 --- Not Concretely Articulating the Hitting Bottom Experience --- p.382
Chapter 13.6.2.4 --- Implicitly Relate Drug Addiction to Lifestyle Problem --- p.383
Chapter 13.6.2.5 --- Lack of Concrete Key to Recovery --- p.385
Chapter 13.6.2.6 --- Suspicion of Self Abstinence Identity --- p.386
Chapter 13.6.3 --- Key Differences between the Flexible Prodigal Son Story and the Ineffective Prodigal Son Story --- p.387
Chapter 13.7 --- Conclusion: Discursive Formation of Deviant Identity through the Subject of Prodigal Son --- p.388
Chapter Chapter 14: --- Conclusion Drug Addiction, Prodigal Son and Normalization of Drug Use --- p.394
Chapter 14.1 --- Research Summary and Key Findings --- p.395
Chapter 14.2 --- Answers to Research Questions: --- p.407
Chapter 14.2.1 --- Answer to Research Question 1 --- p.408
Chapter 14.2.2 --- Answer to Research Question 2 --- p.409
Chapter 14.2.3 --- Answer to Research Question 3 --- p.413
Chapter 14.3 --- Discussions and Implications --- p.414
Chapter 14.3.1 --- Foucault’s Concept of Disciplinary Power Discursive Control by Prodigal Son Identity --- p.415
Chapter 14.3.2 --- Goffman’s Concept of Role and Performance the Strategic Use of Prodigal Son as Impression Management --- p.422
Chapter 14.3.3 --- Theoretical Implication: A Suggested Model of Agency under Mediated Dominant Discourse of Deviant Identity --- p.428
Chapter 14.3.3.1 --- Suggested Conditions for the Constitution of Mediated Dominant Discourse of Deviant Identity --- p.429
Chapter 14.3.3.2 --- Suggested Model of Agency under Mediated Dominant Discourse of Deviant Identity --- p.438
Chapter 14.3.4 --- Social Implications and Limitations of Research --- p.449
Chapter Appendix I: --- Drug Addiction Models --- p.455
Chapter Appendix II: --- Major Treatment Modes of Drug Addiction in Hong Kong --- p.459
Chapter Appendix III: --- Voluntary Residential Rehabilitation Programs in Hong Kong --- p.462
Chapter Appendix IV: --- Lists and Summary of the selected Hong Kong Anti-drug TV APIs in 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2006 and 2008 --- p.464
Chapter Appendix V: --- Attributions, Solutions and Consequences of Drug Addiction Reported by Informants in Anti-Drug TV News Documentaries --- p.481
Chapter Appendix V: --- Interview Schedule for the Trainee Informants in the CNBF --- p.485
Chapter Appendix VII: --- Interview Schedule for the CNBF Mentors --- p.487
Chapter Appendix VIII: --- Socio-demographic Profile of the CNBF Informants and Interview Report --- p.491
Chapter Appendix IX: --- Socio-demographic Profile of the Informants in Cheer Centre and Interview Reports --- p.503
Chapter Appendix X: --- Interview Schedule for the Informants in Cheer Centre --- p.512
Chapter Appendix XI: --- A Selected Glossary of Local Drug Addicts --- p.513
Bibliography --- p.516

Human viral infections are important health problem worldwide. Although much effort has been made, antiviral drugs, because of the unique properties of viruses, are relatively fewer in number and possess relatively narrow spectrum of activities as compared with antibiotics. Moreover, efficacy, drug resistance and side effect are the problems of antiviral drugs in clinical uses. Thus, it is necessary to develop new, effective and safe antiviral drug.
Thirty-seven medicinal herbs, which were collected from Guangdong province or the Hong Kong region, were selected to screen for their antiviral activities against HSV-1 and/or RSV in vitro using a cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay. The selection of the herbs was mainly based on their traditional use in the treatment of human infectious diseases of the skin and respiratory tract.
Three of 37 medicinal herbs, Agrimonia pilosa, Pithecellobium clypearia, and Punica granatum, showed anti-HSV-1 activity, which was possibly contributed from polyphenolic compounds in the herbal extracts. Six of 21 medicinal herbs, Blumea laciniata, Elephantopus scaber, Laggera pterodonta, Mussaenda pubescens, Schefflera heptaphylla, and Scutellaria indica, exhibited potent anti-RSV activity with 50% inhibition concentrations (IC50) ranging from 12.5 to 32 mug/ml, and the selective indices (SI) ranging from 11.2 to 40. Moreover, the anti-RSV SI values of Laggera pterodonta and Schefflera heptaphylla were found to be higher than that of ribavirin. Finally, Schefflera heptaphylla having the highest anti-RSV SI value among the active herbs was subjected to further study its antiviral activity. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
Traditional herbal medicines have been used for a long time in the treatment of human infectious diseases in many countries, including China. Antiviral screening has shown that quite a few medicinal herbs distributed in various regions of the world possess significant antiviral activities with no or limited adverse effects, and many naturally occurring compounds exhibit antiviral activity in vitro and/or in vivo. In the present study, our objectives are to (1) screen for potential antiviral agents from selected herbal medicines traditionally used in southern China, (2) isolate and characterize the antiviral constituents from the most active herb, and (3) probe possible antiviral modes of action of the active compounds. The viruses used in the present study included respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), influenza A virus (Flu A), and coxsackie B3 virus (Cox B3). However, the present study mainly focused on searching for anti-RSV and anti-HSV-1 agents from selected Chinese herbal medicines.
Li Yaolan.
"October 2004."
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 66-07, Section: B, page: 3506.
Supervisors: Vincent V. E. C. Ooi; Paul P. H. But.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 160-178).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
School code: 1307.

(1) Were among the antihypertensive drugs with the lowest likelihood of discontinuation implying a potentially superior tolerability profile (2) Had similar odds of short and long term rates of add-on pharmacotherapy implying a similar efficacy with other drug classes (3) Were associated with statistically similar all cause and CVS mortality (4) Had similar odds of presenting with impaired fasting glucose in the short-term. (5) Had higher odds of presenting with hypercholesterolemia in the short-term but the absolute increase in cholesterol was minimal (in the magnitude of 0.14 mmol/1). > (6) Had similar odds of presenting with hyponatremia and hypokalemia in the short-term.
Due to the large sample size these studies are likely to be representative and are new findings among ethnic Chinese patients presenting with uncomplicated hypertension. These results point towards thiazide diuretics as a favorable first-line antihypertensive agent in the management of uncomplicated hypertension in Hong Kong primary practice, in addition to favorable public health considerations including affordability. These studies are in support of guidelines from international authorities recommending thaizide diuretics as the best choice of first-line antihypertensive agent, and suggest that such international guidelines may be generalizable to patients of Chinese race. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
In these studies we have characterized the major antihypertensive drug classes in terms of their prescription patterns, efficacy, tolerability and association with adverse clinical as well as biochemical outcomes. The completeness of CDARS and e-CMS of the Hospital Authority allows retrieval and comparison of these clinical outcomes of the commonly used antihypertensive agents. The present studies showed that prescription of CCB and BB were high compared with international trends and that of thiazide particularly low and showed a declining trend. Yet when compared with other drug classes, thiazide diuretics:
Wong Chi Sang.
Adviser: Stewart William Mercer.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-09, Section: B, page: .
Thesis submitted in: September, 2008.
Thesis (M.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 223-260).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
School code: 1307.