Academic literature on the topic 'DRUGS LTD'
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Journal articles on the topic "DRUGS LTD"
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Sri, D. Soumya, and N. Uday Kumar. "Quality Of Work Life At Hetero Drugs Ltd." Think India 22, no. 3 (September 20, 2019): 370–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/think-india.v22i3.8265.
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Quality of Work Life is the object of a unmixed old of organizational announcement or protocol. This definiteness repeatedly argues zigzag a snobbish aerate of move ricochet exists honest away republican delivery customs are refuse-me-down , order member’s jobs are enriching, lift are predisposed encircling respectability and safe effectual circulation exist.
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Zaman, Muhammad H., and Tarun Khanna. "The Cost and Evolution of Quality at Cipla Ltd., 1935–2016." Business History Review 95, no. 2 (2021): 249–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000768052000077x.
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This article examines the evolution of Indian pharmaceutical manufacturer Cipla toward producing drugs that met the quality standards of European and U.S. regulators. It employs new research in both Cipla's corporate archives and a wide range of oral histories. The article argues that, along with a long-standing corporate culture of self-reliance rooted in nationalism starting from the company's inception in 1935, major factors in Cipla's strategy from the 1960s through the early 2000s included the early adoption and continued use of quality-control technology, along with efforts to create global goodwill for affordable high-quality generic drugs during the HIV/AIDS epidemic of the early 2000s.
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Tanaka, E., E. Inoue, R. Sakai, I. Katsuhiko, A. Shoji, and M. Harigai. "POS0554 MEDICAL COST AND RESOURCE USE IN PATIENTS STARTING TREATMENT FOR RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS TREATED WITH AND WITHOUT CORTICOSTEROIDS IN JAPAN." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (May 19, 2021): 511.2–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.2805.
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Background:The 2019 update of the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) treatment recommendations strongly recommends co-administration of corticosteroids (CSs) with conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) in patients with RA as bridging therapy to improve the success rate of the first-line treatment and to avoid disease flare-ups1; however, current treatment guidelines for RA in Japan do not clearly mention about their use. Poor disease management after the initial diagnosis can affect the overall use of health services and the economic burden on patients.Objectives:To describe medical costs and resource use in patients with early RA treated with and without oral or injectable corticosteroids (CSs) as part of their initial treatment with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in Japan.Methods:We used a large Japanese administrative claims database constructed by the Japan Medical Data Center (JMDC)2. Patients with the International Classification of Diseases 10th revision (ICD-10) codes for RA were enrolled at the first DMARDs prescription after no DMARDs prescription period for 6-months (index date) in the period from 1/1/2012 to 12/31/2017. Patients who were observable for 12 months after the index date as a follow-up period were included. Patients treated with CSs within the follow-up period were compared with those without them (CS and non-CS group). The primary endpoint was mean medical cost per patient in the 12-month follow-up period. The secondary endpoints were costs for drugs, treatments, and materials and the proportions of patients using the subcategories of each resource. Drugs were divided into medications for RA or for comorbidities including adverse events (AEs). Costs in JPY were converted into EUR (1 EUR = 125 JPY in 2020).Results:Eligible patients of 1,670 and 1,487 were identified as the CS and non-CS group (median age: 51 years and 50 years). Total mean costs were significantly higher in the CS group (CS, 4,448 EUR, non-CS 3,208 EUR; P< 0.05). Drug, treatment, and material costs were significantly higher in the CS group than in the non-CS group (drug for RA and AEs, CS 2,367 EUR, non-CS 1,581 EUR, P < 0.05; drug for RA only, CS 2,265 EUR, non-CS 1,516 EUR, P < 0.05; treatment, CS 1,987 EUR, non-CS 1,562 EUR, P < 0.05; material, CS 94 EUR, non-CS 65 EUR; P < 0.05). The resource use in almost all drug subcategories were higher in the CS group (Table 1), as well as in all treatment and material subcategories.Table 1.Number and proportion of patients who used drugsType of drugDrug use, n (%)CS (N = 1,670)Non-CS (N = 1,487)P-valuecsDMARDsTotal1,635 (97.9)1,447 (97.3)0.328 Methotrexate1,481 (88.7)1,315 (88.4)0.870 Others790 (47.3)551 (37.1)< 0.001bDMARDsTotal342 (20.5)181 (12.2)< 0.001 TNFi252 (15.1)129 (8.7)< 0.001 IL6i93 (5.6)40 (2.7)< 0.001 T-cell40 (2.4)17 (1.1)0.012AnalgesicsTotal1,512 (90.5)1,274 (85.7)< 0.001 Acetaminophen379 (22.7)273 (18.4)0.003 Acetaminophen / Opioids84 (5.0)37 (2.5)< 0.001 NSAIDs1,459 (87.4)1,214 (81.6)< 0.001 Opioids16 (1.0)10 (0.7)0.491 Others198 (11.9)101 (6.8)< 0.001AntibioticsTotal1,086 (65.0)873 (58.7)< 0.001 Antibacterial drugs1,022 (61.2)800 (53.8)< 0.001 Antifungal drugs133 (8.0)86 (5.8)0.019 Antiviral drugs172 (10.3)129 (8.7)0.136 Antiparasitic drugs5 (0.3)8 (0.5)0.443Anti-osteoporotic drugs341 (20.4)95 (6.4)< 0.001bDMARDs=biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; CSs=corticosteroids; csDMARDs=conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; IL6i=interleukin-6 inhibitor; NSAID=non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; T-cell=selective T-cell co-stimulation modulator; TNFi=tumor necrosis factor α inhibitor; P-values were calculated using Chi-square testConclusion:Patients with early RA treated with CSs in the first year after starting DMARDs tended to use more resources and have higher medical costs than patients not treated with CSs.References:[1]Smolen JS et al., Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(6):685-699.[2]JMDC claims database, Tokyo, Japan.Disclosure of Interests:Eiichi Tanaka Speakers bureau: AbbVie GK, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Astellas Pharma Inc, Ayumi Pharmaceutical Corporation, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Eisai Co., Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., GlaxoSmithKline K.K., Kyowa Pharma Chemical Co., Ltd., Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Pfizer, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, and Teijin Pharma Ltd., Eisuke Inoue Speakers bureau: Pfizer Japan, Bristol-Myers Squibb K.K., Ryoko Sakai Speakers bureau: Bristol Myers Squibb Co., Ltd., Grant/research support from: Tokyo Women’s Medical University (TWMU), particularly the Division of Multidisciplinary Management of Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Rheumatology, has received unrestricted research grants from Ayumi Pharmaceutical Co.; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Eisai Co., Ltd., Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.; Taisho Toyama Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co.; and Teijin Pharma Ltd., with which TWMU paid the salaries of RS., Iwasaki Katsuhiko: None declared, Ayako Shoji: None declared, masayoshi harigai Speakers bureau: AbbVie GK, Ayumi Pharmaceutical Corporation, Bristol-Myers Squibb K.K., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Eisai Co., Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Pfizer Japan Inc., and Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Consultant of: AbbVie GK, Bristol-Myers Squibb K.K., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., and Gilead Sciences Inc., Grant/research support from: AbbVie GK, and Asahi Kasei Corp., Astellas Pharma Inc., Ayumi Pharmaceutical Corporation, Bristol-Myers Squibb K.K., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Daiichi-Sankyo, Inc., Eisai Co., Ltd., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation., Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
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Tanaka, E., E. Inoue, R. Sakai, I. Katsuhiko, A. Shoji, and M. Harigai. "POS0551 MEDICAL COSTS FOR PATIENTS STARTING TREATMENT FOR RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS WHO HAVE COMORBID DIABETES MELLITUS IN JAPAN." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (May 19, 2021): 510.1–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.2770.
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Background:Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients can experience various comorbidities1. The incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is reported higher in patients with RA2 and comorbid DM is likely to affect treatment outcomes3 and then healthcare resource uses, however, no previous study has not focused on it.Objectives:To evaluate medical costs and resource use in patients starting treatment for RA with and without DM using a large claims database in Japan.Methods:We used a large Japanese administrative claims database constructed by the Japan Medical Data Center (JMDC)4. Patients with the International Classification of Diseases 10th revision (ICD-10) codes for RA who started medication with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) after 6 months without them in the period from 1/1/2012 to 12/31/2017 and who were observable for 12 months as a follow-up period were enrolled. These patients were categorized as DM or non-DM group with ICD-10 codes for DM plus use of antidiabetic drugs in 6 months before starting DMARDs (baseline period). To adjust baseline characteristics between the 2 groups, they were matched by sex, age, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) except for DM, months from the first RA codes to starting DMARDs, and medications. The primary endpoint was mean medical cost per patient in the 12-month follow-up period. Costs in JPY were converted into EUR (1 EUR = 125 JPY in 2020). Costs for drugs, treatments, and materials and their subcategories were evaluated both with and without DM-specific costs. The secondary endpoints were the proportions of patients using the subcategories of each resource.Results:Patients of 161 for the DM group and 2,974 for the non-DM group were eligible, and 109 patients were matched from each group. The medians of age and CCI were 59 years and 2.0 in both groups and no significant difference was observed in all baseline characteristics used for matching between the groups. Total mean costs were significantly higher in the DM group (DM, 5,331 EUR, non-DM 3,200 EUR; P< 0.05). After excluding DM-specific costs, drug costs were significantly higher in the DM group than in the non-DM group (DM 1,883 EUR, non-DM 896 EUR; P < 0.05), especially costs for biological DMARDs (DM 1,156 EUR, non-DM 292 EUR; P < 0.05), mainly because a higher proportion of patients used these drugs in the DM group (Table 1). Treatment costs (DM 2,380 EUR, non-DM 2,133 EUR) and material costs (DM 74 EUR, non-DM 149 EUR) were not different between the groups, but only costs for examinations were significantly higher in the DM group (DM 970 EUR, non-DM 779 EUR; P < 0.05).Table 1.Number and proportion of patients who used drugsType of drugDrug use, n (%)DM (N = 109)Non-DM (N = 109)P-valuecsDMARDsTotal109 (100.0)109 (100.0)1.000Methotrexate101 (92.7)102 (93.6)1.000Others46 (42.2)51 (46.8)0.583bDMARDsTotal16 (14.7)6 (5.5)0.041TNFi11 (10.1)4 (3.7)0.118IL6i6 (5.5)2 (1.8)0.219T-cell4 (3.7)0 (0.0)0.125tsDMARDs0 (0.0)0 (0.0)1.000CSs65 (59.6)62 (56.9)0.711AnalgesicsTotal103 (94.5)96 (88.1)0.167Acetaminophen24 (22.0)23 (21.1)1.000Acetaminophen /Opioids10 (9.2)6 (5.5)0.454NSAIDs102 (93.6)93 (85.3)0.093Opioids0 (0.0)4 (3.7)0.125Others25 (22.9)17 (15.6)0.185bDMARDs=biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; CSs=corticosteroids; csDMARDs=conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; DM=diabetes mellitus; IL6i=interleukin-6 inhibitor; NSAID=non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; T-cell=selective T-cell co-stimulation modulator; TNFi=tumor necrosis factor α inhibitor; tsDMARDs=targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; P-values were calculated using McNemar testConclusion:Medical costs for RA were higher in the DM group than in the non-DM group because of more prevalent use of biological DMARDs in the DM group.References:[1]Gabriel SE et al., Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11(3):229.[2]Giacomelli R et al., Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2016;12(8):849-55.[3]Crepaldi G et al., PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0146991.[4]JMDC claims database, Tokyo, Japan.Disclosure of Interests:Eiichi Tanaka Speakers bureau: AbbVie GK, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Astellas Pharma Inc, Ayumi Pharmaceutical Corporation, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Eisai Co., Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., GlaxoSmithKline K.K., Kyowa Pharma Chemical Co., Ltd., Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Pfizer, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, and Teijin Pharma Ltd., Eisuke Inoue Speakers bureau: Pfizer Japan, Bristol-Myers Squibb K.K., Ryoko Sakai Speakers bureau: Bristol Myers Squibb Co., Ltd., Grant/research support from: Tokyo Women’s Medical University (TWMU), particularly the Division of Multidisciplinary Management of Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Rheumatology, has received unrestricted research grants from Ayumi Pharmaceutical Co.; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Eisai Co., Ltd., Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.; Taisho Toyama Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co.; and Teijin Pharma Ltd., with which TWMU paid the salaries of RS., Iwasaki Katsuhiko: None declared, Ayako Shoji: None declared, masayoshi harigai Speakers bureau: AbbVie GK, Ayumi Pharmaceutical Corporation, Bristol-Myers Squibb K.K., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Eisai Co., Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Pfizer Japan Inc., and Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Consultant of: AbbVie GK, Bristol-Myers Squibb K.K., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., and Gilead Sciences Inc., Grant/research support from: AbbVie GK, and Asahi Kasei Corp., Astellas Pharma Inc., Ayumi Pharmaceutical Corporation, Bristol-Myers Squibb K.K., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Daiichi-Sankyo, Inc., Eisai Co., Ltd., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation., Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
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Kojima, Yuki, Fumihiko Hayakawa, Takanobu Morishita, Keiki Sugimoto, Mizuho Iwase, Hideyuki Yamamoto, Daiki Hirano, Naoto Imoto, Seiji Okada, and Hitoshi Kiyoi. "YM155 Induces Apoptosis through Proteasome-Dependent Degradation of MCL-1 in Primary Effusion Lymphoma." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 3013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.3013.3013.
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Abstract Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma caused by human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8), which mainly occurs in patients with acquired immunodeficiency. It is highly refractory to conventional chemotherapies, and has a very poor prognosis. We recently developed patient-derived xenograft (PDX) screening, a novel high-throughput drug screening system using PDX cells that were established by transplantations of primary tumor cells into immunodeficient mice and maintained primary cell phenotype. PDX screening is expected to discover anti-tumor drugs that have been overlooked by conventional screenings using cell lines. Here, we performed a PDX screening to develop a new therapeutic agent for PEL. We previously established a PDX and a cell line designated as GTO from the same primary cells of PEL. We performed screenings of a library containing 3518 known pharmacologically active substance and off-patent drugs using the PDX cells (PDX screening) and GTO (Cell-line screening). We compared the results of both screenings and found that PDX cells and cell lines had quite different drug sensitivity profiles. The correlation coefficient between them was 0.67. Twenty-six drugs (0.7%) were at least 2 times more effective for PDX cells than for GTO and designated as PDX-preferred drugs (Figure A). The opposites were named as cell line-preferred drugs and existed 80 (2.2%). We found that PDX-preferred drugs significantly higher activity to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (P<0.001), indicating the sensitivity of PDX cells to oxidative stress. We examined the reproducibility of anti-tumor effect of top 10 compounds of PDX screening in different system including in vivo mouse model and finally selected YM155, a possible survivin inhibitor, as the best candidate for an anti-tumor drug for PEL. It showed strong and dose-dependent anti-tumor effect on both PDX cells and cell lines of PEL. Its GI50 was 7.8 nM in the PDX cells, and 1.2 - 7.9 nM in three kinds of PEL cell lines. YM155 treatment increased the cleavage of caspase-3, caspase-7, and PARP and caused apoptosis of GTO, which was inhibited by a caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-FMK. Although YM155 was discovered as a survivin inhibitor, we observed that YM155 reduced myeloid cell leukemia-1 (MCL-1) protein prior to survivin reduction by time course experiments. Observed MCL-1 reduction by YM155 was attenuated by a proteasome inhibitor, MG132, suggesting that MCL-1 reduction was due to proteasome-dependent degradation. Furthermore, we confirmed the importance of MCL-1 for survival by its knockdown by siRNA in PEL cell line. Finally, we assessed the in vivo effect of YM155. NOD/SCID/IL-2Rgnull mice were injected intraperitoneally with PEL-PDX cells and were treated with vehicle or YM155 (5mg/kg) from day 1 to 21. YM155 was administered by continuous subcutaneous injection using osmotic pumps. Treatment with YM155 significantly inhibited progression of ascites compared with control mice (Figure B). These results suggested that YM155 was a promising anti-cancer agent for PEL. Figure Figure. Disclosures Sugimoto: Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.: Employment. Kiyoi:Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. LTD.: Research Funding; Alexion Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; MSD K.K.: Research Funding; Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.: Research Funding; Astellas Pharma Inc.: Consultancy, Research Funding; Yakult Honsha Co.,Ltd.: Research Funding; Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd.: Research Funding; Fujifilm Corporation: Patents & Royalties, Research Funding; Zenyaku Kogyo Co.LTD.: Research Funding; Phizer Japan Inc.: Research Funding; Novartis Pharma K.K.: Research Funding; Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.: Research Funding; Toyama Chemikal Co.,Ltd.: Research Funding; Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd.: Research Funding; AlexionpharmaLLC.: Research Funding; JCR Pharmaceutlcals Co.,Ltd.: Research Funding; Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd.: Research Funding; Celgene Corporation: Consultancy; Eisai Co., Ltd.: Research Funding; Kyowa-Hakko Kirin Co.LTD.: Research Funding.
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Thomas, Mark J., and Robert C. Malenka. "Synaptic plasticity in the mesolimbic dopamine system." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1432 (April 29, 2003): 815–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1236.
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Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) are thought to be critical mechanisms that contribute to the neural circuit modifications that mediate all forms of experience-dependent plasticity. It has, however, been difficult to demonstrate directly that experience causes long-lasting changes in synaptic strength and that these mediate changes in behaviour. To address these potential functional roles of LTP and LTD, we have taken advantage of the powerful in vivo effects of drugs of abuse that exert their behavioural effects in large part by acting in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA); the two major components of the mesolimbic dopamine system. Our studies suggest that in vivo drugs of abuse such as cocaine cause long-lasting changes at excitatory synapses in the NAc and VTA owing to activation of the mechanisms that underlie LTP and LTD in these structures. Thus, administration of drugs of abuse provides a distinctive model for further investigating the mechanisms and functions of synaptic plasticity in brain regions that play important roles in the control of motivated behaviour, and one with considerable practical implications.
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Higuchi, T., E. Tanaka, E. Inoue, M. Abe, K. Saka, E. Sugano, N. Sugitani, et al. "AB0286 RETENTION RATE OF BIOLOGIC DISEASE-MODIFYING ANTI-RHEUMATIC DRUGS IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS WITH DECREASED KIDNEY FUNCTION: RESULTS FROM THE IORRA COHORT." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 82, Suppl 1 (May 30, 2023): 1324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2023-eular.374.
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BackgroundWe previously reported that rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) were at increased risk of failure to achieve remission and of occurrence of hospitalized infections [1]. Although biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) are a promising treatment option, their effectiveness and safety for this population have not been fully evaluated to date.ObjectivesTo determine the optimal bDMARD selection for treatment of RA patients with decreased kidney function, we compared the retention rates of patients receiving tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi), interleukin-6 inhibitor (IL-6i), and abatacept (ABT) in RA patients using data from the IORRA cohort, the real-world data registry of Japanese RA patients.MethodsRenal function was calculated using the Japanese versions of the equations for estimated glomerular filtration ratio (eGFRcr). Deceased renal function was defined as eGFRCr<60 mL/min/1.73m2. Among RA patients enrolled in the IORRA cohort between 2003 and 2020, data from patients with decreased kidney function who started bDMARDs were extracted. Renal function and use of bDMARDs by the extracted patients were identified in their medical records. Reasons for discontinuation were classified as ineffectiveness, adverse events caused by bDMARDs, or other reasons. Retention rates due to ineffectiveness or adverse events caused by TNFi (adalimumab or adalimumab biosimilar [ADA], certolizumab pegol [CZP], etanercept or etanercept biosimilar [ETN], golimumab [GLM], infliximab or infliximab biosimilar [IFX]), IL-6i (tocilizumab [TCZ], sarilumab [SAR]) and ABT spanning 36 months were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] of discontinuation of each bDMARD was calculated using the Cox proportional hazard model, with adjustments for age, sex, disease duration, clinical disease activity index (CDAI), methotrexate (MTX)/ prednisolone (PSL) use, and previous bDMARD use at baseline.ResultsA total of 238 treatment courses administered to 191 patients with decreased renal function were included. Median eGFRCrwas 52.5 mL/min/1.73m2(interquartile range: 43.3–57.4). The numbers of bDMARD users were as follows: TNFi, 143 (ADA, 15; CZP, 5; ETN, 67; GLM, 30; IFX, 26); IL-6i, 59 (all were TCZ); and ABT, 36, respectively. ABT users were older than IL-6i users, and TNFi users had higher eGFRCrand a higher proportion of MTX and previous DMARD use than the other groups. Sex, seropositivity, CDAI, health assessment questionnaire, and the proportion of PSL use were similar between groups. The retention rates at 36 months were 59.9%, 72.9%, and 61.7% for TNFi, IL-6i, and ABT, respectively. aHR of discontinuation when TNFi served as reference was 0.60 (95% confidence interval: 0.32–1.10) for IL-6i, and 0.85 (95% confidence interval: 0.44–1.64) for ABT.ConclusionBecause the retention rate of IL-6i was numerically high compared with TNFi and ABT in this study, IL-6i may offer a treatment advantage in RA patients with decreased renal function.Reference[1] Higuchi et al. Mod Rheumatol. 2022;32(5):875–884.Figure 1.The Kaplan-Meier curve of the retention rates of bDMARDs in patients with RA with decreased renal function.AcknowledgementsWe would like to thank Editage (www.editage.com) for English language editing. This work was supported by a research grant from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (20FC1044).Disclosure of InterestsTomoaki Higuchi: None declared, Eiichi Tanaka Speakers bureau: AbbVie Japan GK; Asahi Kasei Corp.; Astellas Pharma Inc.; Ayumi Pharmaceutical Co.; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Eisai Co., Ltd.; Eli Lilly Japan K.K.; GlaxoSmithKline K.K.; Kyowa Pharma Chemical Co., Ltd.; Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K.; Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Pfizer Japan Inc.; Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; and Teijin Pharma Ltd., Eisuke Inoue Speakers bureau: Bristol Myers Squibb Co., Ltd.; Pfizer Japan Inc.; Nippontect systems Co., Ltd.; RCR Co., Ltd., Mai Abe: None declared, Kumiko Saka: None declared, Eri Sugano: None declared, Naohiro Sugitani: None declared, higuchi yoko: None declared, Moeko Ochiai: None declared, Rei Yamaguchi: None declared, Katsunori Ikari Speakers bureau: Asahi Kasei Corp.; Astellas Pharma Inc.; AbbVie Japan GK; Ayumi Pharmaceutical Co.; Bristol Myers Squibb Co., Ltd.; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Eisai Co., Ltd.; Eli Lilly Japan K.K.; Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K.; Kaken Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.; Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co.; Pfizer Japan Inc.; Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.; Teijin Pharma Ltd.; and UCB Japan Co. Ltd., Yamanaka Hisashi Consultant of: CorEvitas LLC, Masayoshi Harigai Speakers bureau: AbbVie Japan GK; AstraZeneca K.K.; Ayumi Pharmaceutical Co.; Boehringer Ingelheim Japan Inc.; Bristol Myers Squibb Co., Ltd.; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Eisai Co., Ltd.; Eli Lilly Japan K.K.; GlaxoSmithKline K.K.; Gilead Sciences Inc.; Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K.; Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.; Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd.; Novartis Japan; Pfizer Japan Inc.; CIMIC Holdings Co., Ltd.; Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co.; Teijin Pharma Ltd.; and UCB Japan Co. Ltd., Consultant of: AbbVie; Boehringer-Ingelheim; Bristol Myers Squibb Co.; Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; and Teijin Pharma Ltd., Grant/research support from: AbbVie Japan GK; Asahi Kasei Corp.; Astellas Pharma Inc.; Ayumi Pharmaceutical Co.; Boehringer Ingelheim Japan, Inc.; Bristol Myers Squibb Co., Ltd., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Daiichi-Sankyo, Inc., Eisai Co., Ltd.; Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co.; Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.; Sekisui Medical; Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; and Teijin Pharma Ltd.
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Wright, W. B. "Drugs, ageing, and society Burns Bruce Phillipson Chris Drugs, ageing, and society Croom Helm Ltd, Beckenham, 1986, 180pp, H/B, £19.95." Elderly Care 7, no. 4 (April 1987): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/eldc.7.4.28.s27.
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Saliy, O. O., and M. O. Sinchuk. "DEVELOPMENT OF APPROACHES TO LABORATORY CONTROL OF «BIOTESTLAB» LTD TO ENSURE QUALITY OF VETERINARY PREPARATIONS." Scientific and Technical Bulletin оf State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medical Products and Fodder Additives аnd Institute of Animal Biology 22, no. 2 (October 7, 2021): 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36359/scivp.2021-22-2.39.
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The article presents the development of approaches to laboratory control and the results of research related to the standardization of methods at Ltd "BIOTESTLAB" to ensure the quality of veterinary drugs. Attention is paid to the methods of biological quality control of veterinary drugs: microbiological purity, hemagglutination reaction (HAR), determination of infectious activity of embryonic vaccines. Because such methods are characterized by low automation, low accuracy, the impact on the result of error due to personnel performing operations manually, the lack of regulatory approaches to validation of methods. The influence on the reliability of the obtained results on determining the titer of infectious activity of the virus of the following factors: quality and concentration of the applied suspension of erythrocytes of a rooster, duration of cultivation of a virus, technique of performance by the controller of each operation of a technique is investigated. Studies on the influence of these factors were conducted on the example of determining the titer of infectious activity of Newcastle disease virus. Approaches to accounting for the obtained results by the method of qualitative HAR, namely visual control of hemagglutination reaction on glass and on a plate are established. A comparative characterization of the results for the detection of hem agglutinin of Newcastle disease virus on glass (using 2% suspension of erythrocytes) and on the plate (using 1% suspension of erythrocytes). The results of inter-laboratory comparative tests of microbiological methods conducted to verify the qualification and reliability of the results are presented. It is demonstrated that the proper organization of laboratory control in measures to confirm the results of control of quantitative methods and evaluation of biological material by standardizing methods, conducting internal laboratory testing and participation in inter-laboratory comparative tests ensures and guarantees the quality of veterinary drugs.
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Jaquette, Ian. "Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd: Implications of the Supreme Court's Decision for the People Who Matter Most … the Consumer." American Journal of Law & Medicine 33, no. 1 (March 2007): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009885880703300103.
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Sales of brand and generic pharmaceuticals in the United States reached $274.7 billion in 2006. Consumers in this country, including the federal government, are paying tremendous amounts of money for drugs and the cost continues to be a growing concern for all parties involved. Part of this increased cost encountered by consumers can be directly attributed to the ever-increasing costs manufacturers must cope with in the development of new drugs. Economists estimate that it takes twelve to fifteen years to develop a single new drug and have it approved by the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”). The average cost: $800 million. For every 10,000 compounds investigated, only five are ever tested as potential medicines in clinical trials and only one is ever approved for patient use. Of all the drugs approved by the FDA, only three out of ten generate revenues that meet or exceed average research and development costs.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "DRUGS LTD"
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Siff, Stephen I. "Glossy Visions: Coverage of LSD in Popular Magazines, 1954-1968." View abstract, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3338743.
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Dyck, Erika Wright David. "Psychedelic psychiatry: LSD and post-World War II medical experimentation in Canada /." *McMaster only, 2005.
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Wong, Lai-har Teresa. "Drug dependency and the experience of young offenders in a residential drug treatment institution." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20621905.
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Šmitaitė, Eglė. "Narkomano kelias: nuo pirmosios dozės iki apsisprendimo gyventi be narkotikų." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20140623_172400-12108.
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SANTRAUKA Narkomanija – opi ir sunkiai išsprendžiama visuomenės problema, kurios sprendimui būtini įvairūs tyrimai ir analizė. Šiame darbe nagrinėjamas narkomano kelias nuo pirmosios dozės iki apsisprendimo gyventi be narkotikų. Siekiant išsamiai atskleisti šį kelią, darbe aptariamos pagrindinės narkotinių medžiagų savybės, remiantis įvairių autorių požiūriais perteikiama narkomanijos samprata, ją sąlygojantys veiksniai, analizuojami subkultūros bruožai ir atskleidžiama narkomanijos prevencijos reikšmė. Narkotinių medžiagų vartojimas nėra priimtina ir toleruojama elgesio norma, todėl narkomanija traktuojama kaip deviacija, o narkotikų vartojimas suvokiamas kaip elgesys, laužantis standartus ir griaunantis bendrumo jausmą visuomenėje. Narkomanai suvokiami kaip nuo konvencionalių normų nukrypę visuomenės nariai, kurie stigmatizuojami, jiems priskiriamos etiketės, kurios nenulipdomos ir gyvenant be narkotikų. Etikečių klijavimas formuoja diskomfortą, didina paženklintųjų atskirtį, mažina resocializacijos efektyvumą. Darbe taip pat apžvelgiami narkomanijos aspektai Lietuvoje. Empirinėje darbo dalyje remiantis David Matza neutralizacijos ir dreifo teorija analizuojami kokybinio tyrimo rezultatai, gauti apklausus į narkomaniją įsitraukusius (vartojančius, praeityje vartojusius) asmenis ir su jais dirbančius ekspertus. Remiantis tyrimo duomenimis, galima teigti, kad narkomanija- blogąja linkme žmogaus gyvenimą keičiantis reiškinys, kuris įtakoja nerealaus gyvenimo su iškreiptu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]SUMMARY Drug addiction is a sore problem. Various researches and analyses are needed to solve it. The way of drug addict from the first dose till the decision to live without drugs is analyzed in this master work. In order to reveal the way, the main characteristics of drugs, the different author’s views explaining the phenomenon of drug addiction, the main features of the subculture, and the mean of the prevention are discussed. Drug addiction is not an acceptable way of behavior, so the addiction is understood as deviance. Drug use is indicated as the form of behavior, that destroys the standards of the population and the feeling of community. Drug addicts are defined as the members of population, that are deviated from the conventional norms. They are stigmatized and labeled even when not using drugs. The fact of being labeled creates the feeling of discomfort and makes the resocialization less effective. What is more, the main aspects of drug addiction in Lithuania is discussed. According the Neutralization and drift theory of David Matza, the qualitative research results are discussed in the empirical part of the work. The people who use drugs or used them in the past and the experts of drug addiction were questioned using half- structured interview method. According to the research results, drug addiction is the phenomenon that makes person’s life worse. Drug addiction creates unreal life with distorted point of view. Drug users belong to the subculture with unique... [to full text]
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Šiaudkulytė, Ieva. "Augalinių preparatų asortimento kitimo tendencijos Lietuvos vaistinėse." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140630_133822-20854.
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Lietuvoje daugiausiai buvo užregistruota virškinimo sistemą veikiančių augalinės kilmės preparatų. Dažniausiai registruojamos augalinių vaistinių preparatų vaistų formos yra tabletės, lašai, tirpalai bei arbatos. Tarp augalinių preparatų Lietuvos vaistų registre vyrauja savo produkciją įregistravusios Lietuvos, Vokietijos bei Lenkijos įmonės. Tarp įmonių įregistravusių savo produkciją lyderiauja Lietuvos įmonės „Acorus Calamus“, „Švenčionių vaistažolės“, Lenkijos įmonė „Herbapol“ (iki 2000m.) bei Lietuvos įmonė „Valentis“ (2010m. ir 2013m.).1994 – 2013 there were mainly registered drugs for digestive system. The most common herbal medicines registered drug forms are tablets, drops, solutions and tea. In Lithuania main drug companies are from Lithuania, Germany and Poland. Since 1994 most succssefull companies who had registered their products were Lithuanian companies “Acorus Calamus”, “Švenčionių vaistažolės”, Polish company “Herbapol” (until 2000) and Lithuanian company “Valentis” (2010 - 2013).
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Jenvey, Michelle Catherine. "Structure led drug design for the pentraxins." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439382.
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Walker, Alex J. "Anti-cancer actions in commonly used drugs : epidemiology led by laboratory science." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12205/.
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Despite considerable research on cancer treatments and preventatives, poor outcomes in cancer patients are common. The vital search for effective cancer drugs often begins in the laboratory, where unfortunately the effects of a drug in humans cannot be perfectly modelled. Epidemiology can play a vital role in determining the real world efficacy of a drug currently used for other purposes before clinical trials begin. This thesis therefore used primarily laboratory evidence to identify potential anti-cancer uses for existing common drugs. The drugs and cancers studied were; tricyclic antidepressants and both incidence and survival in a number of cancer types, particularly glioma; aspirin and colorectal cancer survival; and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence. A series of studies using The General Practice Research Database as a data source assessed any potential associations: A case-control study for tricyclic antidepressant use and cancer incidence; cohort studies to examine mortality in colorectal cancer and glioma in relation to tricyclic use, and for colorectal cancer mortality in aspirin users; and a case-control study in relation to ACE inhibitor use and HCC. A strong, cancer type specific, dose and time dependant protective effect was found for the incidence of glioma and colorectal cancer. This led to a further study examining mortality for these cancer types in tricyclic users. While no significant protective effects in all-cause mortality of tricyclic users were found, a larger study could still find such an effect in glioma. For aspirin and colorectal cancer mortality, a small but significant reduction in mortality was observed, though these effects were not entirely consistent throughout the study. There were no significant associations found between ACE inhibitors and HCC. These findings contribute to the knowledge of the anti-cancer effectiveness of these drugs, and may assist in designing future clinical studies.
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Schooler, Edward Webb. "The War on Drugs in Latin America: How Misinterpretation Led to Failed Policy." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/403.
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The War on Drugs in Latin America: How Misinterpretation Led to Failed Policy investigates how and why United States counternarcotics policy failed abroad, specifically in the northern Andean region. This work examines the entire history of the US waged War on Drugs abroad beginning with President Richard M. Nixon and concluding with current President Barack Obama. After this thorough examination alternative counternarcotics policies are examined.
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Delmanto, Júlio. "História social do LSD no Brasil: os primeiros usos medicinais e o começo da repressão." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-11122018-161707/.
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Depois de apresentar as origens históricas da contracultura, no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos, e contextualizar um pouco das relações entre os integrantes destes movimentos e o uso de drogas, sobretudo maconha e ácido lisérgico, esse trabalho traça, através principalmente da análise de trajetórias individuais que se cruzam de uma forma ou de outra, uma história social da chegada do LSD ao Brasil. O trabalho investiga, com profundidade, o primeiro processo judicial por tráfico e porte da substância, iniciado em janeiro de 1970, em São Paulo, estudando a trajetória dos principais réus, a repercussão midiática, os relatos feitos a posteriori e as formas de ação da polícia e da justiça, em um momento em que não só a ditadura militar vivia sua fase mais violenta, após o AI-5, como também vigorava a lei de drogas mais dura que o país já teve. Analisando os autos de dito processo, e também uma ampla variedade de outras fontes, orais e documentais, apresenta-se como se desenrolou o começo da repressão ao LSD no Brasil, e recupera-se também como foi a chegada da substância ao país, que se deu pela via medicinal na virada dos anos 1950 para os 1960.After presenting the historical origins of the counterculture in Brazil and in the United States, and also after contextualizing some of the relations between the members of these movements and the use of drugs, especially marijuana and lysergic acid, this work traces, mainly through the analysis of individual trajectories which intersect in one way or another, a social history of the arrival of LSD in Brazil. This thesis investigates in depth the first judicial process for trafficking and possession of the substance, begun in January 1970, in São Paulo, studying the trajectory of the main defendants, the media repercussion, the reports made a posteriori and the forms of action of the police and the justice system, at a time when not only the military dictatorship was experiencing its most violent phase, after the \"AI-5\", but the hardest drug law in the country\'s history was also in force.By analyzing the files of this process, as well as a wide variety of other sources, both oral and documentary, the beginning of the repression of LSD in Brazil is described, as well as the medical origins of the substance\'s arrival in the country.
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Virbalis, Jonas. "Narkotikų vartojimas ir prevencija mokykloje: mokinių, mokytojų, tėvų ir policijos pareigūnų vertinimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140905_092334-44320.
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Darbo tema. Pastaraisiais metais vis dažniau susiduriama su narkomanijos problema, narkotikų paplitimu ir jų vartojimu jaunimo tarpe. Tai glaudžiai susiję su kitomis socialinėmis problemomis – smurtu, patyčiomis, savižudybėmis, nusikalstamumu. Nepaisant to, kad problema plačiai nagrinėjama globaliu mastu, reikia ieškoti atsakymų į klausimus: kodėl narkotikų paplitimas sparčiai didėja, kokiose socialinėse terpėse labiausiai vyrauja, kokios prevencinės priemonės yra taikomos, kaip jos veikia. Verta pabrėžti, kad būtent mokykloje moksleiviai susiduria su daugeliu socialinių veiksnių ir problemų: alkoholizmas, rūkymas, narkomanija, nusikalstamumas, mokyklos nelankymas, fizinė ir psichologinė prievarta bei kitomis. Moksleiviai apie narkotikus žino daugiau, nei suaugusieji - mokytojai ir tėvai. Moksleiviai domisi šiuo klausimu, žino daug narkotinių medžiagų pavadinimų, turi pažįstamų, vartojančių narkotikus, būna kompanijose, kuriose jie vartojami.
Taigi narkotikų kontrolės ir narkomanijos prevencijos politikos įgyvendinimas turi būti grindžiamas aiškiais prioritetais, vertinimu, koordinavimo užtikrinimu, racionalių išteklių skirstymu ir naudojimu. Norint efektyviai kovoti ar racionaliai kontroliuoti šį reiškinį, pirmiausiai reikia jį tinkamai išnagrinėti visais pjūviais, pradedant nuo narkotikų rūšių, jų vartojimo priežasčių, pasekmių iki prevencinių programų, kooperuoto atsakingų institucijų bendradarbiavimo. Daug mokslinių darbų parašyta ir ne vienas tyrimas atliktas šia tema... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Thesis theme. Drug abuse and prevention in school: School childrens’, teachers’, parents’ and police officers’ opinion evaluation. Thesis author. Jonas Virbalis, a master student of sociology education program, Social education faculty (social work and sociological branch) at Vilnius Education University. Thesis tutor: Prof. Habil. Dr. Valdas Pruskus. Research problem. In recent years, more and more young people have drug addiction problems. This is closely related to other social problems - violence, bullying, suicide , crime. Despite the fact that the problem of extensively researched globally, it is necessary to look for the answers to the questions: Why is the prevalence of drugs is growing rapidly, what social media the most dominant, what preventive measures are applied, how they operate. It is well known that it is the school, students are faced with many social factors and problems: alcoholism, smoking, drug addiction, crime, school absenteeism, physical and psychological abuse, and others. Students know more about drugs than adults - teachers and parents. Students interested in this subject, knows a lot of names of drugs have acquaintances whose use drugs. Because of these facts thus, drug control and prevention policies must be based on clear priorities, evaluation, coordination ensuring rational distribution and use. In order to effectively fight or rational control this phenomenon, it must first be properly examined all sections, of this problem - starting with... [to full text]
Books on the topic "DRUGS LTD"
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India. Parliament. Committee on Public Undertakings. Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (Ministry of Commerce). New Delhi: Lok Sabha Secretariat, 1988.
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Littell, Mary Ann. LSD. Springfield, NJ: Enslow Publishers, 1996.
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Phillips, Jane Ellen. LSD, PCP & other hallucinogens. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2000.
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The facts about LSD. Tarrytown, N.Y: Benchmark Books, 2005.
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The truth about LSD and hallucinogens. New York: Rosen Publishing, 2014.
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LSD and other hallucinogens. New York: Cavendish Square, 2014.
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Algeo, Philippa. Acid and hallucinogens. London: F. Watts, 1990.
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1917-, Pletscher A., Ladewig Dieter 1938-, and Schweizerische Akademie der Medizinischen Wissenschaften. Symposium, eds. 50 years of LSD: Current status and perspectives of hallucinogens : a symposium of the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences, Lugano-Agno (Switzerland), October 21 and 22, 1993. New York: Parthenon Pub. Group, 1994.
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Hofmann, Albert. Tun und Lassen: Essays, Gedanken und Gedichte. Solothurn: Nachtschatten Verlag, 2011.
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Delmanto, Júlio. História social do LSD no Brasil: Os primeiros usos medicinais e o começo da repressão. São Paulo, Brasil: Editora Elefante, 2020.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "DRUGS LTD"
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Vervaeke, Hylke. "Tripmiddelen: lsd en psychedelische paddenstoelen." In Drugs en alcohol; Gebruik, misbruik en verslaving, 305–36. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-313-6554-8_11.
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Jennewein, H. M., R. Anderskewitz, C. J. Meade, M. Pairet, and F. Birke. "LTB4 Antagonism." In New Drugs for Asthma, Allergy and COPD, 121–25. Basel: KARGER, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000062146.
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Freye, Enno. "LSD, a Semisynthetic Psychedelic Drug." In Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs, 229–31. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2448-0_39.
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Parrott, A. C. "MDMA and LSD." In Drug Abuse and Addiction in Medical Illness, 175–88. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3375-0_13.
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Clark, Christopher E. "Nurse Led Interventions in Hypertension." In Drug Adherence in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Protection, 237–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76593-8_18.
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Cruz-Santiago, Arely. "Lists, Maps, and Bones: The Untold Journeys of Citizen-led Forensics in Mexico." In Beyond Drugs, Smuggling and Trafficking, 60–79. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003152330-5.
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Cavanagh, Julien J., and Teresa Y. Smith. "Psychedelic Drug (LSD, PCP, Hallucinogenic Mushrooms) Intoxication." In Quick Guide to Psychiatric Emergencies, 199–203. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58260-3_36.
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Iversen, Jenny, Pike Long, Alexandra Lutnick, and Lisa Maher. "Patterns and Epidemiology of Illicit Drug Use Among Sex Workers Globally: A Systematic Review." In Sex Work, Health, and Human Rights, 95–118. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64171-9_6.
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AbstractIntroduction: Sex workers who use drugs represent two distinct populations, yet programmatic and policy responses are siloed and failed to acknowledge the ways in which populations overlap and needs intersect. Although prevalence of drug use among sex workers is believed to be higher than the general population, no published estimates of global prevalence exist. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of lifetime illicit drug use among sex workers overall, by gender (cis, transgender, and non-binary), and sub-region.Methods: We searched electronic databases for studies measuring the prevalence of illicit drug use among sex workers from the past decade [2009–2018]. Data were combined to generate pooled prevalence and associated 95% confidence intervals of lifetime use using a random effects model. Countries were categorised into geographic sub-regions, and sub-regional pooled estimates of lifetime use among female sex workers generated and mapped.Results: Among 86 studies in 46 countries, pooled prevalence of lifetime illicit drug use among sex workers was 35% (95% CI 30–41%). There was significant diversity (I2 > 90.0%, P < 0.01), and prevalence ranged from 1.2% to 84%. Most studies reported lifetime drug use among female sex workers (32 studies from 20 countries), and pooled prevalence in this sub-group was 29% (95% CI 24–34%). Insufficient data precluded generation of estimates for male and transgender sex workers.Conclusions: Our review identified significant gaps in data quality and availability. Future research in partnership with sex workers is necessary to explore the diversity of populations and contexts in which drug use and sex work intersect, inform more accurate estimates of prevalence, identify differences in risks and exposures, and guide the creation, implementation, and evaluation of programmes and services.
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Deroissart, Justine, Florentina Porsch, Thomas Koller, and Christoph J. Binder. "Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Therapies in Atherosclerosis." In Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, 359–404. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/164_2021_505.
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AbstractHypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor in atherosclerosis development and lipid-lowering drugs (i.e., statins) remain the treatment of choice. Despite effective reduction of LDL cholesterol in patients, a residual cardiovascular risk persists in some individuals, highlighting the need for further therapeutic intervention. Recently, the CANTOS trial paved the way toward the development of specific therapies targeting inflammation, a key feature in atherosclerosis progression. The pre-existence of multiple drugs modulating both innate and adaptive immune responses has significantly accelerated the number of translational studies applying these drugs to atherosclerosis. Additional preclinical research has led to the discovery of new therapeutic targets, offering promising perspectives for the treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis. Currently, both drugs with selective targeting and broad unspecific anti-inflammatory effects have been tested. In this chapter, we aim to give an overview of current advances in immunomodulatory treatment approaches for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.
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C. Cardoso, Nicole, Carel B. Oosthuizen, Nashied Peton, and Vinayak Singh. "Drug Repurposing for Tuberculosis." In Drug Repurposing - Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101393.
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Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a major global health concern given the increase in multiple forms of drug-resistant TB. This underscores the importance of a continuous pipeline of new anti-TB agents. From recent studies, it is evident that the increase in drug efficacy is being achieved through re-engineering old TB-drug families and repurposing known drugs. This approach has led to producing a newer class of compounds which not only saves time and investment in developing newer drugs but is also effective in identifying drug candidates with novel mechanisms to treat multi-drug resistant strains. The repurposed drugs moxifloxacin, linezolid, and clofazimine are used to treat extensively drug-resistant TB when first- and/or second-line drugs fail. The chapter covers a detailed background on the current status of the repurposed drugs in the TB drug-discovery pipeline and discusses a potential way forward.
Conference papers on the topic "DRUGS LTD"
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Suryakrishna, S. S., K. Praveen, S. Tamilselvan, and S. Srinath. "IoT Based Automation and Blockchain for Medical Drug Storage and Smart Drug Store." In Intelligent Computing and Technologies Conference. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.115.8.
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The increase in the work stress and decrease in the time for oneself has led to the rise in the dependency on the medicines and drugs. The drugs and medicines are the key sources for saving the human life when the patient is in the danger. In order to maintain regular and quality supply of the drugs and medicines has to monitor on the regular basis. There are numerous medicines and drugs brought in the store but usually drugs and medicines are stolen to satisfy one’s greed, get expired or placed at unknown locations in the store. So to prevent such situation and saving the life of the patient Drug and Medicine Monitoring Model can be used. The model uses the RFID and IoT technology in order to monitor the drugs and medicines in the store. In medical and drug using systems which are increasing work stress and decreasing the time for oneself that has risen in dependency. The danger situation drugs and medicine is the main source for saving human life when the people are in danger. A daily regular basis to maintain a quality supply of the drug and medicine has been monitored. While traveling and transportation time is numerous medicines and drugs brought from the store but usually it is stolen to one’s greed and the medicines and drugs or placed at unknown locations. To prevent and save a patent life and monitoring model can be used to check the medicine and drug. In our model RFID tag and IoT technology can be used to monitor medicine and drug storage with the help of hospitals and how having a knowledge of the system and chemist of the medical and drugs available, the medicines and drugs quality of location and their safety.
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Kamali, Reza, and Gholamreza Keshavarzi. "Computational Simulation of Magnetic Drug Targeting in Human Body." In ASME 2011 9th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2011-58115.
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Development of novel particle carrier methods has led to enhanced advances in targeted drug delivery. This paper has aimed the investigation of targeting drugs via attached magnetic particles into human body. This goal was approached by inducing a magnetic field near a specific part of the human body to target the drug or as it is called magnetic drug targeting (MDT). Blood flow and magnetic particles are simulated under the presence of the specified properties of a magnetic field. In order to demonstrate a more realistic simulation, the flow was considered pulsatile. Finally, the results provided show valuable information on magnetic drug targeting in human body.
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Ibragimova, M. K., M. Tsyganov, and N. V. Litvyakov. "THE BASIS OF MOLECULAR GENETIC CLASSIFICATION OF BREAST TUMORS WITH A TRIPLE NEGATIVE PHENOTYPE." In I International Congress “The Latest Achievements of Medicine, Healthcare, and Health-Saving Technologies”. Kemerovo State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/-i-ic-44.
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Current knowledge of the genetic heterogeneity of the most aggressive molecular subtype of breast cancer (BC) - triple negative (TN) - has led to promising discoveries in drug treatment, including the use of DNA-damaging agents (platinum drugs and PARP inhibitors) in these tumors, as well as current use of immunotherapy.
Of greatest importance is the ability to prescribe optimal drug treatment regimens to patients with TN in breast cancer, based on knowledge of the molecular genetic characteristics of this subtype of breast cancer, which will ultimately allow achieving high rates of overall and relapse-free survival. Thus, the identification of the molecular genetic phenotype of breast carcinomas is an important prognostic factor of the disease and makes it possible to personalize the treatment of patients.
The purpose of this work was to present a new approach to the molecular genetic classification of TN in breast cancer with predicting the outcome of patients.
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Mendoza, Hector, Victor G. Figueroa, Walter Gill, and Scott Sanborn. "Determining Airborne Release Fraction From DOT 7A Drums Exposed to a Thermal Insult." In 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering collocated with the ASME 2020 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone2020-16755.
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Abstract Fire suppression systems for transuranic (TRU) waste facilities are designed to minimize radioactive material release to the public and to facility employees in the event of a fire. Currently, facilities with Department of Transportation (DOT) 7A drums filled with TRU waste follow guidelines that assume a fraction of the drums experience lid ejection in case of a fire. This lid loss is assumed to result in significant TRU waste material from the drum experiencing an unconfined burn during the fire, and fire suppression systems are thus designed to respond and mitigate potential radioactive material release. However, recent preliminary tests where the standard lid filters of 7A drums were replaced with a UT-9424S filter suggest that the drums could retain their lid if equipped with this filter. The retention of the drum lid could thus result in a very different airborne release fraction (ARF) of a 7A drum’s contents when exposed to a pool fire than what is assumed in current safety basis documents. This potentially different ARF is currently unknown because, while studies have been performed in the past to quantify ARF for 7A drums in a fire, no comprehensive measurements have been performed for drums equipped with a UT-9424S filter. If the ARF is lower than what is currently assumed, it could change the way TRU waste facilities operate. Sandia National Laboratories has thus developed a set of tests and techniques to help determine an ARF value for 7A drums filled with TRU waste and equipped with a UT-9424S filter when exposed to the hypothetical accident conditions (HAC) of a 30-minute hydrocarbon pool fire. In this multi-phase test series, SNL has accomplished the following: (1) performed a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) on various combustible materials typically found in 7A drums in order to identify a conservative load for 7A drums in a pool fire; (2) performed a 30-minute pool fire test to (a) determine if lid ejection is possible under extreme conditions despite the UT-9424S filter, and (b) to measure key parameters in order to replicate the fire environment using a radiant heat setup; and (3) designed a radiant heat setup to demonstrate capability of reproducing the fire environment with a system that would facilitate measurements of ARF. This manuscript thus discusses the techniques, approach, and unique capabilities SNL has developed to help determine an ARF value for DOT 7A drums exposed to a 30-minute fully engulfing pool fire while equipped with a UT-9424S filter on the drum lid.
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Libens, A., M. Vandorpe, and J. M. Cuchet. "WDC: Advanced System for Characterization of Alpha-Bearing Waste Contained in 200L and 400L Drums: Performances and Lessons Learned From the First Industrial Measurement Campaigns." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7022.
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The Waste Drum Characterization installation was originally developed for the assay of alpha-bearing waste in standard 200 l (55 gallons) drums during the dismantling operations of the Siemens mixed-oxide (MOX) facility in Hanau (Germany). That installation was validated and qualified by the German authorities, its main performances being: - Counting efficiency for coincident neutrons: app. 1%; - Lowest Limit of Detection (LLD): 75 mg 240Pueq; - Pu content per drum: up to 100 g tot. (35 g 240Pueq); - Measurement duration: app. 20 minutes. The success of this system, a passive neutron coincidence counter combined with a high resolution gamma spectrometer, led to the radiological characterization and qualification of about 1,700 drums during the period 2001 – 2004. In 2005, after completion of the dismantling operations of the Siemens MOX facility, Tecnubel took over the WDC installation which could be used in the frame of the future dismantling of the Belgonucleaire’s MOX plant in Dessel (Belgium), which can be comparable to the Siemen’s one. This second (and new) life for the WDC means that it must be rigorously retested and validated against the Belgian authorities requirements. Furthermore, and additionally to the future use in the Belgonucleaire’s facility, Tecnubel was faced with new challenges, namely: - Assay of 400 l drums together with the 200 l packages; - Determination of the real LLD taking into account the background in different Belgian nuclear facilities, the determination of a value of ∼5 mg 240Pueq being an objective; - Assay of mixed alpha/beta-gamma wastes; - Transportability of the WDC from one plant to another; - Assistance to different nuclear operators for the licensing of the WDC for their own waste types. This paper describes the installation itself and its performances, presents the difficulties encountered during the new challenge and the results of the performed revalidation tests; it gives the perspectives and objectives on short time as well.
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Farah, Pedro Felisberto Nogueira Viana, Felipe dos Santos Souza, Felipe Oliveira Costa, Mariana Bastos Rodrigues dos Santos, and Yasmim Evelyn Lisboa Barbosa. "L-dopa: main drug induced dyskinesia." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.111.
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Introduction: 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-dopa) is the gold standard drug for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). This disease causes degeneration of dopaminergic cells, L-dopa supplies the lack of dopamine, being effective in its treatment. The average time for the onset of this hyperkinetic disorder is usually 6.5 years and the young age at the beginning of the disease. This pathology may present with chorea, dystonia, myoclonus and stereotypes. Diskinesia-inducing L-dopa (LID) remains one of the most challenging unmet needs in the treatment of PD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Methodology: This is an integrative review, using the MedLine, Cochrane and PubMed databases with the descriptors “drug induced”, “dyskinesia” and “L- dopa”. Articles published in the last 10 years; in English; clinical trial articles and original articles were included. Results: The prevalence for the development of LID was 50% for those who started PD at 40-59 years of age, compared to 16% at 70 years of age. The incidence of LID is about 90% after 9 years, but the main cause is related to the dose of levodopa and the duration of the disease. The risk factors for the development of LID are modifiable (levoodopa dose and body weight) and non- modifiable (age, sex, duration, progress and severity of the disease). Conclusion: With this, it can be concluded that doctors who deal with PD need to be aware of the risk factors for LID and know how to manage it.
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Shitikova, A. V., and A. A. Abiala. "Photosynthetic activity as the basis of potato productivity when using phytohormones." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-105.
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The results of studies on the role of growth biostimulants in the exogenous regulation of potato productivity on sod-podzolic soils of the Moscow region are presented.Studies have established the specificity of the action of phytohormones.The stimulating effect of the drugs manifested itself in the intensification of metabolic processes, changing the direction of biochemical reactions, which led to an increase in productivity.
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Bull, Richard K., and Ian Pearman. "Statistical Modelling Applied to the Contents of Waste Drums." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16085.
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Gamma spectrometry is widely used to determine the radioactive content of waste drums. However, the results of such surveys often result in large numbers of limit-of-detection (LOD) results. In this paper we will show how simple statistical methods can be used to obtain useful information on the average drum activities, even in these unfavourable circumstances. Results from measurements on 60Co, 152Eu, 154Eu activities in drums of waste from decommissioning of the GLEEP reactor suggest that these activities are lognormally distributed with geometric standard deviations (GSD) ranging from 3–4. This statistical model can be used to extract information from 235U, 234mPa and 234Th datasets which show only LOD activity results. In a repository of N drums, each with activity <L, the total activity is clearly <NL. However, we can use the lognormal model to make a much stronger statement about the total waste activity. This model is developed quantitatively in the paper.
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Cheng, Qiong, Saurabh Mehta, and Stephan Schurer. "A Gene Family-led Meta-Analysis of Drug-Target Interactions." In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bibm.2018.8621087.
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Aminoto, Toto, Purnomo Sidi Priambodo, and Harry Sudibyo. "Optical imaging for human body medical analysis using polychromatic infrared LED 700-1100nm." In THE 4TH BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING’S RECENT PROGRESS IN BIOMATERIALS, DRUGS DEVELOPMENT, HEALTH, AND MEDICAL DEVICES: Proceedings of the International Symposium of Biomedical Engineering (ISBE) 2019. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5139377.
Full textReports on the topic "DRUGS LTD"
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Borch, Thomas, Yitzhak Hadar, and Tamara Polubesova. Environmental fate of antiepileptic drugs and their metabolites: Biodegradation, complexation, and photodegradation. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597927.bard.
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Many pharmaceutical compounds are active at very low doses, and a portion of them regularly enters municipal sewage systems and wastewater-treatment plants following use, where they often do not fully degrade. Two such compounds, CBZ and LTG, have been detected in wastewater effluents, surface waters, drinking water, and irrigation water, where they pose a risk to the environment and the food supply. These compounds are expected to interact with organic matter in the environment, but little is known about the effect of such interactions on their environmental fate and transport. The original objectives of our research, as defined in the approved proposal, were to: Determine the rates, mechanisms and products of photodegradation of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites in waters exposed to near UV light, and the influence of DOM type and binding processes on photodegradation. Determine the potential and pathways for biodegradation of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites using a white rot fungus (Pleurotusostreatus) and ADP, and reveal the effect of DOM complexation on these processes. Reveal the major mechanisms of binding of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites to DOM and soil in the presence of DOM, and evaluate the effect of this binding on their photodegradation and/or biodegradation. We determined that LTG undergoes relatively slow photodegradation when exposed to UV light, and that pH affects each of LTG’s ability to absorb UV light, the efficiency of the resulting reaction, and the identities of LTG’sphotoproducts (t½ = 230 to 500 h during summer at latitude 40 °N). We observed that LTG’sphotodegradation is enhanced in the presence of DOM, and hypothesized that LTG undergoes direct reactions with DOM components through nucleophilic substitution reactions. In combination, these data suggest that LTG’s fate and transport in surface waters are controlled by environmental conditions that vary with time and location, potentially affecting the environment and irrigation waters. We determined that P. ostreatusgrows faster in a rich liquid medium (glucose peptone) than on a natural lignocellulosic substrate (cotton stalks) under SSF conditions, but that the overall CBZ removal rate was similar in both media. Different and more varied transformation products formed in the solid state culture, and we hypothesized that CBZ degradation would proceed further when P. ostreatusand the ᵉⁿᶻʸᵐᵃᵗⁱᶜ ᵖʳᵒᶠⁱˡᵉ ʷᵉʳᵉ ᵗᵘⁿᵉᵈ ᵗᵒ ˡⁱᵍⁿⁱⁿ ᵈᵉᵍʳᵃᵈᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ. ᵂᵉ ᵒᵇˢᵉʳᵛᵉᵈ ¹⁴C⁻Cᴼ2 ʳᵉˡᵉᵃˢᵉ ʷʰᵉⁿ ¹⁴C⁻ᶜᵃʳᵇᵒⁿʸˡ⁻ labeled CBZ was used as the substrate in the solid state culture (17.4% of the initial radioactivity after 63 days of incubation), but could not conclude that mineralization had occurred. In comparison, we determined that LTG does not degrade in agricultural soils irrigated with treated wastewater, but that P. ostreatusremoves up to 70% of LTG in a glucose peptone medium. We detected various metabolites, including N-oxides and glycosides, but are still working to determine the degradation pathway. In combination, these data suggest that P. ostreatuscould be an innovative and effective tool for CBZ and LTG remediation in the environment and in wastewater used for irrigation. In batch experiments, we determined that the sorption of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites to agricultural soils was governed mainly by SOM levels. In lysimeter experiments, we also observed LTG and CBZ accumulation in top soil layers enriched with organic matter. However, we detected CBZ and one of its metabolites in rain-fed wheat previously irrigated with treated wastewater, suggesting that their sorption was reversible, and indicating the potential for plant uptake and leaching. Finally, we used macroscale analyses (including adsorption/desorption trials and resin-based separations) with molecular- level characterization by FT-ICR MS to demonstrate the adsorptive fractionation of DOM from composted biosolids by mineral soil. This suggests that changes in soil and organic matter types will influence the extent of LTG and CBZ sorption to agricultural soils, as well as the potential for plant uptake and leaching.
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Peng, Ciyan, Jing Chen, Sini Li, and Jianhe Li. Comparative Efficacy of Chinese Herbal Injections Combined Western medicine for Non-small cell lung cancer: A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis of randomized controlled trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.11.0068.
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Review question / Objective: Advanced lung cancer has become the top malignant tumor in terms of morbidity and mortality, and Chinese herbal injections combined with western drugs have been widely used to treat advanced non-small cell lung cancer. For this purpose, we conducted a Bayesian network analysis to systematically evaluate the efficacy of different herbal injections combined with western drugs in the treatment of NSCLC. Subjects: Patients diagnosed with NSCLC by pathological or cytological examination, locally advanced or those who refused surgical treatment were included, regardless of gender, age, stage, race, nationality and sample size; Interventions: Chinese herbal injections combined with three types of commonly used western drugs (platinum, targeted and immune agents) were used in the experimental group, while the control group was treated with western drugs alone; Study type: to report the efficacy of Chinese herbal injections combined with western drugs in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer efficacy in a randomized controlled trial (rct) Eligible. No restrictions were imposed on language, year of publication, or publication status. Ending indicators: Main ending indicators: (1) disease control rate (DCR), DCR = (complete remission + partial remission + stable)/total number of cases. Efficacy rate = (number of improvement cases + number of stable cases)/total number of cases. (2) Secondary outcome indicators: quality of life, determined according to the KPS behavioral status scale, improvement was defined as an increase of ≥10 points in KPS score after treatment; stability was defined as an increase or decrease of <10 points in KPS score; decline was defined as a decrease of ≥10 points in KPS score. (3) The incidence of adverse reactions, including gastrointestinal reactions, white blood cell (WBC) reduction, hemoglobin (HGB) reduction, platelet (PLT) reduction, etc.
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van Dam, Johannes, and Sherry Hutchinson. Access to treatment for HIV/AIDS: Report of a meeting of international experts. Population Council, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv2002.1000.
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As of December 2001, the number of people living with HIV/AIDS is estimated at 40 million, and most live in the developing world. Advances in the development and availability of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs have led to a paradigm shift in most of the industrialized world, where highly active ARV therapy has resulted in a significant reduction in the prevalence of AIDS-related morbidity and mortality. In most of the developing world, however, the focus of national programs and international support continues to be on prevention and care in the absence of ARV treatment. While the moral imperative to provide the best possible treatment for people with AIDS-related disease is widely recognized, national governments and donors have been reluctant to enter into this endeavor citing numerous concerns. Ministries of health and the international donor community need guidance on developing and implementing effective HIV/AIDS treatment programs. To explore and prioritize operations research questions about access to treatment for HIV/AIDS, the Horizons Program convened a two-day meeting of international researchers and program managers in Washington, DC, on June 12–13, 2001. This report presents the findings and recommendations discussed at the meeting.
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Lehotay, Steven J., and Aviv Amirav. Ultra-Fast Methods and Instrumentation for the Analysis of Hazardous Chemicals in the Food Supply. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699852.bard.
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Original proposal objectives: Our main original goal was to develop ultra-fast methods and instrumentation for the analysis of hazardous chemicals in the food supply. We proposed to extend the QuEChERS approach to veterinary drugs and other contaminants, and conduct fast and ultra-fast analyses using novel 5MB-MS instrumentation, ideally with real samples. Background to the topic: The international trade of agricultural food products is a $1.2 trill ion annual market and growing. Food safety is essential to human health, and chemical residue limits are legislated nationally and internationally. Analytical testing for residues is needed to conduct risk assessments and regulatory enforcement actions to ensure food safety and environmental health, among other important needs. Current monitoring methods are better than ever, but they are still too time-consuming, laborious, and expensive to meet the broad food testing needs of consumers, government, and industry. As a result, costs are high and only a tiny fraction of the food is tested for a limited number of contaminants. We need affordable, ultra-fast methods that attain high quality results for a wide range of chemicals. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: This is the third BARD grant shared between Prof. Amirav and Dr. Lehotay since 2000, and continual analytical improvements have been made in terms of speed, sample throughput, chemical scope, ease-of-use, and quality of results with respect to qualitative (screening and identification) and quantitative factors. The QuEChERS sample preparation approach, which was developed in conjunction with the BARD grant in 2002, has grown to currently become the most common pesticide residue method in the world. BARD funding has been instrumental to help Dr. Lehotay make refinements and expand QuEChERS concepts to additional applications, which has led to the commercialization of QuEChERS products by more than 20 companies worldwide. During the past 3 years, QuEChERS has been applied to multiclass, multiresidue analysis of veterinary drug residues in food animals, and it has been validated and implemented by USDA-FSIS. QuEChERS was also modified and validated for faster, easier, and better analysis of traditional and emerging environmental contaminants in food. Meanwhile, Prof. Amirav has commercialized the GC-MS with 5MB technology and other independent inventions, including the ChromatoProbe with Agilent, Bruker, and FUR Systems. A new method was developed for obtaining truly universal pesticide analysis, based on the use of GC-MS with 5MB. This method and instrument enables faster analysis with lower LaDs for extended range of pesticides and hazardous compounds. A new approach and device of Open Probe Fast GC-MS with 5MB was also developed that enable real time screening of limited number of target pesticides. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: We succeeded in achieving significant improvements in the analysis of hazardous chemicals in the food supply, from easy sample preparation approaches, through sample analysis by advanced new types of GC-MS and LCMS techniques, all the way to improved data analysis by lowering LaD and providing greater confidence in chemical identification. As a result, the combination of the QuEChERS approach, new and superior instrumentation, and the novel monitoring methods that were developed will enable vastly reduced time and cost of analysis, increased analytical scope. and a higher monitoring rate. This provides better enforcement, an added impetus for farmers to use good agricultural practices, improved food safety and security, increased trade. and greater consumer confidence in the food supply.
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Stall, Nathan M., Kevin A. Brown, Antonina Maltsev, Aaron Jones, Andrew P. Costa, Vanessa Allen, Adalsteinn D. Brown, et al. COVID-19 and Ontario’s Long-Term Care Homes. Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47326/ocsat.2021.02.07.1.0.
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Key Message Ontario long-term care (LTC) home residents have experienced disproportionately high morbidity and mortality, both from COVID-19 and from the conditions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. There are several measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes, if implemented. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Third, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by approaches that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19. Summary Background The Province of Ontario has 626 licensed LTC homes and 77,257 long-stay beds; 58% of homes are privately owned, 24% are non-profit/charitable, 16% are municipal. LTC homes were strongly affected during Ontario’s first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Questions What do we know about the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Ontario LTC homes? Which risk factors are associated with COVID-19 outbreaks in Ontario LTC homes and the extent and death rates associated with outbreaks? What has been the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the general health and wellbeing of LTC residents? How has the existing Ontario evidence on COVID-19 in LTC settings been used to support public health interventions and policy changes in these settings? What are the further measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes? Findings As of January 14, 2021, a total of 3,211 Ontario LTC home residents have died of COVID-19, totaling 60.7% of all 5,289 COVID-19 deaths in Ontario to date. There have now been more cumulative LTC home outbreaks during the second wave as compared with the first wave. The infection and death rates among LTC residents have been lower during the second wave, as compared with the first wave, and a greater number of LTC outbreaks have involved only staff infections. The growth rate of SARS-CoV-2 infections among LTC residents was slower during the first two months of the second wave in September and October 2020, as compared with the first wave. However, the growth rate after the two-month mark is comparatively faster during the second wave. The majority of second wave infections and deaths in LTC homes have occurred between December 1, 2020, and January 14, 2021 (most recent date of data extraction prior to publication). This highlights the recent intensification of the COVID-19 pandemic in LTC homes that has mirrored the recent increase in community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 across Ontario. Evidence from Ontario demonstrates that the risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks and subsequent deaths in LTC are distinct from the risk factors for outbreaks and deaths in the community (Figure 1). The most important risk factors for whether a LTC home will experience an outbreak is the daily incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the communities surrounding the home and the occurrence of staff infections. The most important risk factors for the magnitude of an outbreak and the number of resulting resident deaths are older design, chain ownership, and crowding. Figure 1. Anatomy of Outbreaks and Spread of COVID-19 in LTC Homes and Among Residents Figure from Peter Hamilton, personal communication. Many Ontario LTC home residents have experienced severe and potentially irreversible physical, cognitive, psychological, and functional declines as a result of precautionary public health interventions imposed on homes, such as limiting access to general visitors and essential caregivers, resident absences, and group activities. There has also been an increase in the prescribing of psychoactive drugs to Ontario LTC residents. The accumulating evidence on COVID-19 in Ontario’s LTC homes has been leveraged in several ways to support public health interventions and policy during the pandemic. Ontario evidence showed that SARS-CoV-2 infections among LTC staff was associated with subsequent COVID-19 deaths among LTC residents, which motivated a public order to restrict LTC staff from working in more than one LTC home in the first wave. Emerging Ontario evidence on risk factors for LTC home outbreaks and deaths has been incorporated into provincial pandemic surveillance tools. Public health directives now attempt to limit crowding in LTC homes by restricting occupancy to two residents per room. The LTC visitor policy was also revised to designate a maximum of two essential caregivers who can visit residents without time limits, including when a home is experiencing an outbreak. Several further measures could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by measures that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19. Third, LTC homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Other important issues include improved prevention and detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in LTC staff, enhanced infection prevention and control (IPAC) capacity within the LTC homes, a more balanced and nuanced approach to public health measures and IPAC strategies in LTC homes, strategies to promote vaccine acceptance amongst residents and staff, and further improving data collection on LTC homes, residents, staff, visitors and essential caregivers for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic. Interpretation Comparisons of the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in the LTC setting reveal improvement in some but not all epidemiological indicators. Despite this, the second wave is now intensifying within LTC homes and without action we will likely experience a substantial additional loss of life before the widespread administration and time-dependent maximal effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines. The predictors of outbreaks, the spread of infection, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes are well documented and have remained unchanged between the first and the second wave. Some of the evidence on COVID-19 in Ontario’s LTC homes has been effectively leveraged to support public health interventions and policies. Several further measures, if implemented, have the potential to prevent additional LTC home COVID-19 outbreaks and deaths.
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Lehotay, Steven J., and Aviv Amirav. Fast, practical, and effective approach for the analysis of hazardous chemicals in the food supply. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7695587.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Background to the topic: For food safety and security reasons, hundreds of pesticides, veterinary drugs, and environmental pollutants should be monitored in the food supply, but current methods are too time-consuming, laborious, and expensive. As a result, only a tiny fraction of the food is tested for a limited number of contaminants. Original proposal objectives: Our main original goal was to develop fast, practical, and effective new approaches for the analysis of hazardous chemicals in the food supply. We proposed to extend the QuEChERS approach to more pesticides, veterinary drugs and pollutants, further develop GC-MS and LC-MS with SMB and combine QuEChERS with GC-SMB-MS and LC-SMB-EI-MS to provide the “ultimate” approach for the analysis of hazardous chemicals in food. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: The original QuEChERS method was validated for more than 200 pesticide residues in a variety of food crops. For the few basic pesticides for which the method gave lower recoveries, an extensive solvent suitability study was conducted, and a buffering modification was made to improve results for difficult analytes. Furthermore, evaluation of the QuEChERS approach for fatty matrices, including olives and its oil, was performed. The QuEChERS concept was also extended to acrylamide analysis in foods. Other advanced techniques to improve speed, ease, and effectiveness of chemical residue analysis were also successfully developed and/or evaluated, which include: a simple and inexpensive solvent-in-silicone-tube extraction approach for highly sensitive detection of nonpolar pesticides in GC; ruggedness testing of low-pressure GC-MS for 3-fold faster separations; optimization and extensive evaluation of analyte protectants in GC-MS; and use of prototypical commercial automated direct sample introduction devices for GC-MS. GC-MS with SMB was further developed and combined with the Varian 1200 GCMS/ MS system, resulting in a new type of GC-MS with advanced capabilities. Careful attention was given to the subject of GC-MS sensitivity and its LOD for difficult to analyze samples such as thermally labile pesticides or those with weak or no molecular ions, and record low LOD were demonstrated and discussed. The new approach of electron ionization LC-MS with SMB was developed, its key components of sample vaporization nozzle and flythrough ion source were improved and was evaluated with a range of samples, including carbamate pesticides. A new method and software based on IAA were developed and tested on a range of pesticides in agricultural matrices. This IAA method and software in combination with GC-MS and SMB provide extremely high confidence in sample identification. A new type of comprehensive GCxGC (based on flow modulation) was uniquely combined with GC-MS with SMB, and we demonstrated improved pesticide separation and identification in complex agricultural matrices using this novel approach. An improved device for aroma sample collection and introduction (SnifProbe) was further developed and favorably compared with SPME for coffee aroma sampling. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: We succeeded in achieving significant improvements in the analysis of hazardous chemicals in the food supply, from easy sample preparation approaches, through sample analysis by advanced new types of GC-MS and LCMS techniques, all the way to improved data analysis by lowering LOD and providing greater confidence in chemical identification. As a result, the combination of the QuEChERS approach, new and superior instrumentation, and the novel monitoring methods that were developed will enable vastly reduced time and cost of analysis, increased analytical scope, and a higher monitoring rate. This provides better enforcement, an added impetus for farmers to use good agricultural practices, improved food safety and security, increased trade, and greater consumer confidence in the food supply.
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Haynes, Dr Edward, Chris Conyers, Dr Marc Kennedy, Roy Macarthur, Sam McGreig, and Dr John Walshaw. What is the Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Selected Ready-to-Eat Foods? Food Standards Agency, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.bsv485.
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This study was designed to get a broad estimate of the presence and the types of antimicrobial resistance genes across 52 simple ready-to-eat foods. It was also carried out to understand the benefits and drawbacks of using metagenomic sequencing, a fairly new technology, to study AMR genes. An antimicrobial is any substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms. It includes antibiotics which are used to treat bacterial infections in both humans and animals. Given the relevant selective pressures, the bacteria itself can change and find ways to survive the effects of an antimicrobials. This results in the bacteria becoming resistant to the ‘killing’ effects of antimicrobials and is known as ‘antimicrobial resistance’. The more we use antimicrobials and antibiotics and the way that we use them can increase the chance that bacteria will become resistant to antimicrobials. This is important as it can lead to infections that become more difficult to treat with drugs and poses a risk to the public health. T Addressing AMR is a national strategic priority for the UK Government which has led to the development of a new 20-year Vision for AMR and the 5-year National Action Plan (NAP), which runs until 2024. The NAP lays out how the UK will address the AMR challenge and takes a ‘One-Health’ approach which spans people, animals, agriculture, food and the environment. The NAP includes a specific section on the importance of better food safety to limit the contamination of foods and spread of AMR. This section emphasises the need to strengthen the evidence base for AMR and food safety through research, surveillance and promoting good practice across the food chain. The FSA is playing its part by continuing to fill evidence gaps on the role that food plays in AMR through the commissioning of research and surveillance. We are also promoting and improving UK food hygiene (‘4Cs’ messages) across the food chain that will help reduce exposure to AMR bacteria.
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Idakwo, Gabriel, Sundar Thangapandian, Joseph Luttrell, Zhaoxian Zhou, Chaoyang Zhang, and Ping Gong. Deep learning-based structure-activity relationship modeling for multi-category toxicity classification : a case study of 10K Tox21 chemicals with high-throughput cell-based androgen receptor bioassay data. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41302.
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Deep learning (DL) has attracted the attention of computational toxicologists as it offers a potentially greater power for in silico predictive toxicology than existing shallow learning algorithms. However, contradicting reports have been documented. To further explore the advantages of DL over shallow learning, we conducted this case study using two cell-based androgen receptor (AR) activity datasets with 10K chemicals generated from the Tox21 program. A nested double-loop cross-validation approach was adopted along with a stratified sampling strategy for partitioning chemicals of multiple AR activity classes (i.e., agonist, antagonist, inactive, and inconclusive) at the same distribution rates amongst the training, validation and test subsets. Deep neural networks (DNN) and random forest (RF), representing deep and shallow learning algorithms, respectively, were chosen to carry out structure-activity relationship-based chemical toxicity prediction. Results suggest that DNN significantly outperformed RF (p < 0.001, ANOVA) by 22–27% for four metrics (precision, recall, F-measure, and AUPRC) and by 11% for another (AUROC). Further in-depth analyses of chemical scaffolding shed insights on structural alerts for AR agonists/antagonists and inactive/inconclusive compounds, which may aid in future drug discovery and improvement of toxicity prediction modeling.
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James, Christian, Stephen J. James, Bukola A. Onarinde, Ronald A. Dixon, and Nicola Williams. Critical review of AMR risks arising as a consequence of using biocides and certain heavy metals in food animal production. Food Standards Agency, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ich936.
Full textAbstract:
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the resistance of a microorganism to an antimicrobial agent (a substance that kills or stops the growth of microorganisms) that was originally effective for treatment of infections caused by it. As a result standard antimicrobial drug treatments may become ineffective, lead to infections persisting, increasing the risk of spread to others, and negative clinical outcomes. AMR is a major public health issue worldwide and it is estimated that unless action is taken to tackle AMR, the global impact of AMR could be 10 million deaths annually from drug-resistant infections by 2050 and cost up to US $100 trillion in terms of cumulative lost global production (O’Neill, 2016). Addressing the public health threat posed by AMR is a national strategic priority for the UK and led to the Government publishing both a 20-year vision of AMR (Opens in a new window) and a 5-year (2019 to 2024) AMR National Action Plan (NAP) (Opens in a new window), which sets out actions to slow the development and spread of AMR. Intensive food animal production plays an important role in the development and spread of AMR and is one of many routes by which consumers can be exposed to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. This review was carried out to help increase our understanding of whether, and to what extent, the use of biocides (disinfectants and sanitisers) and heavy metals (used in feed and other uses) in animal production leads to the development and spread of AMR within the food chain (a subject highlighted in the NAP). Whether this could potentially lead to greater consumer exposure to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria present in our food, either directly through consumption of foods derived from animals that have undergone treatment (for example from the use of heavy metals in animal feed) or indirectly (for example from exposure of crops to contaminated soil or ground water) is not known. Focused searching of three literature databases (Web of Science (Opens in a new window), Scopus (Opens in a new window), and MEDLINE (Opens in a new window)) was undertaken, supplemented by additional records identified through other sources. Due to the range of publications identified and different laboratory methodologies used in these studies no statistical analysis was possible, so instead, a narrative approach was taken to their review and to the review of supplementary materials. We conclude that there is published evidence that the release of chemicals like biocides (in particular disinfectants) and/or heavy metals from food animal production have the potential to contribute to the selection, emergence, and spread of AMR (as bacteria or genes) that could be acquired by consumers, and that this could present a potential risk to the consumer as a result. The published evidence is sparse and there are significant knowledge gaps (as detailed in this report). Currently there are insufficient data for a comprehensive and quantitative assessment of risk, and a need for focussed in-field studies (as detailed in this report) to be carried out to fill these knowledge gaps and confirm whether there is an actual risk.
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Willis, C., F. Jorgensen, S. A. Cawthraw, H. Aird, S. Lai, M. Chattaway, I. Lock, E. Quill, and G. Raykova. A survey of Salmonella, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and antimicrobial resistance in frozen, part-cooked, breaded or battered poultry products on retail sale in the United Kingdom. Food Standards Agency, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.xvu389.
Full textAbstract:
Frozen, breaded, ready-to-cook chicken products have been implicated in outbreaks of salmonellosis. Some of these outbreaks can be large. For example, one outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis involved 193 people in nine countries between 2018 and 2020, of which 122 cases were in the UK. These ready-to-cook products have a browned, cooked external appearance, which may be perceived as ready-to-eat, leading to mishandling or undercooking by consumers. Continuing concerns about these products led FSA to initiate a short-term (four month), cross-sectional surveillance study undertaken in 2021 to determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in frozen, breaded or battered chicken products on retail sale in the UK. This study sought to obtain data on AMR levels in Salmonella and E. coli in these products, in line with a number of other FSA instigated studies of the incidence and nature of AMR in the UK food chain, for example, the systematic review (2016). Between the beginning of April and the end of July 2021, 310 samples of frozen, breaded or battered chicken products containing either raw or partly cooked chicken, were collected using representative sampling of retailers in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland based on market share data. Samples included domestically produced and imported chicken products and were tested for E. coli (including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing, colistin-resistant and carbapenem-resistant E. coli) and Salmonella spp. One isolate of each bacterial type from each contaminated sample was randomly selected for additional AMR testing to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for a range of antimicrobials. More detailed analysis based on Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) data was used to further characterise Salmonella spp. isolates and allow the identification of potential links with human isolates. Salmonella spp. were detected in 5 (1.6%) of the 310 samples and identified as Salmonella Infantis (in three samples) and S. Java (in two samples). One of the S. Infantis isolates fell into the same genetic cluster as S. Infantis isolates from three recent human cases of infection; the second fell into another cluster containing two recent cases of infection. Countries of origin recorded on the packaging of the five Salmonella contaminated samples were Hungary (n=1), Ireland (n=2) and the UK (n=2). One S. Infantis isolate was multi-drug resistant (i.e. resistant to three different classes of antimicrobials), while the other Salmonella isolates were each resistant to at least one of the classes of antimicrobials tested. E. coli was detected in 113 samples (36.4%), with counts ranging from <3 to >1100 MPN (Most Probable Number)/g. Almost half of the E. coli isolates (44.5%) were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested. Multi-drug resistance was detected in 20.0% of E. coli isolates. E. coli isolates demonstrating the ESBL (but not AmpC) phenotype were detected in 15 of the 310 samples (4.8%) and the AmpC phenotype alone was detected in two of the 310 samples (0.6%) of chicken samples. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) testing showed that five of the 15 (33.3%) ESBL-producing E. coli carried blaCTX-M genes (CTX-M-1, CTX-M-55 or CTX-M-15), which confer resistance to third generation cephalosporin antimicrobials. One E. coli isolate demonstrated resistance to colistin and was found to possess the mcr-1 gene. The five Salmonella-positive samples recovered from this study, and 20 similar Salmonella-positive samples from a previous UKHSA (2020/2021) study (which had been stored frozen), were subjected to the cooking procedures described on the sample product packaging for fan assisted ovens. No Salmonella were detected in any of these 25 samples after cooking. The current survey provides evidence of the presence of Salmonella in frozen, breaded and battered chicken products in the UK food chain, although at a considerably lower incidence than reported in an earlier (2020/2021) study carried out by PHE/UKHSA as part of an outbreak investigation where Salmonella prevalence was found to be 8.8%. The current survey also provides data on the prevalence of specified AMR bacteria found in the tested chicken products on retail sale in the UK. It will contribute to monitoring trends in AMR prevalence over time within the UK, support comparisons with data from other countries, and provide a baseline against which to monitor the impact of future interventions. While AMR activity was observed in some of the E. coli and Salmonella spp. examined in this study, the risk of acquiring AMR bacteria from consumption of these processed chicken products is low if the products are cooked thoroughly and handled hygienically.