Academic literature on the topic 'Drugs – Costs – Australia'
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Journal articles on the topic "Drugs – Costs – Australia"
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Westbrook, J. I., A. E. Duggan, and J. H. McIntosh. "Prescriptions for antiulcer drugs in Australia: volume, trends, and costs." BMJ 323, no. 7325 (December 8, 2001): 1338–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7325.1338.
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Donovan, Peter J., Donald S. A. McLeod, Richard Little, and Louisa Gordon. "Cost–utility analysis comparing radioactive iodine, anti-thyroid drugs and total thyroidectomy for primary treatment of Graves’ disease." European Journal of Endocrinology 175, no. 6 (December 2016): 595–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-16-0527.
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Objective Little data is in existence about the most cost-effective primary treatment for Graves’ disease. We performed a cost–utility analysis comparing radioactive iodine (RAI), anti-thyroid drugs (ATD) and total thyroidectomy (TT) as first-line therapy for Graves’ disease in England and Australia. Methods We used a Markov model to compare lifetime costs and benefits (quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs)). The model included efficacy, rates of relapse and major complications associated with each treatment, and alternative second-line therapies. Model parameters were obtained from published literature. One-way sensitivity analyses were conducted. Costs were presented in 2015£ or Australian Dollars (AUD). Results RAI was the least expensive therapy in both England (£5425; QALYs 34.73) and Australia (AUD5601; 30.97 QALYs). In base case results, in both countries, ATD was a cost-effective alternative to RAI (£16 866; 35.17 QALYs; incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) £26 279 per QALY gained England; AUD8924; 31.37 QALYs; ICER AUD9687 per QALY gained Australia), while RAI dominated TT (£7115; QALYs 33.93 England; AUD15 668; 30.25 QALYs Australia). In sensitivity analysis, base case results were stable to changes in most cost, transition probabilities and health-relative quality-of-life (HRQoL) weights; however, in England, the results were sensitive to changes in the HRQoL weights of hypothyroidism and euthyroidism on ATD. Conclusions In this analysis, RAI is the least expensive choice for first-line treatment strategy for Graves’ disease. In England and Australia, ATD is likely to be a cost-effective alternative, while TT is unlikely to be cost-effective. Further research into HRQoL in Graves’ disease could improve the quality of future studies.
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Marks, Robert E. "The Costs of Australian Drug Policy." Journal of Drug Issues 22, no. 3 (July 1992): 535–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269202200306.
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Despite seventy years of increasing restrictions, and in the case of heroin almost forty years of absolute prohibition, by all measures the consumption of illegal drugs in Australia has continued to grow. Despite — or perhaps because of — these policies, the costs of enforcement borne by the taxpayer and other costs borne by residents at large have continued to grow. The AIDS epidemic exposed injecting drug users (IDUs) and their partners to the risk of HIV infection, a further cost, but it has encouraged discussion of the effectiveness of the existing policy and the feasibility of alternatives. This study is an attempt to put dollar amounts on these costs, and to estimate how they would change under an alternative policy of drug use regulation. We argue that the recent Cleeland Report underestimates the true costs of the law enforcement against illicit drug use by a factor of at least two. We estimate a total annual cost of existing drug laws in 1987–88 to Australia of $950 million, as well as forced transfers of $656 million.
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Hollingworth, Samantha A., Dan J. Siskind, Lisa M. Nissen, Maxine Robinson, and Wayne D. Hall. "Patterns of Antipsychotic Medication Use in Australia 2002–2007." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 44, no. 4 (April 2010): 372–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048670903489890.
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Objective: Atypical antipsychotic medications that are primarily used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder cost the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) AUD$334.4m in 2007. There are indications that they have also been used outside the approved indications to treat behavioural disturbances in the elderly. The aim of the present study was therefore to examine (i) trends in prescribing of subsidized atypical antipsychotic drugs in the Australian population from 2002 to 2007; and (ii) gender and age differences in the utilization of these drugs. Methods: Government (Medicare Australia) data on numbers of prescriptions, quantity and doses for atypical and typical antipsychotics from 2002 to 2007 were analysed. Defined daily dose per 1000 population per day were estimated for age and sex groups using Australian Bureau of Statistics population data. Results: The proportion of prescribed antipsychotics that were atypical increased from 61% in 2002 to 77% in 2007. In male subjects, olanzapine was most often prescribed between the ages of 25 and 55 years. In female subjects, in contrast, the highest rates of prescribing were in those ≥75 years. Lower doses of these drugs were prescribed in older adults. Conclusions: Atypical antipsychotic drugs were most commonly used to treat schizophrenia in younger men and behavioural disturbances in older women with dementia. They appear to have been used outside of the approved indication for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with significant financial costs to the PBS. Research into the reasons for their extensive use in elderly women is needed to inform more rational prescribing of these medicines.
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Taylor, Myra F., Ruth Marquis, David Coall, and Celia Wilkinson. "Substance Misuse–Related Parental Child Maltreatment." Journal of Drug Issues 47, no. 2 (December 27, 2016): 241–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022042616683670.
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In Australia, children removed from the parental home because substance use–related child maltreatment issues are commonly placed in grandparent custodial care; however, the longer term relational costs of this approach have yet to be determined. Conventional, summative, and directive content analyses were conducted on data extracted from 88 Australian custodial grandparent completed Grandcarer Needs, Wellbeing and Health Surveys. Conventional analysis revealed the most common reason grandparents gave for their assumption of custodial care was drug use–related acts of parental child maltreatment. Summative analysis revealed antidepressants, marijuana, Valium, ice, and amphetamines were the most commonly used parental drugs and that these drugs were frequently used in combination with dexamphetamine, antipsychotics, heroin, ecstasy, and cocaine. Directed analysis contextualized the strain that drug use–related custodial caregiving places on grandparents’ financial resources, and how this strain is burdensome when the grandparents’ annual income is less than Aus$80,000. It also contextualizes the need for future research to explore family reunification desires/barriers.
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Hall, Wayne. "The Australian Debate about the Legalization of Heroin and other Illicit Drugs, 1988–1991." Journal of Drug Issues 22, no. 3 (July 1992): 563–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269202200308.
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Since 1988 a number of public figures in Australia have argued that prohibitions on the use of cannabis, cocaine, and heroin should be relaxed because current drug policies do not reflect the comparative risks of licit and illicit drug use, and many of the social costs of illicit drug use are consequences of prohibition. They have advocated a variety of proposals for reforming drug policy. Proponents of “controlled availability” have proposed that currently illegal drugs should be provided under medical supervision to persons who are dependent on them. Critics concerned about the social costs of drug policies have advocated policies to undercut the black market by increasing the availability of currently illicit drugs. The mechanisms proposed for achieving this end have included de facto and de jure decriminalization of drug use, and the provision of currently illicit drugs to licensed adults by a government monopoly. Despite a vigorous debate, drug policies have not changed because reformers have failed to convince the public that their policies will not increase the use of illicit drugs, and hence the prevalence of drug dependence and drug-related problems.
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Lamy, Andre, Eva Lonn, Wesley Tong, Balakumar Swaminathan, Hyejung Jung, Amiram Gafni, Jackie Bosch, and Salim Yusuf. "The cost implication of primary prevention in the HOPE 3 trial." European Heart Journal - Quality of Care and Clinical Outcomes 5, no. 3 (January 17, 2019): 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehjqcco/qcz001.
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Abstract Aims The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation-3 (HOPE-3) found that rosuvastatin alone or with candesartan and hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) (in a subgroup with hypertension) significantly lowered cardiovascular events compared with placebo in 12 705 individuals from 21 countries at intermediate risk and without cardiovascular disease. We assessed the costs implications of implementation in primary prevention in countries at different economic levels. Methods and results Hospitalizations, procedures, study and non-study medications were documented. We applied country-specific costs to the healthcare resources consumed for each patient. We calculated the average cost per patient in US dollars for the duration of the study (5.6 years). Sensitivity analyses were also performed with cheapest equivalent substitutes. The combination of rosuvastatin with candesartan/HCT reduced total costs and was a cost-saving strategy in United States, Canada, Europe, and Australia. In contrast, the treatments were more expensive in developing countries even when cheapest equivalent substitutes were used. After adjustment for gross domestic product (GDP), the costs of cheapest equivalent substitutes in proportion to the health care costs were higher in developing countries in comparison to developed countries. Conclusion Rosuvastatin and candesartan/HCT in primary prevention is a cost-saving approach in developed countries, but not in developing countries as both drugs and their cheapest equivalent substitutes are relatively more expensive despite adjustment by GDP. Reductions in costs of these drugs in developing countries are essential to make statins and blood pressure lowering drugs affordable and ensure their use. Clinical trial registration HOPE-3 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00468923.
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Almutairi, K., J. Nossent, D. Preen, H. Keen, and C. Inderjeeth. "POS0632 THE LONGITUDINAL ASSOCIATIONS OF METHOTREXATE AND BIOLOGIC USE ON HOSPITAL ADMISSION FOR RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS PATIENTS IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA POPULATION (1995- 2014)." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (May 19, 2021): 554.1–554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.3230.
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Background:Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) carries a substantial burden for patients and society in terms of morbidity, enduring disability, and costs [1]. The Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) has subsidised biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (B-DMARDs) since 2003 [2].Objectives:We examined the impact of B-DMARDs availability on RA hospitalisation rate in the Western Australia (WA) population pre- and post- B-DMARDs introduction to the PBS (1995-2002 and 2003-2014).Methods:Population PBS dispensing data for WA of DMARD were obtained and converted to defined daily doses (DDD)/1000 population/day using the WA population census. RA inpatient records were extracted from the WA Hospital Morbidity Data Collection using ICD-9 codes 714 and ICD-10 codes M05.00–M06.99). Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to determine the relationship between DMARDs use and RA hospital admission rates.Results:There was a total of 17,125 patients who had 50,353 admissions with a diagnostic code for RA during the study period. DMARD use for RA rose from 1.45 to 3.19 DDD/1000 population/day over 1995-2014 (Figure 1). In 1995-2002, the number of RA admissions fell from 7.9 to 2.6 per 1000 hospital separations, then dropped further from 2.9 to 1.9 per 1000 hospital separations in 2003-2014. Based on PCA analysis, conventional DMARDs (methotrexate) and B-DMARDs dispensing had an inverse association with hospital admissions for RA.Conclusion:The increased availability of conventional and biological DMARDs for RA was associated with a significant decline in hospital admissions for RA patients in WA.References:[1]Boonen A, Severens JL (2011) The burden of illness of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 30:3-8.[2]Medicare Australia (2020) Pharmaceutical Benefits Schedule statistics. http://medicarestatistics.humanservices.gov.au/statistics/pbs_item.jsp.Figure 1.The hospital separations and total drugs use patterns of RA in 1995-2014 in Western Australia.Acknowledgements:Supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program PhD Scholarship at the University of Western Australia.Disclosure of Interests:Khalid Almutairi: None declared, Johannes Nossent Speakers bureau: Janssen, David Preen: None declared, Helen Keen Speakers bureau: Pfizer Australia, Abbvie Australia, Charles Inderjeeth Speakers bureau: bureau: Eli Lilly
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Areda, Camila Alves, Roni Cléber Bonizio, and Osvaldo de Freitas. "Pharmacoeconomy: an indispensable tool for the rationalization of health costs." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 47, no. 2 (June 2011): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502011000200004.
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Due to the considerable increase in public expenditure with health issues, mainly regarding drugs, several countries, including Australia and England, have already implemented, or are in the process of discussing the adoption of measures to ensure the quality of health care provided to the population. One of the less harmful strategies, rarely used in Brazil, is the adoption of economic techniques applied to health, more specifically, pharmacoeconomic analysis. This paper aims to contribute to the dissemination of concepts and techniques of economic analysis with a view to incorporate these into policy decisions of expenditure rationalization and the search for clinical efficiency. It includes a literature review covering the types of costs and benefits in health issues, the methodologies of pharmacoeconomic analysis, cost-minimization, cost-benefits, cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis, as well as its main characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and applicability.
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Suh, Guk-Hee, Anders Wimo, Serge Gauthier, Daniel O'Connor, Manabu Ikeda, Akira Homma, Jacqueline Dominguez, and Bong-Min Yang. "International price comparisons of Alzheimer's drugs: a way to close the affordability gap." International Psychogeriatrics 21, no. 6 (September 8, 2009): 1116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104161020999086x.
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ABSTRACTBackground: Alzheimer's drugs are believed to have limited availability and to be unaffordable in low- and middle-income countries compared to high-income countries. The price, availability and affordability of Alzheimer's drugs have not been reported before.Methods: During 2007 an international survey was conducted in 21 countries in six continents (Argentina, Australia, Brazil, the Dominican Republic, France, India, Japan, Macedonia, Mexico, New Zealand, Nigeria, the Philippines, Portugal, Serbia, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Uganda, the U.K. and the U.S.A.). Prices of Alzheimer's drugs were compared using the affordability index (the total number of units purchasable with one's daily income) derived from purchasing power parity (PPP) converted prices as well as raw prices.Results: Donepezil is available in all 21 countries, whereas the newer drugs are less available. A 5 mg tablet of branded originator donepezil costs just US$0.26 in India and US$0.31 in Mexico, whereas it costs US$6.64 in the U.S.A. Pricing conditions of rivastigmine, galantamine and memantine appear to be similar to that of donepezil. The cheapest branded originators are from India and Mexico. However, in terms of PPP, Alzheimer's drugs in other low- and middle-income countries are much more expensive than in high-income countries. Most people in low- and middle-income countries cannot afford Alzheimer's drugs.Conclusions: Alzheimer's drugs, albeit available, are often unaffordable for those who need them most. It is hoped that equitable differential pricing will be applied to Alzheimer's drugs.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Drugs – Costs – Australia"
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Lu, Christine Yi-Ju Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "An examination of systems of access to important high cost medicines: a critical analysis of the nationally subsidised scheme of access to tumour necrosis factor inhibitors in Australia." 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40579.
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Background: Access to " high-cost medicines" under Australia's Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) is characterised by strict eligibility criteria. The PBS access scheme for the anti-rheumatic biologicals (etanercept, infliximab, and adalimumab) was examined for concordance with Australia?s National Medicines Policy. Methods: Semi-structured interviews with a range of stakeholders were conducted. National, aggregated prescription and expenditure data from Medicare Australia and dispensing data from the Drug Utilisation Sub-Committee were analysed. Access to biologicals was also examined from an ethical perspective. Results: Interviewees agreed that controlled access to high-cost medicines was broadly equitable and practical but specific concerns included: timeliness of access; bureaucracy of the process; contentious cases of individual patients being denied access; insufficient patient information; the quantum of resources required to administer the access scheme; inadequate stakeholder consultation. The access requirement of a history of failure of conventional anti-rheumatic drugs was supported. Recommendations included proactive review of the access criteria and outcomes; greater transparency and formal stakeholder involvement to increase public confidence in the definition of " target patient population" and a formal appeal mechanism to increase the fairness and accountability of the PBS. Establishment of an appeal mechanism is supported by " accountability for reasonableness" framework grounded in procedural justice. Data needed to examine the health outcomes associated with the use of biologicals on a national level was not easily available. This shortcoming is discordant with National Medicines Policy. Utilisation of biologicals over the first two years of PBS-subsidy was conservative but with considerable variability across States and Territories (an 8-fold difference between the jurisdictions), usage roughly correlating with access to rheumatologists. Introduction of PBS-subsidised biologicals did not alter the trends in utilisation of non-biological anti-rheumatic drugs. Conclusions: This research suggests that policy-makers focus upon: explicitly considering ethical principles and formally involving stakeholders when developing policies on access to high-cost medicines; improving communication and providing information based on increased transparency; and establishing formal mechanisms for review of and appeals against PBS decisions. The comprehensive evaluation of medicine use and outcomes post-subsidy is critical for the future of the PBS. The National Medicines Policy has proved a useful framework for evaluating this access scheme.
Books on the topic "Drugs – Costs – Australia"
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Collins, David J. The social costs of drug abuse in Australia in 1988 and 1992. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1996.
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Schweitzer, Stuart O., and Z. John Lu. Economic Evaluation of New Drugs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190623784.003.0009.
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As a result of new cost-containment incentives found in both public and private healthcare plans, providers and insurers are subjecting new healthcare services, and especially pharmaceuticals, to evaluations in which costs and benefits are explicitly compared. Collectively, this body of work is referred to as health technology assessment. This chapter discusses in detail the three methodologies most frequently utilized in HTA: cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, and cost-utility analysis. The appropriate roles for each of these approaches and examples of their applications in several influential HTA organizations around the world are elaborated, including the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence in the UK, the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee in Australia, and the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. The history and current state of HTA in the United States is also examined in the chapter.
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Financial management: Australia's Finance Information on Resource Management (FIRM) system and lessons learned. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Drugs – Costs – Australia"
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Lynch, Kate, Daniel T. H. Lai, and Rezaul Begg. "Detection of Gait Patterns in Challenging Environments." In Encyclopedia of Healthcare Information Systems, 425–33. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-889-5.ch054.
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One in three individuals over the age of 65 years (elderly) will fall at least once a year (James, 1993). This probability increases to one in two adults over 80 years (DHA, 2005). Consequently, gait modifications associated with ageing have been linked with increased falls’ probability (Berg, Alessio, Mills, & Tong, 1997; Lord, Sherrington, & Menz, 2001). Despite an increasing research interest in recent times into the aetiology of falls, particularly in the elderly (>65 years), falls continue to be a major public health concern in Australia and worldwide. Fall-related injuries are the leading cause of accidental death in the elderly population, and account for the largest cause of hospitalisation for this population (Lord et al., 2001), with many elderly individuals experiencing physical, social, or functional ramifications following a fall. Consequently, the economic cost of falls to the public health system is escalating, with the total cost of fall injuries reported to be higher than road traffic injuries (DOH, 2004). The majority of falls associated costs include physician consultation, hospital stays, nursing homecare, rehabilitation, medical equipment, home modification and care, community based services, and prescription drugs and administration (DOH, 2004; Lord et al., 2001). Healthcare and related costs associated with falls are expected to double over the next 50 years (Close & Lord, 2006).
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Lin, Chad, and Geoffrey Jalleh. "Key Issues and Challenges for Managing and Evaluating B2B E-Commerce Projects within the Australian Pharmaceutical Supply Chain." In Pharmacoinformatics and Drug Discovery Technologies, 54–71. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0309-7.ch005.
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The use of Business-to-Business (B2B) e-commerce within the Australian pharmaceutical supply chain can potentially assist in setting up an infrastructure which supports complex, multiparty Internet-based trading and transactions among pharmaceutical manufacturers, wholesalers, hospitals, pharmacies, medical supply importers and exporters, and other players in the healthcare system. Effective use of B2B e-commerce can help these organizations reduce costs in supplying and distributing medicines and other medical-related products to the general public. However, despite high expectations for realizing the benefits of B2B e-commerce in the pharmaceutical supply chain, issues surrounding its evaluation and management remain poorly understood and relatively under-researched. This chapter presents case study findings on key management and evaluation issues and challenges in adopting and utilizing B2B e-commerce systems on eight pharmaceutical organizations in Australia. The key objectives of this study are: (1) to establish current practices and norms in evaluating B2B e-commerce investments and projects in the pharmaceutical industry; and (2) to identify key B2B e-commerce management issues and challenges within the Australian pharmaceutical supply chain. A key contribution of this chapter is the identification and examination of key issues and challenges faced by the pharmaceutical organizations undertaking B2B e-commerce activities within their supply chain. The findings will guide senior executives in these organizations to develop their own approaches or strategies to manage the opportunities and threats that exist in the Australian pharmaceutical supply chain.
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Rastogi, Avnish. "New Payment Models and Big Data Analytics." In Encyclopedia of Business Analytics and Optimization, 1622–36. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5202-6.ch145.
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It has been fascinating to watch how American healthcare delivery system is going through a paradigm shift to meet new government mandates and bend the care delivery cost curve. For years, US health care system has been fragmented and falling short on quality, outcomes, costs, and lacking framework to support care continuum. According to the study conducted by National Research Council and the Institute of Medicine, for many years, US population has been dying at the younger age than population with similar characteristics in other countries such as Canada, Australia and Japan. When compared with the peer countries, US Population did worse in health areas such as drug related deaths, obesity, chronic diseases, disability, etc. (Institute of Medicine of the National Academics. 2013 in, U.S Health in International Perspective Shorter Lives, Poorer Health.)