Journal articles on the topic 'Drug trafficking- India'

India‟s proximity to two of the world‟s largest producers of opium and synthetic drugs and its large pharmaceutical base has made the country not only a conduit but also a source for drug trafficking. This illegal movement of narcotics and drugs pose significant threats to national security: breach of security of the international borders and the country, money generated by the sale of drugs and narcotics are used for terror funding and criminal groups engaged in drug trafficking develop nexus with terror networks. The trends and patterns of drug trafficking in the country demonstrate that there has been a gradual shift from traditional/natural drugs towards synthetic drugs that are being trafficked and consumed in the country. The paper analyses the steps taken by the State to curb the process and its effectiveness so far.

The post-cold war world has become susceptible to multiple non-traditional security threats that are no less formidable than the traditional security threats. Drug trafficking poses one such serious non-traditional security threat and drug abuse provides its fuel. Not only do the drugs destroy the very fabric of human resource in a region where trafficking operates and thereby reduces communities to hollow card-boxes, but such trafficking also generates loads of dirty money which fosters the growth of non-State actors engaged in subversive activities. This article argues that following the fall of the erstwhile Soviet empire, the entire Central Asia region has become a hotbed of such non-traditional security threats which is being nourished by an enormous demand for drug abuse in Russia and the scenario spells trouble for India as well. The article also contemplates a constructive role for Russia in this regard.

The study was to explore the contribution of Ghana-UK collaboration to the combat of drug trafficking in Ghana. The study used a qualitative and exploratory design of which respondents from the national security, airport immigration and narcotics were selected purposively. Interview guide was used as a data collection instrument. Furthermore, the interviews recorded were transcribed verbatim, coded and edited, the data were analyzed using thematic analysis and presented in themes based on the research objectives. The study found that cocaine, heroin, India hemp or marijuana, “codeine”, and benelin syrup mixed with codeine are the main drugs that are trafficked in and out of the country. Drug peddlers normally trafficked drugs by concealing it in luggage, swallowing, incision in the anus, putting them in some foodstuffs, cargo and others. Poverty, wish to amass wealth or fame, as well as high unemployment rate, were the factors that triggered drug trafficking. Also, the prospects show that none of the two countries could have been able to better address the problem of drug trafficking without this collaboration between them. Financial constraints, equipment, short of staff and skilled workers, an attitude of workers, administrative issues, condition of services, among others, serve as the main challenges confronted in the quest to combat drug trafficking in Ghana. Therefore, the study recommended that the Government of Ghana continue with the agreement or collaboration with the UK since it has advice in combating of drug trafficking. Also, in partnership with the national security, the government of Ghana should improve upon the condition of service and find a better way to motivate the workers for them to give out their best to help combat drug trafficking

Drug Addiction is a very severe problem in the Indian region which is affecting all aspects of the society. It has received greater attention in recent times due to the proliferating magnitude of the problem and the changing trends in usage of drugs particularly in youth. Drugs have started breeding their own sub-culture, which has its own norms, values, behaviour and symbols. This problem deteriorates an individual’s health and happiness of an individual, the family, the community and the society. Today, there is no part of the world that is free from the curse of drug trafficking and drug addiction. Drug Addiction is not confined to a single person or region. Its number could be varied and found in any age, gender, ethnicity, social class or religion. As a matter of fact, the tentacles of drug addiction have spread world widely covering every country in the world. There are various factors like peer pressure, masses high aspirations, unemployment and changing societal order are continuously enhancing this particular menace. The present study therefore aims to study the distinctive consequences behind the problem of drug addiction which impacts the masses physically, psychologically, economically and socially. It also manifests some possible solutions that could be taken by family, community, friends and society to eradicate this problem. Keywords: Drug Addiction, Drug Abuse, Drug Usage, Impacts of Drugs.

Indian sea route are an easy target for smuggling and conducting of anti-national activities. Mumbai port which is the largest port in India has been a place for terrorism activities since a long time, the 26/attack which is regarded as the deadliest terrorist attack, India has ever experience, the terrorist had enter India through sea port , since 1960s the business of smuggling of gold , drugs and other luxury items is going on between Dubai to Mumbai to Gujarat . Smuggling of items like fuel, textile happening through different states. Illegal fishing is also very common, In fact after the lockdown, many states have brought in new rules and regulation in their fisheries culture /sector, even the government has introduced schemes and is investing a lot . There are many agencies and ministries at the local, state and center to coordinate among different committees and stakeholders and increase the manpower. The eastern and the western coast share their water border with several countries which support criminal activities in the region. Most of the illegal migrant enter India and leave India through these ports for instances cases of Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. India needs to strengthen its coastal security across the country. Keywords: Coastal security, sea roots, smuggling, drug trafficking, fisheries sector, 26/11 attack

Illegal production of potentially hazardous narcotics as well as various psychotropic drugs is being carried out in the neighbouring countries and international market which is causing narco-terrorism a global havoc. Compared with traditional/natural drugs the synthetic drugs are more smuggled nowadays. Because of the vulnerability of the borders to drug trafficking, India has increased surveillance at borders and coasts and thus has tackled the problem to some extent. Authors developing a Narcotic drug sensor (point sensor) for detection and identification of Narcotic drugs based on Laser Induced Fluorescence more specifically Synchronous Fluorescence Spectroscopy in an effort. Some narcotic samples viz. Caffeine, Quinine and Tramadol were considered for the study. The fluorescence spectrum was studied using our own laboratory-based sensor incorporating charge coupled device-based Spectrometer and Laser source (266 nm wavelength) and commercial system from ‘Horiba Scientific’ incorporating Photomultiplier tube and Xe lamp source.

Prescription medicines, such as analgesics, stimulants, steroids, anti-depressants, psychotropics, and certain antibiotics are commonly mishandled in a variety of ways, including overdosing, abuse, diversion, and drug trafficking. Because of the considerable risk to public health, they are subject to strict regulatory oversight. The drugs possess abuse potential at specific dose and hence prone to abuse therefore they are categorized as Controlled substances. Therefore, they are subject to constant vigilance over the pharmaceutical supply chain. The complete clinical data as well as post marketing surveillance study of such drugs are critical to be in place as per the regulatory requirements. The countries have kept up with the times by constantly updating the system with regulatory laws and strategies to prevent cases of misuse. The current review will give a quick summary of how prescription medications and prohibited substances are regulated in the United States, Europe, and India. It will also emphasize current trends in drug usage, as well as the issues that these countries face and the preventive policies implemented to manage and prevent drug misuse. It will also make recommendations for new regulatory initiatives to address the current drug- misuse-related concerns. As a result, a review of the regulatory system in various countries will present current challenges and new lessons for countries around the globe.

Due to rampant unemployment, the youth does not hesitate in engaging themselves in any work/job from where they can earn their livelihood. The underground trade of drug trafficking, drug peddling, and drug abuse is prevalent in this part of India for decades. This illicit trade affects the economy of the State and causes the physical, social, and mental degeneration of the persons consuming it. Recently about 150 people were affected after consuming illicit distilled spurious liquor in the Majha region of Punjab, and more than 100 people died due to it. Some of the cases were admitted to the hospital attached to Government Medical College, Amritsar. Out of these admitted cases, few of them succumbed to poisoning whose Forensic autopsies were conducted by the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, GMC, Amritsar. The meticulous autopsy findings and the scientific interpretation of the analysis of the detected methanol alone or along with ethyl alcohol reported by the chemical examiner to Punjab government led to the establishment of a definite cause of death which helped the investigating agencies in apprehending the people involved in these criminal activities.

The drug trafficking problem in Rajasthan is quite common as Rajasthan is the largest state in India, and many international and interstate borders surround it. Illicit traffickers can add unlimited diluents and adulterants to heroin. Only 5% or less than that alkaloid is present; the rest is of diluents and adulterants. Adulterants can associate with a significant risk of overdose, which may lead to death due to severe poisoning. Thus, the purity of drugs may vary, and the presence and percentage of diluents and adulterants depend on the region. The present article aims to identify and separate diluents and adulterants from diacetylmorphine drug samples. The illicit drug samples were deposited for investigations in the narcotics division of the state forensic science laboratory, Jaipur. During studies, sophisticated instruments like GCMS confirmed the preliminary results obtained from TLC and color tests. The variety and quantity of adulterants and diluents differ in all the samples, but the pattern is similar. The extensive and widespread cutting agent of illicit drugs used to analyze these drug samples.

Trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation constitutes more than 59% of the entire trafficking industry. An efficient rehabilitation model reflects the utilization of the victim's coping mechanism to overcome the stress and trauma of past victimization. The main aim of the study is to explore various coping mechanisms utilized by both victims of commercial sexual exploitation and individuals vulnerable to commercial sexual exploitation at rehabilitation and protective homes in India. The research utilized the participatory action research with stress coping behavior scale to understand the various employed coping mechanism by the beneficiaries of rehabilitation and protective (R&P) homes. In total, 30 victims of commercial sexual exploitation and 30 individuals vulnerable to commercial sexual exploitation, aged 18-50 years, participated in the study. The statistical analysis identified pursual of specific coping by participants and measured risk ratio reflected the relative risk of alcohol and drug use over prior exposure to commercial sexual exploitation.

Tramadol is placed under Drug Controlled Substance Act, in India since 2018, owing to its extensive abuse as a narcotic substance recently. Subsequently, there is increased illegal trafficking across our nation for the drug tramadol. Forensic Science Laboratory, Delhi receives confiscated drugs and toxicological samples for chemical analysis to evaluate their precise composition enabling regulations from law enforcement agencies. Although considered a safe drug for its anti-inflammatory properties when used under medical guidance nevertheless, unintentional fatal tramadol intoxication due to its action on opioid receptors has been reported in several autopsy cases. Contraband tramadol is presently being examined using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) instrumental techniques in routine forensic examination. In the proposed study, an advanced sensitive technique Gas Chromatography Infrared spectroscopy (GC-IR) was explored as an alternative tool for rapid identification and confirmation. Standard Tramadol was used for method establishment and the method was subsequently applied to seized drug samples and Biological Fluids (blood, and urine samples). Findings of the study indicate that this method can be successfully applied to seized drugs and biological toxicological samples in the forensic examination for the drug Tramadol which was successfully detected by GC-IR. This new rapid analytical method will prove beneficial for the forensic community during routine examination of forensic samples with confirmation.

Amoebiasis is the third most common parasitic cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in countries with poor hygienic settings in central and south America, Africa, and India. This disease is caused by a protozoan parasite, namely Entamoeba histolytica, which infects approximately 50 million people worldwide, resulting in 70,000 deaths every year. Since the 1960s, E. histolytica infection has been successfully treated with metronidazole. However, there are drawbacks to metronidazole therapy: the side effects, duration of treatment, and need for additional drugs to prevent transmission. Previous interdisciplinary studies, including biophysics, bioinformatics, chemistry, and, more recently, lipidomics studies, have increased biomembranes’ publicity. The biological membranes are comprised of a mixture of membrane and cytosolic proteins. They work hand in hand mainly at the membrane part. They act as dedicated platforms for a whole range of cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and intracellular trafficking, thus are appealing targets for drug treatment. Therefore, this review aims to observe the updated trend of the research regarding the biological membranes of E. histolytica from 2015 to 2021, which may help further research regarding the drug targeting the biological membrane.

Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea (BoBAS) constitutes a single economically integrated region. Though for the strategic purpose, India looks at Bay of Bengal (BoB) separated from the Andaman Sea (AS). Since 2000, India has been making an effort to integrate its north-eastern region to the vibrant economies in Southeast Asia. In this context, BoBAS becomes significant to emerge as an economically integrated region that has the potential for growth. Most of the countries, except for Myanmar, have witnessed 6–8 per cent growth for the past 10 years. They face similar maritime security threats, issues of terrorism and drug trafficking. Over the past few years, the countries of the region have invested on establishing connectivity network and are ready to cooperate on blue economy as a part of sustainable development. Several bilateral and multilateral cooperations that exist suggests that the region will emerge as an integrated economic and security zone in the future.

Background: Fruits are an important dietary component, which supply vitamins, minerals, as well as dietary fiber. In addition, they are rich sources of various biological and pharmacologically active compounds. Among these, temperate fruits are well studied for their pharmacological potentials, whereas tropical/subtropical fruits are less explored for their health impacts. In India, most of the consumed fruits are either tropical or subtropical. Objectives: The present review aims to provide a health impact of major tropical and sub-tropical fruits of India, emphasizing their anticancer efficacy. In addition, the identified bioactive components from these fruits exhibiting anticancer efficacy are also discussed along with the patent literature published. Methods: The literature was collected from various repositories, including NCBI, ScienceDirect, Eurekaselect, and Web of Science; literature from predatory journals was omitted during the process. Patent literature was collected from google patents and similar patent databases. Results: Tropical fruits are rich sources of various nutrients and bioactive components including polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanin, etc. By virtue of these biomolecules, tropical fruits have been shown to interfere with various steps in carcinogenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance. Their mode of action is either by activation of apoptosis, regulation of cell cycle, inhibition of cell survival and proliferation pathways, increased lipid trafficking or inhibiting inflammatory pathways. Several molecules and combinations have been patented for their anticancer and chemoprotective properties. Conclusion: Overall, the present concludes that Indian tropical/ subtropical fruits are nutritionally and pharmacologically active and may serve as a source of novel anticancer agents in the future.

In many parts of Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, women and children are so undervalued, neglected, abused, and so often killed, that sex ratios are now strongly male biased. In recent decades, sex-biased abortion has exacerbated the problem. In this article I highlight several important insights from evolutionary biology into both the origin and the severe societal consequences of “Asia's missing women”, paying particular attention to interactions between evolution, economics and culture. Son preferences and associated cultural practices like patrilineal inheritance, patrilocality and the Indian Hindu dowry system arise among the wealthy and powerful elites for reasons consistent with models of sex-biased parental investment. Those practices then spread via imitation as technology gets cheaper and economic development allows the middle class to grow rapidly. I will consider evidence from India, China and elsewhere that grossly male-biased sex ratios lead to increased crime, violence, local warfare, political instability, drug abuse, prostitution and trafficking of women. The problem of Asia's missing women presents a challenge for applied evolutionary psychology to help us understand and ameliorate sex ratio biases and their most severe consequences.

Money laundering is a major global issue, influencing the economy of pretty much every nation including India. This term has become a buzzword nowadays. Money laundering is an illegal process of concealing the origin of the money which is obtained from unlawful activities, but this is converted and is shown to be obtained from a legitimate source. Understanding the concept of money laundering and its nature is essential to combat it. There are different types and methods that money launderers use to disguise their illicit funds. This illegal activity has the simple purpose of converting black money to white money. This is done through activities like drug trafficking, corruption, or gambling. The real estate sector as a target, is the largest, most vulnerable, and easiest sector for money laundering. To deal with this worldwide issue, countries from everywhere implemented laws and regulations and are coming up with newer techniques.

Money laundering is generally regarded as the practice of engaging in financial transactions to conceal the identity, source, and/or destination of illegally gained money by which the proceeds of crime are converted into assets which appear to have a legitimate origin. In other words, Money Laundering refers to the conversion or "Laundering" of money which is illegally obtained, so as to make it appear to originate from a legitimate source. The recent activity in money laundering in India is through political parties’ corporate companies and share market. Bank fraud is a serious financial crime that involves the unlawful obtainment of funds from a bank or other financial institution. Money is the root cause of many evils like corruption, black marketing, smuggling, drug trafficking, tax evasion, and the buck does not stop here. While carrying out the Know your Client (KYC) norms, special care has to be exercised to ensure that the contracts are not anonymous or under fictitious names. Money is the prime reason for engaging in almost any type of criminal activity .Money laundering is the method by which criminals disguise the illegal origins of their wealth. GEL Classification Code: E49; E50; P44

The bilateral relationship between Pakistan and Russia since 1947 has experienced many ups and downs. Several factors that directly or indirectly influence the nature and direction of bilateral relations between these two countries are the United States, India, and Afghanistan, etc. After many years of stagnation, there have been clear positive prospects for the development of bilateral and multilateral relations between Pakistan and Russia since September 11, 2001. Pakistan’s decision of joining the war against terror and efforts for peace and stability in the region has substantially changed Russian’s perceptions of Pakistan’s role. The CPEC and Russian's growing interest in trade and investment relations with Pakistan also provide opportunities for close interaction between these two countries. In the new international setup, the platform of SCO has provided an opportunity for improving the bilateral relations between Pakistan and Russia on certain issues of common interests including trade cooperation, countering terrorism, drug trafficking, and regional stability, etc. In the post-9/11, the bilateral relations- cooperation in various fields of mutual interest between Pakistan and Russia have been examined in this article. Keywords: Pakistan, Russia, Bilateral Cooperation, CPEC, Regional Peace

The article is devoted to the problem of the national security of Russia. The reasons that influenced the intensification of threats in connection with the events in Afghanistan are identified. The analysis of all the circumstances that caused the exacerbation of the situation in Afghanistan. The article convincingly shows that the main reason for the destabilization of the situation in Afghanistan was the ill-considered and poorly organized withdrawal of US and NATO troops from the country, which provoked a humanitarian catastrophe in the country. The author notes that over the 20 years of the US stay in Afghanistan, it has not been possible to solve urgent political and socio-economic problems, political stabilization has not occurred. The crisis worsened in the country, the official Afghan government, which held power for several decades with US military support, could not resist. The Taliban (banned in the Russian Federation) came to power in the country, with the support of the majority of the population, and in a non-military way. The author believes that it is now unclear whether the moderate Taliban, seeking to establish international contacts, will remain in power, or the radical terrorist Islamist elements of the Taliban movement (banned in the Russian Federation) will prevail, whose activities are to whip up a terrorist threat, impose radical Islamism, and spread drug trafficking, etc. Migration flows from Afghanistan will increase, among which suicide bombers can penetrate into other countries. All this is not only an internal affair of Afghanistan, but also poses a threat to overall international security. For the countries adjacent to Afghanistan — Russia, China, Iran, Pakistan, India, Central Asian countries and Turkey — a number of serious questions arose about the prospects for the development of the situation in Afghanistan, including significant threats to regional security: international terrorism, drug trafficking, organized crime, support for extremist and separatist movements from the territory of Afghanistan, encouragement of radical Islamists in neighboring countries with the victory of the Taliban (banned in the Russian Federation), etc. Russia is making every effort to establish constructive cooperation with neighboring countries and the United States in order to resolve the Afghan crisis.

This paper attempts to find the dynamism in Afghanistan’s relations with Central Asian states. It is explained that prosperity without security is not possible and ongoing imbroglio in Afghanistan is directly affecting Central Asian states. The Central Asian states are surrounded by China, Russia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran. These states (with significant influence of India and Turkey) are the key regional players and their socio-economic and political interests are converged on various issues. The political conditions in Afghanistan would directly impact the interests of Central Asian states. Drug trafficking, illegal migration, religious extremism, a ramified corrupt network, porous border and terrorism are subverting peace in Afghanistan and its spillover effects are dangerous for Central Asian states. The military and security situation in Afghanistan has a direct impact on the production and transport of energy from Central Asia to the rest of the world. The response of the regional organizations, particularly the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), with certain commonalities, towards these issues often contrasts with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). This paper focuses on the efforts of major powers (Russia, China, and the US) along with neighbouring countries in the peacebuilding in Afghanistan to avoid its spillover effects over Central Asian states.

State-backed systematic persecution in 2017 forcibly displaced more than 700,000 Rohingya people from Rakhine State, Myanmar, to Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. The Rohingya refugee camps in Cox’s Bazar have become a matter of worry for the Bangladesh government. The conditions in the camps are appalling, raising the possibility of an epidemic, and there has been a spike in crime, including rape, murder, abduction and drug and human trafficking. Seeking a better future, some Rohingya refugees have attempted to move from Bangladesh to Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia through various illegal routes. But these attempts have either failed or the refugees faced an even worse situation, since these Southeast Asian states refused to confer refugee status on the Rohingyas. Therefore, to bring normalcy back to the lives of the Rohingya people, a repatriation process from Bangladesh to Rakhine State, Myanmar, must be created and implemented. This would require the Government of Myanmar to guarantee a conducive living environment for the Rohingyas in the Rakhine State, uphold their basic human rights and provide Myanmar citizenship to the Rohingyas. As regional powers with major economic and political interests in Myanmar, India and China could play a constructive role and bring pressure on the Myanmar government to agree to take back the Rohingyas from Bangladesh. But so far, both New Delhi and Beijing have been reluctant to get involved in resolving the Rohingya refugee issue.

The development of the international political changes in Central and South Asia is analyzed in the article in connection with the consequences of the withdrawal of foreign troops from Afghanistan and the Taliban’s second rise to power (the first one was in 1996). It is shown that the peaceful transformation of Afghanistan is impeded by such persistent threats as religious extremism, terrorism, illegal drug trafficking. The complex mosaic of regional relations, in which Afghanistan is becoming an important element due to the changes that have happened in this country, is determined in Asia by the growing rivalry and competitive struggle of major economic states of the region, as well as global players, and by the efforts of all of them to build various international coalitions (Shanghai Cooperation Organization, RIC – Russia, India, China; Quadripartite Security Dialogue – QUAD, C5+1, Organization of Turkic States, etc.). Of particular interest in this regard is the position of the neighboring states – the three Central Asian nations (Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan), as well as China, Pakistan, India and Iran. Apart from that, this study also outlines the most important challenges for the national security interests of Afghanistan’s Asian neighbors. An optimal scenario for both Afghanistan’s Asian neighbors and Russia would imply achieving a stable consensus in this country. Afghanistan becoming a full member of such an influential international bloc as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, where Russia, Central Asian states and major Asian economic powers are already represented, can have positive consequences for the stabilization of the situation in the country and the whole Asian region. This would create favorable conditions for successful economic and political interaction between the Central and South Asian states. In conclusion the author emphasizes that the transformations in Afghanistan have complicated regional challenges, prompting neighboring states to focus on the military-political component of their security. Aiming to prevent a negative scenario in Afghanistan, they also multiplied diplomatic contacts with the current leadership of the country. The new international political configuration that is emerging in modern Asia dictates new approaches in the security sphere for the Asian states.

Bride trafficking is a form of human trafficking that severely affects women and girls. Although some literature has described the causes and impacts, there have been relatively few studies to shed light on the efforts to overcome the problem. By using a theoretical framework, this study limits the research scope and defines the specific viewpoint to analyse the topic. This article aims to examine the efforts of the government of India and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in combating bride trafficking. It pinpoints the causes of bride trafficking in India, such as economic demands, the poverty level, high demand for dowry, the practice of foeticide, and social marginalization leading victims to re-trafficking, as well as the impacts: physical and mental health problems, social exclusion, infectious diseases, and the damage to India’s reputation. This article found that the government of India and UNODC has been relatively effective in handling bride trafficking. The number of trafficked women (victims) cases in India declined significantly between 2016 and 2020. The UNODC also plays a pivotal role in strengthening the law enforcement capacity of the government of India. KEYWORDSBride Trafficking; Government of India; UNODC

AbstractIn 2006, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in South Asia, in partnership with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, initiated Project IND/S16. In the beginning, five states were selected to train police officials under the “Strengthening the Law Enforcement Response to Human Trafficking” project. The training program resulted from a study done by two researchers, Dr. P. M. Nair and Shanker Seen. Their study recommended training programs to strengthen the law enforcement response to human trafficking and establish anti-human trafficking units (AHTUs) in India. However, no evaluation of the work of functionaries of AHTUs was done until the authors of this article took the initiative with the support of the Additional Director General of Police of Gujarat to identify the major problems in AHTUs at the grassroots level. Their exploratory research covered the 40 AHTUs from all 33 districts of Gujarat, focusing on the experiences and opinions of 214 police authorities (i.e. police inspectors, police sub-inspectors, assistant sub-inspectors, constables, and Lok Rakshak (public guards)) officially assigned to the AHTUs of Gujarat. This article summarizes the research and is based on experiences documented while collecting information in the field.

Maritime Transnational Crimes are common in port cities, mostly covering crimes such as smuggling goods; illegal wildlife trade (IWT) in shipment of both flora and fauna species like pangolin meat and red sanders; smuggling of endangered marine species like sea cucumber, turtles, seahorse, shark fins, etc.; smuggling explosives in vessels and containers, illegal activities like trafficking- humans (International Maritime Broder Line- IMBL violations cases), drugs, arms and ammunitions, piracy (robbery), illegal logistics services (migrant smuggling) are also, rampant. Tamil Nadu is the second largest coastal state in peninsular India, with 13 coastal districts covering 1076 kms which shares international maritime border with South and Southeast Asian countries like Sri Lanka and Maldives. The state and central government of India in order to secure the maritime border and to prevent these crimes have engaged law enforcement agencies such as Forest Department, Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB), Directorate of Intelligence (DRI), Customs Officials (CO), Coastal Security Group (CSG) - Marine Police, Indian Coast Guard (ICG) and Indian Navy. Simultaneously, the coastal communities are ushered and play a vital role in preventing Maritime Transnational Crimes in the international maritime boundaries and sea shores. Though, these attempts are effective still the transnational maritime crimes are increasing day by day in the coastal Tamil Nadu. This paper attempts to highlight the Maritime Transnational Crimes and smuggling activities in coastal Tamil Nadu and the role of coastal community in coastal security. This paper is an empirical study of descriptive nature with qualitative approach

The article is devoted to the issue of human trafficking in legal and criminological terms, with particular emphasis on the exploitation of victims of the crime for work or forced services. The author introduces the essence of forced labour by reaching for many of its legal definitions contained in legal acts in the rank of conventions, as well as ordinary laws. At the same time, it highlights the factors that characterize the type of work indicated and allow to distinguish it from other types of violations, including violation of employee rights. The phenomenon of human trafficking is shown through the prism of its current evaluation tendencies, both globally and regionally (European, and especially EU). To this end, the author presents statistical data collected in recent years by, inter alia, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the International Labour Organization, the International Organization for Migration and the European Commission. She emphasizes, however, that the actual scale of the aforementioned crime remains unknown. A significant part of the discussion focuses on the issue of human trafficking in modern Poland, showing the scale of the dealings in question, diagnosed in recent years by law enforcement agencies. A lot of attention is also paid to the spectrum of crime threats on the Polish labour market from the perspective of foreigners. Thus, with particular care, she considers the problem of violating the employment rights of Ukrainian citizens as the largest group of foreigners illegally employed in Poland. She also shows the legal situation in this area of the citizens of Belarus, Moldova, India and Russia. She discusses this issue in the context of activities of the National Labour Inspectorate included in the audit report for 2017. The author further scientific interest includes the issue of criminalization of human trafficking in selected countries around the world. In this respect, it refers primarily to legal regulations contained in the Latvian, Hungarian, Swiss, Finnish, Ukrainian and Liechtenstein penal codes. The author’s ambition was to present the indicated issues in a concise manner, while also taking into account its most important aspects.

Confirm and authentic identification of species is required for the implementation of wildlife laws in cases of illegal trafficking of snake venoms. Illegally trafficked snake venom might be misidentified with other drugs of abuse, and sometimes, the species of venom-yielding snake cannot be verified. Snake venoms from medically important snake species, Naja naja and Daboia russelii, were procured from Irula Snake Catcher’s Society, Tamil Nadu, India. Comparative analyses of both venoms were carried out using SDS-PAGE, LC-MS/MS, ICP-MS, and mtDNA analysis. The protein concentration of Naja naja and Daboia russelii venoms was 76.1% and 83.9%, respectively. SDS analysis showed a distinct banding pattern of both venoms. LC-MS/MS results showed proteins and toxins from 12 to 14 protein families in Naja naja and Daboia russelii venoms. Elemental analysis using ICP-MS showed a different profile of some elements in both venoms. mtDNA analysis of venoms using universal primers against Cyt b gene showed homology with sequence of Naja naja and Daboia russelii genes. The study proposed a template of various conventional and advanced molecular and instrumental techniques with their pros and cons. The template can be used by forensic science laboratories for detection, screening, and confirmatory analysis of suspected venoms of snakes. Clubbing of various techniques can be used to confirm the identification of species of snake from which the alleged venom was milked. The results can be helpful in framing charge-sheets against accused of illegal venom trafficking and can also be used to verify the purity and quality of commercially available snake venoms.

Create Dangerously: The Immigrant Artist at Work, by Edwidge Danticat (reviewed by Colin Dayan) Gordon K. Lewis on Race, Class and Ideology in the Caribbean, edited by Anthony P. Maingot (reviewed by Bridget Brereton) Freedom and Constraint in Caribbean Migration and Diaspora, edited by Elizabeth Thomas-Hope (reviewed by Mary Chamberlain) Black Europe and the African Diaspora, edited by Darlene Clark Hine, Trica Danielle Keaton & Stephen Small (reviewed by Gert Oostindie) Caribbean Middlebrow: Leisure Culture and the Middle Class, by Belinda E dmondson (reviewed by Karla Slocum) Global Change and Caribbean Vulnerability: Environment, Economy and Society at Risk, edited by Duncan McGregor, David Dodman & David Barker (reviewed by Bonham C. Richardson) Encountering Revolution: Haiti and the Making of the Early Republic, by Ashli White (reviewed by Matt Clavin) Red and Black in Haiti: Radicalism, Conflict, and Political Change, 1934-1957, by Matthew J. Smith (reviewed by Robert Fatton Jr.) Cuba in the American Imagination: Metaphor and the Imperial Ethos, by Louis A. Pérez Jr. (reviewed by Camillia Cowling) Seeds of Insurrection: Domination and Resistance on Western Cuban Plantations, 1808-1848, by Manuel Barcia (reviewed by Matt D. Childs) Epidemic Invasions: Yellow Fever and the Limits of Cuban Independence, 1878-1930, by Mariola Espinosa (reviewed by Cruz Maria Nazario) The Cuban Connection: Drug Trafficking, Smuggling, and Gambling in Cuba from the 1920s to the Revolution, by Eduardo Sáenz Rovner (reviewed by IvelawLloyd Griffith) Before Fidel: The Cuba I Remember, by Francisco José Moreno, and The Boys from Dolores: Fidel Castro’s Schoolmates from Revolution to Exile, by Patrick Symmes (reviewed by Pedro Pérez Sarduy) Lam, by Jacques Leenhardt & Jean-Louis Paudrat (reviewed by Sally Price) Healing Dramas: Divination and Magic in Modern Puerto Rico, by Raquel Romberg (reviewed by Grant Jewell Rich) Puerto Rican Citizen: History and Political Identity in Twentieth-Century New York City, by Lorrin Thomas (reviewed by Jorge Duany) Livestock, Sugar and Slavery: Contested Terrain in Colonial Jamaica, by Verene A. Shepherd (reviewed by Justin Roberts) Daddy Sharpe: A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Samuel Sharpe, a West Indian Slave Written by Himself, 1832, by Fred W. Kennedy (reviewed by Gad Heuman) Becoming Rasta: Origins of Rastafari Identity in Jamaica, by Charles Price (reviewed by Jahlani A. Niaah) Reggaeton, edited by Raquel Z. Rivera, Wayne Marshall & Deborah Pacini Hernandez (reviewed by Alexandrine Boudreault-Fournier) Carriacou String Band Serenade: Performing Identity in the Eastern Caribbean, by Rebecca S. Miller (reviewed by Nanette de Jong) Caribbean Visionary: A.R.F. Webber and the Making of the Guyanese Nation, by Selwyn R. Cudjoe (reviewed by Clem Seecharan) Guyana Diaries: Women’s Lives Across Difference, by Kimberely D. Nettles (reviewed by D. Alissa Trotz) Writers of the Caribbean Diaspora: Shifting Homelands, Travelling Identities, edited by Jasbir Jain & Supriya Agarwal (reviewed by Joy Mahabir) Queen of the Virgins: Pageantry and Black Womanhood in the Caribbean, by M. Cynthia Oliver (reviewed by Tami Navarro) Notions of Identity, Diaspora, and Gender in Caribbean Women’s Writing, by Brinda Mehta (reviewed by Marie-Hélène Laforest) Authority and Authorship in V.S. Naipaul, by Imraan Coovadia (reviewed by A shley Tellis) Typo/Topo/Poéthique sur Frankétienne, by Jean Jonassaint (reviewed by Martin Munro) Creoles in Education: An Appraisal of Current Programs and Projects, edited by Bettina Migge, Isabelle Léglise & Angela Bartens (reviewed by Jeff Siegel) Material Culture in Anglo-America: Regional Identity and Urbanity in the Tidewater, Lowcountry, and Caribbean, edited by David S. Shields (reviewed by Susan Kern) Tibes: People, Power, and Ritual at the Center of the Cosmos, edited by L. Antonio Curet & Lisa M. Stringer (reviewed by Frederick H. Smith)

This paper aims to portray the overall picture of poverty in the world and mentions the key solution to overcome poverty from a critical perspective. The data and figures were quoted from a number of researchers and organizations in the field of poverty around the world. Simultaneously, the information strengthens the correlations among poverty and lack of education. Only appropriate philosophies of education can improve the country’s socio-economic conditions and contribute to effective solutions to worldwide poverty. In the 21st century, despite the rapid development of science and technology with a series of inventions brought into the world to make life more comfortable, human poverty remains a global problem, especially in developing countries. Poverty, according to Lister (2004), is reflected by the state of “low living standards and/or inability to participate fully in society because of lack of material resources” (p.7). The impact and serious consequences of poverty on multiple aspects of human life have been realized by different organizations and researchers from different contexts (Fraser, 2000; Lister, 2004; Lipman, 2004; Lister, 2008). This paper will indicate some of the concepts and research results on poverty. Figures and causes of poverty, and some solutions from education as a key breaker to poverty will also be discussed. Creating a universal definition of poverty is not simple (Nyasulu, 2010). There are conflicts among different groups of people defining poverty, based on different views and fields. Some writers, according to Nyasulu, tend to connect poverty with social problems, while others focus on political or other causes. However, the reality of poverty needs to be considered from different sides and ways; for that reason, the diversity of definitions assigned to poverty can help form the basis on which interventions are drawn (Ife and Tesoriero, 2006). For instance, in dealing with poverty issues, it is essential to intervene politically; economic intervention is very necessary to any definition of this matter. A political definition necessitates political interventions in dealing with poverty, and economic definitions inevitably lead to economic interventions. Similarly, Księżopolski (1999) uses several models to show the perspectives on poverty as marginal, motivation and socialist. These models look at poverty and solutions from different angles. Socialists, for example, emphasize the responsibilities of social organization. The state manages the micro levels and distributes the shares of national gross resources, at the same time fighting to maintain the narrow gap among classes. In his book, Księżopolski (1999) also emphasizes the changes and new values of charity funds or financial aid from churches or organizations recognized by the Poor Law. Speaking specifically, in the new stages poverty has been recognized differently, and support is also delivered in limited categories related to more specific and visible objectives, with the aim of helping the poor change their own status for sustainable improvement. Three ways of categorizing the poor and locating them in the appropriate places are (1) the powerless, (2) who is willing to work and (3) who is dodging work. Basically, poverty is determined not to belong to any specific cultures or politics; otherwise, it refers to the situation in which people’s earnings cannot support their minimum living standard (Rowntree, 1910). Human living standard is defined in Alfredsson & Eide’s work (1999) as follows: “Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.” (p. 524). In addition, poverty is measured by Global Hunger Index (GHI), which is calculated by the International Food Policy Institute (IFPRI) every year. The GHI measures hunger not only globally, but also by country and region. To have the figures multi-dimensionally, the GHI is based on three indicators: 1. Undernourishment: the proportion of the undernourished as a percentage of the population (reflecting the share of the population with insufficient calorie intake). 2. Child underweight: the proportion of children under age 5 who are underweight (low weight for their age, reflecting wasting, stunted growth or both), which is one indicator of child under-nutrition. 3. Child mortality: the mortality rate of children under 5 (partially reflecting the fatal synergy of inadequate dietary intake and unhealthy environments). Apart from the individual aspects and the above measurement based on nutrition, which help partly imagine poverty, poverty is more complicated, not just being closely related to human physical life but badly affecting spiritual life. According to Jones and Novak (1999 cited in Lister, 2008), poverty not only characterizes the precarious financial situation but also makes people self-deprecating. Poverty turns itself into the roots of shame, guilt, humiliation and resistance. It leads the poor to the end of the road, and they will never call for help except in the worst situations. Education can help people escape poverty or make it worse. In fact, inequality in education has stolen opportunity for fighting poverty from people in many places around the world, in both developed and developing countries (Lipman, 2004). Lipman confirms: “Students need an education that instills a sense of hope and possibility that they can make a difference in their own family, school, and community and in the broader national and global community while it prepare them for multiple life choices.” (p.181) Bradshaw (2005) synthesizes five main causes of poverty: (1) individual deficiencies, (2) cultural belief systems that support subcultures of poverty, (3) economic, political and social distortions or discrimination, (4) geographical disparities and (5) cumulative and cyclical interdependencies. The researcher suggests the most appropriate solution corresponding with each cause. This reflects the diverse causes of poverty; otherwise, poverty easily happens because of social and political issues. From the literature review, it can be said that poverty comes from complex causes and reasons, and is not a problem of any single individual or country. Poverty has brought about serious consequences and needs to be dealt with by many methods and collective effort of many countries and organizations. This paper will focus on representing some alarming figures on poverty, problems of poverty and then the education as a key breaker to poverty. According to a statistics in 2012 on poverty from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), nearly half the world's population lives below the poverty line, of which is less than $1.25 a day . In a statistics in 2015, of every 1,000 children, 93 do not live to age 5 , and about 448 million babies are stillborn each year . Poverty in the world is happening alarmingly. According to a World Bank study, the risk of poverty continues to increase on a global scale and, of the 2009 slowdown in economic growth, which led to higher prices for fuel and food, further pushed 53 million people into poverty in addition to almost 155 million in 2008. From 1990 to 2009, the average GHI in the world decreased by nearly one-fifth. Many countries had success in solving the problem of child nutrition; however, the mortality rate of children under 5 and the proportion of undernourished people are still high. From 2011 to 2013, the number of hungry people in the world was estimated at 842 million, down 17 percent compared with the period 1990 to 1992, according to a report released by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) titled “The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2013” . Although poverty in some African countries had been improved in this stage, sub-Saharan Africa still maintained an area with high the highest percentage of hungry people in the world. The consequences and big problems resulting from poverty are terrible in the extreme. The following will illustrate the overall picture under the issues of health, unemployment, education and society and politics ➢ Health issues: According a report by Manos Unidas, a non- government organization (NGO) in Spain , poverty kills more than 30,000 children under age 5 worldwide every day, and 11 million children die each year because of poverty. Currently, 42 million people are living with HIV, 39 million of them in developing countries. The Manos Unidas report also shows that 15 million children globally have been orphaned because of AIDS. Scientists predict that by 2020 a number of African countries will have lost a quarter of their population to this disease. Simultaneously, chronic drought and lack of clean water have not only hindered economic development but also caused disastrous consequences of serious diseases across Africa. In fact, only 58 percent of Africans have access to clean water; as a result, the average life expectancy in Africa is the lowest in the world, just 45 years old (Bui, 2010). ➢ Unemployment issues: According to the United Nations, the youth unemployment rate in Africa is the highest in the world: 25.6 percent in the Middle East and North Africa. Unemployment with growth rates of 10 percent a year is one of the key issues causing poverty in African and negatively affecting programs and development plans. Total African debt amounts to $425 billion (Bui, 2010). In addition, joblessness caused by the global economic downturn pushed more than 140 million people in Asia into extreme poverty in 2009, the International Labor Organization (ILO) warned in a report titled The Fallout in Asia, prepared for the High-Level Regional Forum on Responding to the Economic Crisis in Asia and the Pacific, in Manila from Feb. 18 to 20, 2009 . Surprisingly, this situation also happens in developed countries. About 12.5 million people in the United Kingdom (accounting for 20 percent of the population) are living below the poverty line, and in 2005, 35 million people in the United States could not live without charity. At present, 620 million people in Asia are living on less than $1 per day; half of them are in India and China, two countries whose economies are considered to be growing. ➢ Education issues: Going to school is one of the basic needs of human beings, but poor people cannot achieve it. Globally, 130 million children do not attend school, 55 percent of them girls, and 82 million children have lost their childhoods by marrying too soon (Bui, 2010). Similarly, two-thirds of the 759 million illiterate people in total are women. Specifically, the illiteracy rate in Africa keeps increasing, accounting for about 40 percent of the African population at age 15 and over 50 percent of women at age 25. The number of illiterate people in the six countries with the highest number of illiterate people in the world - China, India, Indonesia, Brazil, Bangladesh and Egypt - reached 510 million, accounting for 70 percent of total global illiteracy. ➢ Social and political issues: Poverty leads to a number of social problems and instability in political systems of countries around the world. Actually, 246 million children are underage labors, including 72 million under age 10. Simultaneously, according to an estimate by the United Nations (UN), about 100 million children worldwide are living on the streets. For years, Africa has suffered a chronic refugee problem, with more than 7 million refugees currently and over 200 million people without homes because of a series of internal conflicts and civil wars. Poverty threatens stability and development; it also directly influences human development. Solving the problems caused by poverty takes a lot of time and resources, but afterward they can focus on developing their societies. Poverty has become a global issue with political significance of particular importance. It is a potential cause of political and social instability, even leading to violence and war not only within a country, but also in the whole world. Poverty and injustice together have raised fierce conflicts in international relations; if these conflicts are not satisfactorily resolved by peaceful means, war will inevitably break out. Obviously, poverty plus lack of understanding lead to disastrous consequences such as population growth, depletion of water resources, energy scarcity, pollution, food shortages and serious diseases (especially HIV/AIDS), which are not easy to control; simultaneously, poverty plus injustice will cause international crimes such as terrorism, drug and human trafficking, and money laundering. Among recognizable four issues above which reflected the serious consequences of poverty, the third ones, education, if being prioritized in intervention over other issues in the fighting against poverty is believed to bring more effectiveness in resolving the problems from the roots. In fact, human being with the possibility of being educated resulted from their distinctive linguistic ability makes them differential from other beings species on the earth (Barrow and Woods 2006, p.22). With education, human can be aware and more critical with their situations, they are aimed with abilities to deal with social problems as well as adversity for a better life; however, inequality in education has stolen opportunity for fighting poverty from unprivileged people (Lipman, 2004). An appropriate education can help increase chances for human to deal with all of the issues related to poverty; simultaneously it can narrow the unexpected side-effect of making poverty worse. A number of philosophies from ancient Greek to contemporary era focus on the aspect of education with their own epistemology, for example, idealism of Plato encouraged students to be truth seekers and pragmatism of Dewey enhanced the individual needs of students (Gutex, 1997). Education, more later on, especially critical pedagogy focuses on developing people independently and critically which is essential for poor people to have ability of being aware of what they are facing and then to have equivalent solutions for their problems. In other words, critical pedagogy helps people emancipate themselves and from that they can contribute to transform the situations or society they live in. In this sense, in his most influential work titled “Pedagogy of the Oppressed” (1972), Paulo Freire carried out his critical pedagogy by building up a community network of peasants- the marginalized and unprivileged party in his context, aiming at awakening their awareness about who they are and their roles in society at that time. To do so, he involved the peasants into a problem-posing education which was different from the traditional model of banking education with the technique of dialogue. Dialogue wasn’t just simply for people to learn about each other; but it was for figuring out the same voice; more importantly, for cooperation to build a social network for changing society. The peasants in such an educational community would be relieved from stressfulness and the feeling of being outsiders when all of them could discuss and exchange ideas with each other about the issues from their “praxis”. Praxis which was derived from what people act and linked to some values in their social lives, was defined by Freire as “reflection and action upon the world in order to transform it” (p.50). Critical pedagogy dialogical approach in Pedagogy of the Oppressed of Freire seems to be one of the helpful ways for solving poverty for its close connection to the nature of equality. It doesn’t require any highly intellectual teachers who lead the process; instead, everything happens naturally and the answers are identified by the emancipation of the learners themselves. It can be said that the effectiveness of this pedagogy for people to escape poverty comes from its direct impact on human critical consciousness; from that, learners would be fully aware of their current situations and self- figure out the appropriate solutions for their own. In addition, equality which was one of the essences making learners in critical pedagogy intellectually emancipate was reflected via the work titled “The Ignorant Schoolmaster” by Jacques Rancière (1991). In this work, the teacher and students seemed to be equal in terms of the knowledge. The explicator- teacher Joseph Jacotot employed the interrogative approach which was discovered to be universal because “he taught what he didn’t know”. Obviously, this teacher taught French to Flemish students while he couldn’t speak his students’ language. The ignorance which was not used in the literal sense but a metaphor showed that learners can absolutely realize their capacity for self-emancipation without the traditional teaching of transmission of knowledge from teachers. Regarding this, Rancière (1991, p.17) stated “that every common person might conceive his human dignity, take the measure of his intellectual capacity, and decide how to use it”. This education is so meaningful for poor people by being able to evoking their courageousness to develop themselves when they always try to stay away from the community due the fact that poverty is the roots of shame, guilt, humiliation and resistance (Novak, 1999). The contribution of critical pedagogy to solving poverty by changing the consciousness of people from their immanence is summarized by Freire’s argument in his “Pedagogy of Indignation” as follows: “It is certain that men and women can change the world for the better, can make it less unjust, but they can do so from starting point of concrete reality they “come upon” in their generation. They cannot do it on the basis of reveries, false dreams, or pure illusion”. (p.31) To sum up, education could be an extremely helpful way of solving poverty regarding the possibilities from the applications of studies in critical pedagogy for educational and social issues. Therefore, among the world issues, poverty could be possibly resolved in accordance with the indigenous people’s understanding of their praxis, their actions, cognitive transformation, and the solutions with emancipation in terms of the following keynotes: First, because the poor are powerless, they usually fall into the states of self-deprecation, shame, guilt and humiliation, as previously mentioned. In other words, they usually build a barrier between themselves and society, or they resist changing their status. Therefore, approaching them is not a simple matter; it requires much time and the contributions of psychologists and sociologists in learning about their aspirations, as well as evoking and nurturing the will and capacities of individuals, then providing people with chances to carry out their own potential for overcoming obstacles in life. Second, poverty happens easily in remote areas not endowed with favorable conditions for development. People there haven’t had a lot of access to modern civilization; nor do they earn a lot of money for a better life. Low literacy, together with the lack of healthy forms of entertainment and despair about life without exit, easily lead people into drug addiction, gambling and alcoholism. In other words, the vicious circle of poverty and powerlessness usually leads the poor to a dead end. Above all, they are lonely and need to be listened to, shared with and led to escape from their states. Community meetings for exchanging ideas, communicating and immediate intervening, along with appropriate forms of entertainment, should be held frequently to meet the expectations of the poor, direct them to appropriate jobs and, step by step, change their favorite habits of entertainment. Last but not least, poor people should be encouraged to participate in social forums where they can both raise their voices about their situations and make valuable suggestions for dealing with their poverty. Children from poor families should be completely exempted from school fees to encourage them to go to school, and curriculum should also focus on raising community awareness of poverty issues through extracurricular and volunteer activities, such as meeting and talking with the community, helping poor people with odd jobs, or simply spending time listening to them. Not a matter of any individual country, poverty has become a major problem, a threat to the survival, stability and development of the world and humanity. Globalization has become a bridge linking countries; for that reason, instability in any country can directly and deeply affect the stability of others. The international community has been joining hands to solve poverty; many anti-poverty organizations, including FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), BecA (the Biosciences eastern and central Africa), UN-REDD (the United Nations Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation), BRAC (Building Resources Across Communities), UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), WHO (World Health Organization) and Manos Unidas, operate both regionally and internationally, making some achievements by reducing the number of hungry people, estimated 842 million in the period 1990 to 1992, by 17 percent in 2011- to 2013 . The diverse methods used to deal with poverty have invested billions of dollars in education, health and healing. The Millennium Development Goals set by UNDP put forward eight solutions for addressing issues related to poverty holistically: 1) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. 2) Achieve universal primary education. 3) Promote gender equality and empower women. 4) Reduce child mortality. 5) Improve maternal health. 6) Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases. 7) Ensure environmental sustainability. 8) Develop a global partnership for development. Although all of the mentioned solutions carried out directly by countries and organizations not only focus on the roots of poverty but break its circle, it is recognized that the solutions do not emphasize the role of the poor themselves which a critical pedagogy does. More than anyone, the poor should have a sense of their poverty so that they can become responsible for their own fate and actively fight poverty instead of waiting for help. It is not different from the cores of critical theory in solving educational and political issues that the poor should be aware and conscious about their situation and reflected context. It is required a critical transformation from their own praxis which would allow them to go through a process of learning, sharing, solving problems, and leading to social movements. This is similar to the method of giving poor people fish hooks rather than giving them fish. The government and people of any country understand better than anyone else clearly the strengths and characteristics of their homelands. It follows that they can efficiently contribute to causing poverty, preventing the return of poverty, and solving consequences of the poverty in their countries by many ways, especially a critical pedagogy; and indirectly narrow the scale of poverty in the world. In a word, the wars against poverty take time, money, energy and human resources, and they are absolutely not simple to end. Again, the poor and the challenged should be educated to be fully aware of their situation to that they can overcome poverty themselves. They need to be respected and receive sharing from the community. All forms of discrimination should be condemned and excluded from human society. When whole communities join hands in solving this universal problem, the endless circle of poverty can be addressed definitely someday. More importantly, every country should be responsible for finding appropriate ways to overcome poverty before receiving supports from other countries as well as the poor self-conscious responsibilities about themselves before receiving supports from the others, but the methods leading them to emancipation for their own transformation and later the social change.

Since independence, our society is been ingested up by abuses like drug addiction, cyber crimes, sexual assaults, gambling etc to a great extent. Above all, Drugs are the termites for our India. The fragmentation of old joint family system, absence of parental love, process of industrialization, urbanization has led to an increased number of drug trafficking and addiction among youth which has taken a frog leap in our country. Drugs have been classified as an EPIDEMIC by Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. Now it’s time for our Indian Police to act like aardwolf to eradicate these termites and makes the addiction free nation. Police (public officers for legal investigations and criminal emergencies) is the most perceptible officials in the criminal justice system that is charged with preventing crime and enforcing the law. This paper focuses on those preventive measures that can be taken by Indian Police to curb drug-addiction from the society. Evidences about the effectiveness of drug education, role plays, awareness campaigns, motivational workshops and extra-curricular activities are discussed which can be considered as nullifiers to obliterate drug abuse. Besides other states in India, Punjab has come under the red alert zone in drug trafficking and addiction. According to 2011 Report on drug abuse and alcoholism in Punjab by Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, 40% of Punjabi youth of age group 15-25 years have fallen to drug-addiction. The literature referred in this paper includes qualitative and quantitative research studies on preventive measures taken in various parts of India which can be of great help to Police in encouraging the land of five rivers that is Punjab, to swipe the flood of drugs from its roots. Laws regarding the drug prevention, counseling programs and their adaptability by the society have also been studied.

The Linkage between organized crime groups and terrorist groups have strengthen criminal activities like drug trafficking, smuggling of gold, arms and commodities, kidnapping, extortion, human trafficking, fake currency. Organized crime has become a global challenges it has an effect on all the countries involved in this business of supply and demand. Indian terrorist groups has the support of external forces especially who provide them fund in return of drug trafficking, the north –east states and Kashmir this is very common, in fact north east has a parallel government. There are many gangs who conduct this business and Mumbai is the main target being the financial capital and has the biggest port in India, most of the smuggling business is carried out through sea and many terrorist in the past have entered India through sea routes as it is difficult to identify and fake identity card is not recognised. The Indian government has no agencies so strong to tackle this issue only, lack of coordination, resources and manpower, with lack of trained staffs at the police station has made the groups more strong to conduct these activities. Clashes of opinion between the central and the state government to tackle organize crime, increase the time period to come to a single decision. However, we need to strengthen our system and come up with new laws and acts to tackle this menace.

The present study on the research topic is done to find out the menace of child trafficking, its extent and how we can combat it by effectively enforcing the existing laws in India. The main reason of child trafficking, extent, area, historical background, national and international legal framework, existing laws, schemes and tradition in India to know the effectiveness or drawbacks regarding child trafficking in India have been studied. It has been observed that there is lack of effective implementation of the already existing laws and of awareness among the people about their rights. As a result the society shows indifference towards the problems of child trafficking for begging, child prostitution, child labour, organ trade, drug trafficking and smuggling.

National security is indispensable for a country’s survival and growth. Although security has been a complex issue in human history, its complexity has increased in the contemporary period because of technological developments, climate change and various other factors. The complexity of security has led to constant thinking and rethinking about the idea of security, its processes, and dynamics. The security environment in India is highly complex and challenging. It is impacted by the external as well as domestic environment. Since its independence India has faced numerous security threats like cross-border infiltration, terrorism, insurgencies, organized crimes, human trafficking, drug trafficking, the inflow of refugees, interstate disputes, rising intolerance between the castes and religious communities, dwindling economic development, right and left-wing militancy, rising scarcity of water resources, increasing unemployment, corruption, riots between religious communities etc. Other emerging threats include cyber-crimes such as hacking and online attacks, financial fraud, data theft, espionage etc. Given the multiplicity of security challenges that India faces, it is important to investigate the nature and scope of these challenges. This paper focuses on the contemporary challenges to national security and their possible remedy.

<p><em>In contemporary society, the full-fledged impact of modernization and globalization, which has led to free movement of people, goods and money across the countries of the world, can be witnessed. This has also opened the economic opportunities among the individuals and the communities in the society, which has become the new of life. Society has changed over the years and activities of the people have undergone changes. Even the substances used for inebriation have changed corresponding with the dynamics of society. Traditionally used drugs, marijuana and cannabis, have been replaced by modern synthetic drugs. The proliferation of pharmaceutical industries, which manufactures narcotic drugs, has directly and indirectly encouraged the use and the abuse of the drugs due to the easy access in the market. The epidemic of illicit drug users in the global society has increased significantly and simultaneously drug use associated crimes as well in the society.</em></p><p><em>A drug is a biological substance, synthetic or natural, that is taken primarily for non-dietary needs, and it is a substance, which affects the functioning of mind and body or both. Globally according to UNODC estimate, in 2009 between, 149 and 272 people or 3.3% to 6.1% of the population aged 15-64 has used illicit substance once in previous year. Cannabis and Amphetamine Type Stimulants [ATS] are two important drugs which are commonly used world-wide.(World Drug Report,2010;pg.123) Within Asia, ATS ranks as the main drug abuse in Thailand, Japan, Republic of Korea, Philippines and also China, Myanmar and Indonesia are in the second rank according to United Nations of Development Countries [UNODC] in 2004. Heroin, Cocaine and other drugs kill around 0.2 million people each year and causes health problems with incurable diseases. (Changing Drug abuse patterns and law enforcement strategies;pg.-134) The European-Monitoring Center for Drug and Drug Addiction [EMCDDA] defines the problem of Drug use as injecting drug use as ‘injecting drug use or long duration regular use of opium, cocaine and amphetamines.’ World Health Organization [WHO] defines Drug Addiction as a ‘disease’ and the American Psychiatric Association defines drug abuse as the ‘illicit consumption of any naturally occurring of pharmaceutical substance for the purpose of changing the way, in which a person feels, thinks or behaves without understanding or taking into consideration the damaging physical and mental side effects that are caused.(World Drug Report,2012;pg.125-126).</em></p><p><em>Drug Abuse is a global phenomena and it is also abused in India. India is a diverse nation and is like many other nations afflicted by drug abuse and drug addiction among the youths in the society. Drugs like opium and cannabis were traditionally used by the people, which are taken as a pain reliever by the people. ‘Ganja was consumed to worship Hindu God, Lord Shiva, during the festival of ‘Shivratri’ in India.(B. Sundas, 2011;pg.50). According to a nation-wide survey spread over 13 states by a NGO, in collaboration with the Ministry of Women and Child Development found that 32.1% children below the age of 18had tasted bhang, ganja, heroin or other forms of narcotics. (P. Mehta, 2011) In 2008, 5.3 million Indians aged 12 and older had abused cocaine in any form and 1.1 million had abused LSD at least once in the year. In 2008,453,000 Indians aged 12 and older had abused Heroin at least once in the year. In 2008,25.8 million Indians aged 12 and older had abused marijuana at least once in the year. In 2008,850,000 Indians aged 12 and older had abused methamphetamine at least once in the year.(Ibid,pg. 34-40).</em></p><p><em>Northeast has been challenged by serious problem of Drug use by the youth. Nagaland and Manipur are the two states in Manipur are the two states in North-East India, which has the highest prevalence of Intravenous Drugs (IDUs). Even cultivation of opium is done in Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh, and supplied to other parts of India. These are the easy routes of drug trafficking across the common borders of Myanmar and the three North-eastern States of India (Manipur, Mizoram and Nagaland). There is illicit cultivation of opium and cannabis, the heroin and the amphetamines, and the pharmaceuticals are used as illicit drugs and trafficked in the North-east India. (Drug used in Northeastern States, India;pg.xiv).</em></p>

Abstract: Controlled drugs, characterized by their potential for abuse and addiction, require stringent regulation to ensure their safe and appropriate use. This critical appraisal provides a scientifically sound examination of the classification of controlled drugs, global regulatory provisions governing their use, and the challenges associated with their distribution. Due to poor regulation, it is anticipated that 80% of the world’s population will have insufficient access to these painkillers. India needs a more robust enforcement mechanism, with the main goal of ensuring that medications are accessible to patients in need while preventing abuse and trafficking. As a result, studying the topic of “A Regulatory Need of Controlled Drugs” is important, serious, and indispensable. As a result, the authors of the present review discussed numerous regulatory authorities, drug enforcement agencies, and the storage and distribution of banned substances in India. In light of the findings, this review suggests future directions and recommendations. Strengthening international collaboration and information sharing can facilitate the development of more effective regulatory measures. Improved tracking and monitoring systems, incorporating technological advancements, hold promise for enhancing control over the distribution of controlled drugs.

Health is the basic human right and an important indicator of the nations’ commitment towards the health of its citizen and hence every country strives to increase the health standard and provide basic medical facility to all. This right to health is an outcome of various legal sanctions, both internationally and of countries specific. The right to health is enshrined as a basic human right internationally. The right to health is an inclusive right, extending not only to timely and appropriate health care, but also to the underlying determinants of health as per (Report of Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights). Though the Constitution of India does not expressly recognize the Right to Health as a fundamental right under Part III of the Constitution (Fundamental Rights), it is considered as an inseparable part of the Right to Life. Article 23. As a result, the child labour and human trafficking are prohibited in India. This article aims to analyse the impact of fast-changing lifestyle, habits, stress, COVID-19 pandemic and other factors on public health in India. It is more sensitized since last two years.

Delinquent offenses among adolescents is an important public health concern worldwide and has been increasing at an alarming rate in India. The study aimed to assess the prevalence and pattern of delinquency among justice-involved adolescent (JIA) males and determine the associated socio-demographic factors. This cross-sectional study was carried out during the year 2016 to 2019 among 178 male inmates (aged 10–18 years) of an observation home situated at Berhampur city in the state of Odisha, India. More than half (52.8%) of the JIA males committed overt delinquent acts and 47.2% committed covert delinquent acts. Drug trafficking (34.5%) tops the list among different covert delinquent acts followed by stealing things (33.3%) whereas rape (62.8%) was the most frequently committed overt delinquent act followed by murder (25%). Results of the multivariate analysis revealed that older age {adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 4.05; 95% CI [1.73, 9.51]}, lower education status of mother (aOR: 2.81; 95% CI [1.09, 7.22]), single parenthood (aOR: 4.58; 95% CI [1.27, 16.58]), and non-supportive parenting (aOR: 3.13, 95% CI [1.44, 6.80]) were significantly associated with overt delinquency in JIA males. The prevalence of overt delinquency among JIA males was high. Interventional measures incorporating these determinants should be designed to address overt delinquency in this population.

‘Child Rights’ refers to those human rights which are very essential for all-round development of a child. These rights are fundamental rights which make their life meaningful. However, in today’s world all children do not enjoy their rights equally. Among all sections of people children are the most neglected, exploited and vulnerable to almost all forms of social evils. In the developing countries of the world problems relating to children like infanticide, child marriage, child trafficking, child labour, child prostitution, drug addicted children etc. are very severe. As a developing country India has also been struggling with similar problems. In the North Eastern state of Assam also problems relating to children is seen almost in all parts of the state. Efforts are being made by the government and several other agencies to protect and promote the rights of children. The present study is an attempt to evaluate the role of Non-Governmental Organizations in protection and promotion of child rights. The study was carried out in North Lakhimpur Sub-Division of Lakhimpur District of Assam State. The study is based on both theoretical and empirical data. The methodology used for the study was in-depth interview through both Qualitative and Quantitative Research techniques. The study assumes significance as it intends to highlight the ground reality of the functioning of Non-Governmental Organizations in the study area

Although progress has been made in the study of Proverbs 21:4–7, existing literature is yet to shift focus on the relevance of the pericope in examining the different aspects of drug trafficking by Nigerians. There is no month that passes without the news of a Nigerian caught in a national or international airport for one form of drug trafficking or another by the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA). These drugs include cocaine, tramadol and Indian hemp, among others. This has brought disgrace to those caught in the act, their families as well as Nigerian society. Those who were supposed to protect and fight against these drug traffickers have also involved themselves, as pastors and policemen have also been caught trafficking drugs. Proverbs 21:4–7 is a storehouse of moral instruction and has always been regarded as containing the concentrated deposit of ancient Israelite morality. It was written to sharpen an individual’s ability not to be crafty or cunning but to transform a person of evil devices into a person of discretion, turning craftiness into prudence. This study used literary analysis as its research method. There is a close relationship between Proverbs 21:4–7 and the activities of drug traffickers in Nigeria. The themes embedded in the pericope, such as contentment, righteousness, diligence, self-control and patience, are believed to speak anew to the increasing activities of drug traffickers in Nigeria.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: Drug trafficking by Nigerians, nationally and internationally, has increased social crimes and Proverbs 21:4–7 provides new approach for solving this anomaly.

Globally, drug trafficking has generated a lot of violent crimes. In Nigeria, among all the drugs trafficked on, Indian hemp appears responsible for much bigger portion of the violent crimes than most people realize. Perhaps, the reason for this is not unconnected to the fact that Indian hemp is the only illicit psychoactive substance produced in the country. In fact, between 1990, when the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) was established, and 2009, about 117 deaths of NDLEA officials have been recorded; and a significant proportion of this deaths resulted from Indian hemp related cases. This paper is an attempt to create awareness, explore the peculiar challenges and proffer workable strategies for interrupting Indian hemp induced violent crimes against Nigerians.

Bangladesh has two immediate neighbors, India and Myanmar. Bangladesh shares both land and maritime border with Myanmar. After a long-standing maritime boundary delimitation dispute, Bangladesh and Myanmar resolved the dispute peacefully in 2012. However, Bangladesh-Myanmar land border often becomes a source of tension which often results in the killing of the members of the security forces and the innocent people. It is worthy to note that in September 2022, Myanmar mobilized troops on its border with Bangladesh. In addition, human trafficking, drugs trafficking, and arms trafficking are regular phenomenon in Bangladesh-Myanmar border. After August 2017 violence and torture by the Myanmar armies to the Rohingya people, more than 1.1 million Rohingyas fled Myanmar and took shelter in Bangladesh through Bangladesh-Myanmar border. Despite the existing challenges with severe implications, Bangladesh-Myanmar border issue has remained understudied. Against this backdrop, this article tries to understand border cooperation and challenges between Bangladesh and Myanmar.

According to a survey of Forex Bonuses 2017, Sweden and Canada seem to be linked with the cashless economy. An economic system where only minor amounts of currency are used in transactions is known as a cashless economy. The foundation of a cashless economy is the use of credit cards, debit cards, wallets, or other digital payment methods. Although people in India still prefer to carry cash rather than credit or debit cards, the country is transitioning to a "less cash economy" phase. Controlling the shadow economy, corruption, financing of terrorism, trafficking of people and drugs, counterfeit currency, and other issues is crucial. The cashless economy is economical, conducive to company growth and financial inclusion, etc. It is being promoted by the government via the BHIM app, AEPS, Digital, etc. Cashless economy demands strong digitalization. It has various challenges-escaping attitudes of people, poor transaction security mechanism, insufficient infrastructure etc. it is boon to industries like UBER and OLA. On secondary data, more analysis will be performed. Cashless Using BCT, India's economy is feasible and will be more secure. BCT has the ability to eliminate cash in India. both clear and safe.

Money laundering refers to the conversion or "laundering" of money which is illegally obtained, so as to make it appear to originate from a legitimate source. Money laundering is being employed by launderer’s worldwide to conceal criminal activity associated with it such as drugs/arms trafficking, terrorism, extortion and reason for various other heinous crimes. But in simple term, it is the conversion of black money into white money. The research inevitably to explain the paper to context that any instance of money laundering would have an angle of international degree, as money laundering typically involves transferring money through several countries in order to obscure its origin. Further the research has divided into four parts; first part deals with the jurisdictional issue arise during transnational money laundering. Second part deals with the intention of Parliament of India meant to target “proceeds of criminal conduct” then and now in the money laundering and its related offenses. Third part elaborates international development through different instruments and controlling mechanisms to deal with this problem and analyse the position of India in controlling money laundering. Fourth part discusses various problems and loopholes in implementation of anti-money laundering laws. Finally, the research concludes with few suggestions to have better anti-money laundering regime.

Neurodegenerative diseases are multifactorial nervous system deteriorating conditions that concern over 30 million aging populations worldwide. The effect of protein malfunction or defective trafficking is neurodegenerative disease, such as Alzheimer disease [AD], Parkinson’s disease [PD], Huntington's and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis disorders. Furthermore, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress / age-linked environmental factors have also been involved. Prolonged use of synthetic medications could lead to adverse side effects for these illnesses. Henceforth herbal therapy attracts much attention rather than a pharmaceutical therapy is favoured. Indeed, several research studies have identified use of medicinal plants and their components for drug production, and recently more than 100 new medicines are now being established clinically. Accumulative data shows that nutraceuticals property is critical for cognition optimisation and risk mitigation. The study explores the role of phytochemical based antioxidants in cognitive and adverse signal transduction events, with a special focus on the Mediterranean diet [MeDi] comprising bioactive compounds like - xanthophyll carotenoids and omega-3 fatty acids. These phytochemical compounds are capable of improving cognition, considering their selective brain involvement and their specifically oxidative damage and inflammation. The objective of this study is to detail the molecular mechanisms of some Ayurvedic plants signal transduction and locations of operation. It is hoped that this review further helps to examine a new therapeutic recommendations and further research in clinical trials on the use of poly-herbal Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment and prevention of dementia. It is expected to increase the ease in the usage of Ayurveda-based knowledge base combined with combined scientific and high-performance screening strategies in the drug research and development campaign, while offering new practical guidelines for neurosurgical diseases linked to age.

India is a developing country which had shown several successful faces in various fields. Though there is a good rate of social, economic and political development in our country on one hand, the amount of violence, crimes and illegal activities are increasing on the other hand. With regard to this, a survey of National Crime Records Bureau had stated that the fourth most common crime in our country is Sexual Assault. To ensnare the victims of sexual assault, women trafficking, robbery and other crimes related to women, criminals most probably uses date rape drugs. In this paper, we had put forth an idea of developing an Electronic Band which would be help for automatic indication and earlier rescue of the victim. This E-ORNAMENT is fitted with system interfaced with sensors which keeps an eye on the body conditions of women wearing the band. When there is a sudden change in usual pulse rate, body temperature and activity state of the victim, an automatic message of changes noticed in the body conditions along with the location of the victim is generated from the e-band and sent to her family or friends such that they can ensure with the victim about her safety (or) In case of no response received from her, they can rescue the victim as soon as possible. We hereby use tools such as Microcontroller, Pulse Rate Monitoring Sensor, Temperature Sensor and Panic safety button.