Journal articles: 'Drug study'

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Singh, Uday, Gurjeet Singh, and Randhir Singh. "A STUDY ON DRUG UTILIZATION PATTERN OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL." INDIAN RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND SCIENCE 7, no. 2 (June 2020): 2184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/irjps.2020.7.2.11.

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Dilek, Nursel, Hatice Uce Özkol, Ayse Akbaş, Fadime Kılınç, Aziz Ramazan Dilek, Yunus Saral, Ahmet Metin, and Ömer Çalka. "Cutaneous drug reactions in children: a multicentric study." Advances in Dermatology and Allergology 6 (2014): 368–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/pdia.2014.43881.

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Joseph, Dhanish, and Rincy K. K. "STUDY ON DRUG RELEASING BEHAVIOUR OF DIFFERENT BIOPOLYMERS." INDIAN RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND SCIENCE 7, no. 2 (June 2020): 2227–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/irjps.2020.7.2.15.

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Athira, M., S. Nongthongbam, S. K. Sinha, and N. Meena Devi. "PHARMACOECONOMIC STUDY ON DRUG WASTAGE." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 9 (September 30, 2020): 1461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/11812.

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Cost effective analysis are commonly used to evaluate the potential costs and benefits of health care services. They are often conducted under the assumption of no drug wastage which does not reflect the real world scenario. Cancer is a major health problem responsible for 9% deaths all over the world. Anti-cancer drugs are costlier than any other category drugs due to which the compliance to treatment is questionable. Cancer drug wastage occurs when a parenteral drug within a single-use vial is not fully administered to a patient because of body-weight or body surface-area based dose calculation in cancer chemotherapy. We conducted a prospective observational study in chemotherapy OPD where patients undergo I.V chemotherapy treatment. Data was collected for a period of three months on the drugs and its wastage. Analysis was done to find out drugs causing an increment in cost due to wastage.Our analysis showed that wastage incremented cost of treatment by an average of 3% which accounts for Rs 2,39,237.12 per annum without any added benefit. The drug with maximum cost of wastage was found to be oxaliplatin.9.43% increment in cost was due to oxaliplatin alone, the reason was concluded to be limited vial size.

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Isnenia, Isnenia. "Penggunaan Non-Steroid Antiinflamatory Drug dan Potensi Interaksi Obatnya Pada Pasien Muskuloskeletal." Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia 6, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.pji.2020.006.01.8.

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The main therapy on musculoskeletal patients is the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) either as monotherapy or in combination with drugs of the same class or pain relievers from other groups. The use of more than one drugs have potentially caused drug-drug interactions that can affect to patient. This study was aimed to describe the patient's sociodemographic (sex, ages) and clinical (numbers of drugs, type of drugs and diagnose) characteristics, as well as to find the correlation between potential drug interactions with these variables. This research was a quantitative study with a cross sectional design. Data were taken from 100 medical records of patients who had diagnosed with top five musculoskeletal diseases. Data were analyzed descriptively for sex, ages, number of drugs, type of drugs, and potential drug interactions. Bivariate correlation with chi-square were conducted to find statistically significancy potential drug interactions with each variable consist of sex, ages, type of drugs and it’s diagnose. The result shows that the musculoskeletal patients were 44% male, 56% female. Most musculoskeletal patients were aged 18-65 years (78%). Patients who received drugs <5 were 68% and ≥ 5 were 32%. 54% of patients were taking the diclofenac and only 5% of patients were taking the two NSAIDs combination, diclofenac and ibuprofen. There was no significant correlation (p > 0,05) between potential drug interactions with age, sex, type of NSAID, and type of musculosceletal diseases.

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KATOH, Hiromi, Michiko YOSHII, and Koichiro OZAWA. "Comparative Study of Drug Efficacy and Drug Additives between Generic Drugs and Original Drugs." YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 127, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 2035–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/yakushi.127.2035.

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Farmonovna, Tukhtasheva Visola, Rejepov Jumadulla, Djakhangirov Farkhod Nabievich, Azamatov Azizbek Azamat Ugli, and Zakhidova Lola Tishaevna. "Pre-Clinical Study Of Safeness Of The Drug Ferulen." American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research 02, no. 07 (July 31, 2020): 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajmspr/volume02issue07-18.

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Swamy, V. K. M., M. M. Shankaraiah, T. M. Jyothi, S. V. Rajendra, and R. S. Setty. "A Study on Drug-Drug Interaction of Esomeprazole and Anti-Diabetic Drugs." Journal of Young Pharmacists 2, no. 4 (October 2010): 424–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-1483.71624.

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HILEMAN, BETTE. "DRUG SAFETY STUDY." Chemical & Engineering News 84, no. 40 (October 2, 2006): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v084n040.p012a.

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Hall, William H. "Drug Study Announced." Diabetes Educator 14, no. 3 (June 1988): 177–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014572178801400305.

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Miyawaki, Izuru. "Drug dependence study." Folia Pharmacologica Japonica 130, no. 3 (2007): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1254/fpj.130.211.

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Manne, Vimala, and Padmaja Pinjala. "Drug eruptions and hepatic involvement: a study." International Journal of Research in Dermatology 4, no. 4 (October 25, 2018): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2455-4529.intjresdermatol20183819.

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Background: Assessment by liver biopsy remains the gold standard in defining drug induced liver disease. Liver biopsy is an invasive procedure. Hence, a technique that is simpler is required to detect drug induced liver dysfunction. The profile of liver function tests (LFT) abnormalities, provides an initial guide to the clinical syndrome of drug induced hepatotoxicity. This study attempts to draw a possible correlation as well as to derive insight into the involvement of liver in drug eruptions through simple liver function tests.Methods: 112 cases of patients with drug rash whom we have a tendency to saw within the department of medicine as out-patients and in-patients since 2015 to 2018 in Osmania General Hospital, Katuri Medical College and Hospital and Dr. V. R. K Women’s Medical College, Teaching Hospital and Research Centre were enclosed during this study. Total number of cutaneous drug rash cases enrolled: 83 Total number of drug rash cases with Liver Function Test abnormalities: 17.Results: Out of 83 patients of drag rash 20% (17) had liver function test abnormalities while 80% (66) had normal hepatic function. Out of 17 drug rash cases with liver function test abnormalities 35% (6) were between 4-14 years of age group. Out of 17 drug rash cases with liver function test abnormalities 70.6% (12) were males and 29.4% (5) were females.Conclusions: To conclude, a sound knowledge of morphological patterns of drug rashes with hepatic involvement, drugs implicated in causing drug rashes and hepatic dysfunction and an easy detection of impending danger by the simple biochemical tests (liver function tests) can evert a major crisis and thus help the clinicians to better manage their cases.

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Gacem, Hocine, Hadjer Nour El Imane Beriala, Asma Hamzi, Rachida Derghal, and Amel Ahmane. "Drug-drug interactions: prospective study targeting department of cardiology." Batna Journal of Medical Sciences (BJMS) 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2014): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.48087/bjmsoa.2014.1102.

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Background: Drug-drug interactions are a major cause and a source of iatrogenic events. It has been estimated that 42% of adverse drug reactions are preventable and occur mainly at the stage of prescription (49%) of which 17% are caused by drug-drug interactions. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of drug-drug interactions in the cardiology department, describe and analyze them according to associated factors. Method: A prospective observational study during 5 months from February to June 2013, at the medical cardiology department of Batna, was conducted on patients aged over 16 years who were admitted at least during 24 hours and received at least two drugs. Demographic and pharmacological data were collected using a validated and tested questionnaire. The prescriptions were analyzed searching for possible drug-drug interactions, using an automatized system of detection (THERIAQUE®). Descriptive statistics are generated and a univariate study is used to determine the associated factors. Results and Discussion: A total of 313 patients were included in the study, with a predominance of ischemic cardiopathy (43.8%, n: 137). 1115 interactions were identified in 285 patients. The prevalence of drug-drug interactions was estimated at 90.7% where drug classes most commonly involved belong to the cardiovascular system (63%) and the blood and blood-forming organs (32.4%). The most commonly concerned drugs were nitrates/inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme- angiotensin II receptor antagonist (14.0%) and heparin/inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme- angiotensin II receptor antagonists (12.1%). Drug classes most commonly involved belong to the cardiovascular system (63%) and that of the blood and blood-forming organs (32.4%). 50.2% of patients expressed adverse drug reactions whose most observed were: hypotension (36.3%) and bleeding (17.2%). Age, number of comorbidities, number of medications are factors for drug-drug interactions. Obtained prevalence is significantly high relative to that reported by literature (14-58 %). This difference is due to the fact that some studies were conducted in a single department while others in all departments of the hospital which may have high-level recruitment at low risk and therefore lower prevalence than those emerged in one department.

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Rahman, Md Moksedur, Md Abdullah, Moriom Nessa, Muhammad Afsar Siddique, Md Moazzem Hossain, Md Khalilur Rahman, and MMR Khan. "A Study of Drugs Causing Fixed Drug Eruptions." TAJ: Journal of Teachers Association 27, no. 1 (November 28, 2018): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/taj.v27i1.37611.

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Fixed drug eruption (FDE) is a distinctive type of cutaneous drug reaction that characteristically recurs in the same site or sites each time a particular drug is taken. FDEs are among the most frequent problems encountered by the dermatologists. The present study was carried out to recognize offending drugs, to educate the patients and to avoid self-administration of drugs and re-administration of the offending drugs. The study was conducted in Skin & VD outpatient department of Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi over a period of one year. One hundred ten cases with established FDE were evaluated clinically. The causative drugs were identified and confirmed by provocation tests. Cotrimoxazole (25%) was the most common cause of FDE. Other drugs incriminated were NSAID (21.8%), Tetracycline (15.4%), Ciprofloxacin (10%), Amoxicillin (7.2%), Metronidazole (5.4%), Griseofulvin (2.7%) and Fluconazole (1.8%). The lesions were found to be distributed on the oro-genital mucosa, trunk and the acral regions.The main presentation of FDE was circularhyperpigmented lesion.TAJ 2014; 27(1): 29-33

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HASHIMOTO, YASUAKI. "Study on multiple drug combination of antiarrhythmic drugs." Rinsho yakuri/Japanese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 28, no. 1 (1997): 417–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3999/jscpt.28.417.

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Islam, RN, NE Tabessum, AKM Safiuzzaman, and MMI Sarker. "A Case Study of Drug Abuse." Medicine Today 24, no. 2 (May 18, 2013): 82–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v24i2.15014.

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There has been increasing the incidence of addiction to certain drugs amongst people belonging to various strata of society particularly amongst young people in our country as well as western countries. Our patient is a 24 year old male with a history of phensidyl addiction for 4.5 years. Without having it he cant do anything. If he cannot take it, peevish temperament occurs and he doesnt wish to work or even talk. He collects drugs from the local spots or a particular person. This condition is very much dangerous both to the individual and socio-economic condition of a country. Drugs addiction is a condition of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by the repeated consumption of a drug or drugs by and individual effect of which is detrimental to the individual or to the society. A more intensive research, action program, and social movement are needed. It is also needed to strengthen family and social values and religious ethics in order to maintain a stable and drug-free society.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v24i2.15014 Medicine Today 2012 Vol.24(2): 82-84

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Misrawati, Asri, and Tenriwati. "Qualitative Study On Drug Users Class IIa Bulukumba Drugs." Comprehensive Health Care 3, no. 3 (December 11, 2019): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.37362/jch.v3i3.225.

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Illegal drugs are solid or liquid substances, gases that cause physical and psychological changes in the body, almost all drugs affect the central nervous system, drugs act on the brain and can affect anesthesia, view the emergence of side effects and the high persistence to use illegal drugs without being prescribed by a doctor and can cause drug addiction or addiction. Some factors cause drug users, namely environmental factors, family factors and social factors, and 179 drug users in Bulukumba class IIA prisons.The purpose of this study: is to know the factors of the use of illegal drugs in class IIA Bulukumba. The research design used was a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach through in-depth interview techniques. Data was collected in the form of records and results of interviews. Respondents in this study amounted to 6 people using illegal drugs who were selected by purposive sampling. In this study, several theme analysis results were obtained, namely (1) first try (2) the influence of family factors (3) the influence of social factors. Conclusion: Drug users occur as a result of the first try factor, high curiosity, and friend invitations, drug users occur due to family factors, and drug users occur as a result of free sex.

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Gagnon, Ann-Lorie, Alexandre Lavoie, Marie-Pier Frigon, Alban Michaud-Herbst, and Karine Tremblay. "A Drug-Induced Acute Pancreatitis Retrospective Study." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2020 (November 3, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1516493.

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Background and Aims. Drugs are considered a relatively rare and understudied cause of acute pancreatitis (AP). The lack of convincing and conclusive data on drug-induced AP (DIAP) complicates the diagnosis as well as the identification of the causative drug. The aim of this study is to document causes of DIAP cases that occurred in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean (SLSJ) population. Methods. We have conducted a retrospective and descriptive population-based study of DIAP cases that occurred between 2006 and 2014 in the six hospitals serving the entire SLSJ population. Cases were selected from the Quebec Ministry of Health hospitalizations registry (MED-ECHO) administrative public database. A medical chart review was performed in an attempt to characterize DIAP hospitalizations and to identify the imputable drugs. Results. During the studied period, 75 cases (30.7% male, 69.3% female) were included totaling 90 hospitalizations for DIAP. Among them, 50 causative drugs were identified and were distributed in 17 different drug classes. Recurrent DIAPs were documented in 13 cases, and among them, 6 cases have experimented a positive rechallenge. Six drugs (5-fluorouracil, atorvastatin, bortezomib, nilotinib, rosuvastatin, and triamcinolone) were associated with the highest degree of evidence. The most common causative drugs of DIAP hospitalization were azathioprine (n = 7), followed by atorvastatin (n = 6), hydrochlorothiazide (n = 5), rosuvastatin (n = 4), and codeine (n = 4). Conclusions. This study has added new evidences about potentially pancreatitis-associated drugs in literature. This is the first study to report definite 5-fluorouracil- and triamcinolone-induced AP. An updated version of the evidence-based literature review is needed to support the clinicians in the identification of the causative drugs.

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Vadher, Meeta D., Kamlesh Patel, D. K. Vadher, Sujal Parkar, and Chintan Raval. "Drug utilization study of off-label drug use in outpatient department of psychiatry: a prospective study at a tertiary care teaching hospital." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 6, no. 3 (February 24, 2017): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20170817.

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Background: In the absence of standard psychiatric prescribing information, physician often use drugs in an off-label way. Many studies have been published across the globe reporting different rates of off-label use. There is currently no study based on Indian Drug Formulary.Methods: After taking permission from Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC), a prospective study was conducted among 285 patients attending Psychiatry outpatient department for the period of 4 months. Data related to demographic parameters, diagnosis of psychiatry conditions and drugs details were collected directly from the patient's medical records and entered in Case Record Form (CRF).The off-label drugs were categorized as per National Formulary of India. Multivariate binary logistic regression model was used to determine the predictors of off- label drug prescribing. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 19 and chi-square test.Results: A total of 285 patients (169 males, 116 females) were included in the study with mean age of 36.54±13.91 years. Most of the patients (n=65, 22.8%) were diagnosed as schizophrenic. Out of 285 patients, 133(46.6%) received at least one off-label drug. A total 841 drugs were prescribed out of which 167(19.85%) were off-label. The drug most frequently prescribed as off-label were trihexiphenidyl HCL 29 (10.2%), clozapine 23 (8.1%) and clonazepam 13 (4.6%).Conclusions: Off label drugs used among psychiatry patients was 19.85%. The most frequently used off-label drugs was trihexiphenidyl HCL. The use of off-label drugs in psychiatric patients has been reportedly increasing which warrant national drug regulatory authorities to review and revise safe administration such drugs.

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Johnell, Kristina, Johan Fastbom, Måns Rosén, and Andrejs Leimanis. "Inappropriate Drug Use in the Elderly: a Nationwide Register-Based Study." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 41, no. 7-8 (July 2007): 1243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1k154.

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Background: Potentially inappropriate drug use (IDU) is an important and preventable safety concern in the care of elderly patients and has been associated with adverse drug reactions, hospitalization, and mortality. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of potentially IDU among the elderly in Sweden and investigate whether age. sex, and number of dispensed drugs are associated with IDU. Methods: We analyzed data on age, sex, and dispensed drugs for people aged 75 years and older who were listed in the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register from October–December 2005 (N = 732 226). The main outcome measures of IDU were prescription of anticholinergics, prescription of long-acting benzodiazepines, concurrent use of 3 or more psychotropic drugs, and an indication of potentially serious drug-drug interactions. Results: Prevalence for IDU was 17%; for anticholinergic drugs 6%, long-acting benzodiazepines 5%, 3 or more psychotropic drugs 5%, and potentially serious drug–drug interactions 4%. After adjustment for age and sex, number of dispensed drugs was strongly associated with all 4 measures of IDU. After adjustment for sex and number of dispensed drugs, increasing age was moderately associated with a higher probability of IDU, long-acting benzodiazepines, and 3 or more psychotropic drugs, After adjustment for age and number of dispensed drugs, women had a slightly increased probability of IDU, anticholinergic drugs, long-acting benzodiazepines, and 3 or more psychotropic drugs. Conclusions: IDU was fairly common among the elderly in Sweden in 2005 and was strongly connected to the number of dispensed drugs they were taking. Older age and female sex were related to inappropriate use of psychotropic drugs, whereas the opposite relationship prevailed for potentially serious drug–drug interactions. Future research is needed to determine whether IDU will become more common due to increasing use of drugs among elderly persons. The challenge is to balance the problems related to IDU without denying older people potentially valuable drug therapy.

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Shi, Qing-ping, Xian-di He, Mei-ling Yu, Jin-xiu Zhu, Yan Liu, Feng Ding, Rang Sang, Xiao-dong Jiang, and Shu-qiang Zhang. "A 6-year retrospective study of adverse drug reactions due to drug-drug interactions between nervous system drugs." Int. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 52, no. 05 (May 1, 2014): 392–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.5414/cp202050.

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王, 鸿飞. "Study on Drug Driving and Rapid Drug Detection." Open Journal of Nature Science 06, no. 02 (2018): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ojns.2018.62020.

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Agergaard, K., M. Mau-Sørensen, TB Stage, TL Jørgensen, RE Hassel, KD Steffensen, JW Pedersen, et al. "Clopidogrel-Paclitaxel Drug-Drug Interaction: A Pharmacoepidemiologic Study." Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 102, no. 3 (May 26, 2017): 547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpt.674.

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Sakin, Saniad Ahmed, Wahida Khanam Chowdhury, Najnin Akhter, Arif Uddin Ahmed, Md Hasan Sharif, and Md Abu Sayed. "Study of Adverse Drug Reaction in the Inpatient Departments of Medicine." Annals of International medical and Dental Research 6, no. 2 (February 2020): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/aimdr.2020.6.2.pc1.

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von Hilsheimer, George. "Drug Defended, Study Panned." Science News 138, no. 10 (September 8, 1990): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3975165.

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Radwanski, Elaine, Amin Nomeir, Chin-Chung Lin, David Cutler, and Melton Affrime. "Pharmacokinetic Drug Interaction Study." American Journal of Therapeutics 5, no. 2 (March 1998): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00045391-199803000-00003.

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Torelló, Jaime, José A. Durán, and María I. Serrano. "Diuretic Drug Utilization Study." Journal of Pharmacy Technology 12, no. 4 (July 1996): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/875512259601200412.

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Objective: To evaluate the present use of diuretics in our institution, and determine the appropriateness of that use and the incidence of adverse reactions and interactions. Design: This retrospective study describes the indications for use of an identified drug or combination of drugs. By the time the data were collected, some patients had been discharged or had died. Setting: The study was carried out in a referral center, the University Hospital “Virgen Macarena,” Seville, Spain. Patients: All patients receiving diuretic therapy. Those undergoing hemodialysis or receiving home care were excluded from the study. Intervention: A therapeutic audit was performed using specific standards of reference. Two models were used — one for each of the most frequent indications, ascites and congestive heart failure (CHF). Main Outcome Measures: A structured protocol gathered data on (1) demographic characteristics, (2) causes of admission and pathologic antecedents, (3) diuretic treatment, (4) basic controls (24-h diuresis and daily basal weight), (5) clinical evolution, and (6) concurrent complementary studies. The protocol included a checklist of the most frequent adverse drug reactions and interactions whose degree of causality was determined by applying the modified algorithm of Karch-Lasagna, used in the World Health Organization voluntary reporting system of adverse drug reactions. Results: One hundred twenty-six patients (16% of total admissions) received diuretic therapy. Of these, 71% were analyzed; information in the medical records was incomplete for the rest (29%). Fifty-one percent of the patients were more than 60 years old. The most frequent admission diagnoses were cardiovascular (51.5%), followed by digestive (16.7%) diseases. A total of 134 cardiac symptoms was seen in 50 patients. The most notable were acute pulmonary edema (26%), ischemic cardiopathy (12%), and cardiogenic shock (8%). Most patients receiving diuretic therapy (47.3%) were admitted to the internal medicine service. The most-prescribed diuretic was furosemide (59%), followed by spironolactone (27%). The combined use of furosemide and spironolactone occurred in all but 1 of the patients with hepatic ascites (92%), whereas in those with CHF the figure for the combined use of furosemide and spironolactone fell to 38% (p = 0.001). In 63% of the patients with ascites, the spironolactone dosage was changed in the first 48 hours of treatment. There was a high percentage of deaths (21%) in the study patients. Conclusions: Therapeutic strategy often does not follow the guidelines laid down in the standards of reference on diuretic use in serious CHF and/or ascites in this institution.

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Freisthler, Bridget, Paul J. Gruenewald, Fred W. Johnson, Andrew J. Treno, and Elizabeth A. Lascala. "An Exploratory Study Examining the Spatial Dynamics of Illicit Drug Availability and Rates of Drug Use." Journal of Drug Education 35, no. 1 (March 2005): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/25qy-pbc3-b1eb-jb5y.

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This study examines the spatial relationship between drug availability and rates of drug use in neighborhood areas. Responses from 16,083 individuals were analyzed at the zip code level ( n = 158) and analyses were conducted separately for youth and adults using spatial regression techniques. The dependent variable is the percentage of respondents using drugs in the past year. Neighborhood drug availability (the major independent variable) was measured by the percentage of non-drug users who had been approached to purchase drugs. Data were obtained as part of the Fighting Back community evaluation. For youth (aged 12 to 18), drug sales in adjacent and surrounding areas were positively associated with self-reported drug use in areas where youth were residents. For adults, drug sales within the neighborhood were negatively associated with drug use, while drug sales in immediately adjacent neighborhoods were positively related to self-reports of drug use. Findings suggest that the areas where rates of drug users are greatest are not necessarily the same area where drugs are sold. Designing strategies to reduce the supply of drugs should receive input from city and regional planners and developers, as well as law enforcement and public health professionals.

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Kuna, Kamala, Jhansi Rani M, Shirisha N, and Sudha J. "A STUDY OF VARIOUS DRUGS CAUSING FIXED DRUG ERUPTIONS." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 4, no. 52 (June 26, 2015): 8986–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2015/1304.

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Gibson, Liza. "Drug regulators study global treaty to tackle counterfeit drugs." BMJ 328, no. 7438 (February 26, 2004): 486.4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.328.7438.486-c.

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Faizah, Ana Khusnul, and Raswita Diniya. "A STUDY OF DRUG RELATED PROBLEM IN UROLOGIC PATIENTS: A COHORT PROSPECTIVE STUDY." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 14 (May 1, 2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10s2.19472.

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Objective:Drug therapy problems (DRPs) are the clinical domain of the pharmaceutical care practitioner. The purpose of identifying drug therapy problems is to help patients on achieving their goals of therapy and realizing the best possible outcomes from drug therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine the number of DRPs and to classifyDRPs that occurred in post-operative patients from urology surgery ward.Methods:A 3-month prospective study was conducted by considering62 hospitalized post-operative patients from urology surgery ward at the Teaching Hospital in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. Clinical pharmacists were involved in medical rounds to identify DRPs.Results:From 37 patients, 81 DRPs were identified in this study. About 20 patients were considered to have more than one DRP. The most common identified DRPs were over-dosage (38%), drug use without indication (20%),improper drug (11%), drug interaction (10%), untreated indication(9%), adverse drug reaction (7%), failure to receive drug (4%) and sub-therapeutic drugs (1%). The clinical pharmacists were involved in doing dose adjustment, monitoring, evaluating drug discontinuation, doing drug substitution and, additional therapy, counseling to patients, increasing dose and referring to prescriber.Conclusion:The most identified DRPs were over-dosage, drug use without indication and improper drug. Clinical pharmacist’s intervention were required toidentify, prevent, resolve DRPs and assist patient on achieving their goals of therapy and improving their quality of life.

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Vecchia, Stefano, Elena Orlandi, Corrado Confalonieri, Enrico Damonti, Alessandra Riva, Alessia Sartori, and Luigi Cavanna. "Prevalence study on potential drug–drug interaction in cancer patients in Piacenza hospital’s Onco-Haematology department." Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice 24, no. 7 (July 16, 2017): 490–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078155217717324.

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Background Cancer patients can be a human model of potential drug interactions. Usually they receive a large number of different medications, including antineoplastic agents, drugs for comorbid illness and medication for supportive care, however information about these interactions are fragmented and poor. Objective We assessed a prospective study to evaluate the prevalence of drug interaction among patients hospitalized in the Onco-Haematology department, Hospital of Piacenza. Methods Data on drugs administered for cancer, comorbidities, or supportive care were collected from different computerized prescription software in use in the department; we compared them with a database to focus on the co-administration of drugs. A literature review was performed to identify major potential drug interaction and to classify them by level of severity and by strengths of scientific evidence. Results In this study 284 cancer patients were enrolled; patients had taken an average of seven drugs on each day of therapy plus chemotherapeutic agents, we identified 67 potential drug interactions. At least 53 patients had one potential drug interaction. Of all potential drug interactions 63 were classified as moderate severity and only four as major. In 55 cases chemotherapeutic agents were involved in possible interactions with supportive care drugs, meanwhile in 12 cases the potential drug interactions were between supportive care drugs. Conclusions In our centre, thanks to a computerized prescription software, integrated with caution alarm in case of possible interaction, we had a lower rate of potential drug interactions than the one from literature. It is possible to improve the software integrating the alarm with the potential drug interactions between chemotherapy agents and supportive care drugs.

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Ponce-Blandón, José Antonio, José Manuel Martínez-Montilla, Manuel Pabón-Carrasco, Raúl Martos-García, Aurora Castro-Méndez, and Rocío Romero-Castillo. "International Multicenter Study on Drug Consumption in Nursing Students." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (September 9, 2021): 9526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189526.

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Background: The prevalence of illicit drug use among young people is high, with many being highly vulnerable to substance abuse. The nursing profession is not immune to the impacts of substance misuse. Knowing the current levels of consumption of illicit drugs in nursing students will allow for the introduction of preventive actions. Methods: Multi-center, descriptive, and cross-sectional study involving nursing schools from four different countries (Spain, Belgium, France, and Brazil). A total of seven centers participated. An adapted version of the Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) was used as a tool, which selected only the module on illicit drugs. Standard logistic regression analysis was performed. Results: A total of 496 nursing students participated in the study. Illicit drug shows positive representation among nursing students. A significant difference was observed between the gender and the age of first drug use, illicit drug consumption, cannabis use, and cocaine use ever in life, with higher use of illicit drugs by male, although at later ages than girls. The bivariate analysis, gender, problems as result of drugs, and nationality were significantly associated with the consumption of illicit drugs, cannabis, cocaine, and ecstasy ever in life. Conclusions: High rates of illicit drug use were found among nursing students, as well as factors that can influence consumption such as nationality or gender. These results can serve as a basis for the development of educational and policy interventions within nursing schools that are based on evidence, with significant implications for nurse educators, academic administrators, and practice.

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Belén Rivas, Ana, Luis Arruza, Enrique Pacheco, Antonio Portoles, Jorge Diz, and Emilio Vargas. "Adverse drug reactions in neonates: a prospective study." Archives of Disease in Childhood 101, no. 4 (January 27, 2016): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2015-309396.

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AimTo investigate the frequency and characteristics of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in hospitalised neonates to obtain a better understanding of and improvement in neonatal healthcare.MethodologyA prospective cohort study. Data were collected on 313 neonates and 2166 drug prescriptions. Clinical characteristics of patients, drugs administered and ADRs were prospectively recorded and analysed. Informed consent was obtained in all cases.Results116 different ADRs were detected. 17% of the neonates experienced at least one of these ADRs. Systemic antimicrobials and caffeine citrate were the drugs that most commonly caused ADRs. According to the ADR Severity Assessment Scale, 41% were mild, 42% were moderate and 17% were severe. Of the ADRs identified, 11% were classified as ‘certain’ by the Naranjo method and 20% were classified as ‘defined’ by the Karch and Lasagna modified algorithm. Most of the ADRs detected were related to feed intolerance, phlebitis and tachycardia. Most were acute (73%) and lasted between 1 and 7 days (39%). After the occurrence of an ADR, it was necessary to initiate specific treatment in 44 cases, discontinue the drugs involved in 30 cases, and reduce the drug dose in another 30 cases. An association was shown between the number of drugs prescribed and ADR onset.ConclusionsThere is a high incidence of ADRs in hospitalised newborns, which increases with the number of prescriptions.

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Pang, Siu-Kwong. "Quantum-chemically-calculated mechanistically interpretable molecular descriptors for drug-action mechanism study – a case study of anthracycline anticancer antibiotics." RSC Advances 6, no. 78 (2016): 74426–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra14630a.

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Balasundaram, Lakshmi, Bharatraj Kidambi, and Surya Singaravelu. "Thorough QT/QTc (TQT) study." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 10, no. 8 (July 26, 2021): 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212933.

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With a number of drugs entering the market, cardiac safety remains a cause of major concern for the regulatory authorities, before approval. The incidence of drug induced arrhythmia with non-cardiovascular drugs is low, however the result is fatal, hence much focus is being given to assess the pro-arrhythmic potential of a drug. The arrhythmogenic risk of the drug is higher if the patient is on polypharmacy or has other risk factors such as an electrolyte imbalance or an underlying structural heart disease. QT prolongation can be either due to congenital causes such as Long QT syndromes (LQTS) which include Romano-Ward syndrome, Jervell and Lange-Nielson syndrome or can be acquired, which is mainly due to drugs. Several drugs such as terfenadine, astemizole, cisapride and grepafloxacin have been withdrawn from the market due to QT prolongation and development of a fatal ventricular arrythmia - torsades de pointes (TdP). This has led to implementation of guidelines to assess cardiac safety. The pro-arrhythmic risk can be assessed using thorough QT/QTc studies or exposure response modelling of intensive ECGs. This article will give an overall view of the use of QT/QTc interval as a biomarker for cardiac safety and the current guidelines for thorough QT/QTc studies which are mainly done to assess the pro-arrhythmic potential of a non-anti-arrhythmic drug.

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Mate, Vijay Haribhau, Satish Balaji Gonarkar, and Anjum Mehmood Dhamani. "Drug utilization for common skin diseases: an outpatient based study." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 8, no. 12 (November 25, 2019): 2604. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20195264.

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Background: Drug utilization studies are useful for understanding the pattern of drug use in any particular healthcare set-up. This data gives an insight to improve the medical treatment at different layers in the health system. The oobjective of the present study was to assess drug utilization patterns by using core prescribing indicators of WHO and to assess most commonly observed skin disease in Dermatology out patients department (OPD) of tertiary care hospital.Methods: 246 prescriptions from Dermatology OPD were audited. Common skin diseases and the prescribing patterns were analysed from the prescriptions.Results: Average 2.4 drugs per prescription were seen in this study. 38.7% drugs were from National Essential Drug List of India. All the drugs were prescribed by brand names. The fixed dose combinations accounted for 20.6% drugs prescribed. Dosage, dose and duration of treatment were written for 100% of prescriptions. Around 44 different skin diseases were diagnosed amongst 246 patients predominantly cutaneous fungal infections, acne, dermatitis, eczema and psoriasis. About 591 different drugs were used mainly corticosteroids (21%), antibiotics (17%), anti-allergic (16%), antifungals (11%). Common skin conditions receiving corticosteroids were dermatitis (9.9%), eczema (9.1%). Antibiotics (17%), antifungals (11%) and antivirals (1%) were commonly used antimicrobial agents. 55.2% drugs were administered topically while 44.6% received orally.Conclusions: Prescriptions revealed a higher incidence of fungal and bacterial infections. All the medications were prescribed rationally. All prescriptions had proper dosage form, frequency of administration, duration of therapy and diagnosis. However, prescriber should be motivated for prescription of generic drugs and those from essential drug list.

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Chandrarathna, Nethmie, Amrita Parida, V. Manju, and Uppor Subramanya Adiga. "Drug Utilization Study in Epilepsy in A Tertiary Care Hospital." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 12, no. 2 (June 26, 2019): 697–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1691.

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Treatment of epilepsy is quite challenging as it requires the antiepileptic drugs to be taken for a long duration, sometimes throughout the lifetime of the patient. But such chronic drug intake results in adverse effects, drug interactions and added economic and emotional distress to the patients. It is therefore of utmost importance to analyze the pattern of prescription of antiepileptic drugs, the concurrent medications in epilepsy. The present study was conducted to collect, assess and understand the above data and also to analyze the rationality and correctness of prescription using the WHO prescription indicators. A total of 100 case records of patients diagnosed with epilepsy was analyzed and the data was recorded. We have total 34 children and 66 adult patients in our study. Generalized tonic-clonic seizures was the common type of seizure. Phenytoin was the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drug. 1/3rd of the patients needed more than one drug for adequate seizure control and the most common add on drug was levetiracetam. Also, the average number of drugs prescribed to the patients was 6 which included drugs given for concomitant illnesses as well. A total of 561 medicines were prescribed which included the drugs prescribed for concomitant illnesses as well. Average number of medicines per prescription was 6. Prescription by generic name was seen in 42% of the cases. An injection was prescribed in 66% of the prescriptions. An antibiotic was encountered in 38% of the prescriptions. Most of the epileptic patients are subjected to polypharmacy which puts them at a higher risk of side effects, drug interactions and financial burden. Physicians should minimize the use of drugs and look into the rationality of each prescription.

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Sawant, Mahadeo P., Sudhir L. Padwal, Rakesh R. Jadhav, Harshal N. Pise, and Rucha Shinde. "Study of drug prescription pattern in ischemic heart disease patients." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 8, no. 7 (June 24, 2019): 1473. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20192644.

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Background: Drug utilization pattern studies helps to screen, assess and propose appropriate modifications in prescription practices, this would help to make patient care rational and cost effective. Study was intended to analyse the drug prescribing pattern for treatment of Ischemic heart disease using WHO indicators.Methods: This is a cross sectional observational study conducted on ischemic heart disease patients admitted at inpatient department of medicine in a tertiary care teaching hospital. The study consisted of analysis of drug utilization pattern of prescribed drugs.Results: IHD was more commonly seen in males (70.06%) than females (29.94%). IHD was most commonly seen in patients of age group of 61-70 year. Drugs prescribed to patients belong to various therapeutic classes ranging from anti-platelets, anticoagulants, anti-anginal, antithrombin, thrombolytic, hypolipidemics. The most commonly prescribed therapeutic class of drugs was antiplatelet (86.26%) followed by hypolipidemic (82.25%) and ACE inhibitors drugs (46.60%). Average number of drugs per encounter was 7.70. Drugs were prescribed by their generic names were 29.99%. Out of total study group 22.06% patients were prescribed at least one antibiotic. Injections were prescribed only in 1392 (27.86%) out of 4995 drugs. Of total drugs 3270 (65.45%) of drugs were from National List of Essential Medicines-2016 (NLEM -2016) and 2774 (55.53%) drugs prescribed were from WHO-EML-2016.Conclusions: Risk of artery disease increased with increasing age. IHD was more common in males than females. The most commonly prescribed drug classes in Ischemic heart disease were anti-platelet drugs followed by hypolipidemic agents.

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Nagaratnam, C., B. Deepika, and C. Deepalatha. "DRUG UTILIZATION PATTERN STUDY IN YOUNG ADULT PATIENTS OF CUTANEOUS ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research 10, no. 6 (November 30, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2018v10i6.30965.

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Objective: To evaluate prevalence of cutaneous adverse reactions in young adult age group using ADR notification form. To create awareness in hospitals and health sectors, to establish drug safety monitoring units for mother and child care.Methods: Individual case safety reports of 46 patients from various hospitals were analyzed using CDSCO forms. To tabulate data on drugs, doses, systems, ADRs and factors for causation of cutaneous ADRs. Results: Females are more prone compared to males due to pregnancy at young age with increased use of Iron combinations, antibiotics and antiepileptic’s in young adult age groups (20-30yrs) among cutaneous ADRs.Conclusion: We conclude the need for establishment of drug safety units with generic units for maternity sections and use of drugs in pre and post natal period, as pregnancy and adult age are risk factors for cutaneous adverse drug reactions. Every hospital structure needs special caution on drug lots of iron preparations, antibiotics, analgesics, antiepileptic’s to be used in Obstetrics and Gynecology departments.

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Mogali, Sahana M., and Basavaraj C. Kotinatot. "Drug utilization study of antipsychotics among schizophrenia patients in a tertiary care teaching hospital: a retrospective observational study." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 9, no. 6 (May 21, 2020): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20202185.

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Background: Aim of the study was to evaluate the drug utilization pattern of antipsychotics in schizophrenia patients in a tertiary care hospital.Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted over a period of one year. Demographic data and drug utilization pattern of antipsychotics was collected from the surveyed prescriptions. Using WHO prescribing indicators data was analysed. Results were expressed in percentage.Results: Out of 300 prescriptions analysed, males were 58% and females 42%. Majority of schizophrenia patients were in age group of 15 to 45 years 70.33%. Olanzapine 75% was most common antipsychotic drug prescribed followed by risperidone 10.7%. Haloperidol 9.6%, fluphenazine 3.7% and chlorpromazine 1% were the other antipsychotics prescribed. Atypical antipsychotics 85.7% were commonly prescribed than conventional ones 4.3%. Concomitant drugs prescribed were anticholinergics, antihistaminics, sedative-hypnotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, antiulcer drugs and vitamin B complexes. Average number of drugs prescribed per prescription 3.26.Conclusions: Nowadays atypical antipsychotics are preferred over conventional ones because of their less side effects. Drug utilization study helps in rational usage of drugs important for patient care.

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P, Kavitha Samy, Athira Jith, Chaithanya T. Kumar, Joffey Sara Joy, and Sambath Kumar R. "A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF DRUG–DRUG INTERACTIONS AND ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS AMONG STROKE PATIENTS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 9, no. 9 (December 1, 2016): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9s3.13651.

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ABSTRACTObjective: Our study attempts to get an insight into the drug–drug interactions (DDIs) and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) among stroke patients fromthe Neurology Department in a private hospital.Methods: In a prospective study spanning 6 months (May to October 2015), we have analyzed the prescription data of 221 patients with bothischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Gender, age, social habits, length of stay, drug utilization pattern, DDIs reported from the database and clinicallyobserved, and ADRs of individual drugs were observed among the patients. Of 221 cases, 208 (94.11%) were ischemic, 12 (5.43%) were hemorrhagic,and 1 (0.45%) was transient ischemic attack.Results: A number of 140 patients were males and 80 were females. The mean age of the patients was between 41 and 70 years. In ischemic patients,357 major, 282 moderate, and 38 mild DDIs were reported using a specific database, while in hemorrhagic patients, 10 major, 7 moderate, and 1 mildinteraction were reported using a specific database. 18 DDIs were observed clinically and confirmed with evidence. 8 DDI-induced ADRs and 10 ADRscaused by individual drugs were observed in our study population. 18 DDIs were observed clinically and confirmed with evidence. 8 DDI-inducedADRs and 10 ADRs caused by individual drugs were observed in our study population.Conclusion: Drugs if wrongly prescribed may cause negative outcomes and pose significant challenge to health-care providers and may contribute tomorbidity and mortality. Clinical pharmacist can play an important role in identifying and resolving drug-related problems through pharmaceuticalcare practices.Keywords: Stroke, Drug–drug interactions, Adverse drug reactions, Clinical pharmacist.

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Alam, Md Mahbubul, Faria Tasneem, AK Lutful Kabir, and Abu Shara Shamsur Rouf. "Study of Drug-Drug and Drug-Food Interactions of Mesalazine Through FTIR and DSC." Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 18, no. 2 (December 12, 2019): 257–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v18i2.44466.

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A well-established drug used in the management of inflammatory bowel disease is 5-aminosalicylic acid (e.g. Mesalazine or Mesalamine). For the treatment of mild to moderate flares of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, Mesalazine has been used as the first line drug in both western and Asian countries due to its superiority over other drugs in terms of side effects and toxicities. Besides, some other drugs are also prescribed for total resolution of different symptoms of ulcerative colitis and associated diseases, which include Acetaminophen, Metronidazole and Vitamin D3. Moreover, physicians instruct that Mesalazine should be taken at least one hour before meal. So, there are enough scopes of studying the drug-food interaction of Mesalazine to assess if there is any incompatibility present with food. Thus, in the present study, Mesalazine and physical mixtures of Mesalazine (1:1) in solid form along with the aforementioned drugs were prepared and analyzed to evaluate the compatibility among them using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). In addition, interactions of Mesalazine with food stocks such as chicken and vegetable broth, fruit juice, milk and soybean oil were studied using FTIR, considering these as the common sources of protein, vitamin, fiber, minerals and fat. From this study, it was interpreted that, major interactions of Mesalazine were present with food samples. Besides, FTIR and DSC data revealed subtle clues of incompatibilities between Mesalazine and the other two drugs except Vitamin D3. So, the results may prove to be useful for related research works in future Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 18(2): 257-269, 2019 (December)

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Iqbal, Syed Talat, Zainab Batool, Haseeba Amir, and Tamkenat Mansoor. "DRUG-DRUG INTERACTIONS;." Professional Medical Journal 21, no. 03 (June 10, 2014): 441–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2014.21.03.2018.

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Introduction: This research paper is based on a study conducted on the in-doorpatients at a teaching hospital in Gujrat, Pakistan, in order to check for the frequency with whichPenicillins, Quinolones and Cephalosporins are being used together and in combinations withother drugs and the drug-drug interactions that occur due to these combinations and theirimpacts on the patients. Objectives: (1) To check the frequency with which Penicillins,Quinolone and Cephalosporins are being used in different combinations in patients. (2) Todetermine their drug-drug interactions. (3) Impact on patients due to these interactions. (4)Reasons for prescription of mismatched combinations by clinicians. Study Design: 270 randomprescriptions were collected from different wards of DHQ hospital, Gujrat. These prescriptionswere then analyzed for drug interactions among the above mentioned group of drugs, with thehelp of soft ware program named The Medical Letter Adverse Drug Interaction Program. Setting:Aziz Bhatti Shaheed Hospital (DHQ), Gujrat , Pakistan. Period: Prescriptions were collected overthe period of 3 months. Conclusions: Prescribing antibiotics for different indications in indoorpatients is unavoidable. However, it is the duty of the clinician to monitor the patient when he isusing two or more drugs together. This study recommends the use of drug-drug interactiondetecting software in hospitals, so that, the level of patients’ safety may be enhanced.

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Yulianita, Rini, Iyan Sopyan, and Muchtaridi Muchtaridi. "FORCED DEGRADATION STUDY OF STATINS: A REVIEW." International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 10, no. 6 (November 22, 2018): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2018v10i6.29086.

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Forced degradation study is the degradation of new drug substances and drug products in more severe conditions than accelerated conditions. Forced degradation study were conducted to demonstrate the specificity of stability-indicating methods, providing insight into degradation pathways and drug degradation products, assisting in the elucidation of degradation product structures, identifying degradation products that could be spontaneously generated during storage and use of drugs and to facilitate improvement in manufacturing process and formulation corresponding with accelerated stability studies. Statins, a class of lipid-lowering medications, are the most widely prescribed drugs and an example of an unstable drug. Statins are susceptible to hydrolysis in the presence of high temperatures and humidity. Therefore, the review discusses various studies of forced degradation studies in six statins drug (atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin) to describe the drug's intrinsic stability thus it can assist the selection of formulations and packaging as well as proper storage conditions.

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Ojha, Saroj Prasad, A. Pokharel, R. P. Aacharya, K. R. Pandey, C. L. Bhusal, and M. N. Marhatta. "SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDY AMONG INJECTABLE DRUG USERS IN KATHMANDU VALLEY." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 41, no. 141 (January 1, 2003): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.730.

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On the background of ever increasing HIV transmission in our community throughvarious routes, the psychosocial factors related with intravenous drug abuse has becomenecessary to be studied. Aim of the study was to assess the Socio-psychological factorsthat influence people to use drugs, especially to use Injectable drugs. We enrolled asample of 393 Intravenous drug users, all male, in the Kathmandu Valley. Participantswere administered a semi structured proforma to assess the psychosocial issues relatedwith the drug intravenous drug abuse. Mean age of the sample was 27.76+ 4.86 years.Majority were single, unemployed, Hindu and by caste Newars, with education morethan high school (SLC or more). The first psychoactive substance use by most of themwas cannabis. The most frequently used psychoactive substance was injectionBuprenorphine (Tidigesic), which was followed by mixture of various substances(opiates, benzodiazepines, antihistamines) and Diacetyl morphine (Brown sugar).Factors associated with the start of the drugs were for enjoyment, friend’s pressureand to alleviate mental tension. Many accepted Injectable drug use contributing toproblems in mental, marital, social, economic and legal aspects of their life. Despiteknowing the harms caused by the drugs majority persist on its use. A needle exchangeprogramme has been viewed positively by many.Key words: buprenorphin, needle sharing, needle replacement, HIV transmission.

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R P, Limaye, Ghaisas M M, Naik S A, Kadam M S, and Sonavane R N. "ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUG USE IN DIABETICS: A DRUG UTILIZATION STUDY." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 1, no. 12 (November 21, 2014): 1542–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2014/229.

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Blonk, Maren I., Charlotte CA Langemeijer, Angela PH Colbers, Karin EJ Hoogtanders, Ron HN van Schaik, Bas JJW Schouwenberg, and David M. Burger. "Pharmacokinetic drug–drug interaction study between raltegravir and citalopram." Antiviral Therapy 21, no. 2 (2015): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3851/imp2993.

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H S, Shekar, Chandrashekhar H R, Bhagawan B C, and Alirezasahebdel Alirezasahebdel. "STUDY OF IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF DRUG - DRUG INTERACTIONS." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 3, no. 6 (February 4, 2014): 1373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2014/1994.

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Bénard-Laribière, Anne, Jérémy Jové, Régis Lassalle, Philip Robinson, Cécile Droz-Perroteau, and Pernelle Noize. "Drug use in French children: a population-based study." Archives of Disease in Childhood 100, no. 10 (May 14, 2015): 960–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2014-307224.

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Background and objectiveTo provide an overview of drug use in outpatient children in France, a population-based study using a national reimbursement claims database representative of 90% of the French population was conducted.DesignCross-sectional study performed between January and December 2011 using the EGB database (Echantillon Généraliste de Bénéficiaires), a 1/97th sample of the national healthcare insurance system beneficiaries. Drug use in children <18 years old was estimated through reimbursements for prescribed drugs excluding vaccines. Prevalences of use were calculated for different levels of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification by considering as users children who had at least one reimbursement during the study period.ResultsIn 2011, 133 800 children were included in the study. The overall prevalence of drug use was 84% and the median number of different drugs per child was 5. Drug use was greatest in children aged <2 years. The most widely used drugs were paracetamol, systemic anti-infectives, nasal corticosteroids and decongestants, and anti-histamines. 21% children <2 years received domperidone.ConclusionsThere is widespread use of medicines that are unlikely to be effective and may have significant toxicity in French children. Irrational use of medicines appears to be greatest in children aged 5 years and under.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Drug study'

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