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Journal articles on the topic 'DRUG DESIGNING'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 September 2023

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1

Sehgal, Vijay Kumar, Supratik Das, and Anand Vardhan. "Computer Aided Drug Designing." International Journal of Medical and Dental Sciences 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 1433. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/ijmds/2017/18804.

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Designing of drugs and their development are a time and resource consuming process. There is an increasing effort to introduce the role of computational approach to chemical and biological space in order to organise the design and development of drugs and their optimisation. The role of Computer Aided Drug Designing (CADD) are nowadays expressed in Nanotechnology, Molecular biology, Biochemistry etc. It is a diverse discipline where various forms of applied and basic researches are interlinked with each other. Computer aided or in Silico drug designing is required to detect hits and leads. Optimise/ alter the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity profile and prevent safety issues. Some commonly used computational approaches include ligand-based drug design, structure-based drug design, and quantitative structure-activity and quantitative structure-property relationships. In today's world, due to an avid interest of regulatory agencies and, even pharmaceutical companies in advancing drug discovery and development process by computational means, it is expected that its power will grow as technology continues to evolve. The main purpose of this review article is to give a brief glimpse about the role Computer Aided Drug Design has played in modern medical science and the scope it carries in the near future, in the service of designing newer drugs along with lesser expenditure of time and money.

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2

Sana, F., J. Ayesha, F. Talath, and H. Sharequa. "Computational Drug Designing of Anticancer Drugs." International Journal for Pharmaceutical Research Scholars 7, no. 2 (2018): 58–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31638/ijprs.v7.i2.00032.

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3

Sehgal, Vijay Kumar, Supratik Das, and Anand Vardhan. "Computer Aided Drug Designing." International Journal of Medical and Dental Sciences 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 1433. http://dx.doi.org/10.19056/ijmdsjssmes/2017/v6i1/125571.

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4

Lambert, Bruce L., Swu-Jane Lin, and HiangKiat Tan. "Designing Safe Drug Names." Drug Safety 28, no. 6 (2005): 495–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200528060-00003.

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5

Gibson, T. P. "Designing Dialysis Drug Studies." International Journal of Artificial Organs 8, no. 2 (March 1985): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139888500800202.

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6

Kaur, Navneet, Mymoona Akhter, and Chhavi Singla. "Drug designing: Lifeline for the drug discovery and development process." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 26, no. 8 (July 25, 2022): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2608rjce1730179.

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Drug discovery and development field has entered into a revolutionary phase with the introduction of Computer Aided Drug Designing (CADD) tools in the designing and development of new drugs. Traditional drug discovery and designing is a tedious, expensive and time-consuming process. Pharmaceutical industries spend billions of dollars to launch a potential drug candidate into the drug market. It takes 15-20 years of research to discover a new drug candidate. The advancements in the Computer Aided Drug Designing techniques have significantly contributed towards lowering the cost and time involved in new drug discovery. Different types of approaches are used to find out the potential drug candidates. Numerous compounds have been successfully discovered and launched into the market using computational tools. Various novel software-based methods like Structure- Based Drug Designing (SBDD), Ligand-Based Drug Designing (LBDD), Pharmacophore Mapping and Fragment-Based Drug Designing (FBDD) are considered as powerful tools for determining the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and structure activity relationship between target protein and its ligand. These tools provide valuable information about experimental findings and the mechanism of action of drug molecules. This has greatly expedited the discovery of promising drug candidates by sidestepping the lengthy steps involved in the synthesis of unnecessary compounds.

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7

BODOR, NICHOLAS. "Designing Safer Ophthalmic Drugs by Soft Drug Approaches." Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 10, no. 1 (January 1994): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jop.1994.10.3.

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8

R, Noor. "A Short Note on the General Aspects of Drug Designing." Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 6, no. 1 (2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000184.

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Emerging and re-emerging diseases are expanding round the globe which drew the mass public health in dreadful condition. Microbial resistance to drugs is a complicated issue for the failure of treatment of a variety of diseases. In this circumstance, designing of appropriate drug(s) is essential which usually involves the computational modeling and simulation followed by cell culture/ animal model experiments, ending up to clinical trials. Current review briefly focused on the general aspects of drug manufacturing; and a short discussion on the fine tune basis of drug designing grounded on the previously published literature.

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9

Mullasseril, Abhilash. "Drug Designing An Ayurvedic Perspective." IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) 3, no. 4 (May 2013): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/3013-034202933.

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10

Reddy, Nageswara Rao. "Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Designing." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry and Toxicology 1, no. 1 (July 21, 2016): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15436/2575-808x.16.1002.

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11

Jadaun, Alka, Durga Prasad, Pavan Gupta, Raj Kumar Singh, and Sudeep Shukla. "Computational Approaches for Drug Designing." Biotech Today : An International Journal of Biological Sciences 5, no. 2 (2015): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0996.2015.00016.2.

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12

Liu, Mingjun, and Jean M. J. Fréchet. "Designing dendrimers for drug delivery." Pharmaceutical Science & Technology Today 2, no. 10 (October 1999): 393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1461-5347(99)00203-5.

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13

Duncan, R. "Designing polymer conjugates as lysosomotropic nanomedicines." Biochemical Society Transactions 35, no. 1 (January 22, 2007): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0350056.

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Marriage of cell biology (the concept of ‘lysosomotropic drug delivery’) and the realization that water-soluble synthetic polymers might provide an ideal platform for targeted drug delivery led to the first synthetic polymer–drug conjugates that entered clinical trials as anticancer agents. Conceptually, polymer conjugates share many features with other macromolecular drugs, but they have the added advantage of the versatility of synthetic chemistry that allows tailoring of molecular mass and addition of biomimetic features. Conjugate characteristics must be optimized carefully to ensure that the polymeric carrier is biocompatible and that the polymer molecular mass enables tumour-selective targeting followed by endocytic internalization. The polymer–drug linker must be stable in transit, but be degraded at an optimal rate intracellularly to liberate active drug. Our early studies designed two HPMA [N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide] copolymer conjugates containing doxorubicin that became the first synthetic polymer–drug conjugates to be tested in phase I/II clinical trials. Since, a further four HPMA copolymer–anticancer drug conjugates (most recently polymer platinates) and the first polymer-based γ-camera imaging agents followed. Polymer–drug linkers cleaved by lysosomal thiol-dependent proteases and the reduced pH of endosomes and lysosomes have been used widely to facilitate drug liberation. It is becoming clear that inappropriate trafficking and/or malfunction of enzymatic activation can lead to new mechanisms of clinical resistance. Recent studies have described HPMA copolymer conjugates carrying a combination of both endocrine and chemotherapy that are markedly more active than individual conjugates carrying a single drug. Moreover, current research is investigating novel dendritic polymer architectures and novel biodegradable polymers as drug carriers that will provide improved drug delivery and imaging probes in the future. The present paper reviews the clinical status of polymeric anticancer agents, the rationale for the design of polymer therapeutics and discusses the benefits and challenges of lysosomotropic delivery.

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14

Saudar, Saurabh S., Dr Santosh S. Surana, and Sonal S. Shaharwale. "Computer aided drug designing in development of herbal drug." International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/27067009.2023.v5.i1a.109.

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15

KAWAGUCHI, Haruma. "Structural Designing of Drug Carrier Particles." Oleoscience 1, no. 7 (2001): 757–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/oleoscience.1.757.

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16

Lobanov, Victor S. "Designing combinatorial libraries for drug discovery." Trends in Biotechnology 20, no. 2 (February 2002): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-7799(01)01877-7.

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17

Beroza, P. "Designing chiral libraries for drug discovery." Drug Discovery Today 5, no. 8 (August 1, 2000): 364–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6446(00)01515-4.

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18

Rani, Varsha, and Nand Lal. "In silico drug designing for Jaundice." Research Journal of Science and Technology 9, no. 1 (2017): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2349-2988.2017.00025.0.

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19

Peterson, E. C., and S. M. Owens. "Designing Immunotherapies to Thwart Drug Abuse." Molecular Interventions 9, no. 3 (June 1, 2009): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/mi.9.3.5.

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20

Gibson, Thomas P. "Problems in Designing Hemodialysis Drug Studies." Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy 5, no. 1 (January 2, 1985): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1875-9114.1985.tb04453.x.

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21

Spataro, Grégory, François Malecaze, Cédric-Olivier Turrin, Vincent Soler, Carine Duhayon, Pierre-Paul Elena, Jean-Pierre Majoral, and Anne-Marie Caminade. "Designing dendrimers for ocular drug delivery." European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 45, no. 1 (January 2010): 326–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.10.017.

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22

Salunke, Dinakar M. "Multiple target sites for designing candidate drugs." Biochemical Journal 475, no. 5 (March 9, 2018): 977–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20180007.

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Rational drug discovery strategy requires a design of small molecules as candidate drugs which can specifically inhibit a target protein or any other macromolecule and effectively interfere in a defined physiological process. One of the important bacterial protein targets aimed toward developing new antibiotics is peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase (Pth). The discovery that cytarabine, a known anticancer drug, binds to Pth from Acinetobacter baumannii in a cleft located away from the catalytic site of this enzyme, published in Biochemical Journal, opens up interesting new avenues for drug design. An approach involving crystallographic identification of multiple ligand-binding sites on a target protein surface could enable iterative optimization of multiple high-affinity ligands, which may synergistically interfere in the target function with enhanced effect.

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23

Jakhar, Ritu, Mehak Dangi, Alka Khichi, and Anil Kumar Chhillar. "Relevance of Molecular Docking Studies in Drug Designing." Current Bioinformatics 15, no. 4 (June 11, 2020): 270–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574893615666191219094216.

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Molecular Docking is used to positioning the computer-generated 3D structure of small ligands into a receptor structure in a variety of orientations, conformations and positions. This method is useful in drug discovery and medicinal chemistry providing insights into molecular recognition. Docking has become an integral part of Computer-Aided Drug Design and Discovery (CADDD). Traditional docking methods suffer from limitations of semi-flexible or static treatment of targets and ligand. Over the last decade, advances in the field of computational, proteomics and genomics have also led to the development of different docking methods which incorporate protein-ligand flexibility and their different binding conformations. Receptor flexibility accounts for more accurate binding pose predictions and a more rational depiction of protein binding interactions with the ligand. Protein flexibility has been included by generating protein ensembles or by dynamic docking methods. Dynamic docking considers solvation, entropic effects and also fully explores the drug-receptor binding and recognition from both energetic and mechanistic point of view. Though in the fast-paced drug discovery program, dynamic docking is computationally expensive but is being progressively used for screening of large compound libraries to identify the potential drugs. In this review, a quick introduction is presented to the available docking methods and their application and limitations in drug discovery.

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24

Wenlock, M. C. "Designing safer oral drugs." MedChemComm 8, no. 3 (2017): 571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6md00706f.

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Designing an oral drug such that its estimated dose to humans is both efficacious and safe is challenging. A new safety criterion for guiding drug-design activities which considers the amount of a compound in the human body at steady state is proposed.

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25

Kellici, Tahsin, Dimitrios Ntountaniotis, Eleni Vrontaki, George Liapakis, Panagiota Moutevelis-Minakakis, George Kokotos, Sotiris Hadjikakou, et al. "Rational Drug Design Paradigms: The Odyssey for Designing Better Drugs." Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening 18, no. 3 (April 23, 2015): 238–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1386207318666150305125638.

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26

Ohlson, Sten. "Designing transient binding drugs: A new concept for drug discovery." Drug Discovery Today 13, no. 9-10 (May 2008): 433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2008.02.001.

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27

Pujari, Rajath, Basavaraj Udapudi, and Deepak Yaraguppi. "Designing and Development of Potent Drug Inhibitor to IL13RA2 in Asthma Disease." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/apr2013/8.

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28

Kumari, Uma, Nehal Balhara, and Ojas Singh. "Computer Aided Drug Designing Approach for Prospective Human Metastatic Cancer." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 7 (July 31, 2023): 1874–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.550014.

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Abstract: It is well known that finding new drugs is a difficult, expensive, time-consuming, and expensive project. According to a study, the typical time and cost for developing a new medicine through the conventional drug development pipeline is 12 years and 2.7 billion dollars. The pharmaceutical industry is grappling with the difficult and pressing challenge of how to find new drugs faster and at lower research costs.Insilico,The field of computer-aided drug discovery (CADD) has shown significant promise as an advanced technology for secure, cost-effective, and efficient drug design. In recent times, there has been remarkable progress in computational tools for drug discovery, particularly in the development of anticancer therapies. This progress has had a significant impact on the design of anticancer drugs and has provided valuable insights into the field of cancer treatment. To carry out molecular docking, we utilized AutoDock software and prepared the target protein by loading and converting its PDB file format into a macromolecule. Additionally, the ligand structures underwent energy minimization (EM) and were selected alongside the target proteins in AutoDock. To ensure coverage of the binding site residues, a suitable grid box with appropriate dimensions was chosen

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29

Hazra, Moumita, Dalia Dasgupta Mandal, Tamal Mandal, Saikat Bhuniya, and Mallika Ghosh. "Designing polymeric microparticulate drug delivery system for hydrophobic drug quercetin." Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 23, no. 4 (September 2015): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2015.01.007.

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30

Peng, Q. X., X. H. Guan, Z. G. Yi, and Y. P. Su. "Insilico Approaches in Anesthetic Drug Development: Computer Aided Drug Designing." Drug Research 65, no. 11 (December 2, 2014): 587–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1395564.

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31

Khan, Imtiaz, and Sumera Zaib. "Designing Next-Generation Drug-like Molecules for Medicinal Applications." Molecules 28, no. 4 (February 16, 2023): 1860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041860.

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The development of new drugs/drug candidates for medical treatment remains an exciting but challenging process as only a limited number of synthetic compounds fit well into the discovery and development process after multiple experiments and screening for their preclinical properties [...]

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32

Perez, Juan J. "Designing Peptidomimetics." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 18, no. 7 (July 9, 2018): 566–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026618666180522075258.

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The concept of a peptidomimetic was coined about forty years ago. Since then, enormous effort and interest have been devoted to mimic the properties of peptides with small molecules or pseudopeptides. The present report aims to review different approaches described in the past to succeed in this goal. Basically, there are two different approaches to design peptidomimetics: a medicinal chemistry approach, where parts of the peptide are successively replaced by non-peptide moieties until getting a non-peptide molecule and a biophysical approach, where a hypothesis of the bioactive form of the peptide is sketched and peptidomimetics are designed based on hanging the appropriate chemical moieties on diverse scaffolds. Although both approaches have been used in the past, the former has been more widely used to design peptidomimetics of secretory peptides, whereas the latter is nowadays getting momentum with the recent interest in designing protein-protein interaction inhibitors. The present report summarizes the relevance of the information gathered from structure-activity studies, together with a short review of the strategies used to design new peptide analogs and surrogates. In the following section, there is a short discussion on the characterization of the bioactive conformation of a peptide, to continue describing the process of designing conformationally constrained analogs producing first and second generation peptidomimetics. Finally, there is a section devoted to reviewing the use of organic scaffolds to design peptidomimetics based on the information available on the bioactive conformation of the peptide.

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33

Karim, Abdul, Muhammad Ashraf Shaheen, Tahir Mehmood, Abdul Rauf Raza, Musadiq Aziz, and Badar Din. "Ranitidine Loaded Biopolymer Floats: Designing, Characterization, and Evaluation." Journal of Chemistry 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6924601.

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The float formulation is a strategy to improve the bioavailability of drugs by gastroretentive drug delivery system (GRDDS). A drug delivery model based on swellable and reswellable low density biopolymers has been designed to evaluate its drug release profile using ranitidine (RNT) as a model drug and formulations have been prepared utilizing 32factorial designs. The drug release (DR) data has been subjected to various kinetic models to investigate the DR mechanism. A reduction in rate has been observed by expanding the amounts of PSG and LSG parts, while an expansion has been noted by increasing the concentration of tragacanth (TG) and citric acid (CA) with an increment in floating time. The stearic acid (SA) has been used to decrease the lag time because a decrease in density of system was observed. The kinetic analysis showed that the optimized formulation (S4F3) followed zero-order kinetics and power law was found to be best fitted due to its minimum lag time and maximum floating ability. The resemblance of observed and predicted values indicated the validity of derived equations for evaluating the effect of independent variables while kinetic study demonstrated that the applied models are feasible for evaluating and developing float for RNT.

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34

Winnicka, Katarzyna. "Special Issue: Advanced Materials in Drug Release and Drug Delivery Systems." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14041042.

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Development of new drug molecules is costly and requires longitudinal, wide-ranging studies; therefore, designing advanced pharmaceutical formulations for existing and well-known drugs seems to be an attractive device for the pharmaceutical industry [...]

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35

K.V. Radha Kishan. "Structural Biology, Protein Conformations and Drug Designing." Current Protein & Peptide Science 8, no. 4 (August 1, 2007): 376–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920307781369454.

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36

Sheffield, Jeanne S., David Siegel, Mark Mirochnick, R. Phillips Heine, Christine Nguyen, Kimberly L. Bergman, Rada M. Savic, Jill Long, Kelly E. Dooley, and Mirjana Nesin. "Designing Drug Trials: Considerations for Pregnant Women." Clinical Infectious Diseases 59, suppl_7 (December 15, 2014): S437—S444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu709.

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37

Shukla, Anil Kumar, Bishal Kumar Singh, Sanjukta Patra, and Vikash Kumar Dubey. "Rational Approaches for Drug Designing Against Leishmaniasis." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 160, no. 8 (September 8, 2009): 2208–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-009-8764-z.

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38

Simpson, Pippa, and Ralph Kauffman. "02A Considerations in designing pediatric drug trials." Controlled Clinical Trials 16, no. 3 (June 1995): 33S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-2456(95)90413-y.

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39

Kalgutkar, Amit S. "Designing around Structural Alerts in Drug Discovery." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 63, no. 12 (September 9, 2019): 6276–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00917.

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40

Blancafort, Pilar, David J. Segal, and Carlos F. Barbas. "Designing Transcription Factor Architectures for Drug Discovery." Molecular Pharmacology 66, no. 6 (August 31, 2004): 1361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/mol.104.002758.

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41

Pervaiz, I., S. Ahmad, M. A. Madni, H. Ahmad, and F. H. Khaliq. "Microbial biotransformation: a tool for drug designing." Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology 49, no. 5 (September 2013): 437–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0003683813050098.

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42

Lee, Wei Li, Effendi Widjaja, and Say Chye Joachim Loo. "Designing drug-loaded multi-layered polymeric microparticles." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 23, no. 1 (November 30, 2011): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-011-4508-z.

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43

Robbins, Steven J., and Ronald N. Ehrman. "Designing studies of drug conditioning in humans." Psychopharmacology 106, no. 2 (June 1992): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02801965.

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44

Hampton, Tracy. "Designing Drug Combinations to Prevent Antibiotic Resistance." JAMA 313, no. 1 (January 6, 2015): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.17618.

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45

Smeets, Niels M. B., and Todd Hoare. "Designing responsive microgels for drug delivery applications." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 51, no. 14 (April 23, 2013): 3027–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.26707.

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46

Cao, Yifeng, Yifeng Ma, Yi Tao, Weifeng Lin, and Ping Wang. "Intra-Articular Drug Delivery for Osteoarthritis Treatment." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 12 (December 15, 2021): 2166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13122166.

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent degenerative joint disease affecting millions of people worldwide. Currently, clinical nonsurgical treatments of OA are only limited to pain relief, anti-inflammation, and viscosupplementation. Developing disease-modifying OA drugs (DMOADs) is highly demanded for the efficient treatment of OA. As OA is a local disease, intra-articular (IA) injection directly delivers drugs to synovial joints, resulting in high-concentration drugs in the joint and reduced side effects, accompanied with traditional oral or topical administrations. However, the injected drugs are rapidly cleaved. By properly designing the drug delivery systems, prolonged retention time and targeting could be obtained. In this review, we summarize the drugs investigated for OA treatment and recent advances in the IA drug delivery systems, including micro- and nano-particles, liposomes, and hydrogels, hoping to provide some information for designing the IA injected formulations.

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47

Fischer, Fabian, Leandro A. Alves Avelar, Laoise Murray, and Thomas Kurz. "Designing HDAC-PROTACs: lessons learned so far." Future Medicinal Chemistry 14, no. 3 (January 2022): 143–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/fmc-2021-0206.

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Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are a powerful tool to hijack the endogenous ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and to degrade the intracellular proteins of therapeutic importance. Recently, two heterobifunctional degraders targeting hormone receptors headed into phase II clinical trials. Compared to traditional drug design and common modes of action, the PROTAC approach offers new opportunities for the drug research field. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are well-established drugs for the treatment of hematological malignancies. The integration of HDAC binding motifs in PROTACs explores the possibility of targeted, chemical HDAC degradation. This review provides an overview and a perspective about the key steps in the structure development of HDAC–PROTACs. In particular, the influence of the three canonical PROTAC elements on HDAC–PROTAC efficacy and selectivity are discussed, the HDACi, the linker and the E3 ligase ligand.

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48

Raffa, Robert B., Joseph V. Pergolizzi, Edmundo Muñiz, Robert Taylor, and Jason Pergolizzi. "Designing Opioids That Deter Abuse." Pain Research and Treatment 2012 (November 8, 2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/282981.

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Prescription opioid formulations designed to resist or deter abuse are an important step in reducing opioid abuse. In creating these new formulations, the paradigm of drug development target should be introduced. Biological targets relating to the nature of addiction may pose insurmountable hurdles based on our current knowledge and technology, but products that use behavioral targets seem logical and feasible. The population of opioid abusers is large and diverse so behavioral targets are more challenging than they appear at first glance. Furthermore, we need to find ways to correlate behavioral observations of drug liking to actual use and abuse patterns. This may involve revisiting some pharmacodynamic concepts in light of drug effect rather than peak concentration. In this paper we present several new opioid analgesic agents designed to resist or deter abuse using physical barriers, the inclusion of an opioid agonist or antagonist, an aversive agent, and a prodrug formulation. Further, this paper also provides insight into the challenges facing drug discovery in this field. Designing and screening for opioids intended to resist or deter abuse is an important step to meet the public health challenge of burgeoning prescription opioid abuse.

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49

Amilkanthawar, Vaibhav, Shubhangi Daswadkar, Vasanti patil, and Lalita Joshi. "Review on Molecular Docking: Novel Drug Discovery And Drug Designing Tool." International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research 11, no. 4 (April 25, 2020): 647–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14299/ijser.2020.04.09.

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50

Tropsha, Alexander, and Charles H. Reynolds. "Designing Focused Libraries for Drug Discovery: Hit to Lead to Drug." Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling 20, no. 6 (June 2002): 427–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1093-3263(01)00143-7.

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