Relevant bibliographies by topics / Drug Delivery engineering

Academic literature on the topic 'Drug Delivery engineering'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Drug Delivery engineering"

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Costa, Pedro F. "Bone Tissue Engineering Drug Delivery." Current Molecular Biology Reports 1, no. 2 (April 11, 2015): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40610-015-0016-0.

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Yang, Xiaosong, Shizhu Chen, Xiao Liu, Miao Yu, and Xiaoguang Liu. "Drug Delivery Based on Nanotechnology for Target Bone Disease." Current Drug Delivery 16, no. 9 (December 4, 2019): 782–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567201816666190917123948.

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Bone diseases are a serious problem in modern human life. With the coming acceleration of global population ageing, this problem will become more and more serious. Due to the specific physiological characteristics and local microenvironment of bone tissue, it is difficult to deliver drugs to the lesion site. Therefore, the traditional orthopedic medicine scheme has the disadvantages of high drug frequency, large dose and relatively strong side effects. How to target deliver drugs to the bone tissue or even target cells is the focus of the development of new drugs. Nano drug delivery system with a targeting group can realize precise delivery of orthopedic drugs and effectively reduce the systemic toxicity. In addition, the application of bone tissue engineering scaffolds and biomedical materials to realize in situ drug delivery also are research hotspot. In this article, we briefly review the application of nanotechnology in targeted therapies for bone diseases.
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Liang, Yujie, Li Duan, Jianping Lu, and Jiang Xia. "Engineering exosomes for targeted drug delivery." Theranostics 11, no. 7 (2021): 3183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/thno.52570.

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Sarker, Dipak. "Engineering of Nanoemulsions for Drug Delivery." Current Drug Delivery 2, no. 4 (October 1, 2005): 297–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156720105774370267.

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Liang, Yujie, Li Duan, Jianping Lu, and Jiang Xia. "Engineering exosomes for targeted drug delivery." Theranostics 11, no. 7 (2021): 3183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/thno.52570.

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Tiwari, Ashutosh. "Drug Delivery & Tissue Engineering Conference." Advanced Materials Letters 8, no. 9 (September 1, 2017): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.5185/amlett.2017/9001.

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Hu, Quanyin, Hunter N. Bomba, and Zhen Gu. "Engineering platelet-mimicking drug delivery vehicles." Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 11, no. 4 (February 15, 2017): 624–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11705-017-1614-6.

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Ladewig, Katharina. "Drug delivery in soft tissue engineering." Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery 8, no. 9 (June 16, 2011): 1175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/17425247.2011.588698.

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Raemdonck, Koen, Joseph Demeester, and Stefaan De Smedt. "Advanced nanogel engineering for drug delivery." Soft Matter 5, no. 4 (2009): 707–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b811923f.

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Hacisalihzade, S. S. "Control engineering and therapeutic drug delivery." IEEE Control Systems Magazine 9, no. 4 (June 1989): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/37.24840.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Drug Delivery engineering"

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Albed, Alhnan Mohamed. "Engineering polymethacrylic microparticles for oral drug delivery." Thesis, University of London, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.543262.

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Wendel, Sebastian Oliver. "Bacteria as drug delivery vehicles." Diss., Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18804.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Chemical Engineering
Stefan H. Bossmann
Both chemotherapy for cancer treatment and antibiotic therapy for bacterial infections require systemic applications of the drug and a systemic application is always linked to a number of disadvantages. To circumvent these a targeted drug delivery system was developed. It utilizes the ability of phagocytes from the hosts own immune system to recognize and internalize antigens. Deactivated M. luteus, a non-pathogenic gram positive bacteria was loaded with high concentrations (exceeding the IC50 at least 60 fold in local intracellular concentration) the chemotherapeutics doxorubicin or DP44mt or with the bactericidal chlorhexidine. The modified bacteria is fed to phagocytes (Monocytes/Macrophages or neutrophils) and serves as protective shell for the transporting and targeting phagocyte. The phagocyte is recruited to the tumor site or site of infection and releases the drug along with the processed M. luteus via the exosome pathway upon arrival. The chlorhexidine drug delivery system was successfully tested both in vitro and in vivo, reducing the pathogen count and preventing systemic spread of a F. necrophorum infection in a mouse model. The doxorubicin drug delivery system reduced the viability of 4T1 cancer cells to 20% over the course of four days in vitro.
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Bansode, Ratnadeep V. "Functional ionic liquids in crystal engineering and drug delivery." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/14563.

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The objective of this research is to explore the use of ionic liquds in crystal engineering and drug delivery. Ionic liquids have a wide range of applications in pharmaceutical field due to their unique physicochemical propertie ssuch as chemical, thermal stability, low melting point, nonvolatility, nonflamability, low toxicity and recyclability which offer unique and interesting potential for pharmaceuitcal applications. Currently, many research groups are working on the development of ionic liquids to use in this field but there is need to develop systematic understanding about new techniques for synthesis and applications of ionic liquids to obtain new crystal form and potential of drug ionic salts. The synthesis of fifteen phosphonium ionic liquids under microwave irradiation and their physicochemical properties was investigated. The reaction time was significantly reduced compared to conventional methods, and higher yields were reported. The crystallisation of pharmaceutical drugs such as sulfathiazole, chlorpropamide, phenobarbital and nifedipine were investigated using imidazolium ionic liquids. The supramolecular complex of sulfathiazole and phenobarbital with imidazolium ionic liquids and polymorphic change in chlorpropamide was achieved. The ionic liquids provides unique environment for the crystallisation. The imidazolium salts of ibuprofen and diclofenac were synthesised and evaluated for physicochemical properties and their pharmaceutical performances especially transdermal absorption. The investigation of physicochemcal properties and pharmaceutical performance of imidazolium drug salts indicated opportunity to optimise lipophilicity and other physicochemical properties such as molecular size, osmolality, viscosity to achieve desired skin deposition and permeation. This study will provide a new approach to design of new drug salts develop using the interdisciplinary knowledge of chemical synthesis and drug delivery.
Social Justice Department, Government of Maharashtra, India.
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Bansode, Ratnadeep Vitthal. "Functional ionic liquids in crystal engineering and drug delivery." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/14563.

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The objective of this research is to explore the use of ionic liquds in crystal engineering and drug delivery. Ionic liquids have a wide range of applications in pharmaceutical field due to their unique physicochemical propertie ssuch as chemical, thermal stability, low melting point, nonvolatility, nonflamability, low toxicity and recyclability which offer unique and interesting potential for pharmaceuitcal applications. Currently, many research groups are working on the development of ionic liquids to use in this field but there is need to develop systematic understanding about new techniques for synthesis and applications of ionic liquids to obtain new crystal form and potential of drug ionic salts. The synthesis of fifteen phosphonium ionic liquids under microwave irradiation and their physicochemical properties was investigated. The reaction time was significantly reduced compared to conventional methods, and higher yields were reported. The crystallisation of pharmaceutical drugs such as sulfathiazole, chlorpropamide, phenobarbital and nifedipine were investigated using imidazolium ionic liquids. The supramolecular complex of sulfathiazole and phenobarbital with imidazolium ionic liquids and polymorphic change in chlorpropamide was achieved. The ionic liquids provides unique environment for the crystallisation. The imidazolium salts of ibuprofen and diclofenac were synthesised and evaluated for physicochemical properties and their pharmaceutical performances especially transdermal absorption. The investigation of physicochemcal properties and pharmaceutical performance of imidazolium drug salts indicated opportunity to optimise lipophilicity and other physicochemical properties such as molecular size, osmolality, viscosity to achieve desired skin deposition and permeation. This study will provide a new approach to design of new drug salts develop using the interdisciplinary knowledge of chemical synthesis and drug delivery.
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Lee, Heejin 1976. "Drug delivery device for bladder disorders." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/58169.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2009.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 100-104).
Several pathologies associated with the bladder have wide impacts on society. Overactive bladder (OAB) and interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) are chronic urological conditions characterized by pain, urinary frequency, and urgency with or without urinary incontinence. The estimated prevalence of OAB and IC/PBS is more than 34 million people in the U.S. alone. The American Cancer Society estimated a total of 68,810 new bladder cancer cases and 14,100 deaths from bladder cancer in the U.S. in 2008. Treatment options include oral medications, transdermal patches and intravesical instillations of therapeutic solutions. Direct intravesical instillation is considered an effective option, especially for those who remain refractory to oral and transdermal formulations due to intolerable side effects and skin irritations, respectively. Intravesical treatment, however, requires repeated instillations due to rapid drug voiding by urination, and the frequent urinary catheterizations involve risk of urinary infection and patient discomfort. An alternative, site-specific local delivery approach was created using a reservoir-based drug delivery device. This novel passive device was designed to release drug in a predetermined manner once inside the bladder. The device also possesses a retention feature to prevent accidental voiding. The device can be implanted into and retrieved from the bladder by a non-surgical cystoscopic procedure.
(cont.) In vivo tests using lidocaine, a local anesthetic used for IC/PBS treatment, showed that a sustained and local treatment to the bladder can be achieved with the device. The lidocaine bladder tissue concentration was found to be a thousand-fold higher than the lidocaine plasma concentration at three and six days in a rabbit model. The device approach has the potential to achieve localized therapy to the bladder while minimizing side effects. Future studies may use the device for other therapeutic agents in the treatment of OAB, IC/PBS, and bladder cancer.
by Heejin Lee.
Ph.D.
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Dellal, David (David M. ). "Microneedle gastric retention for drug delivery." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118020.

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Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, June 2018.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 25-28).
Traditional drug delivery methods, such as injection and ingestion, are associated with many challenges, including patient needle-phobia and patient adherence to a medication regimen. Biologic molecules, in particular, must be injected due to degradation by enzymes in the GI tract. Previous scientists have developed a method with the potential to inject macromolecules in the GI tract using microneedles that can implant themselves in the stomach lining; however, they do not provide long-term drug delivery. To create a controlled release micro injection, I hypothesize that a hooked needle will latch onto the muscularis mucosae layer in the stomach and reside.upwards of a week to deliver drugs. A number of trials and simulations have been designed to test the efficacy of this retention mechanism. Coupled with work in the creation of new pharmaceutical formulations, these needles can be loaded with any drug to ensure uptake into the blood stream over the course of several days.
by David Dellal.
S.B.
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Chauhan, Vikash Pal Singh. "Re-Engineering the Tumor Microenvironment to Enhance Drug Delivery." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10405.

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Tumors are similar to organs, with unique physiology giving rise to an unusual set of transport barriers to drug delivery. Cancer therapy is limited by non-uniform drug delivery via blood vessels, inhomogeneous drug transport into tumor interstitium from the vascular compartment, and hindered transport through tumor interstitium to the target cells. Four major abnormal physical and physiological properties contribute to these transport barriers. Accumulated solid stress compresses blood vessels to diminish the drug supply to many tumor regions. Immature vasculature with high viscous and geometric resistances and reduced pressure gradients leads to sluggish and heterogeneous blood flow in tumors to further limit drug supply. Nonfunctional lymphatics coupled with highly permeable blood vessels result in elevated hydrostatic pressure in tumors to abrogate convective drug transport from blood vessels into and throughout most of the tumor tissue. Finally, a dense structure of interstitial matrix and cells serves as a tortuous, viscous, and steric barrier to diffusion of therapeutic agents. In this dissertation, I discuss the origins and implications of these barriers. I then highlight strategies I have developed for overcoming these barriers by modulating either drug properties or the tumor microenvironment itself to enhance the delivery and effectiveness of drugs in tumors.
Engineering and Applied Sciences
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Lei, Wang S. "Fabrication of drug delivery MEMS devices." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/58271.

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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2007.
"May 2007." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 19).
There is considerable amount of interest in the immediate treatment of personnel involved in high risk situations on the battlefield. A novel approach to drug delivery on the battlefield based on MEMS technology is discussed. By combining three separately fabricated layers, a single implantable drug delivery device capable of delivering up to 100 mm3 of a vasopressin solution was developed. In vitro release of vasopressin was observed and the I-V response of the bubble generator was characterized. Results show that the voltage at the time of release is ~11V while the current is ~0.35A, giving a power output of 3.79W. The time to total release of the drug was less than 2 minutes.
by Wang Lei.
S.B.
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Dyer, Robert J. (Robert Joseph) 1977. "Needle-less injection system for drug delivery." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/89388.

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Forbes, Zachary Graham Barbee Kenneth A. "Magnetizable implants for targeted drug delivery /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2005. http://dspace.library.drexel.edu/handle/1860/472.

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Books on the topic "Drug Delivery engineering"

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Drug delivery: Engineering principles for drug delivery. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

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Nanotechnology and drug delivery. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2014.

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Bader, Rebecca A., and David A. Putnam, eds. Engineering Polymer Systems for Improved Drug Delivery. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118747896.

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Lamprou, Dimitrios. Emerging Drug Delivery and Biomedical Engineering Technologies. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003224464.

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Surya, Mallapragada, ed. Biomaterials for drug delivery and tissue engineering. Warrendale, Pa: Materials Research Society, 2001.

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Dan, Luo, and Saltzman W. Mark, eds. Synthetic DNA delivery systems. Georgetown, Tex: Landes Bioscience, 2003.

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Tiwari, Ashutosh, and Atul Tiwari, eds. Nanomaterials in Drug Delivery, Imaging, and Tissue Engineering. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118644591.

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Gregoriadis, Gregory. Engineering liposomes for drug delivery: Progress and problems. New York: Elsevier, 1995.

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Atul, Tiwari, ed. Nanomaterials in drug delivery, imaging, and tissue engineering. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2013.

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Nanomedicine and drug delivery. Toronto: Apple Academic Press, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Drug Delivery engineering"

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Shoyele, Sunday A. "Engineering Protein Particles for Pulmonary Drug Delivery." In Drug Delivery Systems, 149–60. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-210-6_7.

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Rossi, Filippo, Giuseppe Perale, and Maurizio Masi. "Introduction: Chemical Engineering and Medicine." In Controlled Drug Delivery Systems, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02288-8_1.

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Kaialy, Waseem, and Ali Nokhodchi. "Particle Engineering for Improved Pulmonary Drug Delivery Through Dry Powder Inhalers." In Pulmonary Drug Delivery, 171–98. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118799536.ch8.

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Drinnan, Charles T., Laura R. Geuss, Ge Zhang, and Laura J. Suggs. "Tissue Engineering in Drug Delivery." In Fundamentals and Applications of Controlled Release Drug Delivery, 533–68. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0881-9_17.

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El-Gendy, Nashwa, Mark M. Bailey, and Cory Berkland. "Particle Engineering Technologies for Pulmonary Drug Delivery." In Controlled Pulmonary Drug Delivery, 283–312. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9745-6_13.

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Bader, Rebecca A. "Fundamentals of Drug Delivery." In Engineering Polymer Systems for Improved Drug Delivery, 1–28. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118747896.ch1.

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Muppalaneni, Srinath, David Mastropietro, and Hossein Omidian. "Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems." In Engineering Polymer Systems for Improved Drug Delivery, 319–42. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118747896.ch10.

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Fu, Andrew S., and Horst A. von Recum. "Affinity-Based Drug Delivery." In Engineering Polymer Systems for Improved Drug Delivery, 429–52. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118747896.ch13.

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Wardwell, Patricia R., and Rebecca A. Bader. "Challenges of Drug Delivery." In Engineering Polymer Systems for Improved Drug Delivery, 29–54. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118747896.ch2.

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Solorio, Luis, Angela Carlson, Haoyan Zhou, and Agata A. Exner. "Implantable Drug Delivery Systems." In Engineering Polymer Systems for Improved Drug Delivery, 189–225. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118747896.ch7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Drug Delivery engineering"

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Shum, Ho Cheung, Tiantian Kong, Zhou Liu, and Yang Song. "Engineering Drug Delivery Vehicles With Multiphase Microfluidics." In ASME 2013 2nd Global Congress on NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nemb2013-93028.

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In our work, we propose the use of multiphase microfluidics to prepare drug delivery vehicles with complex structures, such as core-shell capsules, multicompartment microspheres and nonspherical particles; by tailoring the spatial distribution of drugs, unconventional drug release profiles can be achieved. To avoid the use of harmful organic solvents, we introduce the use of aqueous two-phase systems in microfluidics to generate the emulsion templates for making these novel delivery vehicles. By manipulating the interfacial characteristics of the emulsion templates, complex structures with hydrophilic and hydrophobic compartments can be prepared for separate encapsulation and sequential release of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. We will discuss the fundamental problems that need to be addressed to generate these drug delivery vehicles and highlight their potential by demonstrating their release characteristics.
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Blanco, Letia, Panos S. Shiakolas, Pranesh B. Aswath, Christopher B. Alberts, Chris Grace, Kyle Godfrey, and Drew Patin. "A Thermoresponsive Hydrogel Based Controlled Drug Delivery Device." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88564.

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Thermoresponsive hydrogels exhibit the unique property of volume change as a function of change in temperature as they transition between hydrophilic and hydrophobic states. These hydrogels can be loaded with drug/protein and serve as reservoirs for drug/protein delivery applications. A hydrogel based device for controlled drug delivery is designed with a number of subsystems that are interfaced with LabVIEW for development of a functional device. The device was designed using analytical and finite element analysis procedures and fabricated. In this manuscript, the device design will be reviewed and discussed. A parametric study was performed to examine the device operation and performance as function of hydrogel heating/cooling temperature profiles. Subsequently, the device was employed in a series of experiments to examine the delivery of a protein as a function of thermal stimuli. The matrix used in this study was poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) and the drug delivery nanoparticles carriers were poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide (PNIPAM) with a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) around 40°C. The protein of choice was bovine serum albumin (BSA). The results of this study illustrate that the development of a multi-drug or therapeutic delivery device is possible and that individual drugs can be delivered on demand using a closed loop control system.
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Pang, G. K. H., and DaPeng Qiao. "Iontophoretic drug delivery models." In 2011 1st Middle East Conference on Biomedical Engineering (MECBME). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mecbme.2011.5752133.

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Maloney, John M. "An Implantable Microfabricated Drug Delivery System." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-43186.

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We report on the development of a fully implantable drug delivery system capable of delivering hundreds of individual doses. This product is intended for the controlled release of potent therapeutic compounds that might otherwise require frequent injections. Our system has the following capabilities: • Stable, hermetic storage of therapeutic drugs in solid, liquid, or gel form; • Individual storage of discrete doses for multiple-drug regimens; • Wireless communication with an external controller for device monitoring and therapy modification; • Choice of preprogrammed release or release on command; • Controlled pulsatile or continuous release. MicroCHIPS’ drug release technology has been successfully demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. We are proceeding with long-term in vivo studies of a fully implantable device containing one hundred individual doses. A future device intended for human clinical trials will contain four hundred doses, enough for a daily release of drug for more than one year.
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Shafahi, Maryam, and Parham Piroozan. "Model of Drug Delivery to the Eye." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-39438.

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Ocular diseases cause vision deficiency and blindness in a substantial number of people in the world every day. Therefore, a controlled and sustained system of drug delivery to a specific spot within the eye is of interest for the ophthalmology community. The unique and complicated anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of the eye make this organ highly resistant to drug delivery systems. The major challenge is to improve the efficiency of each treatment method along with avoiding the invasive techniques which damage the eye’s protective barrier tissues. In this work we make a computer model for the drug delivery to the anterior sections of the eye and provide a summary of transport characteristics of the eye, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of the utilized drugs. A two dimensional finite element model is utilized to solve the conservation of mass and momentum equations within different eye sub-domains such as cornea, anterior chamber, iris and sclera. The commercial software Comsol Multiphysics was utilized to obtain the profile of concentration in the eye and the grid independency of the numerical results has been checked. The results are being shown in terms of transient drug concentration profile in the eye subdomains. The influence of the modeling parameters on the efficiency of the drug delivery system is studied. The effect of physical variables such as drug molecular size and its bioavailability are investigated. The results are compared with the available literature data which are based on the drug diffusion within the domain.
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Rong Tong, Li Tang, Qian Yin, and Jianjun Cheng. "Drug-polyester conjugated nanoparticles for cancer drug delivery." In 2011 33rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2011.6092056.

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Kim, Jinho, and Jim S. Chen. "Effect of Inhaling Patterns on Aerosol Drug Delivery: CFD Simulation." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-66685.

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Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols (IPAs) delivery has great potential in treatment of a variety of respiratory diseases, including asthma, pulmonary diseases, and allergies. Aerosol delivery has many advantages. It delivers medication directly to where it is needed and it is effective in much lower doses than required for oral administration. Currently, there are several types of IPA delivery systems, including pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI), the dry powder inhaler (DPI), and the medical nebulizer. IPAs should be delivered deep into the respiratory system where the drug substance can be absorbed into blood through the capillaries via the alveoli. Researchers have proved that most aerosol particles with aerodynamic diameter of about 1–5 μm, if slowly and deeply inhaled, could be deposited in the peripheral regions that are rich in alveoli [1–3]. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of various inhaling rates with breath-holding pause on the aerosol deposition (Dp = 0.5–5 μm) in a human upper airway model extending from mouth to 3rd generation of trachea. The oral airway model is three dimensional and non-planar configurations. The dimensions of the model are adapted from a human cast. The air flow is assumed to be unsteady, laminar, and incompressible. The investigation is carried out by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) using the software Fluent 6.2. The user-defined function (UDF) is employed to simulate the cyclic inspiratory flows for different IPA inhalation patterns. When an aerosol particle enters the mouth respiratory tract, its particles experience abrupt changes in direction. The secondary flow changes its direction as the airflow passes curvature. Intensity of the secondary flow is strong after first bend at pharynx and becomes weaker after larynx. In flow separation, a particle can be trapped and follow the eddy and deposit on the surface. Particle deposition fraction generally increases as particle size and inhaling airflow velocity increase.
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Clima, L., A. Rotara, C. Cojocaru, M. Pinteala, and B. C. Simionescu. "Polymer engineering focusing on DRUG/GENE delivery and tissue engineering." In 2015 E-Health and Bioengineering Conference (EHB). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ehb.2015.7391491.

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Luo, Yangyang, and David K. Mills. "Chitosan-Halloysite Hydrogel Drug Delivery System." In 2016 32nd Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference (SBEC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sbec.2016.55.

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Bellazzi, R. "Predictive fuzzy controllers for drug delivery." In Second International Conference on `Intelligent Systems Engineering'. IEE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19940635.

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