Journal articles: 'Drug carriers (pharmacy)'

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Sharma, Bhawana, Amul Mishra, Piush Sharma, Shiv Garg, Abhishekh Dwivedi, and Savita Rathore. "Novel Vesicular Carriers: Proniosomes." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology(IJPSN) 16, no. 5 (September 15, 2023): 7011–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2023.16.5.10.

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Vesicular systems have been receiving a lot of interest as a carrier for advanced drug delivery. Encapsulation of the drug in vesicular structures can be expected to prolong the duration of the drug in the systemic circulation and to reduce toxicity by selective up-taking. Drug delivery systems using colloidal particulate carriers such as liposomes or niosomes have proved to possess distinct advantages over conventional dosage forms because the particles can act as drug reservoirs, and can carry both hydrophilic drugs by encapsulation or hydrophobic drugs by partitioning these drugs into hydrophobic domains and modification of the particle composition or surface can adjust the drug release rate and/or the affinity for the target site. Although niosomes as a carrier have shown advantages such as being cheap and chemically stable, they are associated with problems related to physical stability such as fusion, aggregation, sedimentation and leakage on storage. All methods traditionally used for the preparation of niosomes are time-consuming and many involve specialized equipment.

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Trineeva, O. V., A. J. Halahakoon, and A. I. Slivkin. "CELL CARRIERS AS SYSTEMS OF DELIVERY OF ANTITUMOR DRUGS (REVIEW)." Drug development & registration 8, no. 1 (February 14, 2019): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33380/2305-2066-2019-8-1-43-57.

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Introduction. Drug delivery systems are defined as systems that deliver the optimal amount of a drug to a target target, increase the effectiveness of treatment, and reduce adverse effects. Regulation of the rate of release of drugs and bringing to specific tissues where active ingredients are needed are the main objectives of drug delivery systems. The development of systems for targeted, organ-specific and controlled delivery of medicinal, prophylactic and diagnostic agents is currently a relevant area of research for pharmacy and medicine. Of particular interest is the actual problem of increasing the frequency of manifestations of side effects of drugs. The side effect of drugs, their low efficiency is often explained by the inaccessibility of drugs directly to the target. Text. Currently, targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents and drug delivery systems has completely changed the tactics and approaches in the drug treatment of cancer, allowing to reduce the side effects of the drug and generally increase the effectiveness of the course of treatment. This paper summarizes and systematizes information about targeted systems for drug delivery of antitumor activity, described in the scientific literature and used in pharmacy and medicine. Most of the methods for obtaining cellular forms of toxic drugs discussed in this review are still at the development stage, and some methods are gradually finding practical application abroad in medicine and other fields. Vincristine (VCR) and vinblastine (VBL) are the most widely used and effective drugs in chemotherapeutic practice. Despite their effectiveness against various oncological diseases, there are a number of harmful side effects that limit the widespread use of these drugs. Conclusion. There is the possibility of using cellular carriers as a VCR and VBL delivery system. In scientific publications, there is still no data on the use of cellular carriers for encapsulating VCR and VBL. Therefore, relevant studies are devoted to the possibility of using cellular carriers to reduce side effects, improve efficiency, and develop dosage forms for the delivery of VCR and VBL to pathological foci. This topic is currently being actively developed by members of the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Voronezh State University.

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Bhushan K. Marathe, Gaurav Patil Gaurav, Vijay Dhangar, and Vivekanand K. Chatap. "Preparation and Characterization of Pitavastatin Calcium Loaded Biodegradable Porous Starch as Carrier Platform for Drug Delivery." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology(IJPSN) 16, no. 6 (November 15, 2023): 7049–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2023.16.6.4.

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Introduction: Poor solubility and low oral bioavailability are major obstacles to the development of efficient drug delivery approaches. Numerous chemical entities fall into the biopharmaceutics classification system II (BCS II) class, categorized by low solubility and high permeability. Consequently, finding alternative solutions for improving drug efficacy becomes crucial. Hence, this study aims to formulate biodegradable porous acetostarch (BPSa) and biodegradable porous ethostarch (BPSe) carriers to augment the solubility profile of the poorly soluble drug candidate pitavastatin calcium (PTC). Method: The biodegradable carriers (BPSa and BPSe) were prepared using the solvent exchange method. Then the PTC was loaded into the prepared carriers (PTC@BPSa and PTC@BPSe) using the passive drug loading procedure. Moreover, the obtained drug-carrier conjugates were evaluated using physiochemical evaluation techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Additionally, the surface morphology and drug release characteristics are determined. Result: The experimental findings exhibited high drug content with 75.45% and 71.81% for PTC@BPSa and PTC@BPSe, respectively. The SEM analysis of the prepared conjugates demonstrates asymmetrical morphology with cracks between particles, indicating porous nature of the carriers. As a result of this, PTC@BPSa and PTC@BPSe exhibited modified drug release patterns, with cumulative releases of 78.63% and 78.50%, respectively. Conclusion: The biodegradable porous carriers (BPSa and BPSe) effectively improve the dissolution pattern of PTC, by addressing the challenges associated with poor solubility. This study offers valuable insights into the potential of these biodegradable porous carriers as effective drug delivery platforms for increasing the efficacy of limited soluble medications.

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Lim, Hayeon, Yoseph Seo, Daeryul Kwon, Sunggu Kang, Jiyun Yu, Hyunjun Park, Sang Deuk Lee, and Taek Lee. "Recent Progress in Diatom Biosilica: A Natural Nanoporous Silica Material as Sustained Release Carrier." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 10 (October 9, 2023): 2434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15102434.

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A drug delivery system (DDS) is a useful technology that efficiently delivers a target drug to a patient’s specific diseased tissue with minimal side effects. DDS is a convergence of several areas of study, comprising pharmacy, medicine, biotechnology, and chemistry fields. In the traditional pharmacological concept, developing drugs for disease treatment has been the primary research field of pharmacology. The significance of DDS in delivering drugs with optimal formulation to target areas to increase bioavailability and minimize side effects has been recently highlighted. In addition, since the burst release found in various DDS platforms can reduce drug delivery efficiency due to unpredictable drug loss, many recent DDS studies have focused on developing carriers with a sustained release. Among various drug carriers, mesoporous silica DDS (MS-DDS) is applied to various drug administration routes, based on its sustained releases, nanosized porous structures, and excellent solubility for poorly soluble drugs. However, the synthesized MS-DDS has caused complications such as toxicity in the body, long-term accumulation, and poor excretion ability owing to acid treatment-centered manufacturing methods. Therefore, biosilica obtained from diatoms, as a natural MS-DDS, has recently emerged as an alternative to synthesized MS-DDS. This natural silica carrier is an optimal DDS platform because culturing diatoms is easy, and the silica can be separated from diatoms using a simple treatment. In this review, we discuss the manufacturing methods and applications to various disease models based on the advantages of biosilica.

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Ferreira, Cristiane M., Erica F. Vasconcelos- Pereira, Vanessa M. de Oliveira, Liliane Bernardes Campos, Vanessa T. G. de Matos, Monica C. Toffoli-Kadri, and Maria T. F. D. Monreal. "Pharmaceutical Service for Multiple Sclerosis Carriers in Brazil: A State Model." Global Journal of Health Science 12, no. 13 (October 24, 2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v12n13p32.

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The Specialized Component of Pharmaceutical Care is the Brazilian Unified Health System strategy that aims to ensure comprehensive drug treatment at an outpatient level and improve access to high complexity, high cost treatments, such as multiple sclerosis. Given the diversity of treatments available and the differences in financing and dispensing in different countries, the objective of this study was to present the workings of the model of care for patients with multiple sclerosis through the public health system in Brazil in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. In Campo Grande, the registration and dispensation of drugs for the treatment of multiple sclerosis is the responsibility of the Pharmacy School Professor Ana Maria Cervantes Baraza of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul. In this center, all patients receive pharmaceutical advice on the administration of injectable drugs and oral medications; the storage, preservation, and transportation of refrigerated drugs; and information on the disease and management of adverse reactions. Clinical pharmacy services are also available to patients in a pharmaceutical office, ensuring patient privacy and comfort and enabling the creation of a bond with the pharmacist. The model of care provided by the Pharmacy School allows for the development of pharmaceutical services, encourages the rational use of medicines, and emphasizes the importance of self-care, adherence to therapy, and the co-responsibility of patients and their families.

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G, Anuradha, and Esha Bhavin Shah. "A Descriptive Review on Nanosponges in Novel Drug Delivery, Synthetic Methods, Advantages and Applications." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology(IJPSN) 16, no. 4 (July 30, 2023): 6932–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2023.16.4.10.

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Nanosponges are the newest and one of the most versatile carriers synthesized employing nanotechnology and miniaturization, which have been a blessing to the field of novel drug delivery. Nanosponges (NSs) are a class of hyper cross-linked three-dimensional colloidal architectures responsible for dramatically increasing the solubilization potential of poorly soluble drugs and an array of advantages. They are synthesized using a biocompatible polymer and a cross-linker in a specified ratio and comprise a cavity which can engulf lipophilic or hydrophilic drug molecules. An elaborate literature review stresses the various synthetic methods adopted for synthesizing nanosponges, promising applications and advantages of nanosponges in novel drug delivery with some patented work in this domain. Challenging molecules such as lipophilic drug molecules, nutraceuticals, gases, proteins and peptides, volatile oils, genetic material, etc., can be loaded on these novel carriers, which are spherical, porous, versatile, stable, compact, convenient to synthesize and easy to scale-up in the laboratory. This descriptive review stresses the explanation of the synthetic methods of nanosponges in addition to the advantages and applications of cyclodextrin-based NS in novel drug delivery. These supramolecular entities offer a high degree of drug loading compared to other nanocarriers and, thus, are of prominent interest to research scientists globally. Additionally, nanosponge formulations like parenteral, topical, oral or inhalation continue to portray significant utility and scope in the novel drug delivery arena and depict remarkable future and growth potential. Therefore, owing to their convenient method of synthesis, propitious advantages and prominent applications in modern-day drug delivery, the review's authors hope that helpful information and insight about this novel carrier reaches the researchers and scientists and help them better understand nanosponges.

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Dragomanova, Stela, and Velichka Andonova. "Adamantane-containing drug delivery systems." Pharmacia 70, no. 4 (October 11, 2023): 1057–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.70.e111593.

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Adamantane is a weakly functional hydrocarbon widely used to develop new drug molecules to improve their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters. The compound has an affinity for the lipid bilayer of liposomes, enabling its application in targeted drug delivery and surface recognition of target structures. This review presents the available data on developed liposomes, cyclodextrin complexes, and adamantane-based dendrimers. Adamantane has been used in two ways – as a building block to which various functional groups are covalently attached (adamantane-based dendrimers) or as a part of self-aggregating supramolecular systems, where it is incorporated based on its lipophilicity (liposomes) and strong interaction with the host molecule (cyclodextrins). Adamantane represents a suitable structural basis for the development of drug delivery systems. The study of adamantane derivatives is a current topic in designing safe and selective drug delivery systems and molecular carriers.

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Kumari, Deeksha, and Bikash Medhi. "Drug and Gene Delivery Carriers:Biodegradable and Biocompatible." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology(IJPSN) 16, no. 5 (September 15, 2023): 6943–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2023.16.5.1.

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Introduction In the area of modern medicine and biotechnology drug and gene delivery optimize the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics for the safety and effective transport of therapeutic agents to the targeted area in the body. Biodegradable and biocompatible carriers have been explored as biomaterials for nearly two decades in gene delivery and tissue engineering1. This biomaterial has been actively researched as a prospective carrier for delivering therapeutic medicines and genes due to their physiochemical properties, decreased toxicity, and immunogenicity. These materials might be natural/biological or synthetic in origin, and their unique features provide several benefits, a wide range of pharmaceutical approaches for building micro-and nano-vehicles of medicinal medicines and genes2.

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Gugleva, Viliana, and Velichka Andonova. "Drug delivery to the brain – lipid nanoparticles-based approach." Pharmacia 70, no. 1 (February 3, 2023): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.70.e98838.

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The complex structure of the human brain defines it as one of the most inaccessible organs in terms of drug delivery. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) represents a microvascular network involved in transporting substances between the blood and the central nervous system (CNS) – enabling the entry of nutrients and simultaneously restricting the influx of pathogens and toxins. However, its role as a protective shield for CNS also restricts drug access to the brain. Since many drugs cannot cross the BBB due to unsuitable physicochemical characteristics (i.e., high molecular weight, aqueous solubility, etc.), different technological strategies have been developed to ensure sufficient drug bioavailability. Among these, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are promising approaches thanks to their lipid nature, facilitating their brain uptake, small sizes, and the possibilities for subsequent functionalization to achieve targeted delivery. The review focuses on applying SLNs and NLCs as nanocarriers for brain delivery, outlining the physiological factors of BBB and the physicochemical characteristics of nanocarriers influencing this process. Recent advances in this area have also been summarized.

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Fitriani, Endang Wahyu, Christina Avanti, Yeva Rosana, and Silvia Surini. "Nanostructured lipid carriers: A prospective dermal drug delivery system for natural active ingredients." Pharmacia 71 (March 12, 2024): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.71.e115849.

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Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are versatile tools used for several purposes, including drug release modification, adhesion to the skin, film-forming ability followed by hydration of the superficial layers of the skin, as well as high penetration with permeation into and across deeper skin layers. During the formulation of active ingredients sourced from nature into dosage forms, NLCs play a crucial role in overcoming challenges associated with the process. These challenges include poor solubility and skin permeability, sensitivity to light, heat, and oxygen, leading to degraded quality, reduced potency, and probable risks of skin irritation or allergic reactions. Therefore, this review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of NLCs as effective delivery system through the skin for natural active ingredients. The extensive discussion covers the advantages and disadvantages of a dermal delivery system for these ingredients, focusing on various types, lipids, and surfactants used in the formulation, preparation, and characterization process. Additionally, the recent developments in NLCs technology are explored. The result showed that NLCs would advance into a more efficient, precise, and safe system to transport natural active ingredients dermally.

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Kamenova, Katya, Denitsa Momekova, Georgy Grancharov, Anna Prancheva, Natalia Toncheva-Moncheva, Ervin Ivanov, Spiro Konstantinov, and Petar D. Petrov. "In Situ Gelling Hydroxypropyl Cellulose Formulation Comprising Cannabidiol-Loaded Block Copolymer Micelles for Sustained Drug Delivery." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 22 (November 20, 2023): 16534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216534.

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Cannabidiol (CBD) is a natural terpenophenolic compound with known pharmacological activities, but the poor solubility of CBD in water limits its widespread use in medicine and pharmacy. Polymeric (nano)carriers demonstrated high potential for enhancing the solubility and therapeutic activity of lipophilic drugs such as CBD. Here, we report the elaboration of a novel hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC)-based in situ gelling formulation for controlled delivery of CBD. In the first stage, nanosized polymeric micelles from poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(α-cinnamyl-ε-caprolactone-co-ε-caprolactone) (PEO-b-P(CyCL-co-CL) diblock copolymers) were used to increase the solubility of CBD in water. Different copolymers were assessed, and the carrier with the highest encapsulation efficiency (EE) and drug loading capacity (DLC) was selected for further elaboration of nanocomposite in situ gel formulations. Next, the sol-to-gel transition behavior of HPC as a function of K2SO4 concentration in the aqueous solution was investigated by microcalorimetry and dynamic oscillatory rheology, and the optimal formulation capable of forming a physical gel under physiological conditions was determined. Finally, injectable nanocomposite hydrogels comprising cannabidiol were fabricated, and their drug release profile and cytotoxicity against human tumor cell lines were evaluated. The in situ gels exhibited prolonged drug release over 12 h, controlled by gel erosion, and the cytotoxicity of formulated cannabidiol was comparable with that of a free drug.

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Pashirova, Tatiana N., Andrei V. Bogdanov, Lenar I. Musin, Julia K. Voronina, Irek R. Nizameev, Marsil K. Kadirov, Vladimir F. Mironov, Lucia Ya Zakharova, Shamil K. Latypov, and Oleg G. Sinyashin. "Nanoscale isoindigo-carriers: self-assembly and tunable properties." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 8 (February 1, 2017): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.8.34.

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Over the last decade isoindigo derivatives have attracted much attention due to their high potential in pharmacy and in the chemistry of materials. In addition, isoindigo derivatives can be modified to form supramolecular structures with tunable morphologies for the use in drug delivery. Amphiphilic long-chain dialkylated isoindigos have the ability to form stable solid nanoparticles via a simple nanoprecipitation technique. Their self-assembly was investigated using tensiometry, dynamic light scattering, spectrophotometry, and fluorometry. The critical association concentrations and aggregate sizes were measured. The hydrophilic–lipophilic balance of alkylated isoindigo derivatives strongly influences aggregate morphology. In the case of short-chain dialkylated isoindigo derivatives, supramolecular polymers of 200 to 700 nm were formed. For long-chain dialkylated isoindigo derivatives, micellar aggregates of 100 to 200 nm were observed. Using micellar surfactant water-soluble forms of monosubstituted 1-hexadecylisoindigo as well as 1,1′-dimethylisoindigo were prepared for the first time. The formation of mixed micellar structures of different types in micellar anionic surfactant solutions (sodium dodecyl sulfate) was determined. These findings are of practical importance and are of potential interest for the design of drug delivery systems and new nanomaterials.

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Stefanov, Stefan, Viliana Gugleva, and Velichka Andonova. "Technological strategies for the preparation of lipid nanoparticles: an updated review." Pharmacia 70, no. 3 (July 7, 2023): 449–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.70.e108119.

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The concept of improving drug biopharmaceutical properties by proper selection of delivery system should begin with a rational choice of relevant dosage form, followed by the precise assessment of physicochemical compatibility between the drug delivery system (DDS) and the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Afterwards, according to laboratory availabilities, an efficient production method should be selected and, if possible, to take into account the opportunity for lab-upscale and prevailed industry research needs. Amid the vast diversity of nanostructured drug delivery carriers, lipid nanoparticles (LNs) stand out with their undeniable advantages like exceptive biocompatibility and multiplicity, and their importance as “green” derivatives for biochemical processes. Their distinctive structural properties also allow adequate protection of loaded APIs against chemical degradation in an aggressive biological environment and provide excellent resiliency in modifying drug release profiles. This review highlights different findings reported by the researchers worldwide over the years and focuses on the various production strategies and techniques for the preparation of LNs.

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Yoncheva, Krassimira, Nadia Hristova-Avakumova, Vera Hadjimitova, Trayko Traykov, and Petar Petrov. "Evaluation of physicochemical and antioxidant properties of nanosized copolymeric micelles loaded with kaempferol." Pharmacia 67, no. 2 (July 31, 2020): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.67.e38648.

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The study was focused on the evaluation of two copolymers as micellar carriers for kaempferol delivery. The copolymers comprised identical hydrophilic blocks of poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and different hydrophobic blocks of either poly(ε-caprolactone) (PDMAEMA9-b-PCL70-b-PDMAEMA9) or poly(propylene oxide) (PDMAEMA13-b-PPO69-b-PDMAEMA13). The calculation of Flory-Huggins parameters and determination of encapsulation efficiency showed that PDMAEMA-b-PCL-b-PDMAEMA copolymer possessed higher capacity for kaempferol loading. The diameter of the micelles before and after lyophilization was not changed, suggesting that the micelles could be lyophilized and redispersed before administration. The in vitro release of kaempferol from PDMAEMA-b-PPO-b-PDMAEMA micelles was faster than the release from PDMAEMA-b-PCL-b-PDMAEMA micelles, probably due to the higher affinity of kaempferol to this copolymer. Further, the higher affinity resulted in a retention of antioxidant activity of kaempferol in the presence of DPPH and KO2 radicals. Thus, PDMAEMA-PCL-PDMAEMA was considered more appropriate carrier because of the higher encapsulation efficiency and preservation of antioxidant activity of the drug.

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Nascimento, Imarally Vitor de Souza Ribeiro, Mairly Karolyne da Silva Souza, Willams Teles Barbosa, Thiago Bizerra Fideles, Thais Maria Alves Marinho, and Marcus Vinícius Lia Fook. "Development and Characterization of Chitosan Membranes as a System for Controlled Release of Piperine." Materials Science Forum 869 (August 2016): 864–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.869.864.

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Among the variety of polymers used as drug carriers, chitosan has received attention in the fields of medicine and pharmacy by being a nontoxic, biocompatible and biodegradable copolymer. Piperine is a natural alkaloid, has various pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, hepatoprotective and antitumor when combined with chitosan has better bioavailability and more effectiveness. This work aims to prepare and characterize chitosan / piperine membranes obtained by the solvent casting method. The membranes were characterized by Spectroscopy Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (DRX) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (MEV). From the results obtained it can be concluded that the process described was effective in obtaining the system chitosan/piperine indicating its potential for studies of controlled release of drug.

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Prajapati, Dr Bhupendra, Umang Varia, and Aara Patel. "Formulation and Evaluation of Zolmitriptan Loaded Nano-Structured Lipid Carriers for Effective Treatment in Migraine." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology(IJPSN) 15, no. 5 (October 1, 2022): 6120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2022.15.5.3.

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Objective: Zolmitriptan is a BCS class II drug having low solubility and poor bioavailability by formulating Nanostructured lipid carriers that will sustain the release of the drug for a longer period which leads to reduced dose and frequency of dose. Method: Zolmiptriptan-loaded Nanostructured lipid carriers were fabricated by a solvent diffusion evaporation method. The formulation parameters like the selection of solid (Precirol ATO 5) and liquid lipid (Miglyol 812), solid to liquid lipid ratio (3:1), drug: solid lipid ratio (1:4), the ratio of the organic phase (Acetone: Ethanol, 1:1), the concentration of surfactant (1.5% Tween 80) and temperature (70 °C) of secondary phase were optimized. NLC dispersion was finally lyophilized and converted into a tablet. A stability study of freeze-dried NLCs tablet was performed according to ICH Q1A (R2) guidelines. Result: Optimized formulation contained Particle size 11.39 ± 0.85 nm, Zeta potential -38.30 and %EE 76.56 ± 0.12. Characterization was performed by TEM and FTIR analysis. The residual solvent test confirms the concentration of organic solvents was in the acceptable range as per ICH guidelines. In-vitro drug permeation study of NLCs shows 88.91±0.238 % drug release while pure drug suspension shows 58.9±0.578 % drug release after 12 hrs. Conclusion: Zolmitriptan-loaded NLCs show better absorption as compared to pure drug suspension which indicates prolonged release of medicament which may reduce dose or dose frequency.

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More, Kalpesh S., Mitesh P. Sonawan, Vedant B. Kor, and Darshan B. Bhamare. "Formulation Development and Evaluation of Wax Incorporated Floating Beads of Dapagliflozin." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology(IJPSN) 16, no. 5 (September 15, 2023): 6953–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2023.16.5.3.

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Introduction: The current work's objectives are to build numerous floating drug delivery systems utilising various wax concentrations to prolong the release of dapagliflozin and to study the influence of sodium alginate on the system's buoyancy. Dapagliflozin is used as a anti diabetic drug which is used in treatment of type-2 diabetes.The goal of the study is to create sodium-based emulsion gel beads with wax incorporated utilising a modified emulsion-gelation process. Method: Emulsion gelation method used for preparation of floating beads. The Model drug was mixed with olive oil-containing sodium alginate wax before being hot-melted, homogenised, and then extruded into a calcium chloride solution. The manufactured Wax-incorporated Emulsion Gel Beads were analysed for Micromeritics investigations, entrapment efficacy, in-vitro buoyancy rate, and dissolution rate. Result: Several preformulation experiments, including bulk density, tapped density, and Carr's index, were within acceptable ranges, and highest drug release after 12 hours is 96.63% particularly for batch F2. Wax was added to the formulation to greatly extend the drug release; however, it was not enough to maintain the release of a highly water-soluble medication. Conclusion: It is possible to conclude that the usage of hydrophobic carriers such as waxes can be used to provide the desired sustained release effect. Oils and other low-density components were utilised to help the formulation's flotation. The study concluded that floating wax microspheres may use as medication carrier to prolong drug release.

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Kaur, Ramandeep, Pushpendra Singh, and Rita Yadav. "NANOPARTICLES IN EMERGING PARENTERAL DRUG THERAPY: AN OVERVIEW." YMER Digital 21, no. 06 (June 29, 2022): 1106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.06/a6.

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Aim: The aim of the study was to discuss the recent researches done over the nanoparticles and types of nanoparticles being useful in the parenteral delivery of drugs. Materials and methods: Different types of nanoparticles are developed i.e., liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, nano-capsules, dendrimers, nanotubes, nanowires, nanocrystals and nanobots. Nanoparticles are very beneficial in pharmacy and health sciences as in cancer therapy, biological binders, drug carriers, targeted therapy etc. to boost the healthcare system. It aids in the improvement of medication solubility and bioavailability, as well as the reduction of toxicity, improved release, and better formulation options. It's worth noting that various commercial oral medications have been created using nanoparticle technology to improve API absorption. Nano-milling process is used to increase absorption of nano-parenteral. Conclusion: Active targeting is useful in oncology, especially for the treatment of malignancies, because it can reduce side effects. Consider tiny miniature robots that your doctor will inject into vein to look for cancer cells or administer a medicine. We anticipate that this system will modify cancer immunotherapy and provide novel therapeutic options in the near future. Keywords: Nanoparticles, Nanowires, Nano-parenteral, Therapy, Liposomes

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Gupta, Manish Kumar, Meghraj Suryawanshi, Birendra Shrivastava, and Birendra Shrivastava. "A Bird Eye View on Natural Gums and Mucilage used in Drug Delivery System." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology(IJPSN) 16, no. 1 (February 14, 2023): 6381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2023.16.1.10.

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Natural mucilage is utilized in drug delivery systems (DDS) to accomplish a variety of duties, including directly or indirectly regulating the rate and amount of drug release in specific circumstances. Gums are biomolecules composed of carbohydrates that may attract water and form gels. Proteins and minerals are typically found in the creation of the gums. Gums exist in a number of types, including mucilage gums, seed gums, exudate gums, and others. Plant gums are among the most important gums because of their bioavailability. Excipients are being used in unique dosage forms to fill specific tasks as a result of advances in drug delivery technology. In some cases, these additives have a direct or indirect effect on the amount and/or rate of drug release and absorption. Given the present trend toward the use of natural goods derived from plants, the substitution of synthetic additives with natural ones is important. The world is getting increasingly interested in natural drugs and excipients. Natural mucilage has advantages over synthetic mucilage because it is more easily available, less expensive, and chemically inert. They now compete with several polymeric materials for use as diverse drugs and have advanced from being an excipient to cutting-edge drug carriers. Extensive research has gone into the development of safe and effective natural-based mucilage particulate drug delivery systems. Natural gums and mucilage are examined, as well as their isolation, purification, standardization, and characterization properties, as well as their applications. This article provides an overview of natural excipients used in both traditional dosage forms and innovative drug delivery systems.

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Aryani, Ni Luh Dewi, Siswandono Siswandono, Wdji Soeratri, Dian Yulyandani Putri, and Pingky Dwi Puspitasarini. "Development, characterization in vitro and in silico of coenzyme Q10 loaded myristic acid with different liquid lipids nanostructured lipid carriers." Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research 9, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): 573–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.56499/jppres21.1038_9.5.573.

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Context: Nanostructured lipid carriers can enhance skin penetration of active substances. Coenzyme Q10 is a lipophilic antioxidant, that has poor skin penetration. This limitation is overcome by nanostructured lipid carriers. Aims: To developed coenzyme Q10 nanostructured lipid carriers using myristic acid with various liquid lipids as lipid matrix by in vitro studies and in silico approach for explaining the interaction of coenzyme Q10-lipid at the molecular level. Methods: The coenzyme Q10 nanostructured lipid carriers were prepared using myristic acid as solid lipid with oleic acid, isopropyl myristate, and isopropyl palmitate as liquid lipids using the high shear homogenization method. Then, they were evaluated in physicochemical characteristics by dynamic light scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transforms infrared, scanning electron microscopy, spectrophotometry ultraviolet-visible, and pH meter. Furthermore, the in silico studies were conducted using AutoDock 4.2. Results: The coenzyme Q10 nanostructured lipid carriers using myristic acid-oleic acid, myristic acid-isopropyl myristate, and myristic acid-isopropyl palmitate as lipid matrix had the mean particle size, polydispersity index, entrapment efficiency, drug loading, and pH value were less than 300 nm, less than 0.3, more than 80%, about 10%, and about 5.0, respectively. Moreover, molecular docking of coenzyme Q10 and lipid showed hydrogen and hydrophobic bonds. These results supported differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transforms infrared results. Conclusions: The coenzyme Q10 nanostructured lipid carriers were successfully prepared using myristic acid-oleic acid, myristic acid-isopropyl myristate, and myristic acid-isopropyl palmitate as lipid matrix as well as in silico study could be used for explaining of coenzyme Q10-lipid interaction.

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Verón, M. G., L. A. Soria, and M. O. Prado. "Porous Sulfonated PVA Microspheres for Controlled Molecules Delivery: A Methylene Blue Study." Journal of Materials and Applications 10, no. 1 (May 15, 2021): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32732/jma.2021.10.1.27.

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Functionalized PVA microspheres are commonly used as drug carriers in the fields of pharmacy and medicine. With this aim, we obtained and test novel PVA-PVAc-AMPS sulfonated microspheres by free radical suspension polymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc) and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic sodium salt acid (AMPS), followed by saponification. The microspheres exhibited a porous core-shell structure with excellent sphericity, a mean size of 171 µm, and elasticity modulus comparable with commercial particles currently used in medical applications. Methylene blue (MB) which has shown similar adherence properties as the cytostatic drug doxorubicin was used as a model drug to study the drug loading/release characteristics of the sulfonated microspheres prepared in this work. 20.7 mg g-1 MB per gram of microspheres was the maximum adsorption capacity in two hours using UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The experimental data on adsorption were well described by the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The in vitro release profile of loaded MB microspheres showed rapid desorption in the first hour followed by slower MB release, reaching 8.6% elution at four hours. The diffusion process was found to be dominant in the MB desorption from the PVA-PVAc-AMPS microspheres.

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Shafique, Shumaila, Ubed-Ur-Rehman Mughal, Abdullah Dayo, Omer Mustapha, Hina Saleem, Sabahat Naeem, and Salman Ahmed. "Optimization, Fabrication and Characterization of Novel Meloxicam-Loaded Surface Attached Solid Dispersions to Ameliorate its Aqueous Solubility and Dissolution Employing Spray-Drying Technique." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 17, no. 2 (April 14, 2023): 717–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2023172717.

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Objective: To formulate unmodified crystalline meloxicam solid dispersions by the use of surfactants and polymer. This polymeric particulate system is named as meloxicam-loaded surface attached solid dispersion (MSDs). Methodology: This experimental study was conducted at Lab of Physical and Industrial Pharmacy, Hanyang University, South Korea. The duration of this study was around seven months. The first phase of this study (optimization and fabrication) was completed within 3 months, while, solubility, dissolution and physicochemical characterization was completed in next 4 months. These surfaces attached solid dispersions were prepared by using spray drying technology. Moreover, HPMC and SLS were used as hydrophilic carriers. Various MSDs were prepared using carriers/drug, and were evaluated for aqueous solubility and dissolution studies. Results: Amongst different formulation prepared, MSDs3 having Meloxicam/HPMC/SLS in a (1:0.5:0.5) gave the highest solubility and dissolution (i.e. from 0.25 ±0.17ug/ml of meloxicam to 153 ±5.3ug/ml). Moreover, dissolution was enhanced from 2.96 ±0.55% to 47 ±1.07% at 15 minutes. Furthermore, physicochemical characterization was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Conclusion: In conclusion we can predict a better solubility and dissolution of meloxicam in surface attached solid dispersion. Keywords: Meloxicam, solubility enhancement, spray drying, surface attached, solid dispersion

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Hirlekar, Rajashree, Srinivas Bhairy, and Alfiha Momin. "Formulation Development and Evaluation of Dry Adsorbed Nanoparticles of Curcumin and Piperine Dual Drug Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology(IJPSN) 16, no. 4 (July 31, 2023): 6844–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2023.16.4.2.

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Purpose: The present study was aimed at preparing stable dry adsorbed nanoparticles (DANs) of curcumin (CUR) and piperine (PIP) loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). Methods: CUR and PIP-loaded NLCs (CP NLCs) were prepared by modified hot-melt emulsification using precirol ATO5 (PRE) as solid lipid, labrafac lipophile WL1349 (LAF) as liquid lipid, and a combination of tween 80 (T80) with gelucire 50/13 (G50/13) as surfactants. The NLCs system was subjected to physical stability, particle size, zeta potential, thermal behaviour, crystallinity study and in-vitro drug release. Further, an evaporative drying technique converted the NLC system into stable DANs by adsorbing onto mannitol (Pearlitol 200SD). The DANs were characterized for redispersion properties, particle size, flow properties and in-vitro drug release. The stability studies were carried out for 30 days. Results: The optimized CP NLCs were of imperfect type and had a mean particle size of 248.5 ± 12.8 nm (size distribution of 0.216 ± 0.021), a zeta potential of -9.03 ± 0.53 mV, an entrapment efficiency (EE) of 99.80 ± 0.21% (CUR), 100.05 ± 0.07% (PIP) with a drug recovery of 99.70 ± 0.21% (CUR) and 100.36 ± 0.12% (PIP). The X-ray diffraction pattern and endothermic peaks confirmed the encapsulation of actives in lipid matrices. The in-vitro drug release showed controlled release for 24 h. The optimized DANs led to maximum redispersion and retained a particle size of 268.4 ± 23.1 nm (distribution 0.235 ± 0.037) with controlled release similar to CP NLCs. The CP NLCs DANs showed reasonable stability for 30 days. Conclusions: The developed CP NLCs DANs showed a controlled release profile, and the adsorption technique can be used to improve the stability of NLC dispersion. The DANs can be offered in patient-friendly dosage forms such as sachets, capsules, and compressed tablets.

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Ramkar, Shweta, and Preeti Suresh. "Targeting Potential of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Finasteride-loaded Nano Lipidic Carriers-infused Topical Gel - In vitro and In vivo Skin Permeation Studies." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology(IJPSN) 16, no. 6 (November 15, 2023): 7030–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2023.16.6.2.

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Background: There is an unmet clinical need to develop topical carriers for finasteride to reduce its systemic side effects in the treatment of androgenic alopecia (AGA). Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles have also emerged as an influential agent in hair biology. Aim: The main focus of the work was to develop a novel formulation to explore the potential of ZnO nanoparticles in combination with NLCs of finasteride (FIN) for topical delivery. Method: ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by precipitation method and were subsequently incorporated within the Carbopol gel. The ZnO nanoparticles and the gel were evaluated for their physicochemical characteristics. In vitro release study was performed for the determination of release of the drugs from the gel and ex vivo study was conducted for the determination of penetration of the NLCs and ZnO nanoparticles into the skin. Result: The particle size of the nanoparticles was found to be 200 nm. The pH, viscosity and spreadability of the gel was observed to be 6.13±2.11, 35,845.3±6.97 cps at 5 rpm and 17.14±2.32 respectively. Ex vivo drug permeation and skin distribution studies of the NLC gel formulations carried on rat dorsal skin indicated 25.763±0.2 μg/cm² and 19.375±1.2 μg/cm² of FIN and ZnO in 12 hr respectively. Conclusion: The results indicated the potential of developed systems for topical drug delivery for treatment of androgenic alopecia.

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Amiri, Mohammad Sadegh, Vahideh Mohammadzadeh, Mohammad Ehsan Taghavizadeh Yazdi, Mahmood Barani, Abbas Rahdar, and George Z. Kyzas. "Plant-Based Gums and Mucilages Applications in Pharmacology and Nanomedicine: A Review." Molecules 26, no. 6 (March 22, 2021): 1770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061770.

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Gums are carbohydrate biomolecules that have the potential to bind water and form gels. Gums are regularly linked with proteins and minerals in their construction. Gums have several forms, such as mucilage gums, seed gums, exudate gums, etc. Plant gums are one of the most important gums because of their bioavailability. Plant-derived gums have been used by humans since ancient times for numerous applications. The main features that make them appropriate for use in different applications are high stabilization, viscosity, adhesive property, emulsification action, and surface-active activity. In many pharmaceutical formulations, plant-based gums and mucilages are the key ingredients due to their bioavailability, widespread accessibility, non-toxicity, and reasonable prices. These compete with many polymeric materials for use as different pharmaceuticals in today’s time and have created a significant achievement from being an excipient to innovative drug carriers. In particular, scientists and pharmacy industries around the world have been drawn to uncover the secret potential of plant-based gums and mucilages through a deeper understanding of their physicochemical characteristics and the development of safety profile information. This innovative unique class of drug products, useful in advanced drug delivery applications, gene therapy, and biosynthesis, has been developed by modification of plant-based gums and mucilages. In this review, both fundamental and novel medicinal aspects of plant-based gums and mucilages, along with their capacity for pharmacology and nanomedicine, were demonstrated.

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Moreno-Vega, Aura-Ileana, Teresa Gómez-Quintero, Rosa-Elvira Nuñez-Anita, Laura-Susana Acosta-Torres, and Víctor Castaño. "Polymeric and Ceramic Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications." Journal of Nanotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/936041.

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Materials in the nanometer size range may possess unique and beneficial properties, which are very useful for different medical applications including stomatology, pharmacy, and implantology tissue engineering. The application of nanotechnology to medicine, known as nanomedicine, concerns the use of precisely engineered materials at this length scale to develop novel therapeutic and diagnostic modalities. Nanomaterials have unique physicochemical properties, such as small size, large surface area to mass ratio, and high reactivity, which are different from bulk materials of the same composition. Polymeric and ceramic nanoparticles have been extensively studied as particulate carriers in the pharmaceutical and medical fields, because they show promise as drug delivery systems as a result of their controlled- and sustained-release properties, subcellular size, and biocompatibility with tissue and cells. These properties can be used to overcome some of the limitations found in traditional therapeutic and diagnostic agents. Nanotechnology is showing promising developments in many areas and may benefit our health and welfare. However, a wide range of ethical issues has been raised by this innovative science. Many authorities believe that these advancements could lead to irreversible disasters if not limited by ethical guidelines.

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V Chandrasekhar. "Rare Diseases - Orphan Drugs." TELANGANA JOURNAL OF IMA 02, no. 02 (2022): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.52314/tjima.2022.v2i2.82.

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Rare diseases (RDs) are a class of diseases that do not affect most of the population. Apart from the common diseases that affect most people, some severely rare diseases often pose unique challenges to society and the healthcare systems in India. According to the National Institute of Health (NIH), the F.D.A., and the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD), a rare disease is any disease, disorder, illness or condition affecting fewer than 200,000 people in the United States as defined by the Orphan Drug Designation Program. However, 95% of rare diseases currently have no treatment available. Healthcare Experts estimate that around 7000 rare diseases have been identified globally, out of which 450 have been reported in India, like hemophilia, thalas-semia, sickle cell anemia, and Pompe’s disease. Rare diseases come in many forms, including cancers and auto-immune diseases. Drugs for rare diseases are among the highest-priced medications on the market than other common drugs. A medical advisory board of nationally recognized and specialized physicians can help build in-depth case management tools and clinical decision support systems to develop and advance novel therapies. Recognition of carriers harbouring clinically pathogenic genetic vari-ations is essential to provide proper genetic counselling to the patient and management. The precise delineation of distinct RDs is possible through a meticulous clinical evaluation of the patients and their genetic screening. The Electronic Health Record (E.H.R.) helps foster collaboration and better outcomes. A holistic approach should be integrated across health care providers, both at the pharmacy and medical level, that helps improve patient experience and outcomes and reduce costs. Strong health poli-cies and initiatives are required both from private and government institutions for orphan drug development. A separate course on Clinical Genetics must be included in the academic curriculum of medical students in order to provide them knowledge on the basic concepts of genetics and its applications in human health.

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Changder, Abhijit, Riyasree Paul, Ananya Ghosh, Saurav Sarkar, Gouranga Nandi, and Lakshmi Kanta Ghosh. "Grafting of Poly (Acrylic Acid) onto Cassia fistula Seed Gum: Synthesis, Optimization, and Characterization." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology(IJPSN) 16, no. 1 (February 14, 2023): 6294–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2023.16.1.4.

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Aim: This study aimed to synthesize a natural polysaccharide-based semisynthetic mucoadhesive and sustained-release copolymer. Background: Natural polysaccharides have been preferred as drug carriers because of their abundance, easy availability, low cost, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and physiochemical compatibility. But sometimes they need to be chemically functionalized in order to impart some physiochemical properties for the customization of drug delivery. Objective: The objective was to graft poly (sodium acrylate) onto Cassia fistula seed gum and the characterizations of the derived copolymer. Method: CFSG-grafted-poly (sodium acrylate) (CFSG-g-PSA) was synthesized by microwave-assisted free-radical initiation method using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as a free-radical initiator. The concentration of acrylic acid (AA), ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN), and microwave-irradiation time (MW) were taken as independent synthetic variables. Synthesis was designed by 23 full factorial designs with two levels of each variable. %grafting, % grafting efficiency and % conversion was taken as response variables. ANOVA and numerical optimization were done using Design-Expert Software (version 11.0) to obtain the optimized synthetic condition. The copolymer was characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, NMR, viscosity, DSC, TGA-DTA, PXRD, SEM, water-uptake, and biodegradation study. Results: Elemental analysis, FTIR, and NMR study ratified the formation of the copolymer. The highest % of grafting was found to be 790% in this study. The combination of microwave irradiation and CAN have shown a synergistic effect on % grafting and % grafting efficiency. Software-based numerical optimization finds the S1 batch as the best synthetic batch (790%G) with 10 g AA, 0.5 g CAN, and 1 min MW. The study also exhibits the biodegradation nature of the copolymer in a simulated colonic environment. Conclusion: The study demonstrates the synthesis of graft-copolymer by simple, easy, rapid, and one-pot method without the use of any sophisticated instrument and nitrogen environment.

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Utami, Fadhila Putri, and Arief Jananto. "Implementation of the Association Rule Method using Apriori Algorithm to Recognize The Purchase Pattern of Pharmacy Drugs “XYZ”." CESS (Journal of Computer Engineering, System and Science) 8, no. 1 (January 4, 2023): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/cess.v8i1.40377.

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XYZ Pharmacy is a Special Health Service Point for employees and retirees of the XYZ company. This pharmacy carries out the process of buying and selling drugs by providing various types of drugs. The number of sales transactions in each day, resulting in sales data will increase over time. If the data is left alone, the pile of data will only become archives that are not utilized. By carrying out the data mining process, this data can be used to produce information that can be used to increase sales transactions at XYZ Pharmacy. The method used in this study is the Association Rule which functions to analyze the most sold and purchased drugs simultaneously, this analysis will be reviewed from drug sales transaction data at the XYZ Pharmacy. The application of the a priori algorithm in this study succeeded in finding the most item combinations based on transaction data and then formed an association pattern from the item combinations. By knowing the types of drugs that are often purchased together through identification of purchasing patterns, it is very useful for the XYZ Pharmacy to maintain the availability of the drugs.

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Wang, Wen, Paul Joyce, Kristen Bremmell, Robert Milne, and Clive A. Prestidge. "Liposomal 5-Fluorouracil Polymer Complexes Facilitate Tumor-Specific Delivery: Pharmaco-Distribution Kinetics Using Microdialysis." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 2 (January 18, 2022): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14020221.

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Liposomes are widely used as carriers for anticancer drugs due to their ability to prolong the retention of encapsulated drugs in blood plasma while directing their distribution increasingly into tumor tissue. We report on the development of stealth liposomal formulations for the common chemotherapy drug 5-fluorouracil, where pharmacokinetic studies were undertaken using a microdialysis probe to specifically quantify drug accumulation in tumor, which was contrasted to drug exposure to healthy tissue. Greater accumulation of the drug into the tumor than into healthy subcutaneous tissue was observed for neutral and cationic liposomal 5-fluorouracil polymer complexes in comparison to the conventional delivery by an injected solution. Increased drug accumulation in tumor also correlated to reduced tumor growth. This research has generated new mechanistic insight into liposomal-specific delivery to tumors with potential to improve the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of chemotherapy.

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Marković, Srđan, Dragana Kastratović, Đura Nakarada, and Miloš Mojović. "Benefits of liposomal nonsteroid-anti-inflammatory drugs." Hospital Pharmacology - International Multidisciplinary Journal 9, no. 2 (2022): 1163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/hpimj2202163m.

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Introduction: Liposomes are small, spherical artificial vesicles that can be created from cholesterol and natural non-toxic phospholipids. Due to their size, hydrophobic and hydrophilic character (besides biocompatibility), liposomes are promising drug delivery systems. Topic: Liposomal formulations of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can be used in all population groups (children, adults, and the elderly) which gives them a wide range of applications. NSAIDs oral administration is associated with severe adverse effects in the gastrointestinal tract such as epigastric pain, heartburn, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, peptic ulcer, and hepatic impairment. It has been observed in clinical trials, that liposomal formulations enhanced the drug permeability and the percentage of accumulated dose in the skin compared to control conventional gel formulations. Liposomal gel controls ibuprofen release and drug permeability in vitro and has shown a permeability pattern conducive to maintaining constant drug levels. Application: So far, liposomes containing sodium diclofenac, indomethacin, aceclofenac, and related NSAIDs have been produced in laboratory conditions. Liposomal technology is most commonly applied in cosmetology, cancer therapy and yet unexplored application possibilities for liposomes, such as therapy for Alzheimer's disease. Although varying in size and structure, they all possess certain common advantages - increased dermal availability of lipophilic drugs and their targeted delivery onto the required location. Liposomes have been proven highly effective in terms of retaining the NSAIDs in the synovial cavity, mostly because of their size and chemical composition. Undesirable therapy effects, fast clearance, and exposure to nontargeted sites could be minimized by administering NSAIDs using liposomes as carriers. Side effects and complications associated with the long-term oral and intramuscular applications of NSAIDs could especially be avoided using their liposomal formulations. Liposomes can be seen as ideal carriers for anti-inflammatory drugs as their ability to (passively) target sites of inflammation and release their content to inflammatory target cells enables them to increase local efficacy with only limited systemic exposure and adverse effects, improving bioavailability and patient compliance. A few NSAIDs are experimentally formulated in liposomes having improved pharmacokinetic characteristics. Further clinical investigations will show their pharmaco-dynamic effects. The in vitro release and ex vivo permeation (permeability) study showed a prolonged diclofenac release with high permeation flux. Conclusion: The use of liposomes as drug carriers becomes a notable positive step in the treatment of inflammatory, pain-causing, and rheumatic diseases. Liposomes present an attractive delivery system due to their flexible physicochemical and biophysical properties, which allow easy manipulation to address the different delivery considerations. The main objectives for the development of NSAIDs in liposomal carriers are deeper penetration of the active substance, fewer side effects, better and longer effect, the ability to change the characteristics of both the drug and the carrier, and adequate dose adjustment. Despite several challenges that accordingly still need to be addressed, liposomal drug formulations have significant health-promoting potential. Despite the encouragement of NSAID development and research studies, it still takes a long time for liposomal NSAID formulations to become available for everyday use.

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Kaur, Mandeep, Aditya Wadhwa, and Vineet Kumar. "Pectin-Based Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Toxicity and Applications." Asian Journal of Chemistry 33, no. 11 (2021): 2579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2021.23382.

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Nanomaterials of biological origin are very useful for drug delivery applications. The stability, biodegradability and biocompatibility of pectin nanomaterials in the human body make them an effective drug carrier. This review focus on different aspect of synthesis, drug encapsulation, drug release and safety of pectin-based nanomaterials. The nanomaterials can be used for the delivery of different hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs to various organs. The release kinetics of drug loaded pectin-based nanoparticles can be studied in vitro as well as in vivo. The pectin-based nanomaterials have good pharmaco-kinetics and can ensure controlled drug delivery. However, the toxicity of pectin-based nanomaterials to human body needs to be evaluated carefully before industrial scale application.

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Krasnuk, I. I., T. M. Kosheleva, A. V. Belyatskaya, I. I. Krasnuk, O. I. Stepanova, Yu Skovpen', A. N. Vorobiev, V. V. Grikh, and L. V. Ovsyannikova. "APPLICATION OF INDOMETHACIN IN MEDICINE AND PHARMACY." Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 73, no. 2 (March 21, 2018): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn879.

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Indomethacin, a non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), has been used in different spheres of medicine since the 1960s. It is successfully administered as an anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving medication in rheumatoid and other diseases. According to recent research, indomethacin may become a promising drug enhancing endogenous remyelination in patients with multiple sclerosis. Also, indomethacin affects cell proliferation and invasion, thus it is used to manage pancreatic cancer in patients with hyperglycemia. In addition, indomethacin can inhibit protein synthesis in colorectal carcinoma and other types of cancer cells. The article reviews modern indomethacin medications and the different dosage forms on the Russian pharmaceutical market. Indomethacin poor water solubility is one of the reasons for decreasing its biopharmaceutical characteristics. According to the conducted research, a prospective way to improve indomethacin solubility and bioavailability is the Solid Dispersion (SD) method. SDs are bi- or multicomponent systems consisting of the drug and the carrier. They are a highly dispersed solid phase of the drug or molecular-dispersed solid solutions with a partial formation of a variable composition complex and a carrier. The article provides a brief overview on different aspects of obtaining, investigating, and applying indomethacin SDs with various polymers.

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Purwaningsih, Neneng Sri, Ahmad Senjaya Senjaya, Sucipto Sucipto Sucipto, and Melani Angguni Angguni. "Analysis of Diabetes Mellitus Drug Planning Using ABC and VEN Methods Based on Value of Use and Investment Value in Pharmacy Warehouse General Hospital Insan Permata Period January - March 2021." Health and Medical Journal 4, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33854/heme.v4i2.984.

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Introduction: According to Basic Health Research in 2018 has collected data on people with diabetes mellitus in Indonesia showing that the prevalence of diabetes mellitus has increased according to the results of blood sugar measurements increased from 6.9 in 2013 to 8.5 in 20181. The hospital carries out a pharmaceutical activity carried out by the Hospital Pharmacy Installation (IFRS). The pharmaceutical work activities is related to the manufacture, quality control of pharmaceutical preparations, management of pharmaceutical supplies (planning, procurement, receipt, storage, distribution, recording, reporting, destruction/elimination), prescription services, drug information services, counseling, clinical pharmacy in room . Drug planning is carried out to avoid drug shortages by using methods that can be accounted for and the basis for planning that has been determined, including consumption, epidemiology, a combination of consumption and epidemiological methods and adjusted to the available budget 2. Aims: This study aims to classify diabetes drugs using ABC analysis and VEN analysis to help the control of diabetes drugs at Pharmacy Instalation of Insan Permata Hospital. Methods: The methods is a non-experimental study with retrospective data collection in January - March 2021 in the form of reports on drug names, drug purchases, drug sales and the purchase price of diabetes mellitus drugs at the Insan Permata Hospital. The data were analyzed using the ABC method and the VEN method. Results: The results showed that of the 12 drug items based on use value, there were 44511 units of drugs used, there were 5 groups, namely the AE group there were 2 items, the BE group had 4 items, the CE group had 1 item, the CV group had 3 items and the CN group had 2 items. Based on the total investment value of Rp. 100,274,770. There are 6 groups, namely the AV group has 1 item, the BV group has 1 item, the BE group has 3 items, the CV group has 1 item, the CE group has 4 items, and the CN group has 2 items. Conclusion: After analyzing the 12 items with ABC (Always Better Control) dan VEN Vital Essensial Non Essensial) methods, there are 10 items for planning drug procurement in the next period, start april 2021.

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Palesh S Rajkondawar and Amit B Patil. "Nano-sponges: A Novel Carrier for Delivery of Chemo-therapeutic Drugs." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 1 (February 5, 2020): 1040–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1933.

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Nano-sponges belong to the category of hyper-cross linked polymer which is based on the colloidal structure. Nano-sized carriers are developed recently and are being used to deliver poorly water soluble drug by modifying the pharmaco-kinetic parameter and provide enhanced prolonged release. As a new class of chemo-therapeutic agents is being developed, formulation is getting difficult to issues such as poor solubility, low loading capacity and less entrapment of the drug in the drug delivery system. Nano-sponges have shown to deliver the most complex and challenging Chemo therapeutic drugs due to its amphiphilic nature. Nano-sponges tend to adhere to the tumor through complex bonding and release the drugs at the tumor site,in response to the stimuli such as temperature and pH thus providing the much needed targeted drug delivery. Nano-sponge delivery system has been able to resolve the bio-availability, dose regime, enhanced formulation flexibility issues and fewer side effects while delivering the chemo-therapeutic drugs. Nano-sponges are usually prepared by cross-linking suitable polymer such as Beta-cyclodextrin with cross-linkers. The below comprehensive articles is a brief review of all chemo-therapeutic agent formulated in the Nano-sponge and various methods for the synthesis of Nano-sponges and loading of the active components in the Nano-sponge drug delivery system.

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Panotopoulos, Grigorios P., and Ziyad S. Haidar. "Mathematical Modeling for Pharmaco-Kinetic and -Dynamic Predictions from Controlled Drug Release NanoSystems: A Comparative Parametric Study." Scientifica 2019 (January 6, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9153876.

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Predicting pharmacokinetics, based on the theory of dynamic systems, for an administered drug (whether intravenously, orally, intramuscularly, etc.), is an industrial and clinical challenge. Often, mathematical modeling of pharmacokinetics is preformed using only a measured concentration time profile of a drug administered in plasma and/or in blood. Yet, in dynamic systems, mathematical modeling (linear) uses both a mathematically described drug administration and a mathematically described body response to the administered drug. In the present work, we compare several mathematical models well known in the literature for simulating controlled drug release kinetics using available experimental data sets obtained in real systems with different drugs and nanosized carriers. We employed the χ2 minimization method and concluded that the Korsmeyer–Peppas model (or power-law model) provides the best ﬁt, in all cases (the minimum value of χ2 per degree of freedom; χmin2/d.o.f. = 1.4183, with 2 free parameters or m = 2). Hence, (i) better understanding of the exact mass transport mechanisms involved in drugs release and (ii) quantitative prediction of drugs release can be computed and simulated. We anticipate that this work will help devise optimal pharmacokinetic and dynamic release systems, with measured variable properties, at nanoscale, characterized to target specific diseases and conditions.

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Chen, Qian, Zhen Yang, Haoyu Liu, Jingyuan Man, Ayodele Olaolu Oladejo, Sally Ibrahim, Shengyi Wang, and Baocheng Hao. "Novel Drug Delivery Systems: An Important Direction for Drug Innovation Research and Development." Pharmaceutics 16, no. 5 (May 16, 2024): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16050674.

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The escalating demand for enhanced therapeutic efficacy and reduced adverse effects in the pharmaceutical domain has catalyzed a new frontier of innovation and research in the field of pharmacy: novel drug delivery systems. These systems are designed to address the limitations of conventional drug administration, such as abbreviated half-life, inadequate targeting, low solubility, and bioavailability. As the disciplines of pharmacy, materials science, and biomedicine continue to advance and converge, the development of efficient and safe drug delivery systems, including biopharmaceutical formulations, has garnered significant attention both domestically and internationally. This article presents an overview of the latest advancements in drug delivery systems, categorized into four primary areas: carrier-based and coupling-based targeted drug delivery systems, intelligent drug delivery systems, and drug delivery devices, based on their main objectives and methodologies. Additionally, it critically analyzes the technological bottlenecks, current research challenges, and future trends in the application of novel drug delivery systems.

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Bredneva, N. D., N. P. Firsenko, A. S. Putintseva, L. V. Onegina, M. D. Vaganov, and E. A. Sharshina. "STUDYING THE SOCIAL FUNCTION OF A PHARMACY IN A MULTILEVEL SYSTEM OF CITIZENS PREFERENTIAL MEDICATION PROVISION IN THE TYUMEN REGION." Modern organization of drug supply 9, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30809/solo.4.2022.4.

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The purpose of the study: to study the activities of the pharmacy, a structural unit of JSC «Pharmacy» (Tyumen region) in terms of providing social pharmaceutical assistance to citizens. Materials and methods. The object of the study was the activities of Pharmacy No. 173, a structural unit of the joint-stock company «Pharmacy» in the Tyumen region, indicators of all areas of preferential medication provision for citizens, including a new direction for providing people who have had acute cardiovascular diseases, the amount of funds allocated from the budgets of all levels for the provision of medication care , data from the regional Register of Persons, volumes of dispensed medicines for the preferential category, the number of secured prescriptions, their average cost. The following methods were used in the study: situational-logi- cal, content analysis, structural, system, computer technologies. Results. The directed activity of the pharmacy of finished dosage forms to ensure the availability of drug assistance to privileged categories of citizens, its social significance, the indicators for the number of secured prescriptions, the volume of dispensing of preferential drugs, including those who have had acute cardiovascular diseases, have been studied. Pharmacy of finished dosage forms, which carries out pharmaceutical activities in the retail trade of medicines for medical use, storage, dispensing of medicines, performs an important social function in dispensing medicines by prescription for free or with a 50% discount from the cost, includ- ing state social assistance (34, 04% of the total volume of dispensing), medications as a measure of social support in the treatment of certain diseases (58.63%), expensive drugs for the treatment of 14 nosologies (2.92%), certain drugs for the treatment of people who have had acute heart vascular diseases (4.41%). To perform this function of drug supply, a specialized pharmacy department was organized, equipped with a software product for recording incoming prescriptions, including in electronic form, for creating registers of issued prescriptions, and recording the movement of preferential drugs. The activities are carried out by pharmacists, pharmacists - technologists trained in consulting on the provision of social assistance to certain categories of citizens To comply with the regulatory and legal regulation of the provision of this activity, the standard operating procedure (SOP) «Dispensing med- icines to preferential categories of citizens» is applied. The standard operating procedure describes the step-by-step procedure for dispensing medicines on prescriptions of medical professionals to citizens who are entitled to receive free or discounted medicines. Conclusion. It should be noted the undoubtedly significant role of the pharmacy, pharmaceutical workers in the system of providing benefits in the field of drug provision. The significant role is due to the need to have knowledge of the procedure for granting ben- efits, competencies to comply with the special rules for dispensing a certain list of medicines to various categories of beneficiaries, the ability to master modern technologies for recording secured prescriptions for subsidized medicines, interacting with medical organizations in the unified state health information system (USIS Health). The professional performance of these functions in the Tyumen region largely contributes to the stability of indicators characterizing preferential drug provision, and the recognition of the social function of the pharmacy in the implementation of pharmaceutical activities.

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Dudhipala, Narendar. "Influence of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles on Pharmaco-dynamic Activity of Poorly Oral Bioavailable Drugs." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 13, no. 4 (July 11, 2020): 4979–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2019.13.4.2.

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In the recent scenario, lipid nanoparticles gain much attention on the oral absorption of drugs to enhance therapeutic effectiveness after oral administration. Pharmacodynamic activity of drug mainly describes the pharmacological and therapeutic activity of drug to the biological system. Lipid nanoparticles especially solid lipid nanoparticles are made of physiological inert lipid molecules and promotes the lymphatic transport. Abundant literature is available on the effect of lipid nanoparticles and other colloidal carrier systems on the pharmacokinetic parameters of poorly bioavailable drugs, to improve their oral absorption and also respective mechanisms for the improved oral bioavailability. However, little literature is reported on the pharmacodynamic activity and the effect of dose on the pharmacodynamic activity. It is of paramount importance to assess the influence of lipid nanoparticles on pharmacotherapeutic actions of specific drug classes. Therefore, current review is mainly focused on the role of solid lipid nanoparticles on the pharmacodynamic action and advantages of the developed delivery systems with respect to pharmacodynamic activity.

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Nurhan, Ahmad Dzulfikri, Melanny Ika Sulistyowaty, and Juni Ekowati. "Chemoinformatics approach to the screening and development of quassinoids from Brucea javanica as antituberculosis drugs." Pharmacy Education 23, no. 4 (October 10, 2023): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.46542/pe.2023.234.6065.

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Background: The morbidity and mortality of tuberculosis (TB) remain high in various countries as a result of pharmacological intervention failures, such as incomplete treatment regimens and inadequate doses, triggering resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains to anti-TB drugs used. This phenomenon requires innovation to explore and develop novel anti-TB drugs so that the problem of resistance is overcome and treatment of TB is more optimal. Objective: In this study, chemoinformatics investigations were carried out on quassinoids derived from Brucea javanica to be developed as anti-TB drugs. Method: Evaluation of drug-likeness with the SwissADME online tool, prediction of toxicity with the pkCSM online tool, and molecular docking studies with AutoDock Vina software were performed on 18 quassinoids from Brucea javanica. Result: The findings showed that Bruceine A, Bruceine, and Bruceine D, met the drug-likeness criteria, showed a good toxicity profile, and had better binding energy (-7.5; -7.5; and -7 kcal/mol, respectively) than isoniazid (-5.8 kcal/mol) which is a first-line anti-TB drug on enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA; PDB ID: 2NSD). Conclusion: This study found several quassinoids from Brucea javanica with the potential to be developed as anti-TB drugs.

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Popova, Teodora, Christina Voycheva, and Borislav Tzankov. "Study on the influence of technological factors on drug loading of poorly water-soluble drug on MCM-41 mesoporous carrier." Pharmacia 67, no. 4 (November 27, 2020): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.67.e47528.

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The present study explored solvent impregnation drug loading process of the poorly soluble non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin on MCM-41 type mesoporous silica carrier. Different technological factors that can influence drug-loading process as time of reaction, temperature, use of non-solvent as well as different ratios between drug and MCM-41 were studied. TEM and DLS were used to characterize physicochemical properties of obtained particles. The influence of drug-loading rate on dissolution process were studied using in-vitro release tests. Our results established that changes in explored technological factors could lead to different indomethacin loading. Moreover, the in-vitro release tests proved that drug loading rate had a direct influence on indomethacin release from MCM-41 particles. Our finding suggested that by tuning the main technological factors it would be possible different drug delivery systems with different drug loading rate to be obtained.

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Panzade, Prabhakar, and Giridhar Shendarkar. "NEVIRAPINE SOLID DISPERSION: DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION." Indian Drugs 58, no. 12 (February 21, 2022): 72–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.58.12.12500.

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The objective of the present investigation was to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of BCS class II drug nevirapine through scalable and commercially feasible solid dispersion approach by using Soluplus® (BASF) as hydrophilic carrier. The solid dispersion produced by melting method (1:5 weight ratio) exhibited highest solubility ~ 15 folds greater than pure drug. The changes in DSC, PXRD, and SEM validated the formation of solid dispersion and transformation of drug from crystalline to amorphous form. Besides, selected solid dispersion had better flow properties and higher dissolution rate than nevirapine. Furthermore, the two dissolution profiles were different (f2 value 33). Hence, preparation of nevirapine-soluplus® solid dispersion by melting method could be an appropriate pharmaco technical strategy to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of nevirapine and probably other BCS class II drugs.

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Momekova, Denitsa, Viliana Gugleva, and Petar Petrov. "Development and evaluation of curcumin-loaded vesicular carriers: impact of formulation variables." Pharmacia 71 (July 16, 2024): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.71.e127997.

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Vesicular carriers are a well-established approach to improving the technological and biopharmaceutical characteristics of the loaded cargo. The current manuscript is focused on the development and evaluation in a comparative aspect of two types of vesicles—ethosomes and transfersomes loaded with the phytoconstituent curcumin. The formulation variables affecting their physiochemical and cytotoxic properties are outlined as well. A series of ethosomes and transfersomes based on Lipoid S75 and ethanol, or edge activator, were prepared using the thin film hydration method and subjected to comprehensive evaluation by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), entrapment efficiency evaluation, in vitro release, and cytotoxicity studies. Ethosomes based on Lipoid S75 (4% w/w) and ethanol (30% v/v) showed suitable physicochemical characteristics (hydrodynamic diameter of 578.6 nm, monomodal size distribution, high curcumin entrapment efficiency (78.2%)), and superior antiproliferative activity compared to free drug and transfersomal nanocarriers.

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Rani M. Mhetre, Rupali V. Waghmode, Sandhya S. Khyamgonde, Rohit S. Nilee, Vijaysinh U. Sable, and Rahul I. Jadhav. "Liposome: An advanced pharmaceutical carrier in novel drug delivery system." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 10, no. 2 (December 30, 2023): 874–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2023.10.2.1049.

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This comprehensive review delves into the dynamic landscape of liposomal drug delivery systems, illuminating their structural intricacies, mechanisms, and multifaceted applications. Beginning with an exploration of the fundamental principles of liposomes, we navigate through their diverse types, encapsulation techniques, and evolving methodologies. The advantages of liposomal drug delivery, from enhanced bioavailability to targeted interventions and reduced side effects, emerge as pivotal themes. The synthesis of experimental and clinical evidence provides a nuanced understanding of challenges and potential innovations, setting the stage for a detailed exploration of liposomes' applications in various therapeutic domains. As we peer into the future, the review unravels the transformative implications of liposomal drug delivery for personalized medicine, chronic disease management, and advancements in cancer therapeutics. The integration of nanotechnology, the advent of smart liposomes, and regulatory considerations add layers to the narrative, offering a holistic perspective on how liposomal drug delivery systems are shaping the future of pharmacy.

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Nur Khusnul Hamidah and Hanifah Muthiah. "Pengaruh Strategi Penjualan, Kualitas Pelayanan Terhadap Kepuasan Pelanggan." Public Service and Governance Journal 5, no. 1 (January 11, 2024): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.56444/psgj.v5i1.1215.

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A pharmacy is a place that carries out pharmaceutical activities which has an important role in obtaining information about drugs. In this case, pharmacists have the responsibility to create customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction is the key to the success of a business. Different services will also have a very significant impact on a pharmacy. Apart from that, the company must also market its products by implementing the right sales strategy, because by implementing the right strategy the company will get the expected results. This research aims to determine the sales strategy, service quality and customer satisfaction at Kimia Farma Pharmacy, Bima City, which is located on Jl. Soekarno Hatta Paruga.

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Mohamed, Nura A., Isra Marei, Sergio Crovella, and Haissam Abou-Saleh. "Recent Developments in Nanomaterials-Based Drug Delivery and Upgrading Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3 (January 26, 2022): 1404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031404.

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Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, despite the recent developments in the management of CVDs, the early and long outcomes vary considerably in patients, especially with the current challenges facing the detection and treatment of CVDs. This disparity is due to a lack of advanced diagnostic tools and targeted therapies, requiring innovative and alternative methods. Nanotechnology offers the opportunity to use nanomaterials in improving health and controlling diseases. Notably, nanotechnologies have recognized potential applicability in managing chronic diseases in the past few years, especially cancer and CVDs. Of particular interest is the use of nanoparticles as drug carriers to increase the pharmaco-efficacy and safety of conventional therapies. Different strategies have been proposed to use nanoparticles as drug carriers in CVDs; however, controversies regarding the selection of nanomaterials and nanoformulation are slowing their clinical translation. Therefore, this review focuses on nanotechnology for drug delivery and the application of nanomedicine in CVDs.

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Nasir, Fazli. "The Promise of Exosomes as Drug Delivery Systems." Pharmaceutical Communications 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 01–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.55627/pharma.002.01.0332.

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Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that play a role in cell-to-cell communication by transferring bioactive molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids between cells. Over the past few years, there have been significant advances in utilizing exosomes as drug delivery systems due to their unique properties, including their ability to target specific cells and tissues. Especially advances in targeted delivery, nanoparticle incorporation, personalized medicine, cargo delivery, imaging, and tracking have excited the pharmaceutical community about their potential use in these areas. I briefly discuss the significance of exosomes in these areas or research interests. Natural Cargo Delivery: Exosomes naturally transport a variety of biomolecules, making them attractive vehicles for delivering drugs, nucleic acids (such as siRNA and miRNA), proteins, and even small molecules. Researchers are harnessing this inherent cargo delivery capability to load exosomes with therapeutic agents. Engineered Exosomes: Scientists are engineering exosomes to enhance their drug delivery capabilities. This includes modifying the surface of exosomes to display targeting ligands that can direct them to specific cell types or tissues, improving their stability, and optimizing their cargo-loading efficiency. Targeted Delivery: One of the key advantages of using exosomes for drug delivery is their potential for targeted delivery. By engineering exosomes to carry targeting molecules on their surface, researchers can selectively deliver therapeutic agents to specific cells or disease sites, minimizing off-target effects. Personalized Medicine: Exosomes can be isolated from a patient's cells (autologous exosomes), loaded with personalized therapies, and then re-administered to the patient. This personalized approach holds promise for tailoring treatments to individual patients' needs. Imaging and Tracking: Exosomes can be labeled with imaging agents to track their distribution and uptake in vivo. This information is crucial for understanding the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of exosome-based drug delivery systems. Nanoparticle Incorporation: Exosomes can be loaded with nanoparticles, such as liposomes or polymer-based carriers, to increase their cargo capacity and control drug release kinetics. This combination allows for synergistic benefits of both exosome-mediated and nanoparticle-based drug delivery. Clinical Translation: Clinical trials involving exosome-based therapies are underway for various diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. These trials provide valuable insights into the safety, efficacy, and challenges associated with exosome-based drug delivery in humans. Regulatory Considerations: The field of exosome-based drug delivery is also evolving in terms of regulatory considerations. Regulatory agencies are working to establish guidelines and standards for developing and approving exosome-based therapies. Exosome Isolation and Purification Techniques: Advances in exosome isolation and purification methods are critical for obtaining high-quality and consistent exosome preparations for drug delivery studies. Improved techniques contribute to the reproducibility and reliability of exosome-based therapies. Disease-Specific Cargo: Exosomes derived from specific cell types or disease models can be isolated and used as delivery vehicles for disease-specific cargo, including diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic agents. This enables precise delivery to disease-affected cells. Combination Therapies: Researchers are exploring the potential of using exosomes to deliver combination therapies, where multiple therapeutic agents are loaded into a single exosome to achieve synergistic effects. The study of exosomes as drug delivery systems is rapidly advancing and holds great promise for improving the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents, reducing side effects, and enabling personalized medicine approaches. However, scalability, cargo loading efficiency, safety, and regulatory approval challenges still need to be addressed as the field progresses.

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Al-otaibi, Waad. "Rosemary oil nano-emulsion potentiates the apoptotic effect of mitomycin C on cancer cells in vitro." Pharmacia 68, no. 1 (February 9, 2021): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.68.e60685.

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Purpose: To formulate nano-emulsified rosemary oil (REO/NE) and determine its effect on the anticancer agent, mitomycin C (MC) when used as a carrier for the drug. Methods: The droplet size of REO/NE was markedly enlarged when mixed with MC. The cytotoxicity of the formulations on HeLa and MCF-7 cells was determined using MTT assay. The combination index (CI) values were estimated with CompuSyn software, while apoptosis was determined using DAPI fluorescent dye. Results: Treatment of MCF-7 cells and HeLa cells with REO/NE (1% v:v and 1.33% v:v, respectively) reduced the IC50 of MC 33 and 15 folds, respectively. Under fluorescent microscopy, cells treated with REO/NE+MC had more marked reduction of the nuclear area than MC-treated cells. Conclusion: These results indicate that REO/NE is an efficient carrier for MC since it enhanced MC delivery and increased its effect on the cells through the induction of apoptosis at low concentrations of MC.

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Zahrotunisa, Zahrotunisa, and Silvia Surini. "Advance in transdermal delivery of calcitonin using nanostructured lipid carrier-based emulgel." Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.56499/jppres22.1538_11.1.198.

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Context: Peptide-protein drugs have a very important role as therapeutic agents for various diseases. However, their therapeutic use has many barriers to delivery, such as large molecular weight, reduced stability during the manufacturing process and storage, and poor absorption when administered orally. One of peptide-protein drugs is calcitonin, a polypeptide of 32 amino acids used to overcome high levels of calcium in the blood, such as hyperparathyroidism. Nevertheless, drug delivery is still challenging to develop. Aims: To evaluate a calcitonin nanostructured lipid carrier-based emulgel, which could penetrate through the stratum corneum, and meet the stability requirements. Methods: Four formulas of calcitonin nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) were prepared by the double emulsion-evaporation method, then all formulas were characterized in terms of particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and particle morphology. Calcitonin NLCs were then formulated into NLC-based emulgel. Further, in vitro penetration and stability of NLC calcitonin emulgel studies were conducted. Results: The 75:1 ratio of total lipid to the drug (F2) was optimal for calcitonin-loaded NLC with a particle size of 135.6 nm, an index polydispersity of 0.1, the zeta potential of 34.7 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of 99.6%. According to the percutaneous penetration study, the calcitonin NLC-based-emulgel resulted in a fivefold enhancement compared to the non-NLC calcitonin emulgel. Moreover, the stability study illustrated calcitonin levels after six months were 46.09-60.95% and 43.45-68.59% at storage conditions of 5 ± 3ºC and 25 ± 2ºC/RH 60 ±5 %, respectively. Conclusions: The calcitonin NLC-based-emulgel produced a fivefold enhancement permeation through the stratum corneum.

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Chilka, Anil Kumar, and Vadithe Vasu Naik. "A Review of Niosomes as Novel Drug Delivery Systems." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 14, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 5654–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.6.2.

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The aim of this review is to present the structure of niosome, benefits and drawbacks, fundamentals of niosome preparation and characterization as well as a description of their applications in drug delivery. This review will provide an overview on the increasing interest on niosomes in the field of drug delivery. Drug delivery systems are defined as formulations aiming for transportation of a drug to the desired area of action within the body. The basic component of drug delivery systems is an appropriate carrier that protects the drug from rapid degradation or clearance and thereby enhances drug concentration in target tissues. Drug targeting is a kind of phenomenon in which drug gets distributed in the body in such a manner that the drug interacts with the target tissue at a cellular or subcellular level to achieve a desired therapeutic response at a desire site without undesirable interactions at other sites. This can be achieved by modern methods of targeting the drug delivery system such as niosomes. Niosomes are the type of non-ionic surfactant vesicles, which are biodegradable, non-toxic, more stable and inexpensive, a new approach to liposomes. Their structure similar to liposome and hence they can represent alternative vesicular systems with respect to liposomes. The niosomes have the tendency to load different type of drugs.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Drug carriers (pharmacy)'

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