Journal articles: 'Drug administration routes'

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Kwatra, Shubhika, Guncha Taneja, and Nimisha Nasa. "Alternative Routes of Drug Administration- Transdermal, Pulmonary & Parenteral." Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 02, no. 04 (2012): 409–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35652/igjps.2012.47.

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Oral Route is considered to be the most common route of drug delivery to obtain a systemic effect. However, with the recent developments in the field of drug delivery, it has been found that delivery through alternative routes is sometimes more beneficial. This article deals with the salient features, advantages and disadvantages of some of the alternative routes of drug administration- Transdermal, Pulmonary and Parenteral routes. Though the mechanisms of action of drugs delivered by these routes are different, they offer a common advantage- increased Therapeutic Index with simultaneously decreased side effects. The latest innovations in drug formulations delivered through these routes have also been discussed. © 2011 IGJPS. All rights reserved.

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Bhatt, M., G. Bhatt, P. Kothiyal, and S. Chaudhary. "A REVIEW ON BUCCAL MUCOSAL ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION." INDIAN DRUGS 53, no. 08 (August 28, 2016): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.53.08.10631.

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Oral route is the most preferred rote of drug administration. In oral route buccal mucosal route is one of the advantageous routes of drug administration. This route provides direct access to systemic circulation through the jugular vein, bypassing the first pass hepatic metabolism, which leads to high bioavailability. The drugs having low bioavailability, shorter half life and those who undergoes extensive first pass metabolism are good candidat for this rote. Various formulations have been developed for this routes, one of which is buccal film. Buccal films were prepared by using methods like solvent casting method, hot-melt extrusion method and direct milling method. Buccal films were evaluated for thickness, swelling property, surface pH, drug content, % moisture loss, etc.

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King, Brent R. "Alternative Routes of Drug Administration." Emergency Medicine News 27, no. 8 (August 2005): 23–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132981-200508000-00033.

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Nimmo, Walter S. "Novel routes of drug administration." Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 4, no. 4 (August 1991): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001503-199108000-00005.

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Fonseca-Santos, Bruno, Patrícia Bento Silva, Roberta Balansin Rigon, Mariana Rillo Sato, and Marlus Chorilli. "Formulating SLN and NLC as Innovative Drug Delivery Systems for Non-Invasive Routes of Drug Administration." Current Medicinal Chemistry 27, no. 22 (June 30, 2020): 3623–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867326666190624155938.

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Colloidal carriers diverge depending on their composition, ability to incorporate drugs and applicability, but the common feature is the small average particle size. Among the carriers with the potential nanostructured drug delivery application there are SLN and NLC. These nanostructured systems consist of complex lipids and highly purified mixtures of glycerides having varying particle size. Also, these systems have shown physical stability, protection capacity of unstable drugs, release control ability, excellent tolerability, possibility of vectorization, and no reported production problems related to large-scale. Several production procedures can be applied to achieve high association efficiency between the bioactive and the carrier, depending on the physicochemical properties of both, as well as on the production procedure applied. The whole set of unique advantages such as enhanced drug loading capacity, prevention of drug expulsion, leads to more flexibility for modulation of drug release and makes Lipid-based nanocarriers (LNCs) versatile delivery system for various routes of administration. The route of administration has a significant impact on the therapeutic outcome of a drug. Thus, the non-invasive routes, which were of minor importance as parts of drug delivery in the past, have assumed added importance drugs, proteins, peptides and biopharmaceuticals drug delivery and these include nasal, buccal, vaginal and transdermal routes. The objective of this paper is to present the state of the art concerning the application of the lipid nanocarriers designated for non-invasive routes of administration. In this manner, this review presents an innovative technological platform to develop nanostructured delivery systems with great versatility of application in non-invasive routes of administration and targeting drug release.

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Lakshmi, P. k., D. Prasanthi, and B. Veeresh. "NON INVASIVE DELIVERY OF PROTEIN AND PEPTIDE DRUGS: A REVIEW." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 8 (August 1, 2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i8.18274.

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Till recent, injections remained the most common route for administration of protein and peptide drugs because of their poor bioavailability in the other routes. Because it is generally recognized that injection based delivery is a major impediment to the commercial success of therapeutic proteins and peptides, research in both academia and industry continues to focus on ways to overcome this problem. Possible non-parenteral administration routes for delivery of peptide and protein drugs include oral, nasal, ocular, transdermal, rectal, colonic, and vaginal route. The large surface area associated with most of these routes makes them attractive targets for drug delivery. While non-invasive administration by these routes is considered a more logical and achievable option for local treatment regimens, systemic delivery of proteins and peptides is significantly more challenging. In spite of effort made on the development of drugs for these routes, most of the successes fail to address how the technology will be transformed to a commercial product. The only notable exceptions have been the successful commercialization of nasal formulations for systemic delivery of a limited number of therapeutic peptides, and recent regulatory approvals of both pulmonary and buccal delivery systems for systemic delivery of insulin and an oral formulation of a small peptide analog, cyclosporine, have been commercialized. The present review aims to discuss the potential non-invasive routes of protein and peptide drug delivery. The factors which will affect drug transport and the bioavailability of proteins administered through these routes is also emphasized

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Garepally, Prasad, Swathi Goli, and Vijay Kumar Bontha. "Design, Development and Characterizations of Acyclovir Osmotic Tablets." Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology Research 1, no. 1 (October 8, 2018): 01–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2693-7247/005.

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Oral drug delivery is the most widely utilized route of administration, among all the routes of administration. That has been explored for the systemic delivery drug through different pharmaceutical dosage forms. It can be said that at least 90%of all drugs used to produce systemic effect is by oral route. Conventional oral drug delivery systems are known to provide an immediate release of drug, in which one cannot control the release of the drug and effective concentration at the target site.

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Sharma, Mayank, Rajesh Sharma, and Dinesh Kumar Jain. "Nanotechnology Based Approaches for Enhancing Oral Bioavailability of Poorly Water Soluble Antihypertensive Drugs." Scientifica 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8525679.

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Oral administration is the most convenient route among various routes of drug delivery as it offers high patient compliance. However, the poor aqueous solubility and poor enzymatic/metabolic stability of drugs are major limitations in successful oral drug delivery. There are several approaches to improve problems related to hydrophobic drugs. Among various approaches, nanotechnology based drug delivery system has potential to overcome the challenges associated with the oral route of administration. Novel drug delivery systems are available in many areas of medicine. The application of these systems in the treatment of hypertension continues to broaden. The present review focuses on various nanocarriers available in oral drug administration for improving solubility profile, dissolution, and consequently bioavailability of hydrophobic antihypertensive drugs.

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Anderson, Kevin L., William A. Moats, John E. Rushing, Donald P. Wesen, and Mark G. Papich. "Potential for oxytetracycline administration by three routes to cause milk residues in lactating cows, as detected by radioimmunoassay (Charm II) and high-performance liquid chromatography test methods." American Journal of Veterinary Research 56, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1995.56.01.70.

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SUMMARY Milk antimicrobial residues are a serious concern for the dairy industry. Residues of the tetracycline family of antimicrobials have been reported in market milk by investigators, using radioimmunoassay and microbial receptor technology (hereafter referred to as the Charm II test). In response to these reports, an investigation was conducted to determine the potential of 3 extra-label routes of oxytetracycline (otc) administration to cause milk residues above the Food and Drug Administration safe value of 30 parts per billion (ppb). Lactating Holstein cows were administered otc once by use of 1 of 3 routes: iv at 16.5 mg/kg of body weight (n = 6); im at 11 mg/kg (n = 6); and intrauterine (iu) at 2 g in 500 ml of saline solution/cow (n = 6). Duplicate milk samples were collected at the milking prior to drug administration and for the next 13 milkings at 12-hour intervals. Concentrations of otc in milk samples were analyzed by use of the Charm II test for tetracyclines (lmit of otc detection, approx 5 ppb) and were compared with concentrations determined by use of a high-performance lquid chromatography (hplc) method (lower lmit of otc quantitation, approx 2 ppb). The potential for milk otc residues above the Food and Drug Administration safe value of 30 ppb after treatment was considerably greater for the iv and im routes, compared with the iu route. Mean peak otc concentrations in milk at the first milking after treatment for the hplc and Charm II tests were approximately 3,700 to 4,200 ppb for the iv route, 2,200 to 2,600 ppb for the im route, and 186 to 192 ppb for the iu route, respectively. Pharmacokinetic analysis, based on milk otc concentrations, indicated that the area under the curve (auc) and milk maximal concentration (Cmax) differed significantly (P < 0.001) among routes of administration. The auc was similar for iv and im administrations; values for both were greater than the auc for iu administration. The Cmax was greatest for iv, intermediate for im, and least for iu administration. There were significant (P ≤ 0.01) differences in auc between assay methods (Charm II vs hplc) for the iv route. Concentrations of otc in milk determined by the Charm II test were often greater than those determined by hplc. Administration of otc to lactating cows via these routes is extra-label drug use. Failure to withhold the product from early milkings of cows administered otc by the iv or im route should be considered a potential cause of otc residues in market milk. Milk from nearly all cows contained otc (< 30 ppb), the Food and Drug Administration safe level, by 120 hours after otc administration. Use of appropriate withholding times and antibiotic residue testing is indicated to avoid otc residues.

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Chopra, R., M. Mittal, K. Bansal, and P. Chaudhuri. "Buccal Midazolam Spray as an Alternative to Intranasal Route for Conscious Sedation in Pediatric Dentistry." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 38, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.38.2.n055763721297702.

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Objectives: To evaluate the acceptance of midazolam spray through buccal route as compared to intranasal route and compare the efficacy of the drug through both the routes. Study Design: 30 patients aged 2-8 years with Grade I or II Frankl's Behaviour Rating Scale were selected who required similar treatment under local anesthesia on two teeth. Midazolam spray was administered randomly through buccal or intranasal routes for the two appointments. Scoring was done for the acceptance of drug and Houpt's score was recorded for the behaviour of patients during the treatment. Results: Acceptance of drug through buccal route was significantly better than the intranasal route (p<0.05) but no statistically significant difference was found in the behaviour scores for the two routes of administration (p≯0.05). Conclusion: Midazolam spray can be effectively used through the buccal mucosa in children who give poor compliance with the intranasal administration.

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Almohaish, Sulaiman, Melissa Sandler, and Gretchen M. Brophy. "Time Is Brain: Acute Control of Repetitive Seizures and Status Epilepticus Using Alternative Routes of Administration of Benzodiazepines." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 8 (April 17, 2021): 1754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10081754.

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Time plays a major role in seizure evaluation and treatment. Acute repetitive seizures and status epilepticus are medical emergencies that require immediate assessment and treatment for optimal therapeutic response. Benzodiazepines are considered the first-line agent for rapid seizure control. Thus, various routes of administration of benzodiazepines have been studied to facilitate a quick, effective, and easy therapy administration. Choosing the right agent may vary based on the drug and route properties, patient’s environment, caregiver’s skills, and drug accessibility. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of benzodiazepines are essential in the decision-making process. Ultimately, agents and routes that give the highest bioavailability, fastest absorption, and a modest duration are preferred. In the outpatient setting, intranasal and buccal routes appear to be equally effective and more rapidly administered than rectal diazepam. On the other hand, in the inpatient setting, if available, the IV route is ideal for benzodiazepine administration to avoid any potential absorption delay. In this article, we will provide an overview and comparison of the various routes of benzodiazepine administration for acute control of repetitive seizures and status epilepticus.

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Peterson, Bianca, Morné Weyers, Jan Steenekamp, Johan Steyn, Chrisna Gouws, and Josias Hamman. "Drug Bioavailability Enhancing Agents of Natural Origin (Bioenhancers) that Modulate Drug Membrane Permeation and Pre-Systemic Metabolism." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 1 (January 16, 2019): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11010033.

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Many new chemical entities are discovered with high therapeutic potential, however, many of these compounds exhibit unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties due to poor solubility and/or poor membrane permeation characteristics. The latter is mainly due to the lipid-like barrier imposed by epithelial mucosal layers, which have to be crossed by drug molecules in order to exert a therapeutic effect. Another barrier is the pre-systemic metabolic degradation of drug molecules, mainly by cytochrome P450 enzymes located in the intestinal enterocytes and liver hepatocytes. Although the nasal, buccal and pulmonary routes of administration avoid the first-pass effect, they are still dependent on absorption of drug molecules across the mucosal surfaces to achieve systemic drug delivery. Bioenhancers (drug absorption enhancers of natural origin) have been identified that can increase the quantity of unchanged drug that appears in the systemic blood circulation by means of modulating membrane permeation and/or pre-systemic metabolism. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of natural bioenhancers and their main mechanisms of action for the nasal, buccal, pulmonary and oral routes of drug administration. Poorly bioavailable drugs such as large, hydrophilic therapeutics are often administered by injections. Bioenhancers may potentially be used to benefit patients by making systemic delivery of these poorly bioavailable drugs possible via alternative routes of administration (i.e., oral, nasal, buccal or pulmonary routes of administration) and may also reduce dosages of small molecular drugs and thereby reduce treatment costs.

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&NA;. "Looking at novel routes of drug administration." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1106 (September 1997): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199711060-00005.

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King, Brent R. "Rectal and Transdermal Routes of Drug Administration." Emergency Medicine News 27, no. 9 (September 2005): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132981-200509000-00018.

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Rahman, Md Mahbubur, Ji Yeon Lee, Yong Ho Kim, and Chul-Kyu Park. "Epidural and Intrathecal Drug Delivery in Rats and Mice for Experimental Research: Fundamental Concepts, Techniques, Precaution, and Application." Biomedicines 11, no. 5 (May 10, 2023): 1413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11051413.

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Epidural and intrathecal routes are the most effective drug administration methods for pain management in clinical and experimental medicine to achieve quick results, reduce required drug dosages, and overcome the adverse effects associated with the oral and parenteral routes. Beyond pain management with analgesics, the intrathecal route is more widely used for stem cell therapy, gene therapy, insulin delivery, protein therapy, and drug therapy with agonist, antagonist, or antibiotic drugs in experimental medicine. However, clear information regarding intrathecal and epidural drug delivery in rats and mice is lacking, despite differences from human medicine in terms of anatomical space and proximity to the route of entry. In this study, we discussed and compared the anatomical locations of the epidural and intrathecal spaces, cerebrospinal fluid volume, dorsal root ganglion, techniques and challenges of epidural and intrathecal injections, dosage and volume of drugs, needle and catheter sizes, and the purpose and applications of these two routes in different disease models in rats and mice. We also described intrathecal injection in relation to the dorsal root ganglion. The accumulated information about the epidural and intrathecal delivery routes could contribute to better safety, quality, and reliability in experimental research.

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Le Nedelec, Martin, Paul Glue, Helen Winter, Chelsea Goulton, and Natalie J. Medlicott. "The effect of route of administration on the enantioselective pharmacokinetics of ketamine and norketamine in rats." Journal of Psychopharmacology 32, no. 10 (June 13, 2018): 1127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881118780013.

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Background: Ketamine has been shown to produce a rapid and potent antidepressant response in patients with treatment-resistant depression. Currently ketamine is most commonly administered as a 40-minute intravenous infusion, though it is unknown whether this is the optimal route of administration. Aims: To determine the plasma concentration time course of the R- and S-enantiomers of ketamine and norketamine following administration of ketamine by four different routes of administration. Methods: Plasma from conscious non-anaesthetised rats was collected following administration of ketamine by either subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM), intravenous infusion (IVI) or intravenous bolus (IVB) routes of administration. Concentrations of the enantiomers of ketamine and norketamine were determined by LC/MS. Results: Administration by the SC, IM and IVI routes produced an overall similar drug exposure. In contrast, administration by the IVB route produced approximately 15-fold higher peak plasma concentrations for the enantiomers of ketamine and an approximately four-fold lower AUC for the enantiomers of norketamine. Conclusions: Route of administration can significantly influence ketamine and norketamine exposures. These differences may influence safety and tolerability, and potentially drug efficacy in humans. This knowledge adds to current research into the optimisation of the use of ketamine for the treatment of depression.

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Chang, Hsuan-Ping, Huyen Khanh Le, and Dhaval K. Shah. "Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Administered via Subcutaneous and Intratumoral Routes." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 4 (April 3, 2023): 1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15041132.

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We hypothesize that different routes of administration may lead to altered pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) behavior of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and may help to improve their therapeutic index. To evaluate this hypothesis, here we performed PK/PD evaluation for an ADC administered via subcutaneous (SC) and intratumoral (IT) routes. Trastuzumab-vc-MMAE was used as the model ADC, and NCI-N87 tumor-bearing xenografts were used as the animal model. The PK of multiple ADC analytes in plasma and tumors, and the in vivo efficacy of ADC, after IV, SC, and IT administration were evaluated. A semi-mechanistic PK/PD model was developed to characterize all the PK/PD data simultaneously. In addition, local toxicity of SC-administered ADC was investigated in immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice. Intratumoral administration was found to significantly increase tumor exposure and anti-tumor activity of ADC. The PK/PD model suggested that the IT route may provide the same efficacy as the IV route at an increased dosing interval and reduced dose level. SC administration of ADC led to local toxicity and reduced efficacy, suggesting difficulty in switching from IV to SC route for some ADCs. As such, this manuscript provides unprecedented insight into the PK/PD behavior of ADCs after IT and SC administration and paves the way for clinical evaluation of these routes.

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Karra, Geetha, R. Shireesh Kiran, Shirisha Mardanapall, and T. Rama Rao. "A REVIEW ON CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPING NASAL SPRAYS." Journal of Advanced Scientific Research 13, no. 08 (September 30, 2022): 07–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55218/jasr.202213802.

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The aim of this review is to provide information regarding significant aspects and challenges in developing of nasal sprays. This article outlined the relevant aspects of nasal anatomy, physiology & biological, physicochemical and pharmaceutical factors that must be considered during formulation development of nasal sprays. Nasal drug delivery system is the most preferable route than other routes of administration as it gives rapid onset of action. It is considered as a convenient and reliable route for local and also for systemic administration of drugs. The main highlights of this review includes types, advantages, disadvantages, mechanisms of drug absorption, factors of nasal drug absorption, formulation, methods of manufacturing and filling of nasal sprays, evaluation, characterization and applications.

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Homayun, Bahman, Xueting Lin, and Hyo-Jick Choi. "Challenges and Recent Progress in Oral Drug Delivery Systems for Biopharmaceuticals." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 3 (March 19, 2019): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11030129.

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Routes of drug administration and the corresponding physicochemical characteristics of a given route play significant roles in therapeutic efficacy and short term/long term biological effects. Each delivery method has favorable aspects and limitations, each requiring a specific delivery vehicles design. Among various routes, oral delivery has been recognized as the most attractive method, mainly due to its potential for solid formulations with long shelf life, sustained delivery, ease of administration and intensified immune response. At the same time, a few challenges exist in oral delivery, which have been the main research focus in the field in the past few years. The present work concisely reviews different administration routes as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each method, highlighting why oral delivery is currently the most promising approach. Subsequently, the present work discusses the main obstacles for oral systems and explains the most recent solutions proposed to deal with each issue.

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Ripamonti, Carla, Ernesto Zecca, and Franco De Conno. "Pharmacological Treatment of Cancer Pain: Alternative Routes of Opioid Administration." Tumori Journal 84, no. 3 (May 1998): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089169808400302.

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Cancer-related pain is present in 51% of patients at various stages of the disease, and the incidence increases up to 74% in advanced and terminal stages. The World Health Organization proposed and issued very simple guidelines for the pharmacologic treatment of cancer-related pain. According to the guidelines, opioid analgesics are the mainstay of analgesic therapy, and the first choice for drug administration is considered to be the oral route. However, in some clinical situations, the oral route is not feasible, and analgesic drugs consequently have to be administered via an alternative route. For example, this is the case when the patient presents vomiting, bowel obstruction, severe dysphagia, mental confusion and when the opioid dose has to be increased drastically in order to achieve adequate pain control. This review of the literature is aimed at describing the indications, the limits and the main aspects of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics relative to the alternative routes of administration of opioids most commonly used in clinical practice. Sublingual, rectal, subcutaneous, intravenous, transdermal and spinal administration routes are examined.

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Sofi, Balsam F., Reem Darwesh, and Nihal S. Elbialy. "Unlocking the Blood-Brain Barrier for Enhanced Curcumin Delivery Using PEGylated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles." Science of Advanced Materials 16, no. 9 (September 1, 2024): 979–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2024.4716.

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The blood-brain barrier is a physiological barrier that regulates the entry of substances the brain. BBB poses a challenge for delivering drugs to brain. To address this challenge, a nano-system (P/CurMSNs) was fabricated. The study evaluated P/CurMSNs potential to cross blood brain barrier, via various administration routes; intraperitoneal, intranasal, and intravenous using mice model. The intranasal administration of P/CurMSNs exhibited the most efficient curcumin delivery to the brain in 30 min, achieving 366 ±37 ng/ml relative to 264 ±22 ng/ml and 303± 41 ng/ml for intraperitoneal and intravenous routes, respectively. Post intranasal administration, drug pharmacokinetic parameters were significantly higher in brain and lower in plasma and vital organs, when compared to the other administration routes. In conclusion, P/MSNs emerged as a promising strategy for delivering drug across blood brain barrier via the three routes, particularly intranasal administration, offering a potential therapeutic approach for brain disorders with enhanced brain tissue targeting.

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Andi Permana, Alisya Nabila Agustin, Intan Nurlaili Izzah, Nisa Nur Azizah, Selviani Eka Suci, Tita Ruhdiana6, and Nia Yuniarsih. "Review Artikel : Rute Pemberian Terbaik dari Sistem Penghantaran Obat Menuju Sistem Syaraf Pusat dari Berbagai Rute Pemberian." Jurnal Ilmiah PANNMED (Pharmacist, Analyst, Nurse, Nutrition, Midwivery, Environment, Dentist) 17, no. 3 (December 30, 2022): 544–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36911/pannmed.v17i3.1492.

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The development of methods to improve drug delivery for use in life-threatening diseases such as cancer and viral infections is urgently needed. Some drugs that have a drug delivery system to the central nervous system are mostly into active targeted delivery. The central nervous system is related to the human nervous system which is a complex, highly specialized and interconnected network of nerves. The functions of the nervous system include: coordinating, interpreting and controlling the interaction between the individual and the surrounding environment. The purpose of this review article is to find out the best route of drug administration from several routes of administration to get the best injection route, but the optimal route for delivery to the brain may depend on the underlying disease being treated.

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Ghadiri, Maliheh, Paul Young, and Daniela Traini. "Strategies to Enhance Drug Absorption via Nasal and Pulmonary Routes." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 3 (March 11, 2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11030113.

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New therapeutic agents such as proteins, peptides, and nucleic acid-based agents are being developed every year, making it vital to find a non-invasive route such as nasal or pulmonary for their administration. However, a major concern for some of these newly developed therapeutic agents is their poor absorption. Therefore, absorption enhancers have been investigated to address this major administration problem. This paper describes the basic concepts of transmucosal administration of drugs, and in particular the use of the pulmonary or nasal routes for administration of drugs with poor absorption. Strategies for the exploitation of absorption enhancers for the improvement of pulmonary or nasal administration are discussed, including use of surfactants, cyclodextrins, protease inhibitors, and tight junction modulators, as well as application of carriers such as liposomes and nanoparticles.

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Djou, Rahmatia, and Tenny Setiani Dewi. "Oral Manifestation Related to Drug Abuse : A Systematic Review." Dentika Dental Journal 22, no. 2 (October 22, 2019): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/dentika.v22i2.759.

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Drug abuse influences the pathological of oral diseases. There are scarce evidence-based data on the oral manifestations related to drug abuse. This systematic review aim to assess the oral manifestations related to drug abuse. Electronic databases were searched using keywords include oral manifestations and drug abuse. Observational studies published until September 2018 with the outcome of oral manifestations related to drug abuse were included. Data were extracted as percentage include drug type, route of administration, and oral manifestations. Study quality was assessed using the quartile score of Scopus index. The systematic review of 17 studies revealed that methamphetamine (53%), heroin (41%), cannabis (35%), and cocaine (35%) were the most frequent abused drugs from 10139 samples. The routes of administration include smoking (58%),inhalation (35%), injection (35%), and oral route (17%), with duration of use ranged from one year to forty years. The most significant of oral manifestations reported were periodontal diseases (76%), dental caries (76%), and xerostomia (41%). Adverse drug reaction in oral cavity may cause, directly or indirectly, immunosuppression, susceptibility to infections, and oral pathologies due to chemical composition and mechanism of action specifically to drug type related with duration of use and route of administration.

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Ashraf, Muhammad Shehzeb, Iqra Rehman, and Gul Shahnaz. "A Review of Parenteral Administration of Testing Substance in Rabbit and Mice." Global Drug Design & Development Review II, no. I (December 30, 2017): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2017(ii-i).02.

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There are many publications that deal with administration of test substances to animals and removal of blood samples for different objectives. Parenteral route of drug administration includes further different routes i.e., drug administration through muscles (IM route) through veins (IV route) and through subcutaneous route. We can manage to check the outcomes of test substances within minutes when we go for IV route as in this route drug directly go to systemic circulation. Different experimental animals are utilized to check the possible outcomes of test substances that include Rabbit, mice, and rat. Various factors like dose strength, dose frequency and the meaning by which drug can be administered to animal can be examined. The emphasis on drug safety should be the main priority while injecting drug substances. Animal ethics guidelines should be followed in this regard. AEG basically provides us safety guidelines which should be followed for safety handling.

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Tucker, Calvin, Lyn Tucker, and Kyle Brown. "The Intranasal Route as an Alternative Method of Medication Administration." Critical Care Nurse 38, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn2018836.

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Intranasal drug administration is a less invasive method of drug delivery that is easily accessible for adult and pediatric patients. Medications administered by the intranasal route have efficacy comparable to intravenous administration and typically have superior efficacy to subcutaneous or intramuscular routes. The intranasal route is beneficial in emergent situations when the intravenous route is not available. The intranasal route is safe and effective in various indications, and therapeutic systemic concentrations of medication can be attained via this route. As the evidence for and comfort with intranasal administration continue to grow, guidance on correct technique, medications, and dosing is vital for appropriate use. This article reviews the process and practices of appropriate intranasal medication administration.

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&NA;. "New routes of drug administration for paediatric patients." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1097 (July 1997): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199710970-00009.

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Aronson, Jeffrey K. "Routes of drug administration: uses and adverse effects." Adverse Drug Reaction Bulletin &NA;, no. 253 (December 2008): 971–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/fad.0b013e328329bb21.

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Aronson, Jeffrey K. "Routes of drug administration: uses and adverse effects." Adverse Drug Reaction Bulletin &NA;, no. 254 (February 2009): 975–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/fad.0b013e32832a0b18.

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Llewelyn, J. G. "Conservative treatment with alternative routes of drug administration." BMJ 310, no. 6975 (February 4, 1995): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.310.6975.311.

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Pang, Xin, Xiaoye Yang, and Guangxi Zhai. "Polymer-drug conjugates: recent progress on administration routes." Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery 11, no. 7 (April 23, 2014): 1075–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/17425247.2014.912779.

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Kumar, Rajesh, Monica Gulati, Sachin Kumar Singh, Deepika Sharma, and Omji Porwal. "Road From Nose to Brain for Treatment of Alzheimer: The Bumps and Humps." CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 19, no. 9 (December 31, 2020): 663–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871527319666200708124726.

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: Vulnerability of the brain milieu to even the subtle changes in its normal physiology is guarded by a highly efficient blood brain barrier. A number of factors i.e. molecular weight of the drug, its route of administration, lipophilic character etc. play a significant role in its sojourn through the blood brain barrier (BBB) and limit the movement of drug into brain tissue through BBB. To overcome these problems, alternative routes of drug administration have been explored to target the drugs to brain tissue. Nasal route has been widely reported for the administration of drugs for treatment of Alzheimer. In this innovative approach, the challenge of BBB is bypassed. Through this route, both the larger as well as polar molecules can be made to reach the brain tissues. Generally, these systems are either pH dependent or temperature dependent. Results: The present review highlights the anatomy of nose, mechanisms of drug delivery from nose to brain, critical factors in the formulation of nasal drug delivery system, nasal formulations of various drugs that have been tried for their nasal delivery for treatment of Alzheimer. Conclusion: It also dives deep to understand the factors that contribute to the success of such formulations to carve out a direction for this niche area to be explored further.

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Kumar, Tarun, Balaji Panigrahi, Mukesh Nariya, and Anup Thakar. "Pharmacokinetic analysis of Tulasi Swarasadi Taila administered through Nasya (therapeutic nasal administration) and oral route in albino rats." AYU (An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda) 44, no. 3 (2023): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ayu.ayu_366_21.

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Introduction: Tulasi Swarasadi Taila (medicated oil) is a medicated oil that has been indicated for Nasya (therapeutic nasal administration) and oral administration to alleviate diseases like Pratishyaya (allergic rhinitis). The drug has been widely used through intranasal and oral routes for the management of various diseases. However, its pharmacokinetic analysis has been unexplored which urges improved methods of standardization. Aim: The study was conducted to understand the pharmacokinetic profile of Tulasi Swarasadi Taila administered through Nasya (nasal) and oral routes in albino rats. Materials and methods: Tulasi Swarasadi Taila was administered in a single dose of 0.54 ml/kg through the Nasya route and 1.8 ml/kg through the oral route to the healthy Wistar strain albino rats. The serum was collected at different time intervals and estimated by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy analysis for the separation of volatile substances and identification of the unknown compounds. Results: There were arachidic acid, icosamethylcyclodecasiloxane, tridecane, eugenol, and many other compounds present in the serum after administration of Tulasi Swarasadi Taila, that were absent initially at the baseline. Conclusion: Tulasi Swarsadi Taila is absorbed in systemic circulation from oral and Nasya routes in rats. However, the pattern of the presence of phytoconstituents in serum varied at different time intervals in the cases of both routes of drug administration in albino rats.

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Ashraf, Muhammad Shehzeb, Iqra Rehman, and Gul Shahnaz. "A Review of Parenteral Administration of Testing Substance in Rabbit and Mice." Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review IV, no. I (December 30, 2019): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2019(iv-i).02.

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There are many publications that deal with the administration of test substances to animals and the removal of blood samples for different objectives. The parenteral route of drug administration includes further different routes, i.e., drug administration through muscles (IM route) through veins (IV route) and through subcutaneous route. We can manage to check the outcomes of test substances within minutes when we go for the IV route as in this route; the drug directly goes to the systemic circulation. Different experimental animals are utilized to check the possible outcomes of test substances that include Rabbit, mice, and rat. Various factors like dose strength, dose frequency and the meaning by which drug can be administered to an animal can be examined. The emphasis on drug safety should be the main priority while injecting drug substances. Animal ethics guidelines should be followed in this regard. AEG basically provides us with safety guidelines that should be followed for safe handling.

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Omeh, Romanus Chijioke, Mercy Ebere Ugwueze, Raymond Ogbonna Offiah, Chukwuemeka Christian Mbah, Audu Mumuni Momoh, Ikechukwu Virgilus Onyishi, Godswill Chukwuemeka Onunkwo, and Jacob Okechukwu Onyechi. "Oral drug delivery: Gastrointestinal tract adaptations, barriers and strategies for delivery enhancement - a review." Bio-Research 20, no. 3 (October 16, 2022): 1685–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/br.v20i3.6.

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The mouth is a vital route of drug administration with over 84 % of all medicines reportedly administered through it. The gastrointestinal system is equally imbued with a lot of adaptive features that make the oral route even more conducive for systemic drug delivery. The usefulness of the oral route is, however challenged by the existence of numerous absorption barriers which limit the effective absorption and delivery of drugs to their target sites in the body systems. Understanding these adaptive attributes, systemic barriers and available strategies for overcoming such barriers will not only be helpful in drug development and design but also useful to the formulation scientists desirous of optimizing drug delivery. The objective of this work was to review the gastrointestinal route of drug administration with respect to some biochemical and physio-anatomic features that impede or enhance drug absorption and to highlight current strategies that have been deployed to achieve optimum per oral drug delivery. The current review reveals the emerging roles of nanocarriers in oral drug delivery. Polymeric nanocarriers enhance the solubility, targeting and safety profiles of many important pharmacological agents. Novel systems that offer protection against gastro enzymes and as such, promote oral administration of biologicals are being widely investigated. Mechanical, magnetic, and acoustic energy – induced membrane perturbation are other delivery options receiving research attentions. It may be concluded that, with the avalanche of research efforts in the area, the oral route will maintain its prominence among other routes of drug administration.

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Omeh, Romanus Chijioke, Mercy Ebere Ugwueze, Raymond Ogbonna Offiah, Chukwuemeka Christian Mbah, Audu Mumuni Momoh, Ikechukwu Virgilus Onyishi, Godswill Chukwuemeka Onunkwo, and Jacob Okechukwu Onyechi. "Oral drug delivery: Gastrointestinal tract adaptations, barriers and strategies for delivery enhancement - a review." Bio-Research 20, no. 3 (October 16, 2022): 1685–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/br.v20i3.

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The mouth is a vital route of drug administration with over 84 % of all medicines reportedly administered through it. The gastrointestinal system is equally imbued with a lot of adaptive features that make the oral route even more conducive for systemic drug delivery. The usefulness of the oral route is, however challenged by the existence of numerous absorption barriers which limit the effective absorption and delivery of drugs to their target sites in the body systems. Understanding these adaptive attributes, systemic barriers and available strategies for overcoming such barriers will not only be helpful in drug development and design but also useful to the formulation scientists desirous of optimizing drug delivery. The objective of this work was to review the gastrointestinal route of drug administration with respect to some biochemical and physio-anatomic features that impede or enhance drug absorption and to highlight current strategies that have been deployed to achieve optimum per oral drug delivery. The current review reveals the emerging roles of nanocarriers in oral drug delivery. Polymeric nanocarriers enhance the solubility, targeting and safety profiles of many important pharmacological agents. Novel systems that offer protection against gastro enzymes and as such, promote oral administration of biologicals are being widely investigated. Mechanical, magnetic, and acoustic energy – induced membrane perturbation are other delivery options receiving research attentions. It may be concluded that, with the avalanche of research efforts in the area, the oral route will maintain its prominence among other routes of drug administration.

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Samanthula, Kumara Swamy, Shobha Rani Satla, and Agaiah Goud Bairi. "Bioadhesive polymers, permeation enhancers and types of dosage forms for buccal drug delivery." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i1.4495.

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The buccal delivery is defined as the drug administration through the mucosal membranes lining the cheeks (buccal mucosa). The main impediment to the use of many hydrophilic macromolecular drugs as potential therapeutic agents is their inadequate and erratic oral absorption. Based on our current understanding of biochemical and physiological aspects of absorption and metabolism of many biotechnologically produced drugs, they cannot be delivered effectively through the conventional oral route. Because after oral administration many drugs are subjected to pre-systemic clearance extensive in the liver, which often leads to a lack of significant correlation between membrane permeability, absorption and bioavailability. Difficulties associated with the parenteral delivery and poor oral bioavailability provided the impetus for exploring alternative routes for the delivery of such drugs. This review covers the advantages, disadvantages of buccal delivery, drug and excipient selection especially bioadhesive polymers and permeation enhancers, and further a list of drugs developed as various dosage forms for buccal route of administration. Keywords: Buccal delivery, bioadhesive/mucoadhesive, permeation enhancer, dosage forms.

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Hernández-González, Maryel, Claudia Rodríguez-González, Juan Hernández-Paz, and Imelda Olivas-Armendáriz. "Mucoadhesive polymeric systems for vaginal drug delivery: a systemic review." Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Biomédica 44, no. 2 (July 31, 2023): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17488/rmib.44.2.4.

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Intravaginal drug administration has many advantages in comparison to other delivery routes: its local and systemic effect, lower dosages, and easiness of administration. Furthermore, makes it a reliable and comfortable way of therapy. This route can be used to prevent and treat a wide range of conditions including, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), hormonal treatment, birth control, and cancer treatment. The dosage forms may vary from ovules, tablets, rings, gels, creams, films and many more; lately adding the mucoadhesiveness to the characteristics to reduce the waste of active molecules. This review focuses on the way mucoadhesive polymeric systems have been applied in vaginal delivery. This review presents a bibliographical compilation of results from various investigations published in scientific databases: Science Direct, SciELO, and PubMed Central. Results compiled demonstrate that the intravaginal drug administration can be an alternative form of medication for women with more stable and prolonged results than traditional routes requiring lower doses and avoiding the first-pass effect.

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Cheng, Yiyun, Zhenhua Xu, Minglu Ma, and Tongwen Xu. "Dendrimers as Drug Carriers: Applications in Different Routes of Drug Administration." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 97, no. 1 (January 2008): 123–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.21079.

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Arora, Deepshi, Shailendra Bhatt, Manish Kumar, Hari D. C. Vattikonda, Yugam Taneja, Vishal Jain, Veenu Joshi, and Chaitanya C. Gali. "Intranasal Lipid Particulate Drug Delivery Systems: An Update on Clinical Challenges and Biodistribution Studies of Cerebroactive Drugs in Alzheimer’s disease." Current Pharmaceutical Design 26, no. 27 (August 25, 2020): 3281–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200331085854.

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Background: Alzheimer is the primary cause of death in the various countries that affects wide strata of the population. The treatment of it is restricted to a few conventional oral medications that act only superficially. It is evident that the delivery of a drug to the brain across the blood-brain barrier is challenging as the BBB is armed with several efflux transporters like the P-glycoprotein as well as nasal mucociliary clearance adds up leading to decreased concentration and reduced therapeutic efficacy. Considering these, the intranasal IN route of drug administration is emerging as an alternative route for systemic delivery of a drug to the brain. The intranasal (IN) administration of lipid nanoparticles loaded with cerebroactive drugs showed promise in treating various neurodegenerative diseases, since the nasal route allows the direct nose to brain delivery by means of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN’s). The tailoring of intranasal lipid particulate drug delivery systems is a pleasing approach to facilitate uptake of therapeutic agents at the desired site of action, particularly when a free drug has poor pharmacokinetics/ biodistribution (PK/BD) or significant off-site toxicities. Objectives: 1) In this review, key challenges and physiological mechanisms regulating intranasal brain delivery in Alzheimer’s disease, ex vivo studies, pharmacokinetics parameters including brain uptake and histopathological studies are thoroughly discussed. : 2) A thorough understanding of the in vivo behaviour of the intranasal drug carriers will be the elusive goal. : 3) The article emphasizes to drag the attention of the research community working in the intranasal field towards the challenges and hurdles of the practical applicability of intranasal delivery of cerebroactive drugs. Method: Various electronic databases, journals like nanotechnology and nanoscience, dove press are reviewed for the collection and compilation of data. Results: From in vivo biodistribution studies, pharmacokinetics parameters, and gamma scintigraphy images of various drugs, it is speculated that intranasal lipid particulates drug delivery system shows better brain targeting efficiency for various CNS disorders in comparison to other routes. Conclusion: Various routes are explored for the delivery of drugs to increase bioavailability in the brain for CNS disorders but the intranasal route shows better results that pave the way for success in the future if properly explored.

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Bulić, Matea, and Catherine Tuleu. "Rectal Drug Delivery to Paediatric Population." Hrvatski časopis zdravstvenih znanosti 1, no. 2 (November 29, 2021): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.48188/hczz.1.2.5.

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Despite its unpopularity, the rectal route of paediatric drug administration remains of interest especially in pre-school children as it can overcome some drug delivery challenges with oral and parenteral routes. Few studies have been conducted on the use and acceptability of traditional rectal dosage forms (i.e., suppositories, enemas and gels) in different parts of the world. It showed that barrier to adoption could be linked with poor knowledge, little information and understanding of this administration modality. Reformulation for the rectal delivery of drugs intended for oral and/or parenteral administration that do not reach their full potential, was explored by a study at University College London. The top 3 candidates were Azithromycin, Amodiaquine and Raltegravir. Little rectal delivery innovation has occurred but topics such as acceptability and use of rectal drug delivery; types of rectal dosage forms and reformulation considerations are discussed presently in order to raise awareness around the need to modernise rectal dosage forms this to achieve the full potential for successful reformulation.

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Chandy, Thomas. "Connected polymeric drug delivery systems: A promise for the future!" Journal of Polymer Science and Engineering 6, no. 1 (December 11, 2023): 2901. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/jpse.v6i1.2901.

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Subcutaneous (SC) drug delivery is one of the best routes of drug administration to patients over intravenous (IV) administration due to the ease of application and patient acceptance. The main limitation of using the SC route is administering larger volumes of drug, greater than 3–5 mL for therapeutic dosages. Wearable injectors on body devices are an attractive option for larger-volume drug delivery to patients. Thus, the need for a self-administration strategy at home is growing faster and is required for the next level of time-dependent and high-volume drug delivery. The advances in low-cost, connected on-body delivery systems hold great opportunity for novel ways of delivering home-based drug therapy in the future.

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Hidayat, Rachmat, and Patricia Wulandari. "Fluid and Drug Administration Procedure Animal Model in Biomedical Research." Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research 5, no. 3 (March 8, 2021): 527–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32539/bsm.v5i3.312.

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Drugs, vaccines, injectable anesthetics or other agents are to be administered, oneor more of several different routes may be selected. The routes selected aregoverned by the nature of the agent being administered, the animal, the purposeof the administration and other factors.

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Hidayat, Rachmat, and Patricia Wulandari. "Fluid and Drug Administration Procedure Animal Model in Biomedical Research." Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research 5, no. 8 (March 8, 2021): 773–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32539/bsm.v5i8.312.

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Drugs, vaccines, injectable anesthetics or other agents are to be administered, oneor more of several different routes may be selected. The routes selected aregoverned by the nature of the agent being administered, the animal, the purposeof the administration and other factors.

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Venugopalan, C. S., E. P. Holmes, V. Fucci, T. J. Keefe, and M. P. Crawford. "Cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine in heartworm-infected and noninfected dogs." American Journal of Veterinary Research 55, no. 8 (August 1, 1994): 1148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1994.55.08.1148.

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Summary Medetomidine, an investigational drug indicated for clinical use as a short-term chemical restraint in dogs, was evaluated for its cardiopulmonary effects, in 10 naturally heartworm-infected (HW+) and 10 noninfected (hw−) Beagles. The drug was randomly administered IV (30 μg/kg of body weight) and IM (40 μg/kg) in single injections to all dogs. Heart rate, respiratory rate, ecg, blood gas tensions, blood pH, central venous and arterial pressures were measured at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes. Medetomidine induced an immediate significant (P ≤ 0.001) increase in mean arterial blood pressure followed by decreased blood pressure that remained below normal throughout the study in both groups, irrespective of route of administration. Medetomidine increased central venous pressure, over time, for both groups and both routes of administration. Heart and respiratory rates were significantly (P ≤ 0.001) decreased after medetomidine administration and remained reduced for the duration of the study in all dogs. The ecg variables were not significantly different between groups or between routes of administration. The HW+ dogs tended to have higher mean Pao2 than did HW− dogs at several postinjection determination times, particularly when the drug was administered IM. The Pao2; decreased during the first 30 minutes in both groups and tended to increase gradually thereafter. The pH decreased over time for both groups and both routes. A significant (P ≤ 0.05) decrease in pH was seen in the HW− dogs, compared with HW+ dogs at each measuring time for both routes. The Paco2 did not significantly change for groups or routes. In general, bradycardia was the predominant cardiovascular effect seen after medetomidine administration in all dogs, irrespective of route. Lowering of blood pressure and heart rate (after a transient blood pressure increase) was synchronized with sedation in these dogs. The overall clinical response with regard to cardiopulmonary effects in HW+ dogs was similar to that in HW− dogs.

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Kuchekar, Ashwin Bhanudas, Ashwini Gawade, and Sanjay Boldhane. "Hydrotropic Solubilization: An Emerging Approach." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 1-s (February 15, 2021): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i1-s.4724.

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Drug development plays an important role in patient safety and effectiveness. The therapeutic suitability of a new drug depends on the solubility. The solubility of the sparingly soluble drug remains a problem in identifying new active compounds. Solubility plays an important role in achieving optimal drug concentration. Low solubility is not only a concern for the production of formulations, but also an obstacle from the outset when identifying active chemicals for therapeutic purposes. Due to its simplicity in terms of ease of administration and economy, the oral route is the preferred route of drug administration over other routes. Effective aqueous solubility is the first prerequisite for oral medication, since low solubility has poor absorption and bioavailability and unpredictable toxicity of the gastrointestinal mucosa. To avoid these crises, different methodologies are used to improve the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs, and hydrotropic solubilization is one of them. Hydrotropic agents have the potential to improve the solubility of water-insoluble drugs. In this review, we try to address hydrotropic solubilization methodologies. Keywords: Hydrotropy, Micelles, Solubility, Formulation.

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Mena Raid Khalil, Ghaidaa S. Hameed, and Dalya Basil Hanna. "The most common route of administration used during COVID-19." Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 23, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32947/ajps.v23i1.990.

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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is the virus that caused the COVID-19 pandemic. Initial symptoms include fever, cough, and dyspnea. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, GIT involvement is also possible. The COVID-19 outbreak has increased the need for alternative medicine administration routes, particularly in public places. Buccal, sublingual, and rectal administration are all considered transmucosal methods. They are self-administration options for non-invasive systemic distribution. In addition, they are great for use in palliative and end-of-life care because of their quick onset of action and decreased first-pass metabolism. A mucosal atomization device allows for the intranasal administration of a parenteral formulation through nasal spray. Rectal mucosal absorption is comparable to that of the oral route, making the rectal route an extremely versatile and useful method of drug administration for a wide variety of medications. Covid-19 illness is treated with a variety of drugs, including anti-malaria medication (hydroxychloroquine), glucocorticoids (dexamethasone), antibiotics (azithromycin), and antiviral medications (favipiravir). This article discusses the route of drug administration for COVID-19, as well as symptoms, treatments, and the various ways it can be spread

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Murugesan, Senthilkumar, Byran Gowramma, Kaviarasan Lakshmanan, Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Reddy Karri, and Arun Radhakrishnan. "Oral Modified Drug Release Solid Dosage Form with Special Reference to Design; An Overview." Current Drug Research Reviews 12, no. 1 (June 19, 2020): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2589977511666191121094520.

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Oral drug delivery is the most widely utilized route of administration among all the routes that have been explored for systemic delivery of drugs via pharmaceutical products of different dosage form and this oral route provides maximum active surface area among all drug delivery system for administration of various drugs. The attractiveness of these dosage forms is due to awareness of toxicity and ineffectiveness of drugs when administered by oral conventional method in the form of tablets and capsules. Usually, conventional dosage form produces wide range of fluctuation in drug concentration in the bloodstream and tissues with consequent undesirable toxicity and poor efficiency. The maintenance of concentration of drug in plasma within therapeutic index is very critical for effective treatment. These factors as well as factors such as repetitive dosing and unpredictable absorption lead to the concept of oral modified drug delivery systems like Sustained release, prolonged release, modified release, extended release. These formulations are used to identify drug delivery systems that are designed to achieve or extend therapeutic effect by continuously releasing medication over an extended period of time after administration of a single dose. This review describes the basic information regarding modified release dosage form like designed to release their medication in controlled manner, criteria for selecting modified release dosage form and factors influencing the dosage and release pattern.

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Musumeci, Teresa, Angela Bonaccorso, and Giovanni Puglisi. "Epilepsy Disease and Nose-to-Brain Delivery of Polymeric Nanoparticles: An Overview." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 3 (March 13, 2019): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11030118.

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Epilepsy is the fourth most common global neurological problem, which can be considered a spectrum disorder because of its various causes, seizure types, its ability to vary in severity and the impact from person to person, as well as its range of co-existing conditions. The approaches to drug therapy of epilepsy are directed at the control of symptoms by chronic administration of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). These AEDs are administered orally or intravenously but alternative routes of administration are needed to overcome some important limits. Intranasal (IN) administration represents an attractive route because it is possible to reach the brain bypassing the blood brain barrier while the drug avoids first-pass metabolism. It is possible to obtain an increase in patient compliance for the easy and non-invasive route of administration. This route, however, has some drawbacks such as mucociliary clearance and the small volume that can be administered, in fact, only drugs that are efficacious at low doses can be considered. The drug also needs excellent aqueous solubility or must be able to be formulated using solubilizing agents. The use of nanomedicine formulations able to encapsulate active molecules represents a good strategy to overcome several limitations of this route and of conventional drugs. The aim of this review is to discuss the innovative application of nanomedicine for epilepsy treatment using nose-to-brain delivery with particular attention focused on polymeric nanoparticles to load drugs.

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Khizer, Zara, Amina Sadia, Raman Sharma, Samia Farhaj, Jorabar Singh Nirwan, Pratibha G. Kakadia, Talib Hussain, et al. "Drug Delivery Approaches for Managing Overactive Bladder (OAB): A Systematic Review." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 5 (April 26, 2021): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14050409.

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Overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) is characterised by urgency symptoms, with or without urgency incontinence, usually with frequency and nocturia and severely affects the quality of life. This systematic review evaluates the various drug delivery strategies used in practice to manage OAB. Advanced drug delivery strategies alongside traditional strategies were comprehensively analysed and comparatively evaluated. The present review was conducted according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines. A total of 24 studies reporting the development of novel formulations for the treatment of OAB were considered eligible and were further categorised according to the route of drug administration. The review found that various drug delivery routes (transdermal, intravesicular, oral, vaginal and intramuscular) are used for the administration of drugs for managing OAB, however, the outcomes illustrated the marked potential of transdermal drug delivery route. The findings of the current review are expected to be helpful for pharmaceutical scientists to better comprehend the existing literature and challenges and is anticipated to provide a basis for designing and fabricating novel drug delivery systems to manage OAB.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Drug administration routes'

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