Academic literature on the topic 'Drug administration routes'
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Journal articles on the topic "Drug administration routes"
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Kwatra, Shubhika, Guncha Taneja, and Nimisha Nasa. "Alternative Routes of Drug Administration- Transdermal, Pulmonary & Parenteral." Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 02, no. 04 (2012): 409–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35652/igjps.2012.47.
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Oral Route is considered to be the most common route of drug delivery to obtain a systemic effect. However, with the recent developments in the field of drug delivery, it has been found that delivery through alternative routes is sometimes more beneficial. This article deals with the salient features, advantages and disadvantages of some of the alternative routes of drug administration- Transdermal, Pulmonary and Parenteral routes. Though the mechanisms of action of drugs delivered by these routes are different, they offer a common advantage- increased Therapeutic Index with simultaneously decreased side effects. The latest innovations in drug formulations delivered through these routes have also been discussed. © 2011 IGJPS. All rights reserved.
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Bhatt, M., G. Bhatt, P. Kothiyal, and S. Chaudhary. "A REVIEW ON BUCCAL MUCOSAL ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION." INDIAN DRUGS 53, no. 08 (August 28, 2016): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.53.08.10631.
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Oral route is the most preferred rote of drug administration. In oral route buccal mucosal route is one of the advantageous routes of drug administration. This route provides direct access to systemic circulation through the jugular vein, bypassing the first pass hepatic metabolism, which leads to high bioavailability. The drugs having low bioavailability, shorter half life and those who undergoes extensive first pass metabolism are good candidat for this rote. Various formulations have been developed for this routes, one of which is buccal film. Buccal films were prepared by using methods like solvent casting method, hot-melt extrusion method and direct milling method. Buccal films were evaluated for thickness, swelling property, surface pH, drug content, % moisture loss, etc.
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King, Brent R. "Alternative Routes of Drug Administration." Emergency Medicine News 27, no. 8 (August 2005): 23–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132981-200508000-00033.
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Nimmo, Walter S. "Novel routes of drug administration." Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 4, no. 4 (August 1991): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001503-199108000-00005.
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Fonseca-Santos, Bruno, Patrícia Bento Silva, Roberta Balansin Rigon, Mariana Rillo Sato, and Marlus Chorilli. "Formulating SLN and NLC as Innovative Drug Delivery Systems for Non-Invasive Routes of Drug Administration." Current Medicinal Chemistry 27, no. 22 (June 30, 2020): 3623–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867326666190624155938.
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Colloidal carriers diverge depending on their composition, ability to incorporate drugs and applicability, but the common feature is the small average particle size. Among the carriers with the potential nanostructured drug delivery application there are SLN and NLC. These nanostructured systems consist of complex lipids and highly purified mixtures of glycerides having varying particle size. Also, these systems have shown physical stability, protection capacity of unstable drugs, release control ability, excellent tolerability, possibility of vectorization, and no reported production problems related to large-scale. Several production procedures can be applied to achieve high association efficiency between the bioactive and the carrier, depending on the physicochemical properties of both, as well as on the production procedure applied. The whole set of unique advantages such as enhanced drug loading capacity, prevention of drug expulsion, leads to more flexibility for modulation of drug release and makes Lipid-based nanocarriers (LNCs) versatile delivery system for various routes of administration. The route of administration has a significant impact on the therapeutic outcome of a drug. Thus, the non-invasive routes, which were of minor importance as parts of drug delivery in the past, have assumed added importance drugs, proteins, peptides and biopharmaceuticals drug delivery and these include nasal, buccal, vaginal and transdermal routes. The objective of this paper is to present the state of the art concerning the application of the lipid nanocarriers designated for non-invasive routes of administration. In this manner, this review presents an innovative technological platform to develop nanostructured delivery systems with great versatility of application in non-invasive routes of administration and targeting drug release.
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Lakshmi, P. k., D. Prasanthi, and B. Veeresh. "NON INVASIVE DELIVERY OF PROTEIN AND PEPTIDE DRUGS: A REVIEW." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 8 (August 1, 2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i8.18274.
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Till recent, injections remained the most common route for administration of protein and peptide drugs because of their poor bioavailability in the other routes. Because it is generally recognized that injection based delivery is a major impediment to the commercial success of therapeutic proteins and peptides, research in both academia and industry continues to focus on ways to overcome this problem. Possible non-parenteral administration routes for delivery of peptide and protein drugs include oral, nasal, ocular, transdermal, rectal, colonic, and vaginal route. The large surface area associated with most of these routes makes them attractive targets for drug delivery. While non-invasive administration by these routes is considered a more logical and achievable option for local treatment regimens, systemic delivery of proteins and peptides is significantly more challenging. In spite of effort made on the development of drugs for these routes, most of the successes fail to address how the technology will be transformed to a commercial product. The only notable exceptions have been the successful commercialization of nasal formulations for systemic delivery of a limited number of therapeutic peptides, and recent regulatory approvals of both pulmonary and buccal delivery systems for systemic delivery of insulin and an oral formulation of a small peptide analog, cyclosporine, have been commercialized. The present review aims to discuss the potential non-invasive routes of protein and peptide drug delivery. The factors which will affect drug transport and the bioavailability of proteins administered through these routes is also emphasized
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Garepally, Prasad, Swathi Goli, and Vijay Kumar Bontha. "Design, Development and Characterizations of Acyclovir Osmotic Tablets." Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology Research 1, no. 1 (October 8, 2018): 01–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2693-7247/005.
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Oral drug delivery is the most widely utilized route of administration, among all the routes of administration. That has been explored for the systemic delivery drug through different pharmaceutical dosage forms. It can be said that at least 90%of all drugs used to produce systemic effect is by oral route. Conventional oral drug delivery systems are known to provide an immediate release of drug, in which one cannot control the release of the drug and effective concentration at the target site.
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Sharma, Mayank, Rajesh Sharma, and Dinesh Kumar Jain. "Nanotechnology Based Approaches for Enhancing Oral Bioavailability of Poorly Water Soluble Antihypertensive Drugs." Scientifica 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8525679.
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Oral administration is the most convenient route among various routes of drug delivery as it offers high patient compliance. However, the poor aqueous solubility and poor enzymatic/metabolic stability of drugs are major limitations in successful oral drug delivery. There are several approaches to improve problems related to hydrophobic drugs. Among various approaches, nanotechnology based drug delivery system has potential to overcome the challenges associated with the oral route of administration. Novel drug delivery systems are available in many areas of medicine. The application of these systems in the treatment of hypertension continues to broaden. The present review focuses on various nanocarriers available in oral drug administration for improving solubility profile, dissolution, and consequently bioavailability of hydrophobic antihypertensive drugs.
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Anderson, Kevin L., William A. Moats, John E. Rushing, Donald P. Wesen, and Mark G. Papich. "Potential for oxytetracycline administration by three routes to cause milk residues in lactating cows, as detected by radioimmunoassay (Charm II) and high-performance liquid chromatography test methods." American Journal of Veterinary Research 56, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1995.56.01.70.
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SUMMARY Milk antimicrobial residues are a serious concern for the dairy industry. Residues of the tetracycline family of antimicrobials have been reported in market milk by investigators, using radioimmunoassay and microbial receptor technology (hereafter referred to as the Charm II test). In response to these reports, an investigation was conducted to determine the potential of 3 extra-label routes of oxytetracycline (otc) administration to cause milk residues above the Food and Drug Administration safe value of 30 parts per billion (ppb). Lactating Holstein cows were administered otc once by use of 1 of 3 routes: iv at 16.5 mg/kg of body weight (n = 6); im at 11 mg/kg (n = 6); and intrauterine (iu) at 2 g in 500 ml of saline solution/cow (n = 6). Duplicate milk samples were collected at the milking prior to drug administration and for the next 13 milkings at 12-hour intervals. Concentrations of otc in milk samples were analyzed by use of the Charm II test for tetracyclines (lmit of otc detection, approx 5 ppb) and were compared with concentrations determined by use of a high-performance lquid chromatography (hplc) method (lower lmit of otc quantitation, approx 2 ppb). The potential for milk otc residues above the Food and Drug Administration safe value of 30 ppb after treatment was considerably greater for the iv and im routes, compared with the iu route. Mean peak otc concentrations in milk at the first milking after treatment for the hplc and Charm II tests were approximately 3,700 to 4,200 ppb for the iv route, 2,200 to 2,600 ppb for the im route, and 186 to 192 ppb for the iu route, respectively. Pharmacokinetic analysis, based on milk otc concentrations, indicated that the area under the curve (auc) and milk maximal concentration (Cmax) differed significantly (P < 0.001) among routes of administration. The auc was similar for iv and im administrations; values for both were greater than the auc for iu administration. The Cmax was greatest for iv, intermediate for im, and least for iu administration. There were significant (P ≤ 0.01) differences in auc between assay methods (Charm II vs hplc) for the iv route. Concentrations of otc in milk determined by the Charm II test were often greater than those determined by hplc. Administration of otc to lactating cows via these routes is extra-label drug use. Failure to withhold the product from early milkings of cows administered otc by the iv or im route should be considered a potential cause of otc residues in market milk. Milk from nearly all cows contained otc (< 30 ppb), the Food and Drug Administration safe level, by 120 hours after otc administration. Use of appropriate withholding times and antibiotic residue testing is indicated to avoid otc residues.
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Chopra, R., M. Mittal, K. Bansal, and P. Chaudhuri. "Buccal Midazolam Spray as an Alternative to Intranasal Route for Conscious Sedation in Pediatric Dentistry." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 38, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.38.2.n055763721297702.
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Objectives: To evaluate the acceptance of midazolam spray through buccal route as compared to intranasal route and compare the efficacy of the drug through both the routes. Study Design: 30 patients aged 2-8 years with Grade I or II Frankl's Behaviour Rating Scale were selected who required similar treatment under local anesthesia on two teeth. Midazolam spray was administered randomly through buccal or intranasal routes for the two appointments. Scoring was done for the acceptance of drug and Houpt's score was recorded for the behaviour of patients during the treatment. Results: Acceptance of drug through buccal route was significantly better than the intranasal route (p<0.05) but no statistically significant difference was found in the behaviour scores for the two routes of administration (p≯0.05). Conclusion: Midazolam spray can be effectively used through the buccal mucosa in children who give poor compliance with the intranasal administration.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Drug administration routes"
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Costa, Patricia Quirino da. "TraduÃÃo de instrumento para avaliar a nÃo adesÃo das mÃes ao tratamento de seus filhos com doenÃas crÃnicas e identificaÃÃo das possÃveis dificuldades que as mÃes enfrentam para obter e administrar medicamentos aos seus filhos no domicÃlio." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8612.
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TRADUÃÃO DE INSTRUMENTO PARA AVALIAR A NÃO ADESÃO DAS MÃES AO TRATAMENTO DE SEUS FILHOS COM DOENÃAS CRÃNICAS E IDENTIFICAÃÃO DAS POSSÃVEIS DIFICULDADES QUE AS MÃES ENFRENTAM PARA OBTER E ADMINISTRAR MEDICAMENTOS AOS SEUS FILHOS NO DOMICÃLIO Autora: PatrÃcia Quirino da Costa. Orientador: Ãlvaro Jorge Madeiro Leite. Tese de doutorado em SaÃde Coletiva. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade Federal do CearÃ,2012
Muitas crianÃas portadoras de doenÃas crÃnicas necessitam uso continuo de medicamentos para o controle da patologia. A adesÃo ao tratamento à um ponto crucial para se conseguir esse controle e diversos fatores tem sido identificados para a nÃo adesÃo em crianÃas, dentre estes a carÃncia de formulaÃÃes adequadas à faixa etÃria. O Beliefs and Behaviour Questionnaire avalia a nÃo adesÃo ao tratamento medicamentoso em adultos com doenÃa crÃnica. Apresenta 30 itens em 3 subseÃÃes: convicÃÃes, experiÃncias e comportamentos, e permite identificar fatores relacionados à nÃo adesÃo. Na crianÃa, o medicamento à administrado quase sempre por um cuidador, em geral a mÃe. O objetivo do trabalho foi adaptar culturalmente e validar o BBQ para avaliar a nÃo adesÃo das mÃes/cuidadores ao tratamento dos seus filhos com doenÃas crÃnicas, e conhecer em profundidade as dificuldades enfrentadas no tratamento domiciliar. Etapas da adaptaÃÃo: traduÃÃo, sÃntese das traduÃÃes e adaptaÃÃo cultural, retraduÃÃo, revisÃo tÃcnica, prÃ-teste. ValidaÃÃo feita pela AnÃlise dos Componentes Principais, aplicando o instrumento a 28 cuidadores de crianÃas portadoras de doenÃa crÃnica que estavam internadas em hospital estadual de referÃncia pediÃtrica, em Fortaleza, identificados sequencialmente; seguido-se visita domiciliar 30-40 dias pÃs-alta hospitalar. Aos mesmos cuidadores (acrescidos de dois) foi aplicado um questionÃrio semiestruturado onde se investigava as dificuldades encontradas na busca e administraÃÃo dos medicamentos prescritos na alta hospitalar. Os dados descritivos obtidos foram quantificados por estatÃsticas simples. As entrevistas foram gravadas, decupadas e analisadas qualitativamente com apoio na fenomenologia. O questionÃrio final BBQ-Br possui 24 itens divididos em 3 seÃÃes como no original; apresentou alta confiabilidade, verificada atravÃs da anÃlise da consistÃncia interna, e valores de alfa Cronbach elevados para todas as subseÃÃes. Os itens foram agrupados em cada seÃÃo como no artigo referÃncia e apresentaram elevada correlaÃÃo entre si, avaliada pelo teste de esfericidade de Bartlett. Participaram do estudo descritivo 30 cuidadores (26 mÃes, 2 pais, 1 tia e 1 avÃ), com grau de escolaridade predominante âensino fundamental incompletoâ e residÃncia em Ãreas pobres da cidade. Dos 25 cuidadores que buscaram medicamentos no SUS apenas 4 receberam todos os itens prescritos e 21 (70%) adquiriram algum medicamento em farmÃcias privadas. Principais dificuldades na administraÃÃo de medicamentos: sabor desagradÃvel, necessidade de partiÃÃo e dureza de comprimidos, ausÃncia de dispositivo dosador. EstratÃgias mais utilizadas: diluiÃÃo ou dissoluÃÃo em Ãgua com aÃÃcar; forÃar a deglutir. No estudo qualitativo foram identificadas dificuldades de compreensÃo das orientaÃÃes mÃdicas e na obtenÃÃo de medicamentos incluindo: desabastecimento das unidades de saÃde; medicamentos entregues fora da embalagem primÃria, sem bula, sem dispositivos para administraÃÃo e sem orientaÃÃo para o uso adequado. A mÃe procura cumprir a prescriÃÃo mÃdica, embora nÃo compreenda bem o seu significado, mas, diante das dificuldades toma decisÃes cujo alcance nÃo conhece, por exemplo, interromper um tratamento. A informaÃÃo adequada e facilidade de administraÃÃo sÃo fatores limitantes para que esse papel possa ser bem desempenhado. O questionÃrio BBQBr à potencialmente Ãtil para a identificar o potencial de nÃo adesÃo e os fatores envolvidos, fac
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Carone, Gabriela Ferri. "Estudo observacional do uso da hipodermóclise em cuidados paliativos oncológicos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5160/tde-30062016-144200/.
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Hipodermóclise (HDC) é uma importante técnica alternativa para a administração de medicamentos e fluidos pela via subcutânea. É usada com frequência para o controle dos sintomas em pacientes em cuidados paliativos com dificuldade de acesso venoso e que são incapazes de tolerar medicação oral. No entanto, raros estudos abordaram o uso da HDC de uma forma global, para reposição hidroeletrolítica e terapia medicamentosa, tanto na forma contínua quanto intermitente, observando detalhes e complicações do seu uso. Os objetivos deste estudo incluíram caracterizar o uso da HDC para administração de medicamentos, soluções e eletrólitos e avaliar as possíveis complicações locais, identificando também outros fatores que influenciam sua ocorrência. Estudo observacional prospectivo com coleta de dados em prontuário e acompanhamento diário de pacientes internados com câncer avançado, da equipe de Cuidados Paliativos do Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP) em uso de HDC, verificando local de punção, medicamentos administrados e possíveis complicações, acompanhando os detalhes de seu uso. A análise estatística não-paramétrica e método de regressão logística foram realizados. Foram acompanhados 99 pacientes com 243 punções, das quais 166 (68,3%) em coxa e 46 (18,9%) em abdome. Os medicamentos mais utilizados foram morfina em 122 (50,2%) punções, seguido de dipirona em 118 (48,6%) e dexametasona em 86 (35,4%). A solução mais prescrita foi a glicofisiológica em 38 (15,6%) punções, pelo seu aporte calórico. 13,6% das punções (33 de 243) tiveram complicações, sendo apenas seis casos maiores (edema). Complicações ocorreram mais frequentemente até o segundo dia da punção e foram associadas com o número (p=0,007) e o volume (p=0,042) de medicamentos administrados e também com a solução glicofisiológica (p=0,003) e os eletrólitos cloreto de potássio (p=0,037) e cloreto de sódio (p=0,013). Este estudo permitiu o conhecimento de fatores associados a complicações e propõe algumas recomendações, como: individualização da terapia, especialmente relacionada com o volume de escolha, número de medicamentos administrados e evitar a adição de eletrólitos na solução glicofisiológicaHypodermoclysis (HDC) is an important alternative technique for the administration of drugs and fluids into the subcutaneous tissue. It is frequently used for symptom control in palliative care patients, with difficult venous access and unable to tolerate oral medications. However, few studies address the use of HDC as a whole to fluid replacement and drug therapy, both continuous and intermittent mode, observing details and complications of its use. The objectives of this study included characterizing the use of HDC to administer drugs, solutions and electrolytes and to evaluate possible local complications also identifying other factors influencing their occurrence. Prospective observational study with data collection in medical records and daily monitoring of advanced cancer inpatients of the palliative care team of São Paulo State Cancer Institute (ICESP) in use of HDC, checking infusion site, administered drugs and possible complications, following the details of its use. Non-parametrical statistical analysis and logistic regression were performed. Were followed 99 patients with 243 infusion sites, which 166 (68.3%) in the thigh and 46 (18.9%) in the abdomen. The most commonly used drugs were morphine in 122 (50.2%) infusion sites, followed by dipyrone in 118 (48.6%) and dexamethasone in 86 (35.4%). The most prescribed solution was dextrose 5%/0,9% saline in 38 (15.6%) infusion sites because of its caloric intake. 13.6% of punctures (33 of 243) had complications, only six larger cases (edema). Complications occurred mainly up to the second day of the infusion sites and were associated with the number (p=0,007) and volume (p=0,042) of drugs used as also with 5% dextrose/0.9% saline solution (p=0,003) and NaCl (p=0,037) and KCl (p=0,013) electrolytes. This study has allowed the knowledge of factors associated with complications and proposes some recommendations as: individualization of therapy especially related to the volume of choice, number of drugs administered, and avoid adding electrolytes to the 5% dextrose/0.9% saline solution
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Challis, Deborah. "Physicochemical and biopharmaceutical studies of novel self-emulsifying systems for administration by the oral route (SEDDS)." Thesis, University of Bath, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.280871.
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Sharma, Sunita. "The clinical and Pharmacokinetic impact of altering the route of drug administration in obstetrics and gynaecology." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.487308.
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The non-oral route of drug administration has been successfully utilised in most areas of medicine. Over time, our understanding of the mechanism of absorption from these routes has expanded and newer agents are constantly being explored. In women's health, the vaginal route is now firmly established as a route of administration for a number of medications. Though the potential of the vaginal route has been known for centuries, its use in clinical practice has been slow to establish. Prostaglandins as a group of drugs highlight this issue quite well. When prostaglandins were introduced to obstetrics and gynaecology in the 1960s, they were initially administered orally or parentally but the side effect profile by these routes limited their routine use in clinical practice. This was however overcom.e by using the vaginal route of administration and it is . now standard that prostaglandins are administered vaginally. Nevertheless, it took 10 years of prostaglandin research prior to the vaginal route being established in normal clinical practice. Since then several oth~r agents are routinely administered by this route and will be discussed during the course of this thesis. Inspired by the success of misoprostol administered through alternative non oral routes, I wanted to study the rationale of administering drugs used in obstetrics and gynaecology by non oral routes and undertook studies designee to evaluate the pharmacokinetic and/or clinical impact of non oral routes for azithromycin, mifepristone and misoprostol. Azithromycin has never been used by the vaginal route while mifepristone administered vaginally has been investigated in one small pharmacokinetic stUdy. Also the pharmacokinetics of the rectal route of misoprostol administration in early pregnancy has never been investigated. Thus the work described in this thesis has aimed to explore the non oral route of drug administration for three commonly used drugs in women's health. The studies undertaken involved 157 women and were done over a period of 30 months. These studies utilised different methodological approaches. Tissue pharmacokinetic assays was used for the assessment of pelvic absorption of azithromycin, clinical assessment was used for vaginal mifepristone and vaginal misoprostol in early medical termination of pregnancy, serum pharmacokinetic assays was used for the systemic absorption of misoprostol by the oral, vaginal and rectal route and objective assessment was used for the cervical priming by misoprostol in one hour.
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Strang, John Stanley. "Changing patterns of heroin use : examination of populations and individuals." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307372.
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Li, Mengyao. "USING SEMIPHYSIOLOGICALLY-BASED PHARMACOKINETIC (SEMI-PBPK) MODELING TO EXPLORE THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE INTRAVENOUS (IV) AND ORAL (PO) ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION ON THE MAGNITUDE AND TIME COURSE OF CYP3A-MEDIATED METABOLIC DRUG-DRUG INTERACTIONS (DDI) USING MIDAZOLAM (MDZ) AS PROTOTYPICAL SUBSTRATE AND FLUCONAZOLE (FLZ) AND ERYTHROMYCIN (ERY) AS PROTOTYPICAL INHIBITORS." VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4402.
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The purpose of the project was to investigate the impact of IV and PO routes difference for MDZ, a prototypical CYP3A substrate, and two CYP3A inhibitors (CYP3AI) -FLZ and ERY-, on the magnitude and time course of their inhibitory metabolic DDI.
Individual semi-PBPK models for MDZ, FLZ and ERY were developed and validated separately, using pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters from clinical/in-vitro studies and published physiological parameters. Subsequently, DDI sub-models between MDZ and CYP3AIs incorporated non-competitive and mechanism-based inhibition (MBI) for FLZ and ERY, respectively, on hepatic and gut wall (GW) CYP3A metabolism of MDZ, using available in-vitro/in-vivo information. Model-simulated MDZ PK profiles were compared with observed data from available clinical PK and DDI studies, by visual predictive check and exposure metrics comparison. DDI magnitude and time course for CYP3AI (IV vs. PO) followed by MDZ (IV vs. PO) at various time points were predicted by the validated semi-PBPK-DDI models. Two hypothetical CYP3A substrates and four CYP3AI (derived from MDZ, FLZ and ERY, with GW metabolism removed, hepatic metabolism reduced, or oral bioavailability (Foral) and/or elimination half-life (t1/2) modified) were also simulated to generalize conclusions.
The final semi-PBPK-DDI models predict well the PK profiles for IV/PO MDZ in absence/presence of IV/PO CYP3AI, with deviations between model-predicted and observed exposure metrics within 30%. Prospective simulations demonstrate that:
1) CYP3A substrates, e.g., MDZ, are consistently more sensitive to metabolic inhibition after PO than after IV administration, due to pre-systemic hepatic and/or GW metabolism. For substrates without GW metabolism and limited hepatic metabolism, only a marginal route difference for substrate administration is observed.
2) For high-Foral CYP3AIs, e.g., FLZ, no inhibitor IV-PO route DDI differences are expected, unless they are given simultaneously with PO MDZ.
3) For low-Foral CYP3AIs, e.g., ERY, greater inhibition is expected after IV than after PO administration for IV MDZ, but is difficult to predict for PO MDZ.
4) In addition to Foral and plasma t1/2 of CYP3AIs, the DDI onset, peak and duration are determined by their oral absorption rate and by the resulting hepatic and/or GW concentration profiles relative to Ki for noncompetitive CYP3AIs, but by CYP3A kinetics (synthesis, degradation rate) for MBI CYP3AIs.
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Oqueka, Tim [Verfasser], and Bernhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Fleischer. "Impact of two rounds of mass drug administration using diethylcarbamazine combined with albendazole on the prevalence of Brugia timori and of intestinal helminths on Alor Island, Indonesia / Tim Oqueka. Betreuer: Bernhard Fleischer." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1030364990/34.
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Strich, Samuel. "Oral drug delivery systems based on polysaccharides for colon targeting." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILS081.
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10 millions dans le monde, 3 millions en Europe, 250000 en France. Ces nombres représentent la prévalence des maladies inflammatoires chroniques de l'intestin (MICI), respectivement dans chaque région citée. Le plus souvent diagnostiquées entre 15 et 35 ans, les MICI regroupent la Maladie de Crohn (MC) et la Rectocolite Hémorragique (RCH), et se caractérisent par une inflammation de la paroi du tube digestif, évoluant par poussées.Le ciblage de la partie distale du tractus gastro-intestinal (TGI), ou côlon, permet d'envisager une libération locale et optimale de substance active au niveau des zones lésées, tout en diminuant les effets indésirables des traitements. Différentes stratégies sont employées pour le ciblage du côlon par voie orale, parmi lesquelles : *) l'utilisation de prodrogues, **) Les systèmes pH-dépendants, ***) Les systèmes temps-dépendants, et ****) les systèmes sensibles au microbiote intestinal.De toutes, l'approche basée sur l'activité du microbiote reste la plus fiable. Les quelques mille milliards de bactéries par gramme de selle présentes dans le côlon peuvent, via leur activité enzymatique, dégrader les polysaccharides de structure complexe. Afin de pallier les limites des approches pH- et temps-dépendantes, les systèmes à double stimuli intéressent aussi de plus en plus les équipes de recherches. En combinant plusieurs approches différentes mais complémentaires, il est possible d'améliorer significativement la libération de la substance active in situ.Notre projet a consisté à fabriquer, pelliculer, et développer des mini-comprimés de 5 mm de diamètre pour le ciblage du côlon. Au terme d'une étape de criblage de films polymériques, permettant d'identifier le mélange le plus résistant dans le haut TGI, un pelliculage associant éthylcellulose et shellac a été retenu. Différents ratios de mélanges ont été exploités. Des tests de libération in vitro ont été menés sur une durée totale de 32h, impliquant différents milieux digestifs reconstitués. Les expériences en milieu colique ont été réalisées avec et sans selles de patients sous atmosphère anaérobie, permettant de travailler au plus près des conditions physiopathologiques.Incontestablement, la protection de la substance active a été totale dans le haut TGI. Les formes galéniques pelliculées ont aussi présenté un profil de libération contrôlée dans le côlon.La formulation finale allie plusieurs propriétés :- Une prise en eau et une dissolution contrôlées grâce à l'éthylcellulose- Une dissolution pH-dépendante liée à la shellac- Une sensibilité au microbiote grâce à la présence d'un polysaccharideLes données obtenues se sont avérées encourageantes. La libération de la substance active en milieu colique peut être modulée selon la quantité de polysaccharide ajouté. Cette phase d'optimisation a été un enjeu capital10 million people worldwide, over 1.5 million in North America and 2 million in Europe. Those are the numbers of people affected by inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in each region quoted, respectively. Including both Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), inflammatory bowel disease has emerged as a public health challenge worldwide in the past decades. Often diagnosed between 15 and 35 years old, IBD are characterized by moderate to severe symptoms, and have in common relapsing-remitting cycles of mucosal inflammation.To date, there is no cure for IBD. Defined as colon targeting, targeted drug delivery systems is a way to get selective and efficient delivery of pharmacologically active compounds to the predetermined targeted region in therapeutic concentrations along with minimizing side effects of the drug. Current strategies for colon targeting rely on : *) prodrugs, **) pH-dependant systems, ***) time-dependant systems, ****) microbially triggered systems.Of all approaches, microbiota sensitive systems are currently known as the best ones for colonic drug delivery. It is also possible to combine several complementary approaches (pH- and microbiota sensitive) to significantely favor localized drug release.Our project aimed to develop 5 mm mini-tablets for colon targeting. First, a comparison of different film coatings was made to highlight the most interesting drug release profiles. Then, an innovative formulation, combining synthetic and natural polymers as well as polysaccharides, was evaluated. Different blend ratios were selected as well for films as for coated mini-tablets. In vitro drug release was carried out in simulated digestive fluids for a 32 h duration, including:- 0.1 N HCl or simulated gastric fluid (2 h)- PBS 6.8 or simulated intestinal fluid (6 h)- Colonic simulated medium with and without patients' faeces (24 h).Colonic simulated medium inoculated with patients' faeces allowed for working closer to pathophysiological conditions. Relevant results were obtained and paved the way for a promising monolayer technology. None or negligible drug release occurred up to 8 h, in the upper GIT. Also, drug could be totally protected in the lower gastrointestinal tract.Ethylcellulose, as a thermoplastic polymer, prevented from premature dissolution.Shellac, as a natural resin, provided pH-dependant properties.The adjunction of a polysaccharide acted as a substrate of microbiota.Interestingly, colonic release profiles could be optimized depending on the amount of polysaccharide added into the system
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Mestre, Catarina Guerreiro. "ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG ADMINISTRATION TO MICE THROUGH INTRANASAL, INTRAVENOUS AND ORAL ROUTES: FROM BIOANALYSIS TO PHARMACOKINETICS." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/99101.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertação de Mestrado em Farmacologia Aplicada apresentada à Faculdade de FarmáciaA depressão é uma doença crónica que afeta mais de 300 milhões de pessoas a nível mundial. Apesar da vasta panóplia de fármacos antidepressivos disponíveis na prática clínica, cerca de 1/3 dos doentes é resistente aos mesmos devido, entre outros fatores, à sobreexpressão de transportadores da superfamília ATP-binding cassette (ABC) na barreira hematoencefálica (BHE). Estes transportadores de efluxo, entre os quais se destacam a glicoproteína-P e a Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP), diminuem a concentração de fármaco que atinge o cérebro, aumentando o risco de desencadear efeito sub-terapêutico.Um antidepressivo de primeira linha e inibidor seletivo da recaptação de serotonina (SSRI)foi identificado como substrato da BCRP in vitro. Como tal, foi aqui avaliado se a sua administração intranasal (IN) poderia ser uma alternativa para uma libertação direta do fármaco para o cérebro, evitando a passagem pela BBB e pelos transportadores de efluxo aíexpressos. Assim, primeiramente desenvolveu-se e validou-se, de acordo com guidelines internacionais, uma técnica de cromatografia líquida de elevada resolução (HPLC) com deteção de fotodíodos (DAD) de forma a quantificar o SSRI no plasma, cérebro e pulmão. A separação cromatográfica foi conseguida eluição isocrática de uma fase móvel composta por tampão fosfato 20 mM (pH=3.8) e acetonitrilo (65:35, v/v). O fármaco e o padrão interno, perampanel, foram extraídos das amostras de plasma, e homogeneizados de cérebro e pulmão através de uma dupla extração líquido-líquido com diclorometano. As recuperações absolutas do fármaco variaram entre 50,51 e 67,40% no plasma, 49,99 e 54,38% no homogeneizado de cérebro e de 68,09 e 80,03% no homogeneizado de pulmão. O método mostrou ser linear nas gamas de concentrações de 0,08 – 3 μg/mL, 0,04 – 1,5 μg/mL e 0,5 – 18 μg/mL no plasma, homogeneizado de cérebro e homogeneizado de pulmão, respetivamente. Os valores de precisão e exatidão intra- e inter-dia inseriram-se dentro dos critérios de aceitação definidos pelas guidelines internacionais.O método aqui otimizado e validado foi, então, aplicado para quantificar o fármaco em amostras obtidas nos ensaios in vivo não-clínicos, os quais compararam a farmacocinética do fármaco após a sua administração por três vias de administração distintas: intravenosa (IV), IN e oral. Nestes ensaios, os murganhos foram divididos em três grupos de acordo com a via de administração do SSRI. Administrou-se a mesma dose única (4,87 mg/kg) por via IV e IN, enquanto a dose oral foi de 10 mg/kg. As concentrações do SSRI foram determinadas emplasma, homogeneizado de cérebro e homogeneizado de pulmão aos 5, 15, 30, 60, 120 e 180 min pós-dose. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, a via IN parece ter um comportamento farmacocinético semelhante à via oral.Portanto, a administração por via IN parece uma estratégia relevante para a administração de antidepressivos.
Depression is a chronic disease that affects more than 300 million people worldwide. Despite the vast array of antidepressant drugs, approximately 1/3 of the patients develop drug resistance due to the overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Efflux transporters, including P-glycoprotein and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP), decrease the amount of substrate drug that reaches the brain, increasing the risk of sub-therapeutic antidepressant effects. A first-line antidepressant and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) was identified as a BCRP substrate in vitro. As such, it was herein hypothesized whether the intranasal (IN) route could be an alternative to deliver the drug into the brain, avoiding the BBB and the efflux transporters therein expressed. Firstly, a high-performance liquid chromatography technique (HPLC) with diode-array detection (DAD) was developed and validated to quantify the SSRI in mouse plasma, brain, and lungs, according to international guidelines. Chromatographic separation was achieved by isocratic elution with a mobile phase composed of 20 mM phosphate buffer (pH=3.8) and acetonitrile (65:35, v/v). The drug and the internal standard (IS) were extracted from biological matrices through double liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane. Absolute recoveries varied from 50.51 to 67.40% in plasma, 49.99 to 54.38% in brain homogenate, and 68.09 to80.03% in lung homogenate. The method revealed to be linear in the range of 0.08 – 3 μg/mL,0.04 – 1.5 μg/mL, and 0.5 – 18 μg/mL in plasma, brain, and lung, respectively. Linearity, intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision were within acceptance criteria. The method herein optimized was, then, applied to quantify the SSRI in biological samples obtained from in vivo pharmacokinetic studies, in which three routes of administration were compared: intravenous (IV), IN, and oral. Mice were randomly divided into three groups according to the administration route of the SSRI. The same single dose (4.87 mg/kg) was administered by IV and IN route, while the oral dose was 10 mg/kg. SSRI concentrations were determined in plasma, brain and lung homogenates at 5, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min postadministration. According to the results attained, the IN route seems to have a comparable pharmacokinetic behavior to the oral route. Therefore, IN delivery appears to be a relevant strategy for administering antidepressants.
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"Biopanning, identification and application of peptides targeting the vasculature of orthotopic colorectal cancer based on in vivo phage display technology." Thesis, 2010. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6074858.
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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. However, adjuvant chemotherapeutic agents exhibit poor accumulation in the tumor mass and frequently result in serious side effects due to nonspecific damage to normal organs. Therefore, the development of more selective anticancer drugs with targeted delivery to tumor sites is the current trend in cancer therapies. Among these sites, tumor neovasculature is an attractive target for anticancer agents. It is because tumor growth is largely limited by blood supply which is dependent on the extent of angiogenesis in the tumor.Experimental analysis suggested that TCP-1 phage and synthetic TCP-1 peptide specifically homed to colorectal cancer tissues and co-localized with the tumor vasculature. Moreover, TCP-1 peptide also recognized the vasculature of human colorectal cancer specimens. Subsequently, the homing abilities of TCP-1 phage were extensively tested in other cancer models. Results showed that TCP-1 peptide could also target the vasculature of orthotopic gastric cancer induced by human colon cancer cell line (MKN45) in BALB/c nude mice. Meanwhile, TCP-1 phage exhibited binding activity to colorectal cancer cells such as colon 26 and SW1116. TCP-1 peptide could carry a pro-apoptotic peptide into these cells and markedly enhanced its pro-apoptotic action.
In summary, we have used the phage display technology to isolate two unique peptides TCP-1 and TCP-2, which targeted the vasculature of orthotopic colorectal cancer and also recognized the vasculature of human colorectal cancer. Moreover, they could deliver fluorescein or pro-apoptotic peptide only to the tumor vasculature but not to other normal tissues, for imaging detection and targeted therapy. In conclusion, both TCP-1 and TCP-2 may have significant clinical applications as carriers in diagnostic imaging and ligand-mediated targeted therapy for human colorectal cancer.
Similarly, TCP-2 phage or its peptide also targeted specifically the orthotopic colorectal cancer, and co-localized with the tumor vasculature in mice. Meanwhile, TCP-2 peptide recognized the vasculature of human colorectal cancer specimens. FITC-labeled TCP-2 peptide could also be used to detect cancer tissues in tumor-bearing mice.
To identify specific ligands targeting the tumor neovasculature, in vivo phage display technology has been extensively used. Several dozens of peptides homing to normal or diseased vasculature have been identified through this technology. However, these peptides target mainly the tumors growing at distant sites but not at the primary organ, thus limiting their clinical application. To obtain specific peptides targeting the neovasculature of colorectal cancer growing in situ, we established an orthotopic colorectal cancer model in normal BALB/c mice by using syngeneic colon cancer cells (colon 26). Subsequently, in vivo phage display technology was utilized to isolate peptides which specifically recognized the vasculature of the cancer. Four peptides (termed TCP-1, 2, 3, 4) were enriched more than once after four-round selections. Further investigation disclosed that TCP-1 and TCP-2 phages had relatively stronger binding abilities to cancer tissues among the four phage clones. They were chosen for further study.
We further demonstrated that TCP-1 could serve as a carrier for image detection and drug delivery. FITC-labeled TCP-1 could specifically produce a strong fluorescence signal in the tumors after intravenous injection into the orthotopic tumor-bearing mice. Moreover TCP-1, when conjugated with a pro-apoptotic peptide, could also specifically induce apoptosis of tumor vasculature in vivo.
Li, Zhijie.
Adviser: Cho Chiltin.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-04, Section: B, page: .
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 194-221).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstract also in Chinese.
Books on the topic "Drug administration routes"
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T, Florence A., and Salole E. G, eds. Routes of drug administration. London: Wright, 1990.
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Corporation, Springhouse, ed. Photoguide to drug administration. Springhouse, Pa: Springhouse Corporation, 1992.
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L, Audus Kenneth, and Juliano R. L, eds. Targeted drug delivery. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991.
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Lippincott's photo atlas of medication administration. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011.
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Basic medication administration skills. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning, 2006.
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O, Mashkevich Boris, ed. Drug delivery research advances. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2007.
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T. P. G. M. de Vries. Guide to good prescribing: A practical manual. Geneva: World Health Organization, Action Programme on Essential Drugs, 1994.
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S, Rapaka Rao, National Institutes of Health (U.S.), and National Institute on Drug Abuse. Division of Preclinical Research., eds. Membranes and barriers: Targeted drug delivery. Rockville, MD: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Division of Preclinical Research, 1995.
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Vincent, Lenaerts, and Gurny Robert, eds. Bioadhesive drug delivery systems. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1990.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Drug administration routes"
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Ruiz, María Esperanza, and Sebastián Scioli Montoto. "Routes of Drug Administration." In ADME Processes in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 97–133. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99593-9_6.
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Bhandari, Prasan. "Routes of drug administration." In Pharmacology Mind Maps for Medical Students and Allied Health Professionals, 4–6. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, 2020.: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429023859-2.
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Ruiz, María E., and Sebastián Scioli-Montoto. "Routes of Drug Administration." In ADME Processes in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 129–72. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50419-8_7.
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Florence, A. T., and D. Attwood. "Drug Absorption and Routes of Administration." In Physicochemical Principles of Pharmacy, 335–406. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-16558-2_9.
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Florence, A. T., and D. Attwood. "Drug Absorption and Routes of Administration." In Physicochemical Principles of Pharmacy, 372–448. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14416-7_10.
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Santander-Ortega, M. J., I. F. Uchegbu, and A. G. Schätzlein. "Dendrimer-Based Gene Delivery Systems: Administration Routes andIn VivoEvaluation." In Dendrimer-Based Drug Delivery Systems, 329–54. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118275238.ch9.
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Gopu, Boobalan, Ramajayan Pandian, Angayarkanni Sevvel, and Sanket Shukla. "Routes of Nano-drug Administration and Nano-based Drug Delivery System and Toxicity." In Biomedical Applications and Toxicity of Nanomaterials, 671–702. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7834-0_25.
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Anderson, K. L., W. A. Moats, J. E. Rushing, and J. O'Carroll. "Potential for Oxytetracycline Administration by Four Routes To Cause Drug Residues in Milk of Lactating Cattle." In Veterinary Drug Residues, 58–63. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1996-0636.ch007.
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Colome, Leticia, Eduardo Bender, and Sandra Hass. "Nanodrug administration routes." In Nano based drug delivery, 57–87. IAPC Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/obp.8.2.
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"Drug administration." In Clinical Nursing Skills: Core and Advanced, edited by Ruth Endacott, Phil Jevon, and Simon Cooper, 125–92. Oxford University PressOxford, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199237838.003.0005.
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Abstract Nurses undertake a range of roles in relation to medications, from independent prescribing (Department of Health (DH) 2006) and administering drugs, to monitoring for therapeutic effects and side effects. There are a number of issues and developments common to all routes of drug administration; these are considered in this section.
Conference papers on the topic "Drug administration routes"
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Mannucci, P. M., V. Vicente, I. Alberca, E. Sacchi, A. S. Harris, and A. Lindqvist. "SUBCUTANEOUS AND INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF DESMOPRESSIN (DDAVP) TO HEMOPHILIACS: PLASMA PHARMACOKINETICS AND FACTOR VIII (VIII:C) RESPONSES." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644706.
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Reported studies dealing with the clinical use of DDAVP in mild and moderate hemophilia A patients show a very large between-patient variability for the maximum increase of VIII:C after the drug given intravenously (i.v.) or subcutaneously (s.c.). By measuring DDAVP plasma levels with a sensitive and specific RIA method, we elected to evaluate whether or not between-patient response variability was related to the variability of DDAVP levels achieved in their plasma. To this purpose 14 moderate or mild hemophilic volunteers (baseline VIII : C 4 to 31 U/dL) were randomly given 0.3 pg/Kg of i.v. or s.c. DDAVP with a between-treatment interval of 15 - 30 days. Plasma DDAVP pharmacokinetics in relation to the routes of administration are shown in the table.Pack levels (Cmax) were higher after i.v. DDAVP (p < 0.02). Time to peak levels (tmax) was shorter for i.v. DDAVP (p < 0.001). There was no difference between i.v. and s.c. DDAVP for plasma time curve (AUC) and half-life (t½).The bioavailability of the s.c. route relative to the i.v. route was 85 ° 32%. Of further interest, was the greater variability of the i.v. pharmacokinetics compared to the s.c. data. These differences were reflected in the VIII:C response. Maximum VIII:C increase over baseline levels was 3.2 ° 2.4 fold (i.v.) and 3.2 ° 1.3 fold (s.c.) (n.s.).Thus the i.v. route gave a marginally greater response but the effect was more variable than the s.c. route. Finally, no significant correlation was found between the VIII:C response and plasma DDAVP levels for either route of administration (i.v. route r = 0.03, s.c. route r = 0.23).These findings establish the subcutaneous route to be bioequivalent in effect to the intravenous route with less variation. This study also demonstrates that the VIII:C response to DDAVP is neither a function of the rate of absorption of the corrpound into the body nor the magnitude of the plasma concentration.
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McGee, James K., Koby Kubrin, Adeel Ahmed, and Michael G. Schrlau. "3D Printed Carbon Nanotube Array Interface for In Vivo Drug Delivery." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-71815.
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The development of gene therapies, small molecules and nanoparticle-based therapeutics in pharmacology have prompted the need for parenteral administration as they possess limited bioactivity, low stability, high specificity and potency. The ability to directly deliver drugs to a specific area offers the capability of minimized required drug quantity, localization of exposure, and limited systemic side effects. Currently, there is no standard for the creation of implantable devices to monitor health status and provide therapeutic treatment. We explored the applications and uses for carbon nanotube based arrays for in vivo drug delivery, specifically as an implantable reusable mode of delivery. The increased availability of 3D printing allows for not only the rapid and reproducible fabrication of designs, but also the ability to incorporate these carbon nanotube arrays in ways that are not feasible using traditional machining methods. These techniques offer the means to design and fabricate a reservoir on carbon nanotube arrays to create a loadable reservoir that can regulate flow, dispensing cargo for mass cellular injection. This research focuses primarily on the development of an attachable drug reservoir for these devices and looks to explore the possibilities of designing reservoirs made out of biocompatible 3D printed materials such as plastics, alloys, or bioceramics. We explored several routes, including a rigid and semi-rigid, as well as how each design impacted the flow through the membrane.
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Sun, Feng, Robert Anderson, and Guillermo Aguilar. "An Experimental Study of In Vitro Transdermal Drug Delivery Assisted by Cryopneumatic Technology." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-204240.
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Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) is a promising alternative to conventional drug delivery approaches, such as oral or injectable routes. In comparison, the primary benefits of TDD include [1]: 1) avoidance of first pass metabolism and other variables associated with the GI tract such as pH changes and gastric emptying time. 2) sustained and controlled delivery over a prolonged period of time. 3) reduction in side effects associated with systemic toxicity. 4) improved patient acceptance and compliance. 5) direct access to targeted or diseased site, e.g. treatment of skin disorders. 6) ease of dose termination in the event of any adverse reactions either systemic or local; 7) convenient and painless administration; 8) ease of use and reduction of overall health care treatment costs; 9) viable alternative in circumstances where oral dosing is not possible (in unconscious or nauseated patients).
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Rautiola, Davin, and Ronald A. Siegel. "Nasal Spray Device for Administration of Two-Part Drug Formulations." In 2019 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2019-3216.
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Intranasal drug delivery is an attractive route to noninvasively achieve a rapid therapeutic effect, avoid first pass metabolism, and bypass the blood brain barrier. However, the types of drugs that can be administered by this route has been limited, in part, by device technology. Herein, we describe a pneumatic nasal spray device that is capable of mixing liquid and solid components of a drug formulation as part of the actuation process during dose administration. The ability to store a nasal spray drug formulation as two separate components can be leveraged to solve a variety of stability issues that would otherwise preclude intranasal administration. Examples of drugs that could be delivered intranasally by utilizing this two-part formulation strategy include biomolecules that are unstable in solution and low solubility drugs that can be rendered into metastable supersaturated solutions. A proof of concept nasal spray device prototype was constructed to demonstrate that a liquid and solid can be rapidly mixed and atomized into a spray in a single action. The primary breakup distance and angle of the spray cone were measured as a function of the function of the propellant gas pressure.
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Silva, Vitoria Pimentel da, Laura Provenzi, Nicole Becker, Giovani Zocche, Gabriel Leal, Giulia Pinzetta, Allan Alcará, et al. "Mesenchymal stem cells modulate the gene expression of T- type Calcium Channel Subunit Alpha 1G (Cav3.1) in acute phase of epilepsy." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.709.
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Introduction: Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) is a disorder caused by neuronal electrical imbalance, clinically manifested by spontaneous and recurrent seizures1,2. Its pathogenesis involves channelopathies of calcium channels, which contributes to hyperexcitability and hypersynchrony in TLE3 . About 30% of patients do not respond to drug treatment4 , making it necessary to develop new therapeutic alternatives, such as cell therapy. This work aimed to evaluate the modulation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the calcium channel CACNA1G (Cav3.1) gene expression. Methods: MSCs were extracted from Wistar rats bone marrow and then cultured and transplanted intravenously and intranasally in the control and epileptic groups. The brain was collected 1 and 7 days after transplantation to analyze gene expression. Results: The analysis showed that treated animals had greater gene expression, compared to animals not treated in the epileptic and control group, in both days and administration routes. Furthermore, epileptic animals that were not treated had a low or negative expression of the gene. The epileptic rats that were treated, on the other hand, had a marked increase in gene expression e in the prefrontal cortex. Conclusion: This up-regulation noted on the treated groups raises the hypothesis that MSCs would be using these channels to modify the microenvironment5 , intensifying Cav.3.1 transcription and contributing to tissue regeneration by neurodifferentiation6,7. This is supported by the increase in the calcium influx present in the early stages of neuronal maturation8,9. Thus, MSCs can modulate gene expression in the pilocarpine-induced animal’s brain, making Cav3.1 a target to be explored in epilepsy.
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Shobana, G., and S. Nikkath Bushra. "Drug Administration Route Classification using Machine Learning Models." In 2020 3rd International Conference on Intelligent Sustainable Systems (ICISS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciss49785.2020.9315975.
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Mendes, Pedro J., Joa˜o M. M. Sousa, and Joa˜o F. Pinto. "A Virtual Apparatus for Design and Testing of New Drug Formulations and Devices for Inhalation Therapy." In ASME 2007 2nd Frontiers in Biomedical Devices Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/biomed2007-38027.
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Delivery of drugs to the lungs as aerosols is regarded as an excellent route for local or systemic administration of drugs. Aerosols have been used traditionally for treating illnesses of the respiratory tract (e.g. asthma), but new perspectives and needs on inhalation therapy have recently emerged (e.g. insulin). The percentage of drug that reaches the targeted region, the so-called respirable fraction (RF), is in average only 30% of the dose provided to the patient. Thus, the development of more efficient formulations and devices remains an important issue.
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Jugl, Sebastian, Ruba Sajdeya, Melanie Buhlmann, Robert Cook, Joshua Brown, Almut Winterstein, and Amie Goodin. "Legalization of “smokable” medical marijuana was associated with significantly increased THC use per certified patient in the Florida medical marijuana program: An interrupted time series analysis." In 2021 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.01.000.51.
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Background/Objective: Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary psychoactive cannabinoid in cannabis. THC has potential therapeutic efficacy for some conditions but can lead to adverse drug events when used in higher concentrations. Higher concentrations are typical for smokable medical marijuana (MMJ) products which often contain 20 % THC or more. On March 18, 2019, Florida Senate Bill 182 (SB182) authorized cannabis flower for smoking. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of SB182 on the weekly dispensed amount of THC per certified MMJ patient in Florida. Methods: Data were obtained from the Florida Department of Health Office of Medical Marijuana Use (OMMU) weekly reports, which detailed aggregate MMJ utilization from 04/06/2018 (onset of reporting) until 03/13/2020 (onset of COVID-19 emergency orders). We calculated the weekly amount of dispensed THC per certified patient by summing the total weekly amount of THC in dispensed MMJ across all non-smokable and smokable routes of administration in the pre- and post-periods. These totals were divided by total certified MMJ patients in that week. Given the lack of information of THC content in smokable MMJ products in Florida, we calculated THC amounts using averages of THC concentrations in smokable products (10% and 20%) based on published estimates from other states with MMJ programs. Interrupted time series analysis without control was conducted by fitting a generalized least squares linear model to estimate changes in the overall trend and changes in the level after SB182. We used a phase-in period to allow for time between the first dispensed MMJ products in a form of smoking (3/22/2019), and measurable effects of SB182 (07/19/2019). Autocorrelation and moving averages were ruled out by using autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation plots. Results: In the scenario with 10% average THC in smokable products, SB182 led to a significant level increase of 35.1 mg (95% CI: 4.85-56.34 mg) in the weekly dispensed amount of THC per MMJ patient. This was an increase of roughly 10.7% compared to the estimated amount in the week before the phase-in period (328.20 mg). In the same scenario, a continuously increased trend of 2.23 mg per week (95% CI: 1.16-3.31 mg) was observed in the 35 weeks following SB182. In the second scenario (assumed 20% average THC in smokable products), SB182 was associated with a level increase of 138.4 mg (95% CI: 102.14-174.75 mg) in the weekly dispensed amount of THC per MMJ patient, which corresponds to an increase of 42.2%, compared to 328.20 mg, and a trend increase of 5.62 mg (95% CI: 4.33-5.61 mg) per week in the following 35 weeks from law implementation. Conclusion: The inclusion of smokable MMJ in the Florida MMJ program was associated with a significant increase of the weekly dispensed amount of THC per certified MMJ patient, by increasing the level, as well as the overall trend following law implementation. Further studies should investigate the potential health and safety impacts of increases in dispensed THC in MMJ programs.
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Jugl, Sebastian, Aimalohi Okpeku, Brianna Costales, Earl Morris, Golnoosh Alipour-Harris, Juan Hincapie-Castillo, Nichole Stetten, et al. "A Mapping Literature Review of Medical Cannabis Clinical Outcomes and Quality of Evidence in Approved Conditions in the United States, from 2016 to 2019." In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.25.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Medical cannabis is available to patients by physician order in two-thirds of the United States (U.S.) as of 2020, but remains classified as an illicit substance by federal law. States that permit medical cannabis ordered by a physician typically require a diagnosed medical condition that is considered qualifying by respective state law. Objectives: To identify and map the most recently (2016-2019) published clinical and scientific literature across approved conditions for medical cannabis, and to evaluate the quality of identified recent systematic reviews. Methods: Literature search was conducted from five databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, and ClinicalTrials.gov), with expansion and update from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s (NASEM) comprehensive evidence review through 2016 of the health effects of cannabis on several conditions. Following consultation with experts and stakeholders, 11 conditions were identified for evidence evaluation: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), autism, cancer, chronic pain, Crohn’s disease, epilepsy, glaucoma, HIV/AIDS, multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson’s disease, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The following exclusion criteria were imposed: preclinical focus, non-English language, abstracts only, editorials/commentary, case studies/series, and non-U.S. study setting. Data extracted from studies included: study design type, outcome, intervention, sample size, study setting, and reported effect size. Studies classified as systematic reviews with or without meta-analysis were graded using the AMSTAR-2 tool by two raters to evaluate the quality of evidence, with additional raters to resolve cases of evidence grade disagreement. Results: A total of 438 studies were included after screening. Five completed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified, and an additional 11 trials were ongoing, and 1 terminated. Cancer, chronic pain, and epilepsy were the most researched topic areas, representing more than two-thirds of all reviewed studies. The quality of evidence assessment for each condition suggests that few high-quality systematic reviews are available for most conditions, with the exceptions of MS, epilepsy, and chronic pain. In those areas, findings on chronic pain are mostly in alignment with the previous literature, suggesting that cannabis or cannabinoids are potentially beneficial in treating chronic neuropathic pain. In epilepsy, findings suggest that cannabidiol is potentially effective in reducing seizures in pediatric patients with drug-resistant Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut syndromes. In MS, recent high-quality systematic reviews did not include new RCTs, and are therefore not substantially expanding the evidence base. In sum, the most recent clinical evidence suggests that for most of the conditions assessed, we identified few studies of substantial rigor and quality to contribute to the evidence base. However, there are some conditions for which significant evidence suggests that select dosage forms and routes of administration likely have favorable risk-benefit ratios (i.e., epilepsy and chronic pain), with the higher quality of evidence for epilepsy driven by FDA-approved formulations for cannabis-based seizure treatments. Conclusion: The body of evidence for medical cannabis requires more rigorous evaluation before consideration as a treatment option for many conditions and evidence necessary to inform policy and treatment guidelines is currently insufficient for many conditions.
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Markopoulos, Evangelos, and Chrystalla Protopapa. "Machine Reading Comprehension and Expert System technologies for social innovation in the drug excipient selection process." In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003273.
Full textAbstract:
The growth of the global population together with several unpredicted crises such as political, health, and financial, create an environment of uncertainty in which social innovations can be developed to offer stability in people’s lives and create new business development opportunities for the benefit of the economy and the society. One of the undoubted rights of every human being is access to affordable medical treatment. However, the costs and time needed for research and development on new or specialized drugs are not often covered by governmental budgets and initiatives that could make such medicines accessible to all who needed them. Private companies invest tremendous amounts and expect returns on their investments. This gap, between the availability of a drug and its accessibility, created the social need for a generic drug market and the inspiration for advanced innovations to serve it. Research indicates that the price of brand-name drugs can drop up to 80% after the commercialization of a new generic which has the same action and can potentially replace them. The global generic drug market worth is expected to increase from $311.8 billion in 2021 to $442.3 billion in 2026. Excipients represent a market value of $4 billion, accounting for 0.5% of the total pharmaceutical market. The global market of AI was estimated at 43.1 billion in 2020 and is predicted to reach $228.3 billion by 2026 with a 32.7 % CAGR. On the other hand, the revenues of the AI Health market are projected to grow from $6.9 billion in 2021 to $67.4 billion in 2027 reaching $120.2 billion by 2028 with a CAGR of 45.3%.The choice of excipients in drug development is a critical and time-consuming process. Currently, excipients are chosen based on the route of administration, physicochemical characteristics, place of action, and the type of release of the active ingredient. The process involves many quality control tests on the drug such as fragility, dissolution, disintegration, dosage uniformity, and stability, which are repeated when the excipient changes. This laborious and time-consuming process considers a massive number of existing excipients categorized into different functional groups used for different purposes.This paper addresses this challenge and introduces an approach to resolve it using Artificial Intelligence for social innovation in the formulation development industry. Specifically, the paper presents an Expert system (ES) based software architecture to facilitate assess and utilize drug-excipient relationship data scattered in various forms of documentation and/or scientific literature. The inference engine of the ES operates with rule base and case-based reasoning powered by Machine Reading Comprehension (MRC) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) technologies that populate and enrich the knowledge base. The MRC and NLP technologies interpret existing drug formulations and propose potential new drug formulations, based on its physicochemical characteristics.According to research results, the time to introduce a generic drug can be reduced by 30% if there is an indicative formulation to start the process. The eight months gained can be used to market the product. This is a significant amount of time that reduces research and development costs, reduces the time to market, and increases productivity and operations efficiency. The research conducted is based on an extensive literature review, primary research with surveys and interviews but also with the analysis of several case studies to indicate the need for the proposed technology and support the system architecture design. Furthermore, the paper presents the pre and post-condition for adopting such technology, highlights research limitations, and identifies areas of further research to be conducted for the optimization of the technology and its contribution to the global economy and society.
Reports on the topic "Drug administration routes"
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Canellas, Joao Vitor, Fabio Ritto, and Paul Tiwana. Comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacological interventions to reduce inflammatory complications after mandibular third molar surgery: a systematic review and network meta-analysis protocol. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.7.0069.
Full textAbstract:
Review question / Objective: This systematic review aims to compare the effects of different drugs to reduce postoperative inflammatory complications (pain, edema, and trismus) after mandibular third molar surgery by applying a frequentist network meta-analysis approach. To this end, the proposed study will answer the following questions: 1) Among diverse drugs currently available, which postoperative pharmacological regimen is the most efficient to reduce pain after mandibular third molar surgery? 2) Is the pre-emptive analgesia effective in reducing pain immediately after the mandibular third molar surgery? In this case, 3) Which preoperative pharmacological regimen is the most efficient? 4) Among diverse corticosteroids currently available, what is the best option to control the edema induced by the surgery? 5) What is the optimal dose and route of administration of corticosteroids prior to mandibular third molar surgery to control the pain/ edema induced by the surgery? Condition being studied: Inflammatory complications after mandibular third molar surgery (Pain, edema, and trismus).