Journal articles on the topic 'Drug abuse surveys'
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1
Melanson, Stacy E. F., Leland Baskin, Barbarajean Magnani, Tai C. Kwong, Annabel Dizon, and Alan H. B. Wu. "Interpretation and Utility of Drug of Abuse Immunoassays: Lessons From Laboratory Drug Testing Surveys." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 134, no. 5 (May 1, 2010): 735–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/134.5.735.
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Abstract Context.—To assist with patient diagnosis and management, physicians from pain services, drug treatment programs, and the emergency department frequently request that urine be tested for drugs of abuse. However, urine immunoassays for drugs of abuse have limitations. Objective.—To use data from the College of American Pathologists Proficiency Testing Surveys to determine and summarize the characteristics, performance, and limitations of urine immunoassays for drugs of abuse. Design.—Six years of urine drug testing proficiency surveys were reviewed. Results.—Lysergic acid diethylamide and methaqualone are infrequently prescribed or abused and, therefore, testing may be unnecessary. However, implementation of more specific testing for methylenedioxymethamphetamine and oxycodone may be warranted. Each drug of abuse immunoassay exhibits a different cross-reactivity profile. Depending on the cross-reactivity profile, patients with clinically insignificant concentrations of drugs may have false-positive results, and patients with clinically significant concentrations of drugs may have false-negative results. Conclusions.—Laboratory directors should be aware of the characteristics of their laboratories' assays and should communicate these characteristics to physicians so that qualitative results can be interpreted more accurately. Furthermore, manufacturer's claims should be interpreted with caution and should be verified in each organization's patient population, if possible.
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Rees, Terry D. "Oral Effects of Drug Abuse." Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine 3, no. 3 (April 1992): 163–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10454411920030030101.
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Drug abuse is a major problem in the U.S. and most other countries of the world today. Many studies, surveys, and case reports have described the adverse social and medical effects of drug abuse; yet surprisingly little is known about the specific effects of many of these drugs in the oral cavity. This article reviews the current state of knowledge concerning the systemic and oral effects of drugs of abuse and the dental management of addicted patients.
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Krasowski, Matthew D., Gwendolyn A. McMillin, Stacy E. F. Melanson, Annabel Dizon, Barbarajean Magnani, and Christine L. H. Snozek. "Interpretation and Utility of Drug of Abuse Screening Immunoassays: Insights From Laboratory Drug Testing Proficiency Surveys." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 144, no. 2 (July 17, 2019): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2018-0562-cp.
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Context.— Urine drug testing is frequently ordered by health care providers. Immunoassays are widely used for drug testing, yet have potential limitations, including variable cross-reactivity. The last decade has seen worsening of a prescription drug abuse epidemic. Objective.— To use data from a College of American Pathologists proficiency testing survey, Urine Drug Testing, Screening, to determine and summarize the characteristics, performance, and limitations of immunoassays. Design.— Seven years of proficiency surveys were reviewed (2011–2017). Results.— Rapid growth was seen in participant volumes for specific immunoassays for synthetic opioids (eg, buprenorphine, fentanyl, oxycodone) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“ecstasy”). Participant volumes remained high for immunoassays targeting less commonly abused drugs such as barbiturates and phencyclidine. For opiate immunoassays, the number of laboratories using a 2000 ng/mL positive cutoff remained stable, and an increasing number adopted a 100 ng/mL cutoff. Opiate and amphetamine immunoassays showed high variability in cross-reactivity for drugs other than the assay calibrator. Assays targeting a single drug or metabolite generally performed well on drug challenges. Conclusions.— Survey results indicate strong clinical interest in urine drug testing and some adoption of new assays. However, urine drug testing availability does not parallel prevailing patterns of drug prescribing and abuse patterns. In particular, specific immunoassays for synthetic opioids and a lower positive cutoff for opiate immunoassays may be underused, whereas immunoassays for barbiturates, methadone, propoxyphene, and phencyclidine may be overused. Laboratories are encouraged to review their test menu, cutoffs, and assay performance and adjust their test offerings based on clinical needs and technical capabilities.
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Bailey, Megan Linnea, Shelby Wasson, and Brilynn Roberts. "Increasing Awareness of Substance Abuse and Addictions: Does Early Childhood Drug Education Provide Diversion from Using Drugs and/or Alcohol?" IU Journal of Undergraduate Research 4, no. 1 (December 16, 2018): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/iujur.v4i1.24553.
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According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, 70 percent of adolescents have experimented with alcohol, while 20 percent have experimented with prescription drugs before their senior year in high school. Alcohol and drug abuse has become a nationwide problem. A small rural community in southern Indiana reports that almost 12 percent of its population uses drugs daily. The authors hypothesize that current school-based alcohol and drug curriculums are not robust enough to divert risky behavior during adolescence. Surveys were administered to residents living in two separate transitional homes for people with addiction. The surveys consisted of questions regarding drug and alcohol abuse related to childhood education. The process was completed using a descriptive study. Participants in the study (n = 17) revealed valuable information confirming their rationales for substance abuse. Overwhelmingly, all participants agreed that drug education needs to be available in early childhood education. As substance abuse escalates, so must our efforts to research and understand the problem. The examination of current adolescent drug and alcohol prevention programs isessential to help promote program evaluation and in identifying potential education needs for our youth.
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Klingner, Donald, Gary Roberts, and Valerie L. Patterson. "The Miami Coalition Surveys of Employee Drug Use and Attitudes: A Five-Year Retrospective (1989–1993)." Public Personnel Management 27, no. 2 (June 1998): 201–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102609802700207.
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Employees of many businesses and government agencies in metropolitan Miami (Dade County, Florida) took five voluntary annual surveys (1989–1993) regarding their attitudes toward and use of drugs. The Workplace Drug Survey data indicated three positive conclusions about employee drug use and attitudes for Dade employees. Overall, reported illicit drug abuse rates are low when compared with national norms, and most employees know that their employer has a policy on alcohol and drug abuse. Employers also refer employees with drug or alcohol problems to an Employee Assistance Program (EAP). This demonstrates the effective information campaign conducted by the Miami Coalition. In addition, these results are likely to be representative of major Dade County employers, public and private.
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Newcomb, Michael D. "Prevalence of Alcohol and other Drug Use on the Job: Cause for Concern or Irrational Hysteria?" Journal of Drug Issues 24, no. 3 (July 1994): 403–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269402400303.
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There is widespread fear, concern, and apprehension regarding the problems associated with alcohol and other drug abuse in the workplace. Serious tragedies caused by drug use on the job, such as the Exxon Valdez, have created an hysteria that such behavior is common and that intoxicated employees are pervasive in the workforce. While there are few doubts that using drugs in the workplace may have serious consequences, the true extent of such behavior is poorly documented. Prevalence data for drug use on the job are found in three sources: perceptions of supervisors and employers; reports of such behavior from those in treatment for drug abuse; and general community or workforce surveys. The first two sources of data confirm the hysteria that drug abuse on the job is rampant and out of control. However, these estimates are biased and untrustworthy. In general population surveys, a wide range of estimates are found, although most report the prevalence of drug use on the job at 10% or less; being high on the job occurs more often, but regular use of drugs in the workplace is quite rare. Therefore, the general hysteria regarding the presumed pervasive abuse of drugs on the job is unfounded, although any abuse of drugs in the workplace by those in sensitive positions can have grave and deadly consequences.
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Shul’gina, Elena V. "The Current Substance Abuse Trends in Russia and the West." Sociologicheskaja nauka i social naja praktika 7, no. 4 (2019): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/snsp.2019.7.4.6811.
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This paper selects and analyzes the key trends of current substance abuse that are most widespread in western European countries, the USA, Canada, and Russia, while also reviewing their differences and similarities. Foreign case studies, along with the results of analyzing the most prominent trends of substance abuse, must be accounted for when designing the optimal and most efficient measures for impacting the current drug abuse situation and eliminating its negative consequences. This paper examines the motivations and factors that encourage substance abuse; the phenomenon of substance abuse normalization; and the problems with identifying modern drug addicts that may arise as they try to adapt their behavior. The paper is based on a secondary analysis of several surveys among the working-age population (2013, 2016, 2017), as well as a college youth survey, entitled “The Student Lifestyle: Behavior Risks” (Ivanovo, Krasnodar, Moscow, Rybinsk, Chita, Yaroslavl). All of the above studies were conducted by the deviant behavior sociology sector of the RAS Federal Sociology Research Center. In addition, we considered surveys of college students in the USA and students in higher education in Canada. The analysis shows that: the age of first drug use is shifting upwards, which signifies that people are consciously deciding to consume addictive substances as mature individuals; there is an emerging trend of people aged 50 and over being introduced to addictive substances; the most popular motivation for consuming such substances is hedonism, i.e. the desire for pleasure; the attitude towards substance abuse is growing more and more tolerant, as introduction to recreational psychoactive drugs is becoming a fact of life and drug use is being integrated into society; modern substance abuse patterns still remain largely latent. We also consider foreign researchers’ insights, which warrant attention as we analyze the situation regarding substance abuse in Russian society and work on an effective anti-drug and addiction prevention policy.
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Kabir, SM Humayun, Muhammad Abdul Kayum Shaikh, Masud Ahmed, Masuda Begum, Farzana Zafreen, and Atiqul Haq Mazumder. "Socio-demographic Characteristics of Drug Abusers Attending a De-addiction Center in Dhaka." Journal of Armed Forces Medical College, Bangladesh 14, no. 2 (March 10, 2020): 113–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v14i2.45887.
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Introduction: Drug addiction is a social curse involving all classes of people for ages. Not only it increases individuals morbidity and mortality but also creates social unrest and reduces the national productivity frequent assessment surveys have provided insights into the pattern and required responses.
Objectives: To assess the sociodemographic profile of drug addicts admitted in a prominent drugs deaddiction centre of Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study carried out on 158 admitted patients in Thikana Psychiatric/ Drug de-addiction clinic, from October 2014 to September 2015. A predesigned questionnaire used in evaluating the patients by two or more sittings face-to-face interviews.
Results: Amongst 158 patients, 94.30% were male and 62.0% were in the age group of 21-30 years with a mean age of 26.46 + 6.168 years. Majority (60.8%) patients were married and 48.7% had education up to higher secondary level, 29.1% were unemployed and 27.2% students. About 36.7% were spending between 101- 500 Taka/day and 65.8% arrange money for drugs by themselves. The reason behind starting drug abuse was mainly peer pressure (49.4%) followed by curiosity (26.6%). The mean age of starting drug was 19.42 + 7.68 years and 68.35% were addicted to the drug for the period between 1-5 years. Only 4.4% had positive family history of drug abuse. Regarding route of drug abuse, ingestion was most popular (55.1%) and only 8.9% participants were using injectable route. Amongst abused drugs, Amphetamine (Yaba) was most popular among the female (77.7%) and students (21.5%).
Conclusion: Drug abuse cripples the individual, the family, the society and finally the nation. Since younger generations most affected by the drug abuse, it is prudent to evolve and apply preventive, curative and rehabilitative strategies before it is too late.
Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.14 (2) 2018: 113-115
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White, PhD, Alan G., Joseph LeCates, PhD, Howard G. Birnbaum, PhD, Wendy Cheng, MPH, MPhil, Carl L. Roland, PharmD, MS, and Jack Mardekian, PhD. "Positive subjective measures in abuse liability studies and real-world nonmedical use: Potential impact of abuse-deterrent opioids on rates of nonmedical use and associated healthcare costs." Journal of Opioid Management 11, no. 3 (May 1, 2015): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jom.2015.0269.
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Objective: To quantify the potential impact of reductions in positive subjective measures from human abuse liability studies on real-world rates of nonmedical use of prescription drugs and associated healthcare resource utilization and costs.Design: Positive subjective endpoints “overall drug liking,” in-the-moment “drug liking,” and “drug high” Emaxs (peak effects) were recorded from published studies. Nonmedical use data were obtained from the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) and Drug Abuse Warning Network surveys. Multivariate regressions evaluated the association between the positive subjective endpoints and nonmedical use rates, controlling for prescription volume, whether the drug is an opioid, and controlled substance schedule. A published budget-impact model was used to assess healthcare resource utilization and cost impacts of abuse-deterrent opioid formulations.Results: A five-point reduction in overall drug liking/drug liking/drug high Emax was associated with a 0.25/0.10/0.05 (standard errors: 0.11/0.12/0.07) percentage point decrease in the NSDUH lifetime nonmedical use rates. Those decreases yielded a 11.3/4.2/2.1 percent reduction compared to the samples’ lifetime nonmedical use rates of 2.21/2.38/2.36 percent. On the basis of a number of assumptions, these reductions were associated with private payer cost reductions for a morphine and oxycodone abuse-deterrent formulation in the ranges of $147.9-324.1 million and $230.7-958.7 million, respectively.Conclusions: Reductions in overall drug liking were significantly associated with reduced real-world nonmedical use, healthcare utilization, and costs. Associations using drug high and drug liking were directionally consistent with this finding though not statistically significant. A reduction in positive subjective measures associated with an abuse-deterrent formulation has potential to reduce abuse and associated healthcare utilization and costs.
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Cameron, Paul, Thomas Landess, and Kirk Cameron. "Homosexual Sex as Harmful as Drug Abuse, Prostitution, or Smoking." Psychological Reports 96, no. 3_suppl (June 2005): 915–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.96.3c.915-961.
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In 2003, the U.S. Supreme Court said same-sex sexual activity could not be prohibited by law. Analyzing data from the 1996 National Household Survey of Drug Abuse ( N = 12,381) and comparing those who engaged in four recreational activities—homosexual sex, illegal drug use, participation in prostitution, and smoking—against those who abstained, participants (1) were more frequently disruptive (e.g., more frequently criminal, drove under the influence of drugs or alcohol, used illegal drugs, took sexual risks), (2) were less frequently productive (e.g., less frequently had children in marriage, more frequently missed work), and (3) generated excessive costs (e.g., more promiscuous, higher consumers of medical services). Major sexuality surveys have reported similar findings for homosexuals. Societal discrimination inadequately accounts for these differences since parallel comparisons of black and white subsamples produced a pattern unlike the differences found between homosexuals and nonhomosexuals.
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Parihar, Sachin Singh, and Anwesha Ghosh. "An overview of drug abuse in India: A study." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Comprehensive Research 2, no. 5 (2023): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54660/ijmcr.2023.2.5.38-46.
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Drug abuse is a pressing global issue with far-reaching social, economic, and health consequences. This study provides a comprehensive overview of drug abuse in India, shedding light on the prevalence, trends, contributing factors, and impact of this growing problem. India, with its vast population and diverse cultural and socioeconomic landscape, faces unique challenges in addressing drug abuse. Our research draws from a wide range of sources, including government reports, academic studies, and surveys conducted across the country. The findings reveal, drug abuse in India has escalated significantly over the past few decades, affecting individuals of all age groups and backgrounds. Factors contributing to this surge include changing social norms, increased urbanization, economic disparities, and the availability of a wide range of substances. While traditional drugs like alcohol and tobacco remain prominent, the abuse of prescription medications, synthetic drugs, and opioids is on the rise. The result of drug abuse in India encompass not only health-related issues but also social and economic burdens, including crime, unemployment, and strained healthcare resources. Our study emphasizes the urgency of implementing comprehensive prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation programs, as well as policy reforms, to address this complex issue and mitigate its adverse effects on Indian society.
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Okoduwa, H. J., O. B. Aladeniyi, and O. A. Famose. "APPLICATION OF RANDOMIZED RESPONSE TECHNIQUE ON A SURVEY OF DRUG ABUSE AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS IN NIGERIA." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 8, no. 3 (June 30, 2024): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2024-0803-2539.
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This study investigated the efficacy of the Randomized Response Technique (RRT) in addressing the challenge of underreporting in surveys related to drug abuse in Nigerian Universities. Recognizing the inherent social stigma and confidentially concerns associated with self-disclosure, the RRT is employed as a methodological strategy to elicit more accurate and truthful responses. The research assessed the feasibility and effectiveness of the RRT in uncovering the prevalence and patterns of drug abuse among survey undergraduate students of the Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. Estimate-adjusted proportion was used to ascertain the drug abuse prevalence while the chi-square test proved to be the most suitable statistic for comparing the relationship between the variables. Confidence interval was used to determine the range in which the true prevalence lied. It was deduced that the proportion of drug abuse among undergraduates using the RRT is 0.3907 which amounts to 39% of the population. Additionally, 64% believed that peer pressure proved to be a strong contributing factor to drug abuse among this population group. While there was no significant relationship between drug abuse and the students’ allowance. Consequently, efforts that aimed at empowering undergraduates in the universities or higher schools of learning against drug abuse should be vigorously pursued by the government and other stakeholders to eradicate or reduce this menace called drug abuse.
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Pascale, Pietro J., and Joseph Sylvester. "Trend Analyses of Four Large-Scale Surveys of High School Drug Use 1977–1986." Journal of Drug Education 18, no. 3 (September 1988): 221–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/25xg-vve3-jw77-25cx.
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The purpose of this study was to analyze the trends for almost a decade of self report drug survey data collected from high school students. Four large-scale surveys were conducted at three-year intervals beginning in 1977. The four cohort samples consisted of eleventh grade students from area high schools in Northeast Ohio. Frequency of usage, reason for taking drugs, and perceived harmfulness of fourteen categories of drugs are presented. Sex differences in drug use and perceived harmfulness are reported. The most recent survey questionnaire in 1986 also included several questions about smokeless tobacco use. It is important for researchers to be continuously vigilant in the assessment of the drug abuse problem since intervention and prevention strategies follow closely the sociodynamics of age, sex, knowledge of health risk factors, type of drug being used, and reason for taking drugs. The collection of trend data is essential in providing “benchmark” guides for the interpretation of single survey results [1]. Wolford and Swisher have indicated that knowledge of trends is useful in planning and developing drug programs [2].
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Ødegård, Einar, Anne Line Bretteville-Jensen, and Astrid Skretting. "Article." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 19, no. 2 (April 2002): 106–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507250201900208.
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Einar Ødegård & Anne Line Bretteville-Jensen & Astrid Skretting: The development of drug abuse in Norway in the 1990s This article aims to shed light on the development of drug abuse in Norway during the 1990s. The data come from various different sources, including questionnaire studies as well as other data sets describing the extent of drug abuse in the country. There has been a marked increase in drug abuse during the 1990s. Data from annual youth surveys in 1990 to 1995 indicate that between 8 and 10 per cent of youths aged 15–20 had ever used cannabis, whereas the figure during the latter half of the decade was substantially higher at 18–19 per cent. Surveys in the whole population also point at an increase from 1991 through to 1999: in 1991 the proportion indicating they had ever used cannabis was 8.2%, by 1999 the figure had risen to 12.5%. Furthermore, a simple cohort analysis clearly indicates that large numbers are continuing to use cannabis: the figures are also rising in older age groups. With the growing prevalence of cannabis use in younger age groups we may therefore expect to see increasing numbers of regular and frequent cannabis users in the whole population as well. Drug seizures by the police and customs have increased sharply during the latter half of the 1990s: this applies not only to amphetamine and ecstasy but also cocaine and LSD. This is supported by the results of annual questionnaire surveys among youths, who are reporting a marked increase in the use of these types of drugs. In the early 1990s around 1% of youths in the age group 15–20 said they had ever used amphetamine. This figure remained more or less unchanged through to the mid-1990s. However by the end of the decade around 4% said they had used amphetamine. The data from youth surveys furthermore indicate that there is considerable overlap in the use of amphetamine and ecstasy. In this material the sharpest increase is recorded in the proportion of those indicating they have used both amphetamine and ecstasy. There are several indicators which describe the extent of heroin abuse. All these indicators show that there has been a sharp increase in heroin abuse during the 1990s. A simple mortality analysis suggests that the number of heroin abusers has doubled over the past decade. Drug abuse has also spread markedly both in relation to age groups and geographically: today the problem is by no means limited to any specific age group, nor just to a few major cities.
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Wa Teresia, John Ndikaru. "Effects of Drug Abuse in Schools and Homes in Kenya." East African Journal of Arts and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (October 5, 2021): 170–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajass.3.1.428.
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The intensity of drug abuse has been a major concern in recent years. It has invaded homes, schools, and workplaces, affecting individuals of all ages and classes (UNDCP, 1992). According to the World Drug Report 2007, approximately 200 million people, about 5% of the world’s population aged between 15 and 64 years, have used drugs at least once in the previous months. According to surveys of adolescent students in Nova Scotia in Canada, carried out in 1991 and 1996, over one-fifth (21.9%) of the students reported having used alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis. The researcher used a survey study. The respondents were drawn from stratified regions. The selected regions were Coast, Nyanza, and Nairobi. The schools sampled were registered with the ministry of education science and technology. They were categorized into national, county, and sub-county schools, boys and girls, mixed boarding, and mixed schools. Questionnaire and in-depth interviews were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data from students and teachers.
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Wa Teresia, John Ndikaru. "Effects of Drug Abuse in Schools and Homes in Kenya." East African Journal of Arts and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (October 5, 2021): 170–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajass.3.1.428.
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The intensity of drug abuse has been a major concern in recent years. It has invaded homes, schools, and workplaces, affecting individuals of all ages and classes (UNDCP, 1992). According to the World Drug Report 2007, approximately 200 million people, about 5% of the world’s population aged between 15 and 64 years, have used drugs at least once in the previous months. According to surveys of adolescent students in Nova Scotia in Canada, carried out in 1991 and 1996, over one-fifth (21.9%) of the students reported having used alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis. The researcher used a survey study. The respondents were drawn from stratified regions. The selected regions were Coast, Nyanza, and Nairobi. The schools sampled were registered with the ministry of education science and technology. They were categorized into national, county, and sub-county schools, boys and girls, mixed boarding, and mixed schools. Questionnaire and in-depth interviews were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data from students and teachers.
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van Valey, Thomas L., David Hartmann, and William Post. "The Impact of Schools Self-Administering Substance Abuse Surveys: An Evaluation." Journal of Drug Education 35, no. 4 (December 2005): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/1a69-dp80-9vuk-61m0.
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The literature suggests that administering drug surveys to public school students is best done by persons outside of the school system (or at least unfamiliar to the students). This is the approach used by the long-time Monitoring the Future project. Because of the increased costs that administration by outside research associates requires (both time and transportation), we decided to design an experiment that would compare it to administration by school personnel. Six school systems were split, and 3756 surveys were administered, about half by outside research associates and half by school personnel. The results indicate that there were minimal and non-significant differences between the two groups. On the basis of these results, we draw the conclusion that school personnel are able to administer survey instruments without affecting the quality of the results and, thus, that school districts may safely use such data in the evaluation of their drug education and drug prevention programs.
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Cohen, Deborah A., and Kathryn L. P. Linton. "Parent Participation in an Adolescent Drug Abuse Prevention Program." Journal of Drug Education 25, no. 2 (June 1995): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/pcyv-ntfh-dy0v-euly.
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This study reports the level of participation of parents in a parent-targeted school-based drug prevention program, the differences between students whose parents participate and those who don't, and the implications for involving parents in future drug prevention programs. Among 1761 eligible seventh grade families, 1263 students (72%) and 1142 parents (65%) completed surveys assessing the quality of parent-child relationships as well as tobacco and alcohol use. Ten percent of eligible families attended at least one of the evening sessions. Compared to students whose parents completed the survey, students whose parents did not complete a survey were more likely to report they used tobacco, had more friends who used substances, were monitored less by their parents, had more risk-taking behaviors, had lower grade-point averages, and their parents had higher rates of tobacco and alcohol use. Parents who attended evening sessions had the lowest rates of tobacco use and reported spending the most time with their children. Parent-targeted drug preventions programs may stigmatize attending parents and may be unlikely to attract the highest risk families.
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Nurapandi, Adi, Intan Nur Faridah, Dandi Zaenal Mutaqin, Irma Nurinayyah, Deti Martia Ningsih, Picki Hanief Assifa, Rana, Moh Akmal Dzulfikar, and Iif Taufiq El Haque. "Kampanye No Drugs Untuk Mencegah Resiko Penularan HIV/AIDS." KOLABORASI JURNAL PENGABDIAN MASYARAKAT 2, no. 6 (December 2, 2022): 432–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.56359/kolaborasi.v2i6.89.
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Introduction: Drug abuse is closely related to crime, traffic accidents and is currently at the stage of transmission of the HIV/AIDS virus. The sharp increase in HIV prevalence among injecting drug users is caused by the use of unsterile needles and syringes coupled with the practice of group injection. Various efforts to control and prevent drugs and HIV/AIDS have been carried out, one of which is to empower the potential and knowledge of youth through youth organizations. Objective: to implement and increase knowledge to be directly and actively involved in the prevention of drug abuse and eradication in order to avoid and prevent the risk of HIV-AIDS transmission. Method: The methodology used is that this consultation is based on strategy, implementation and action, and ends with an assessment conducted at the end of the update, using the number of surveys available to the community according to the required survey needs. Result: The implementation of socialization of the dangers of drugs and the risk of HIV-AIDS to Wibawa Mukti youth organizations in Ciharalang village gave significant results because increasing youth knowledge about the dangers of injecting drugs has a role in encouraging the participation of all elements of the local community to avoid drug use. Conclussion: The implementation of socialization of the dangers of drugs and the risk of hiv-aids to youth youth organizations in the village of ciharalang gave significant results because increasing youth knowledge about the dangers of injecting drug abuse has a role in encouraging the participation of all elements of the local community to avoid drug use.
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Manchikanti, Laxmaiah. "Therapeutic Use, Abuse, and Nonmedical Use of Opioids: A Ten-Year Perspective." Pain Physician 5;13, no. 5;9 (September 14, 2010): 401–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2010/13/401.
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The treatment of chronic pain, therapeutic opioid use and abuse, and the nonmedical use of prescription drugs have been topics of intense focus and debate. After the liberalization of laws governing opioid prescribing for the treatment of chronic non-cancer pain by state medical boards in the late 1990s, and with the introduction of new pain management standards implemented by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) in 2000, opioids, in general, and the most potent forms of opioids including Schedule II drugs, in particular, have dramatically increased. Despite the escalating use and abuse of therapeutic opioids, nearly 15 to 20 years later the scientific evidence for the effectiveness of opioids for chronic non-cancer pain remains unclear. Concerns continue regarding efficacy; problematic physiologic effects such as hyperalgesia, hypogonadism and sexual dysfunction; and adverse side effects – especially the potential for misuse and abuse – and the increase in opioid-related deaths. Americans, constituting only 4.6% of the world’s population, have been consuming 80% of the global opioid supply, and 99% of the global hydrocodone supply, as well as two-thirds of the world’s illegal drugs. Retail sales of commonly used opioid medications (including methadone, oxycodone, fentanyl base, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, morphine, meperidine, and codeine) have increased from a total of 50.7 million grams in 1997 to 126.5 million grams in 2007. This is an overall increase of 149% with increases ranging from 222% for morphine, 280% for hydrocodone, 319% for hydromorphone, 525% for fentanyl base, 866% for oxycodone, to 1,293% for methadone. Average sales of opioids per person have increased from 74 milligrams in 1997 to 369 milligrams in 2007, a 402% increase. Surveys of nonprescription drug abuse, emergency department visits for prescription controlled drugs, unintentional deaths due to prescription controlled substances, therapeutic use of opioids, and opioid abuse have been steadily rising. This manuscript provides an updated 10-year perspective on therapeutic use, abuse, and nonmedical use of opioids and their consequences. Key words: Controlled prescription drug abuse, opioid abuse, opioid misuse, nonmedical use of psychotherapeutic drugs, nonmedical use of opioids, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University
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McAuliffe, William E., Richard LaBrie, Ryan Woodworth, and Caroline Zhang. "Estimates of Potential Bias in Telephone Substance Abuse Surveys Due to Exclusion of Households without Telephones." Journal of Drug Issues 32, no. 4 (October 2002): 1139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204260203200409.
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This article reports estimates of the bias that may result in telephone substance abuse surveys because of the noncoverage of households without telephones. The study analyzed 1995–1998 data from the face-to-face National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. Residents of households with telephones reported less drug use, less dependence on drugs and alcohol, but more alcohol use than residents of households without telephones. The resulting percentage differences between respondents with telephones and respondents in all households averaged one tenth of a percent (0.1%), and ratios of percentage estimates for all households to households with telephones averaged 1.04. The bias varied by substance, time frame, use versus dependence, and demographic characteristics. For example, use of marijuana ever had less bias than past year cocaine dependence. American Indians/Alaska Natives had the greatest amount of potential bias. For most populations and policy objectives, it may not be worth the added expense of conducting supplementary face-to-face interviews with residents of households without telephones in order to eliminate the bias.
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Faiza, Bashir, Hassan Mehmood, Sumera Naz, and Saima Naz. "Prevalence and Determinants of Substance Abuse Among Slum Dwellers in Islamabad- Pakistan." International Journal of Translational Medical Research and Public Health 3, no. 2 (December 14, 2019): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21106/ijtmrph.85.
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Background: The slums are illegal settlements and are always left out in health surveys. However, studies around the world show that substance or drug abuse is higher among slum dwellers and may have different patterns and determinants which need to be studied in order to frame targeted programs and policies. The present study was aimed at estimating the magnitude as well as determinants of substance/drug abuse among slum dwellers in Islamabad, the capital city of Pakistan.
Methodology: This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among the residents of slums/nomadic settlements of Islamabad. A total of 207 statistically calculated sample size comprised of adults from both genders aged 15 years and above, consenting to participate from the randomly selected 9 clusters in Islamabad was needed for the study. From each cluster, 23 households, and from each household one individual was randomly selected for estimating the prevalence. All those who were abusing substances were counted as cases and others as controls for case-control analysis. A structured questionnaire was used to gather information on demographics, trends, types of substances abused, risk factors for getting engaged in substance abuse, whether they had tried to quit at any stage and what difficulties they faced when trying to quit. Results were entered and analyzed using Epi-info version 7.2.
Results: A total of 204 participants were enrolled in this study. Among these 68 (33%) were substance or drug abusers. For the case-control study, substance/drug users were considered as cases 68 and rest as controls. Bivariate analysis of the risk factors indicated that easy of availability of drugs in slum areas (OR: 20.3, p= 0.000); exposure to tobacco smoking (OR: 8.8, p= 0.000); and being a working child (OR: 6.0, p= 0.000) were the strong predictors of high substance abuse. Education (OR: 0.2, p= 0.000) and living with own parents during childhood (OR: 0.7 p= 0.2) had protective effects against substance abuse.
Conclusion and Implications for Translation: The study concludes that the following were the determinants of substance/drug abuse among the slum dwellers in the study: easy availability due to unregulated sales of drugs, high rate of tobacco consumption, poverty, low level of literacy, and being a working-child. Specific policies and plans focused on law enforcement for curbing the illegal drug sales and reduction of child labor along with the provision of education should be devised and implemented to help these neglected communities and modify the determinants.
Key words: • Substance abuse • Drug abuse • Slum dwellers • Case-control • Islamabad • Pakistan
Copyright © 2019 Faiza et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Surratt, PhD, Hilary L., James A. Inciardi, PhD, and Steven P. q. Kurtz, PhD. "Prescription opioid abuse among drug-involved street-based sex workers." Journal of Opioid Management 2, no. 5 (September 1, 2006): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jom.2006.0042.
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National population surveys and individual studies over the past decade have documented the escalating abuse of a variety of prescription medications, particularly prescription opioids. Although surveillance data provide important information for estimating the prevalence of prescription opioid abuse in the general population, studies documenting the patterns of prescription drug abuse among chronic street-drug-using populations are extremely rare. This paper examines the abuse of prescription opioids among drug-involved street-based sex workers in Miami, Florida. The data for this study were drawn from an ongoing HIV intervention trial initiated in 2001, designed to test the relative effectiveness of two alternative HIV prevention protocols for this population. Participants in the study were recruited through traditional targeted sampling strategies, and complete data are available on 588 street-based sex workers. In terms of prescription drug abuse, 12.2 percent of the sample reported using at least one opioid analgesic in the past 90 days without having a legitimate prescription. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations between prescription opioid abuse and its predictors. In the multivariate model, factors positively associated with prescription opioid abuse included: Caucasian race (OR = 2.53; 95 percent CI 1.30 to 4.91), current powder cocaine use (OR = 2.28; 95 percent CI 1.28 to 4.08), current heroin use (OR = 2.08; 95 percent CI 1.10 to 3.92), 90-day physical abuse/victimization (OR = 2.07; 95 percent CI 1.18 to 3.61), and shorter sex-work involvement (OR = 1.98; 95 percent CI 1.13 to 3.48). In contrast, daily crack smoking was negatively associated with prescription opioid abuse (OR = 0.61; 95 percent CI 0.33 to 1.10). This study provides some of the first empirical evidence to indicate that prescription opioid abuse is emerging in a heretofore unstudied community of marginalized drug-using sex workers. In addition, data on this population’s mechanisms of access to prescription opioids clearly suggest that there is an active black market for these drugs. These findings warrant intensive study to determine the relative contribution of each mechanism of diversion to the illicit market.
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NYAMATHI, ADELINE, DOUGLAS LONGSHORE, COLLEEN KEENAN, JANNA LESSER, and BARBARA D. LEAKE. "Childhood Predictors of Daily Substance Use among Homeless Women of Different Ethnicities." American Behavioral Scientist 45, no. 1 (September 2001): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00027640121957006.
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The objective of this study was to describe associations between childhood factors and adult daily substance use profiles among homeless women and to identify independent predictors of daily substance use for the overall sample and for ethnic/acculturation subgroups. Structured surveys were administered to 1,331 homeless women in Los Angeles who were either daily drug and alcohol users for the past 6 months or nondaily substance users. Physical abuse and parental drug abuse predicted daily drug use in the whole sample and selected subgroups, whereas parental alcohol abuse predicted daily alcohol use in the whole sample. Teen self-esteem was also found to have a protective effect on daily alcohol use for the sample and for African American women. Negative peer influence in adolescence predicted daily drug use among high-acculturated Latinas. In summary, childhood abuse, parental substance use, and negative peer influence affect important roles in homeless women's daily substance use.
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Jurgaitienė, Dalia, Apolinaras Zaborskis, and Linas Šumskas. "Prevalence of drug use among students of vocational schools in Klaipėda city, Lithuania, in 2004–2006." Medicina 45, no. 4 (June 21, 2008): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina45040038.
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The aim was to evaluate the prevalence and trends of drug use among students of vocational schools in Klaipėda city and to establish the relationships between psychosocial factors and drug abuse. Participants and methods. Two cross-sectional questionnaire surveys were carried out among first-year students of vocational schools in Klaipėda. Random samples of 912 and 342 students aged 16–19 years (representatives of Western part of Lithuania) were questioned in 2004 and 2006, respectively. Questionnaires were filled out anonymously in the classroom. Questions have covered information on drugs such as marihuana, club drugs, injectable drugs, and other drugs. Logistic regression was used for evaluation of relationship between drug use and different psychosocial and behavioral determinants of drug use. Results. In 2004, 56.0% of male respondents and 42.0% of female respondents have reported any drug use during their life. The analysis of standardized data (by the place of residence) showed an increase in the prevalence of drug use during 2004–2006: up to 65.5% in boys (P<0.05) and up to 44.0% in girls (P>0.05). Percentage of club drug users increased significantly in girls (from 21.5% to 29.8%; P=0.040) and exceeded the level of boys. The average number of drugs of different types used by boys changed slightly from 1.57 to 1.63 (P>0.05), but increased significantly in girls (from 1.49 to 1.88, P<0.001). The use of drugs was related to school location (graduates of Klaipėda schools used drugs more frequently), communication with friends who use drugs, participation in the parties where drugs are used, alcohol use, and smoking. In 2006 survey, more significant relationship between drug use and social and behavioral factors was observed. Conclusion. Several indicators of drug use showed a significant increase in drug abuse among students of vocational schools in Klaipėda during the period of 2004–2006. Multisectorial efforts and integrated preventive measures should be applied for the prevention of epidemics of drug use in Klaipėda city.
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Fendrich, Michael, Joseph S. Wislar, and Timothy P. Johnson. "The Utility of Debriefing Questions in a Household Survey on Drug Abuse." Journal of Drug Issues 33, no. 2 (April 2003): 267–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204260303300201.
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Since subjects are often uncomfortable disclosing sensitive information, questions gauging respondent reaction to survey questions about drug abuse may aid in the interpretation of responses. Such debriefing questions can be worded subjectively, i.e., asking subjects about their own reactions to questions, or projectively, i.e., asking subjects about their perceptions of the reactions of others to questions. Using data from a study employing both types of debriefing questions, we examined whether question wording made any difference. We evaluated the extent to which drug reporting was associated with respondent reaction to the survey and whether reactions varied by type of debriefing question. A factor analysis of debriefing questions appended to an experimental household survey on drug abuse yielded factors reflecting distinct subjective and projective dimensions. Analyses suggested that debriefing question wording does make a difference with respect to respondent reaction. Contrary to expectations, analyses suggested that those reporting drug use expressed less comfort on subjectively worded items and more comfort on projectively worded items. Subjects who self-administered their survey also reported lower levels of subjective comfort. The projective measures derived from analyses were associated with three demographic variables: Younger subjects reported higher levels of projective ease than older subjects. Those with some college reported higher levels of projective ease than those with the least amount of formal education. African-Americans reported lower levels of projective ease than White/Other subjects. Implications for the design, interpretation, and analysis of drug use surveys are considered.
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Mintawati, Hesri, Jhoni Albert, Asep Hermawan, Moh Djafar Shodiq, and Eneng Rahmi. "Drug Abuse Among Teenagers and How to Overcome it at SMK 3 Sukabumi City." KANGMAS: Karya Ilmiah Pengabdian Masyarakat 4, no. 3 (November 15, 2023): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.37010/kangmas.v4i3.1310.
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The drug problem in Indonesia remains urgent and complex. Over the last decade, this problem has become widespread. This is evidenced by a significant increase in the number of addicts or drug addicts and an increase in the disclosure of drug-related criminal cases. The patterns are getting more diverse and the syndicate network is getting bigger. Indonesian society, even the global community, is currently in a very alarming situation due to the widespread and widespread use of various types of illegal drugs. This concern is exacerbated by the illicit trafficking of drugs that has spread to all levels of society, including the younger generation. This will have a major impact on the country and the nation's life in the future. The behavior of some teenagers who seem to ignore the values, norms and laws that regulate people's lives is one of the causes of the widespread use of drugs among the younger generation. Therefore, it is necessary to use qualitative research methodologies with observational surveys and direct interviews with school principals using data primary. With rare steps that are required together with the local government for high school students, especially SMK 3 SUKABUMI CITY, where the purpose of this community service is to minimize drug abuse among teenagers and further provide socialization of drug abuse among teenagers and how to overcome it for SMK 2 Sukabumi in motivating students not to abuse drugs. The next plan was to provide socialization to the students of SMK 3 SUKABUMI CITY, the second plan was carried out together with the SIP 51 Serdiks and the National Police Education and Training Center.
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Kameg, Brayden N., Dawn Lindsay, Heeyoung Lee, and Ann Mitchell. "Substance Use and Exposure to Adverse Childhood Experiences in Undergraduate and Graduate Nursing Students." Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association 26, no. 4 (February 13, 2020): 354–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078390320905669.
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BACKGROUND: Substance misuse remains a public health crisis and contributor to morbidity and mortality. The nursing workforce is not immune to the impacts of substance misuse as rates are thought to mirror those of the general population. Additionally, as substance misuse often begins in adolescence or early adulthood, prevalence of misuse among practicing nurses highlights the fact that students are also at risk. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine rates and patterns of substance use and adverse childhood experience (ACE) exposure among nursing students while also examining associations between substance use and ACE exposure. METHOD: This study utilizes a cross-sectional and descriptive design through the provision of email surveys to nursing students. Email surveys consisting of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, the Drug Abuse Screening Tool 10-item survey, the ACE Questionnaire, and a demographic inquiry were distributed via Qualtrics survey software. RESULTS: A total of 662 individuals participated in the survey, the majority of whom self-identified as female, were undergraduate students, and were between 18 and 21 years. Moderate- to high-risk alcohol use was identified in 20% of students, while moderate- to high-risk drug use was identified in 3.6% of students. More than half of students endorsed exposure to at least one ACE. Significant associations were found between the Drug Abuse Screening Tool 10-item survey and the ACE Questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study have significant implications for nursing educators and must inform groundwork for the development of policies and interventions that are evidence based, nonpunitive, and trauma informed.
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Clark, Heather. "A Coordinated Approach to Student Drug Use Surveys in Canada." Contemporary Drug Problems 36, no. 3-4 (September 2009): 409–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145090903600304.
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Student surveys of substance use provide an essential source of information regarding substance use trends, associated risks, sociodemographic correlates, and identification of high risk groups in a youth population. In Canada, these surveys are conducted intermittently in eight of ten provinces. Large methodological variability across jurisdictions limits opportunities for interregional comparisons and benchmarking. The Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, in partnership with national and provincial organizations, is working toward the development of a set of core indicators and a standard methodology for student surveys. Three working groups were formed to facilitate this work: development of indicators, development of guidelines for design and analysis, and identification of provincial/territorial school system characteristics. The first task was to develop and gain consensus on core indicators and was recently completed. This paper focuses on the process used to develop and select the indicators, including consideration of national and international surveys along with developing drug trends.
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Supriyanto, Agus, and Nurlita Hendiani. "Self Efficacy Scale For People With Drug Abuse Disorders." JKI (Jurnal Konseling Indonesia) 3, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21067/jki.v3i2.2318.
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Intent to influence the process of recovery and relapse prevention for people with Substance Abuse Disorders (GPZ), which is being rehabilitated. The purpose of the study was to find the dimension of self-efficacy people with GPZ to recover from drug addiction, as well as valid and reliable statement items on self-efficacy scale instruments. This study used a mixed methods approach with the transformative sequential design. Instrument research through documentation studies, interviews, and surveys with N = 217. Qualitative descriptive analysis through the study of journal and book, focus group discussion for the determination of the statement items. Quantitative descriptive analysis to know the validity and reliability of the instrument. The findings reveal indicators of self-efficacy scales to recover from addiction through three dimensions, ie (1) level dimension, (2) general dimension, and (3) strength dimension. The self-efficacy scale has 32 valid statements with a coefficient of Corrected Item-Total Correlation ≥ 0148 and has a reliability coefficient of 0.862 with a high category. Self-efficacy scales are useful identifying confidence levels for people's with GPZ during rehabilitation programs and counseling development.
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Cichon, Taylor, Ben Lasser, Nicole Dunseith, Angela Sas, Hailee Baer, Haley Bylina, and Marissa Long. "Educational gaming and afterschool students' science and drug prevention knowledge and attitudes: A program evaluation report for HTF community drug prevention coalition conducted by Truman State University Student Research Team." Undergraduate Journal of Service Learning & Community-Based Research 7 (November 22, 2018): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.56421/ujslcbr.v7i0.291.
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The Heartland Task Force C2000 Substance Abuse Prevention Coalition in rural Northeast Missouri purchased laptops for a local afterschool program and enthusiastically conducted a novel intervention for substance abuse prevention education. A digital educational game focused on science and drug prevention knowledge and attitudes was delivered on the laptop computers to at-risk elementary students in the school district’s afterschool program. After hour-long sessions for one day every week for six weeks, results of pre-post knowledge and attitude surveys noted the game neither significantly changed participants’ knowledge of science and drug prevention nor attitudes toward science and drug prevention. Results of the present evaluation study were inconsistent with other studies using technology in the classroom, possibly due to program delivery in the less formal afterschool setting. Because elementary students’ attitudes toward drug use become more pro-use as they get older, consistent teaching about science and anti-drug education both during and after school is needed.
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Sun, Yanming, Wei Guo, Guiying Li, Shufang He, and Hongyan Lu. "Increased synthetic drug abuse and trends in HIV and syphilis prevalence among female drug users from 2010–2014 from Beijing, China." International Journal of STD & AIDS 29, no. 1 (July 11, 2017): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462417715174.
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The objective of this study was to monitor the trend of addiction drug use and its relationship with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among female drug users (FDUs). Serial cross-sectional surveys were conducted during 2010–2014 among FDUs in Beijing to collect information on addiction drug usage, sexual behaviors, and STI prevalence. Characteristics were analyzed and compared between traditional and synthetic drug users among FDUs by logistic regression method. A total of 3859 FDUs were surveyed during 2010–2014, with the median age being 32.7 years old. The proportion of synthetic drug users among FDUs increased from 43.7% in 2010 to 70.7% in 2014. Compared with traditional drug users, synthetic drug users were younger (P < 0.001), lacked education (P < 0.001), were unmarried (P < 0.001), and were non-local residents (P < 0.001). No significant difference was found with condom usage during sexual activity between traditional and synthetic drug FDUs. However, the engagement of commercial sexual activities (P < 0.001) and syphilis prevalence (P < 0.001) among synthetic drug users were significantly higher than traditional drug users. Synthetic drug abuse appears to be correlated with commercial sex behavior and higher syphilis prevalence among FDUs. Tailored strategies on health education to curb the prevalence of synthetic drug abuse are urgently needed in Beijing.
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Brown, Lawrence S., Steven Kritz, R. Jeffrey Goldsmith, Edmund J. Bini, Jim Robinson, Donald Alderson, and John Rotrosen. "Health Services for HIV/AIDS, HCV, and Sexually Transmitted Infections in Substance Abuse Treatment Programs." Public Health Reports 122, no. 4 (July 2007): 441–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003335490712200404.
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The National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network conducted this study to determine the availability of and factors associated with infection-related health services in substance abuse treatment settings. In a cross-sectional descriptive design, state policies, reimbursement for providers, state level of priority, and treatment program characteristics were studied via written surveys of administrators of substance abuse treatment programs and of state health and substance abuse departments. Data from health departments and substance abuse agencies of 48 states and from 269 substance abuse treatment programs revealed that human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related services are more frequent than hepatitis C virus or sexually transmitted infection-related services, and that nonmedical services are more frequent than medical services. While the availability of infection-related health services is associated with medical staffing patterns, addiction pharmacotherapy services, and state priorities, reimbursement was the most significant determining factor. These findings suggest that greater funding of these health services in substance abuse treatment settings, facilitated by supportive state policies, represents an effective response to the excess morbidity and mortality of these substance use-related infections.
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Guttha, Nikhila, Zhuqi Miao, and Rittika Shamsuddin. "Towards the Development of a Substance Abuse Index (SEI) through Informatics." Healthcare 9, no. 11 (November 20, 2021): 1596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111596.
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Substance abuse or drug dependence is a prevalent phenomenon, and is on the rise in United States. Important contributing factors for the prevalence are the addictive nature of certain medicinal/prescriptive drugs, individual dispositions (biological, physiological, and psychological), and other external influences (e.g., pharmaceutical advertising campaigns). However, currently there is no comprehensive computational or machine learning framework that allows systematic studies of substance abuse and its factors with majority of the works using subjective surveys questionnaires and focusing on classification techniques. Lacking standardized methods and/or measures to prescribe medication and to study substance abuse makes it difficult to advance through collective research efforts. Thus, in this paper, we propose to test the feasibility of developing a, objective substance effect index, SEI, that can measure the tendency of an individual towards substance abuse. To that end, we combine the benefits of Electronics Medical Records (EMR) with machine learning technology by defining SEI as a function of EMR data and using logistics regression to obtain a closed form expression for SEI. We conduct various evaluations to validate the proposed model, and the results show that further work towards the development of SEI will not only provide researchers with standard computational measure for substance abuse, but may also allow them to study certain attribute interactions to gain further insights into substance abuse tendencies.
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Black, Joshua Curtis, Karilynn Rockhill, Alyssa Forber, Elise Amioka, K. Patrick May, Colleen M. Haynes, Nabarun Dasgupta, and Richard C. Dart. "An Online Survey for Pharmacoepidemiological Investigation (Survey of Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs Program): Validation Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 21, no. 10 (October 25, 2019): e15830. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/15830.
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Background In rapidly changing fields such as the study of drug use, the need for accurate and timely data is paramount to properly inform policy and intervention decisions. Trends in drug use can change rapidly by month, and using study designs with flexible modules could present advantages. Timely data from online panels can inform proactive interventions against emerging trends, leading to a faster public response. However, threats to validity from using online panels must be addressed to create accurate estimates. Objective The objective of this study was to demonstrate a comprehensive methodological approach that optimizes a nonprobability, online opt-in sample to provide timely, accurate national estimates on prevalence of drug use. Methods The Survey of Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs Program from the Researched Abuse, Diversion and Addiction Related Surveillance (RADARS) System is an online, cross-sectional survey on drug use in the United States, and several best practices were implemented. To optimize final estimates, two best practices were investigated in detail: exclusion of respondents showing careless or improbable responding patterns and calibration of weights. The approach in this work was to cumulatively implement each method, which improved key estimates during the third quarter 2018 survey launch. Cutoffs for five exclusion criteria were tested. Using a series of benchmarks, average relative bias and changes in bias were calculated for 33 different weighting variable combinations. Results There were 148,274 invitations sent to panelists, with 40,021 who initiated the survey (26.99%). After eligibility assessment, 20.23% (29,998/148,274) of the completed questionnaires were available for analysis. A total of 0.52% (157/29,998) of respondents were excluded based on careless or improbable responses; however, these exclusions had larger impacts on lower volume drugs. Number of exclusions applied were negatively correlated to total dispensing volume by drug (Spearman ρ=–.88, P<.001). A weighting scheme including three demographic and two health characteristics reduced average relative bias by 31.2%. After weighting, estimates of drug use decreased, reflecting a weighted sample that had healthier benchmarks than the unweighted sample. Conclusions Our study illustrates a new approach to using nonprobability online panels to achieve national prevalence estimates for drug abuse. We were able to overcome challenges with using nonprobability internet samples, including misclassification due to improbable responses. Final drug use and health estimates demonstrated concurrent validity to national probability-based drug use and health surveys. Inclusion of multiple best practices cumulatively improved the estimates generated. This method can bridge the information gap when there is a need for prompt, accurate national data.
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Orchard, Kate. ""Small Victories of Survival in a Deeply Homophobic World": Current Realities and Paths Forward for Substance Use in the LGBTQIA+ Community." Columbia Social Work Review 21, no. 1 (May 10, 2023): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.52214/cswr.v21i1.11206.
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According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, members of the LGBTQIA+ community are disproportionately impacted by problematic substance use (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2020). Despite this well-documented reality, there is still limited funding and access to substance use treatment for queer and trans people. This exploratory paper surveys the literature on the prevalence of substance use in the LGBTQIA+ community in the United States (US), highlighting the historical and cultural realities leading to this trend within the context of the minority stress model. The article then outlines a path forward, suggesting the best treatment models for social workers in the field. Suggestions include integrated healthcare, trauma-informed, LGBTQIA+-specific treatment models, cognitive behavioral therapy focusing on co-occurring Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorder, harm reduction, and crisis intervention outside of policing.
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Paschall, Mallie J., Robert L. Flewellng, and Joel W. Grube. "Using Statewide Youth Surveys to Evaluate Local Drug Use Policies and Interventions." Contemporary Drug Problems 36, no. 3-4 (September 2009): 427–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145090903600305.
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This article summarizes two studies that use statewide school-based youth surveys to evaluate local initiatives to reduce alcohol and other substance abuse. The Vermont New Directions evaluation was conducted to assess the effects of a community-based intervention in 23 Vermont communities to reduce youth substance use. Outcome data were obtained from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey, which is administered to students in grades 8 through 12 every other year in almost all school districts in the state. Based on a quasi-experimental design, results indicated significant declines in cigarette and marijuana use in intervention districts relative to comparison districts during the study period, and led to legislative action to continue funding the initiative. The Oregon Reducing Youth Access to Alcohol study is now being conducted in 36 Oregon communities (45 school districts) with a randomized controlled design to evaluate six combined environmental strategies to reduce underage drinking. The strategies include a reward and reminder program and minor decoy operations to reduce commercial alcohol availability, party patrol dispersal and minor in possession arrests to reduce social alcohol availability, traffic emphasis, and media advocacy to increase visibility of policy enforcement activities.
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Raghupathy, Shobana. "Using Online Surveys for Evaluating School-based Drug Prevention Programs." Journal of MultiDisciplinary Evaluation 6, no. 12 (April 17, 2009): 192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.56645/jmde.v6i12.223.
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Background: The primary context for providing substance abuse prevention education to adolescents in the United States has been through schools and other local educational agencies. Federal and state spending for such programs is increasingly being tied to school commitments to monitor such prevention programs and evaluate their effectiveness. Purpose: Over the past decade, access to computers and the Internet has become almost universal in U.S. elementary and middle schools. Our purpose is to outline the potential of Web-based surveys as a data collection tool that can significantly lower program evaluation and monitoring costs and to present preliminary evidence on the feasibility of online survey administration in school settings. Setting: The empirical part of the article draws on input from teachers, administrators, and practitioners responsible for youth drug prevention and evaluation efforts in schools and communities. Subjects: Sixteen focus group participants were recruited from counties in and around the San Francisco Bay area in Northern California. Eight of the participants were district-level prevention coordinators and county-level health administrators who administered State and Federal grants to schools within their counties. The remaining subjects were recipients of prevention funding: school teachers, health educators, and practitioners in youth drug prevention and treatment centers. In addition, telephone interviews were conducted with twenty-five Title IV coordinators and drug prevention specialists from various state education and health departments. Intervention: The article focuses on efforts undertaken in schools to implement and evaluate drug prevention programs, how the use of online surveys can facilitate these efforts, and the feasibility of such methods in school settings. Research Design: Our research design adopted a qualitative approach and included nationwide telephone interviews and in-house focus group discussions over a six-month period. Data Collection and Analysis: Data collection included structured, in-person forty-five-minute interviews and discussion notes. In addition, a short, closed-ended survey was administered to focus group participants for collecting information on their school characteristics (population served, school size, Internet, and computer facilities). Survey data were analyzed with simple descriptive statistics. Findings: The focus group discussions and telephone interviews indicated a high degree of interest in using Web-based surveys for data collection and evaluation of youth drug prevention programs. Access to computers was not viewed as an impediment. Some schools in the Bay area were already using online surveys for assessing teacher performance. Further, states like Kentucky, California, and Wisconsin have already moved to Web-based uniform reporting system that required uploading survey data online. This suggests that Web-based data collection in schools is likely to become widespread. Conclusions: The use of online surveys in classrooms can significantly enhance the evaluation and monitoring capabilities of schools and communities by minimizing the time required for creating and administering surveys and reducing the time required for data processing. As more states move towards a central reporting database, schools and communities are likely to adopt Web-based mechanisms for collecting and reporting program outcomes.
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Jackson, Theron Keith. "Pressured Into Deception." Journal of Drug Issues 42, no. 4 (October 2012): 373–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022042612461771.
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Determining the accuracy and predictors of self-reported drug use is important for researchers who examine drug-related issues and for criminal justice professionals so that they are better able to provide proper treatment referrals for those in the criminal justice system. However, self-reports, especially those of drug users, are not always accurate. The present study examines general strain theory and its utility in explaining intentional inaccuracies of self-reported drug use. This study uses data from the 2003 Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring survey and the 2000 U.S. Census to examine self-reported drug use accuracy rates and predictors across four different drug types. Binomial conditional logistic regression models with fixed effects and robust standard errors are used. Findings show that experiencing strain may reduce the likelihood of accurately reporting drug use in a jail setting. The present study expands on recent literature on general strain theory to include purposeful deception as a possible deviant coping mechanism used in response to the strain an individual feels. Conclusions suggest that researchers might incorporate strain-related questions in surveys of potentially sensitive topics so as to better gauge the accuracy of self-reported information.
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Idowu, Modupe, Tong Han Chung, and Katherine Yu. "Relationship between Non-Prescribed Drug Use and Employment Status of Patients with Sickle Cell Disease." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 4932. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-120373.
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Abstract Introduction: Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) suffer from recurrent episodes of acute vaso-occlusive crises that cause acute musculoskeletal pain and chronic pain due to complications such as avascular necrosis of the joints or bone infarcts. Most of these patients are on chronic opioid medications to manage their acute and chronic pain. Generally, patients with chronic pain syndrome are more prone to use illicit drugs more than the general population. In addition, patients with SCD have high rates of unemployment, which may put certain individuals at risk for negative coping behaviors such as illicit drug use. This study aim at investigating the relationship between the use of non-prescribed drug (illicit drug) and employment status of patients with SCD. Patients and Methods: This was a pilot study of SCD patients at UT Physicians Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center from January 2012 to July 2018. We administered surveys during routine clinic visits and we reviewed clinical data in the electronic medical records. We used results of comprehensive urine drug screen (UDS) to evaluate for the use of non-prescribed drugs. UDS was done, on average every 3 to 6 months, on each patient. Descriptive analysis was performed with frequency distributions. Univariate logistic regression was conducted to investigate the association between non-prescribed drug use and employment status. Results: A cohort of 78 SCD patients completed surveys about employment and non-prescribed drug use. In the survey, only ten patients (12.82%) reported using at least one non-prescribed drug. However, after the chart review for urine drug screens, twenty one out of seventy eight (26.92%) were using non-prescribed drugs. Most of the SCD patients using non-prescribed drug (71%) used Marijuana and three patients used multiple non-prescribed drugs. Seven out of twenty one (33.33%) of the non-prescribed drug users and 18 out of 57 (31.58%) of the non-drug users are employed. The univariate logistic regression analysis showed non-prescribed drug use is not statistically associated with employment status among SCD patients (P-value=0.8829). Conclusions: In this sample, we concluded that there was no obvious relationship between non-prescribed drug use and employment status of patients with SCD. In our cohort, marijuana was the most commonly used non-prescribed drug, which might be partly due to its effect on chronic pain management. Non-prescribed drug use was quite common (26.92%), but was under-reported (13%) among users. It is important to note that only 3 out of 78 patients (3.85%) used multiple non-prescribed drugs; hence, polysubstance abuse was rare in our sample. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Macaulay, Araxi P., Kenneth W. Griffin, and Gilbert J. Botvin. "Initial Internal Reliability and Descriptive Statistics for a Brief Assessment Tool for the Life Skills Training Drug-Abuse Prevention Program." Psychological Reports 91, no. 2 (October 2002): 459–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.91.2.459.
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Adolescent drug use in the United States remains the highest in the industrialized world. Fortunately there have been significant advances in developing effective prevention programs for adolescent drug use. An important issue in evaluating such programs is that the self-report surveys have adequate psychometric properties and assess constructs targeted by an intervention. A questionnaire focusing on knowledge and drug-related measures was developed to evaluate the research-based Life Skills Training drug prevention intervention. The questionnaire showed good internal reliability, detected change from pretest to posttest, and was brief and easy to complete by 45 middle-school students.
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Farrelly, Matthew C., Jeremy W. Bray, Gary A. Zarkin, and Brett W. Wendling. "The joint demand for cigarettes and marijuana: evidence from the National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse." Journal of Health Economics 20, no. 1 (January 2001): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-6296(00)00067-9.
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Rush, Brian, and Serge Brochu. "Treatment Services for Alcohol and Drug Abuse in Ontario and Quebec: A Comparison of Provincial Surveys." Journal of Drug Issues 21, no. 1 (January 1991): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269102100105.
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Sevigny, Eric L., Harold A. Pollack, and Peter Reuter. "Can Drug Courts Help to Reduce Prison and Jail Populations?" ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 647, no. 1 (April 5, 2013): 190–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716213476258.
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Drug courts have been widely praised as an important tool for reducing prison and jail populations by diverting drug-involved offenders into treatment rather than incarceration. Yet only a small share of offenders presenting with drug abuse or dependence are processed in drug courts. This study uses inmate self-report surveys from 2002 and 2004 to examine characteristics of the prison and jail populations in the United States and assess why so many drug-involved offenders are incarcerated. Our analysis shows that four factors have prevented drug courts from substantially lowering the flow into prisons and jails. In descending order of importance, these are: drug courts’ tight eligibility requirements, specific sentencing requirements, legal consequences of program noncompliance, and constraints in drug court capacity and funding. Drug courts will only be able to help lower prison and jail populations if substantial changes are made in eligibility and sentencing rules.
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Cameron, Paul. "Domestic Violence among Homosexual Partners." Psychological Reports 93, no. 2 (October 2003): 410–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.93.2.410.
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Is domestic violence more frequent in homosexual partnerships? The 1996 National Household Survey of Drug Abuse, based upon a random sample of 12,381 adults aged 18 to 59 years, estimated that 828,900 men and 828,678 women engaged in homosexuality in the prior 12 months. Random surveys indicated that at any given time, 29% of homosexual men and 32% of homosexual women are in same-sex partnerships. The National Criminal Victimization Survey for 1993 to 1999 reported that 0.24% of married women and 0.035% of married men were victims of domestic violence annually versus 4.6% of the men and 5.8% of the women reporting same-sex partnerships. Domestic violence appears to be more frequently reported in same-sex partnerships than among the married.
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Levin, Gary M., and C. Lindsay DeVane. "Prescribing Attitudes of Different Physician Groups regarding Fluoxetine." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 27, no. 12 (December 1993): 1443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809302701204.
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OBJECTIVE: To determine the attitudes and prescribing patterns of family medicine and psychiatric physicians regarding fluoxetine. DESIGN: A three-part questionnaire was distributed to the Departments of Family Medicine and Psychiatry. The survey included topics associated with fluoxetine use that have received broad professional attention, such as drug-induced suicidal and aggressive behavior. SETTING: The Family Practice Medical Group and the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Florida. PARTICIPANTS: Mailing lists from both above departments were used to distribute surveys to residents, fellows, and attending/faculty members of each department. Eighty-seven surveys were mailed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Survey questions were divided into three sections to help determine current attitudes of prescribing fluoxetine: eight short cases, 16 statements, and demographic data. RESULTS: The return rate was 69 percent following a mailing and a hand-delivered copy. Responses were dichotomized to agree or disagree and were analyzed by Fisher's exact test. Psychiatrists were much more likely than family practitioners to prescribe fluoxetine for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and more likely to prescribe for a patient with a history of substance abuse or seizure disorder. Psychiatrists were more aware of safety issues; however, drug-interaction knowledge was weak in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Family practitioners, being the most predominant of medical specialists, appeared equally comfortable with prescribing fluoxetine in most circumstances compared with psychiatrists. However, there is a need for pharmacists to provide up-to-date drug information on fluoxetine to all healthcare professionals.
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Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Jennifer, Catalina Arata, Natalie O’Brien, David Bowers, and Jeffrey Klibert. "Sensitive Research With Adolescents: Just How Upsetting Are Self-Report Surveys Anyway?" Violence and Victims 21, no. 4 (August 2006): 425–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.21.4.425.
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Distress related to answering personal survey questions about drug use, suicidal behavior, and physical and sexual abuse were examined in multiple convenience samples of adolescents. Samples varied in consent procedures utilized (active vs. passive parental consent), data collection setting (school vs. juvenile justice), developmental level (middle school vs. high school). Participation rates differed across consent procedures (e.g., 93% with passive vs. 62% with active parental consent). Results indicated that small percentages of adolescents in every sample reported frequently feeling upset while completing the survey (range 2.5% to 7.6%). Age, race, gender, and data collection strategy did not emerge as significant predictors of feeling upset. Instead, as hypothesized, adolescents reporting a history of suicidal ideation or attempt, illicit drug use, or experiences of physical or sexual victimization endorsed more frequent feelings of upset while completing the survey than peers without these experiences. Taken together, however, these sensitive event experiences explained only 6.6% of the variance in adolescents’ upset ratings. The scientific and ethical implications of these findings are discussed with regard to adolescent participation in survey research about sensitive topics.
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Miller, William R., Radka T. Toscova, Joseph H. Miller, and Victoria Sanchez. "A Theory-Based Motivational Approach for Reducing Alcohol/Drug Problems in College." Health Education & Behavior 27, no. 6 (December 2000): 744–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109019810002700609.
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The Campuswide Alcohol and Drug Abuse Prevention Program (CADAPP) was implemented and evaluated over a 1.5-year span at the University of New Mexico (UNM). Drawing on self-regulation theory as a basis for understanding motivation for change, the program was designed to increase risk perceptions and thereby reduce the use of alcohol and other drugs among university students. The program was evaluated from 1988 to 1989 through repeated anonymous random sample surveys of all enrolled students on the UNM campus and on a similar control campus not implementing newprevention efforts during the same period. As predicted, relative to the control campus, students on the CADAPP campus after the program showed significantly higher perceived risks from substance use and significantly reduced levels of alcohol and marijuana use. These findings provide encouraging evidence for this theory-based approach to primary and secondary prevention.
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Tatua, Philip Gicheha, and Isaac Mokono Abuga. "Influence of Stakeholder's Engagement on Implementation of Drug and Alcohol Abuse Policy: A Case Study of Langas Estate Uasin Gishu County." International Journal of Public Policy and Administration 5, no. 3 (October 29, 2023): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijppa.1486.
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Purpose: The purpose of the research study was to ascertain how the involvement of stakeholders affects the decline in substance abuse in Langas Estate. Specifically, the study was anchored on the following objectives; Public awareness, Capacity building and Policy implementation.
Methodology: The researcher adopted a simple random sampling approach who were to help present primary data. Primary data was gathered using surveys with closed ended questions, with focus being on Langas Estate, comprising youth and adults. Google forms were used as the primary data collection tool, with respondents receiving a link to the form, filling and submitting the completed forms. Microsoft Excel was used to code, tabulate, and analyze correctly completed surveys forms. To get a representative sample, a 5% margin of error and 90% confidence level and a 30% proportion was used. The calculated sample size was 229 respondents. Descriptive statistics included means, standard deviation, frequency and percentages. Data was presented in form of tables and graphs. Correlation and regression analysis were used to explore the strength between the independent and dependent variables.
Findings: The findings showed limited awareness of drug policies and education efforts based on low mean scores, reflecting gaps in the Belief System Model. Respondents disagreed that capacity building by entities like Nyumba Kumi is adequate, aligning with Family Systems Theory. Sentiment indicated ineffective policy implementation, tying to Problem Behavior Theory. The analysis reveals deficits in awareness, capacity building and policy implementation that likely perpetuate drug abuse, validating the study's theoretical framework. The study recommends stakeholders strengthen awareness campaigns, increase community empowerment programs, improve policy enforcement and funding support.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study identifies the gaps that lie between policy implementation, drugs and substance abuse awareness campaign. It shows that the stakeholders are not doing enough to help curb the menace. There are still gaps to be filled especially in awareness campaign, capacity building and policy implementation. It this calls for the full engagement of national government, county government, chief, Nyumba Kumi initiative and NACADA to play their roles effectively in enforcement of the stated policies.
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Millar, Seán R., Deirdre Mongan, Claire O’Dwyer, Jean Long, Bobby P. Smyth, Ivan J. Perry, and Brian Galvin. "Correlates of patterns of cannabis use, abuse and dependence: evidence from two national surveys in Ireland." European Journal of Public Health 31, no. 2 (February 24, 2021): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckab007.
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Abstract Background Knowledge of factors relating to patterns of cannabis use is important for informing drug policy. This study determined factors associated with recent and current cannabis use. In addition, we explored factors related to having a cannabis use disorder (CUD)—defined using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychiatric Disorders—among current users. Methods We analyzed data from Ireland’s 2010–11 and 2014–15 National Drug Prevalence Surveys, which recruited 5134 and 7005 individuals respectively, aged 15 years or more, living in private households. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with recent (last year) and current (last month) cannabis use compared to experiential use. Binary logistic regression was used to determine factors related to CUD among current users. Results The weighted prevalence of experiential cannabis use was 18.3%, with 3.0% and 3.3% of participants indicating recent or current use, respectively; 41.3% of current users indicated having a CUD. Factors associated with both recent or current cannabis use included younger age, not being married or cohabiting, having no dependent children and current use of tobacco or alcohol. Male gender, younger age and lower educational levels were significantly related to CUD among current users. Conclusions Males, adolescents/young adults and individuals with lower educational levels are more likely to be current users of cannabis and are at a greater risk of having a CUD. Health professionals should be aware of these factors to improve detection and prevention of CUD.