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Moore, Elizabeth, Serafino G. Mancuso, Tim Slade, Cherrie Galletly, and David J. Castle. "The impact of alcohol and illicit drugs on people with psychosis: The second Australian national survey of psychosis." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 46, no. 9 (April 3, 2012): 864–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867412443900.
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Objective: To provide the most up-to-date prevalence estimates of alcohol and illicit drug use among individuals with psychosis in Australia, and explore correlates associated with a lifetime diagnosis of both alcohol abuse/dependence and cannabis abuse/dependence. Method: This paper uses data from the Survey of High Impact Psychosis (SHIP), conducted as a follow-up to the first Australian National Low Prevalence (Psychotic) Disorders Study (1997–1998). The SHIP was a national study, carried out across five states, in which a sample of 1825 individuals was recruited through a two-phase sampling framework. Results: Alcohol and illicit drug use was highly prevalent for the entire sample. There were few significant differences in the prevalence or frequency of use across the diagnostic categories examined. Substantial increases in substance abuse/dependence were noted since the 1997–1998 survey (51% diagnosed with alcohol abuse/dependence, 51% with cannabis abuse/dependence and 32% with other illicit drug abuse/dependence, compared to 28%, 23% and 12% respectively, in the 1997–1998 survey by Kavanagh et al., 2004). Factors significantly associated with both lifetime alcohol and cannabis dependence included male gender, younger age, single marital status, lower educational attainment, shorter duration of illness, lifetime presence of hallucinations, higher negative syndrome score and lower body mass index (BMI). A number of other factors were found to be differentially associated with either lifetime alcohol or cannabis dependence. Conclusions: The use of alcohol and illicit substances is common among people with a psychotic illness, with a concerning upward trend in rates of substance abuse/dependence since the 1997–1998 survey. Clinicians should be aware of the potential impact of concurrent substance use and provide integrated treatment for individuals presenting with psychotic illnesses. More research and investment in new intervention programs is required.
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Carta, Bill, Brenda Happell, and Jaya Pinikahana. "Influence of an educational program on mental health professionals' knowledge and perceptions of problematic alcohol and other drug use." Australian Journal of Primary Health 10, no. 2 (2004): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py04025.
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The issue of co-morbid substance abuse and mental illness is clearly identified in the literature. The adequacy of the knowledge and skills of mental health professionals to deal with the complex problems associated with this co-morbidity has received considerable attention. The effect of an educational program on mental health professionals? knowledge and perceptions of problematic alcohol and substance abuse was measured in a questionnaire survey in Victoria, Australia. The aim was to determine if an educational program could facilitate knowledge and attitudinal change among mental health professionals. In the pre-survey, a questionnaire on knowledge, skills, attitudes and practices was administered to 378 clinicians in Victoria (133 were returned, representing a 46% response rate). In the post-survey, 131 questionnaires were returned (response rate 35%). Significant changes in knowledge were reported following the educational program in the areas of overall knowledge of drug and alcohol, diagnosis of drug and alcohol abuse, and management of drug and alcohol abusers. While positive attitudes towards problematic drug and alcohol issues were expressed, specific educational programs to enhance their knowledge and skills in assessment and management of problematic drug and alcohol users are recommended.
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Field, Courtney. "Hazardous alcohol consumption in non-aboriginal male inmates in New South Wales." International Journal of Prisoner Health 14, no. 1 (March 12, 2018): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijph-11-2016-0068.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine correlates and predictors of hazardous drinking behaviour, that may be considered evidence of generalised strain, in a sample of incarcerated non-Aboriginal males in New South Wales, Australia. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from 283 non-Aboriginal male inmates as part of a larger epidemiological survey of inmates in NSW undertaken in 2015 by the Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network. Data relating to a range of social factors were selected with reference to relevant literature and assessed with regards their predictive value for scores from the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). To facilitate regression analysis, variables were logically organised into historical factors or adult factors. Findings Almost all participants reported some history of alcohol consumption. Hazardous drinking was common among participants. While parental alcohol problems and adult drug use were the only correlates of AUDIT scores, parental misuse of alcohol was shown to be an important predictor of AUDIT scores in regression analysis. The role of parent gender was inconclusive. Previous incarceration as an adult, employment status, and drug use as an adult also predicted AUDIT scores. Originality/value Alcohol abuse is common among inmates and the use of alcohol is implicated in the commission of many offences. A better understanding of its genesis may inspire novel approaches to treatment, leading to improved health outcomes for inmates.
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Grichting, Wolfgang L., and James G. Barber. "Fighting Drug Abuse in Australia." International Journal of the Addictions 23, no. 5 (January 1988): 491–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826088809039214.
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Stathopoulos, Mary, and Rebecca Jenkinson. "Informing service responses to co-occurring complex needs." Advances in Dual Diagnosis 10, no. 1 (February 20, 2017): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/add-12-2016-0021.
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Purpose The sexual assault and alcohol and other drug (AOD) sectors have much in common in the context of clients presenting with histories of abuse and trauma. The Establishing the Connection project aimed to improve understanding of the complex intersections between sexual victimisation and AOD use, and to build the capacity of the sexual assault and AOD sectors in Victoria, Australia, to respond more effectively to the needs of affected individuals. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach Establishing the Connection involved a detailed literature review; face-to-face semi-structured interviews and an online quantitative survey with key stakeholders from the AOD and sexual assault sectors; and a cross-sector forum to bring together the practice knowledge and needs of both sectors. Findings Most practitioners and clinicians were aware of the interrelationship between sexual victimisation and AOD use, but many lacked access to resources, formal referral processes and pathways, or information about how the other sector worked – all tools which would assist them to respond to clients with complex co-occurring issues. Participants expressed enthusiasm for greater cross-sector communication and collaboration, but emphasised the need for sophisticated governance and resourcing responses from peak bodies and government departments. Originality/value The new knowledge generated by this research resulted in the development of shared practice guidelines to guide practice towards the identification, assessment, response and referral of clients with co-occurring sexual victimisation and AOD use issues. The authors hope that the momentum and goodwill built between the two sectors will be harnessed by policy to drive further collaborative partnerships into the future.
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Rees, Terry D. "Oral Effects of Drug Abuse." Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine 3, no. 3 (April 1992): 163–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10454411920030030101.
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Drug abuse is a major problem in the U.S. and most other countries of the world today. Many studies, surveys, and case reports have described the adverse social and medical effects of drug abuse; yet surprisingly little is known about the specific effects of many of these drugs in the oral cavity. This article reviews the current state of knowledge concerning the systemic and oral effects of drugs of abuse and the dental management of addicted patients.
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Melanson, Stacy E. F., Leland Baskin, Barbarajean Magnani, Tai C. Kwong, Annabel Dizon, and Alan H. B. Wu. "Interpretation and Utility of Drug of Abuse Immunoassays: Lessons From Laboratory Drug Testing Surveys." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 134, no. 5 (May 1, 2010): 735–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/134.5.735.
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Abstract Context.—To assist with patient diagnosis and management, physicians from pain services, drug treatment programs, and the emergency department frequently request that urine be tested for drugs of abuse. However, urine immunoassays for drugs of abuse have limitations. Objective.—To use data from the College of American Pathologists Proficiency Testing Surveys to determine and summarize the characteristics, performance, and limitations of urine immunoassays for drugs of abuse. Design.—Six years of urine drug testing proficiency surveys were reviewed. Results.—Lysergic acid diethylamide and methaqualone are infrequently prescribed or abused and, therefore, testing may be unnecessary. However, implementation of more specific testing for methylenedioxymethamphetamine and oxycodone may be warranted. Each drug of abuse immunoassay exhibits a different cross-reactivity profile. Depending on the cross-reactivity profile, patients with clinically insignificant concentrations of drugs may have false-positive results, and patients with clinically significant concentrations of drugs may have false-negative results. Conclusions.—Laboratory directors should be aware of the characteristics of their laboratories' assays and should communicate these characteristics to physicians so that qualitative results can be interpreted more accurately. Furthermore, manufacturer's claims should be interpreted with caution and should be verified in each organization's patient population, if possible.
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Bailey, Megan Linnea, Shelby Wasson, and Brilynn Roberts. "Increasing Awareness of Substance Abuse and Addictions: Does Early Childhood Drug Education Provide Diversion from Using Drugs and/or Alcohol?" IU Journal of Undergraduate Research 4, no. 1 (December 16, 2018): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/iujur.v4i1.24553.
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According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, 70 percent of adolescents have experimented with alcohol, while 20 percent have experimented with prescription drugs before their senior year in high school. Alcohol and drug abuse has become a nationwide problem. A small rural community in southern Indiana reports that almost 12 percent of its population uses drugs daily. The authors hypothesize that current school-based alcohol and drug curriculums are not robust enough to divert risky behavior during adolescence. Surveys were administered to residents living in two separate transitional homes for people with addiction. The surveys consisted of questions regarding drug and alcohol abuse related to childhood education. The process was completed using a descriptive study. Participants in the study (n = 17) revealed valuable information confirming their rationales for substance abuse. Overwhelmingly, all participants agreed that drug education needs to be available in early childhood education. As substance abuse escalates, so must our efforts to research and understand the problem. The examination of current adolescent drug and alcohol prevention programs isessential to help promote program evaluation and in identifying potential education needs for our youth.
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van Valey, Thomas L., David Hartmann, and William Post. "The Impact of Schools Self-Administering Substance Abuse Surveys: An Evaluation." Journal of Drug Education 35, no. 4 (December 2005): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/1a69-dp80-9vuk-61m0.
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The literature suggests that administering drug surveys to public school students is best done by persons outside of the school system (or at least unfamiliar to the students). This is the approach used by the long-time Monitoring the Future project. Because of the increased costs that administration by outside research associates requires (both time and transportation), we decided to design an experiment that would compare it to administration by school personnel. Six school systems were split, and 3756 surveys were administered, about half by outside research associates and half by school personnel. The results indicate that there were minimal and non-significant differences between the two groups. On the basis of these results, we draw the conclusion that school personnel are able to administer survey instruments without affecting the quality of the results and, thus, that school districts may safely use such data in the evaluation of their drug education and drug prevention programs.
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Cashmore, Aaron W., Devon Indig, Stephen E. Hampton, Desley G. Hegney, and Bin Jalaludin. "Workplace abuse among correctional health professionals in New South Wales, Australia." Australian Health Review 36, no. 2 (2012): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah11043.
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Objective. Studies have found that health workers are at elevated risk of being abused while at work. Little is known, however, about workplace abuse among correctional health professionals. We implemented a cross-sectional study to investigate the prevalence, sources and consequences of workplace abuse among correctional health professionals in New South Wales, Australia. Methods. All employees of Justice Health (a statutory health corporation) were invited to complete a self-administered survey, which was delivered via the internet. Among nurses, medical doctors and allied health professionals, 299 usable surveys were returned; a response rate of 42%. Results. In the preceding 3 months, 76% of participants had personally experienced some form of abuse in their workplace, all but one of whom recalled verbal abuse. Only 16% reported physical abuse. Seventy per cent reported feeling safe in their workplace. Patients were identified as the main perpetrators of abuse, followed by fellow health staff. Participants felt that incidents of workplace abuse increased their potential to make errors while providing care to patients and reduced their productivity while at work. Conclusions. Compared with health workers who practise in a community setting, the risk of physical abuse among correctional health professionals appears to be low. What is known about the topic? Health professionals are at a high risk of workplace abuse. Studies have demonstrated that the risk of abuse varies by health profession and the practice environment. There is a paucity of research exploring workplace abuse among correctional health professionals. What does this paper add? A cross-sectional survey found that a relatively small proportion of correctional health professionals in New South Wales had been subjected to physical abuse in their workplace in the preceding 3 months. Verbal abuse, however, was reported by a majority of participants. Although patients were the most commonly reported source of abuse, a worrying level of health worker on health worker abuse (also known as horizontal abuse) was found. What are the implications for practitioners? Preventive strategies should address the temporal, environmental and structural determinants of workplace abuse in correctional and forensic facilities. More research is needed to identify the factors associated with horizontal abuse among correctional health professionals. This would allow the establishment of tailored preventive programs.
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Krasowski, Matthew D., Gwendolyn A. McMillin, Stacy E. F. Melanson, Annabel Dizon, Barbarajean Magnani, and Christine L. H. Snozek. "Interpretation and Utility of Drug of Abuse Screening Immunoassays: Insights From Laboratory Drug Testing Proficiency Surveys." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 144, no. 2 (July 17, 2019): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2018-0562-cp.
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Context.— Urine drug testing is frequently ordered by health care providers. Immunoassays are widely used for drug testing, yet have potential limitations, including variable cross-reactivity. The last decade has seen worsening of a prescription drug abuse epidemic. Objective.— To use data from a College of American Pathologists proficiency testing survey, Urine Drug Testing, Screening, to determine and summarize the characteristics, performance, and limitations of immunoassays. Design.— Seven years of proficiency surveys were reviewed (2011–2017). Results.— Rapid growth was seen in participant volumes for specific immunoassays for synthetic opioids (eg, buprenorphine, fentanyl, oxycodone) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“ecstasy”). Participant volumes remained high for immunoassays targeting less commonly abused drugs such as barbiturates and phencyclidine. For opiate immunoassays, the number of laboratories using a 2000 ng/mL positive cutoff remained stable, and an increasing number adopted a 100 ng/mL cutoff. Opiate and amphetamine immunoassays showed high variability in cross-reactivity for drugs other than the assay calibrator. Assays targeting a single drug or metabolite generally performed well on drug challenges. Conclusions.— Survey results indicate strong clinical interest in urine drug testing and some adoption of new assays. However, urine drug testing availability does not parallel prevailing patterns of drug prescribing and abuse patterns. In particular, specific immunoassays for synthetic opioids and a lower positive cutoff for opiate immunoassays may be underused, whereas immunoassays for barbiturates, methadone, propoxyphene, and phencyclidine may be overused. Laboratories are encouraged to review their test menu, cutoffs, and assay performance and adjust their test offerings based on clinical needs and technical capabilities.
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DEGENHARDT, LOUISA, and WAYNE HALL. "The association between psychosis and problematical drug use among Australian adults: findings from the National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being." Psychological Medicine 31, no. 4 (May 2001): 659–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291701003865.
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Background. The present paper aimed to: (a) provide Australian estimates of the population-level association between psychotic ‘caseness’ and substance use; (b) examine liability to problematical substance use according to ‘caseness’ via the conditional prevalence (prevalence among users); and (c) examine associations between problematical substance use and the number of psychotic symptoms using ordinal logistic regression.Method. Data were from the National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being (NSMHWB), a stratified multi-stage probability sample of Australian adults, using a subset of persons under the age of 50 years (N = 6722). A screener assessed the presence of characteristic psychotic symptoms. Associations between ‘case’ status and DSM-IV alcohol, cannabis and other drug use disorders were examined. Ordinal logistic regressions predicting psychosis scores were carried out, including demographic, mental health and drug use variables.Results. Ninety-nine persons (1·2 %) screened positively for psychosis. Regular tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use were much more common among persons screening positively, as were alcohol, cannabis and other drug use disorders. Among alcohol and cannabis users, psychosis ‘cases’ were much more likely to be dependent. Ordinal logistic regressions revealed that regular tobacco use, cannabis and alcohol dependence, and opiate abuse were predictors of psychosis scores.Conclusions. The mental health risks of problematical substance use need to be disseminated to persons at risk of, or suffering from, psychotic illness, and to heavy substance users. Work is needed to develop effective treatment approaches for problematical substance use among persons with psychosis.
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Newcomb, Michael D. "Prevalence of Alcohol and other Drug Use on the Job: Cause for Concern or Irrational Hysteria?" Journal of Drug Issues 24, no. 3 (July 1994): 403–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269402400303.
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There is widespread fear, concern, and apprehension regarding the problems associated with alcohol and other drug abuse in the workplace. Serious tragedies caused by drug use on the job, such as the Exxon Valdez, have created an hysteria that such behavior is common and that intoxicated employees are pervasive in the workforce. While there are few doubts that using drugs in the workplace may have serious consequences, the true extent of such behavior is poorly documented. Prevalence data for drug use on the job are found in three sources: perceptions of supervisors and employers; reports of such behavior from those in treatment for drug abuse; and general community or workforce surveys. The first two sources of data confirm the hysteria that drug abuse on the job is rampant and out of control. However, these estimates are biased and untrustworthy. In general population surveys, a wide range of estimates are found, although most report the prevalence of drug use on the job at 10% or less; being high on the job occurs more often, but regular use of drugs in the workplace is quite rare. Therefore, the general hysteria regarding the presumed pervasive abuse of drugs on the job is unfounded, although any abuse of drugs in the workplace by those in sensitive positions can have grave and deadly consequences.
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Klingner, Donald, Gary Roberts, and Valerie L. Patterson. "The Miami Coalition Surveys of Employee Drug Use and Attitudes: A Five-Year Retrospective (1989–1993)." Public Personnel Management 27, no. 2 (June 1998): 201–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102609802700207.
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Employees of many businesses and government agencies in metropolitan Miami (Dade County, Florida) took five voluntary annual surveys (1989–1993) regarding their attitudes toward and use of drugs. The Workplace Drug Survey data indicated three positive conclusions about employee drug use and attitudes for Dade employees. Overall, reported illicit drug abuse rates are low when compared with national norms, and most employees know that their employer has a policy on alcohol and drug abuse. Employers also refer employees with drug or alcohol problems to an Employee Assistance Program (EAP). This demonstrates the effective information campaign conducted by the Miami Coalition. In addition, these results are likely to be representative of major Dade County employers, public and private.
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Cohen, Deborah A., and Kathryn L. P. Linton. "Parent Participation in an Adolescent Drug Abuse Prevention Program." Journal of Drug Education 25, no. 2 (June 1995): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/pcyv-ntfh-dy0v-euly.
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This study reports the level of participation of parents in a parent-targeted school-based drug prevention program, the differences between students whose parents participate and those who don't, and the implications for involving parents in future drug prevention programs. Among 1761 eligible seventh grade families, 1263 students (72%) and 1142 parents (65%) completed surveys assessing the quality of parent-child relationships as well as tobacco and alcohol use. Ten percent of eligible families attended at least one of the evening sessions. Compared to students whose parents completed the survey, students whose parents did not complete a survey were more likely to report they used tobacco, had more friends who used substances, were monitored less by their parents, had more risk-taking behaviors, had lower grade-point averages, and their parents had higher rates of tobacco and alcohol use. Parents who attended evening sessions had the lowest rates of tobacco use and reported spending the most time with their children. Parent-targeted drug preventions programs may stigmatize attending parents and may be unlikely to attract the highest risk families.
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Supriyanto, Agus, and Nurlita Hendiani. "Self Efficacy Scale For People With Drug Abuse Disorders." JKI (Jurnal Konseling Indonesia) 3, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21067/jki.v3i2.2318.
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Intent to influence the process of recovery and relapse prevention for people with Substance Abuse Disorders (GPZ), which is being rehabilitated. The purpose of the study was to find the dimension of self-efficacy people with GPZ to recover from drug addiction, as well as valid and reliable statement items on self-efficacy scale instruments. This study used a mixed methods approach with the transformative sequential design. Instrument research through documentation studies, interviews, and surveys with N = 217. Qualitative descriptive analysis through the study of journal and book, focus group discussion for the determination of the statement items. Quantitative descriptive analysis to know the validity and reliability of the instrument. The findings reveal indicators of self-efficacy scales to recover from addiction through three dimensions, ie (1) level dimension, (2) general dimension, and (3) strength dimension. The self-efficacy scale has 32 valid statements with a coefficient of Corrected Item-Total Correlation ≥ 0148 and has a reliability coefficient of 0.862 with a high category. Self-efficacy scales are useful identifying confidence levels for people's with GPZ during rehabilitation programs and counseling development.
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Clark, Heather. "A Coordinated Approach to Student Drug Use Surveys in Canada." Contemporary Drug Problems 36, no. 3-4 (September 2009): 409–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145090903600304.
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Student surveys of substance use provide an essential source of information regarding substance use trends, associated risks, sociodemographic correlates, and identification of high risk groups in a youth population. In Canada, these surveys are conducted intermittently in eight of ten provinces. Large methodological variability across jurisdictions limits opportunities for interregional comparisons and benchmarking. The Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, in partnership with national and provincial organizations, is working toward the development of a set of core indicators and a standard methodology for student surveys. Three working groups were formed to facilitate this work: development of indicators, development of guidelines for design and analysis, and identification of provincial/territorial school system characteristics. The first task was to develop and gain consensus on core indicators and was recently completed. This paper focuses on the process used to develop and select the indicators, including consideration of national and international surveys along with developing drug trends.
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Cameron, Paul, Thomas Landess, and Kirk Cameron. "Homosexual Sex as Harmful as Drug Abuse, Prostitution, or Smoking." Psychological Reports 96, no. 3_suppl (June 2005): 915–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.96.3c.915-961.
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In 2003, the U.S. Supreme Court said same-sex sexual activity could not be prohibited by law. Analyzing data from the 1996 National Household Survey of Drug Abuse ( N = 12,381) and comparing those who engaged in four recreational activities—homosexual sex, illegal drug use, participation in prostitution, and smoking—against those who abstained, participants (1) were more frequently disruptive (e.g., more frequently criminal, drove under the influence of drugs or alcohol, used illegal drugs, took sexual risks), (2) were less frequently productive (e.g., less frequently had children in marriage, more frequently missed work), and (3) generated excessive costs (e.g., more promiscuous, higher consumers of medical services). Major sexuality surveys have reported similar findings for homosexuals. Societal discrimination inadequately accounts for these differences since parallel comparisons of black and white subsamples produced a pattern unlike the differences found between homosexuals and nonhomosexuals.
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Shul’gina, Elena V. "The Current Substance Abuse Trends in Russia and the West." Sociologicheskaja nauka i social naja praktika 7, no. 4 (2019): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/snsp.2019.7.4.6811.
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This paper selects and analyzes the key trends of current substance abuse that are most widespread in western European countries, the USA, Canada, and Russia, while also reviewing their differences and similarities. Foreign case studies, along with the results of analyzing the most prominent trends of substance abuse, must be accounted for when designing the optimal and most efficient measures for impacting the current drug abuse situation and eliminating its negative consequences. This paper examines the motivations and factors that encourage substance abuse; the phenomenon of substance abuse normalization; and the problems with identifying modern drug addicts that may arise as they try to adapt their behavior. The paper is based on a secondary analysis of several surveys among the working-age population (2013, 2016, 2017), as well as a college youth survey, entitled “The Student Lifestyle: Behavior Risks” (Ivanovo, Krasnodar, Moscow, Rybinsk, Chita, Yaroslavl). All of the above studies were conducted by the deviant behavior sociology sector of the RAS Federal Sociology Research Center. In addition, we considered surveys of college students in the USA and students in higher education in Canada. The analysis shows that: the age of first drug use is shifting upwards, which signifies that people are consciously deciding to consume addictive substances as mature individuals; there is an emerging trend of people aged 50 and over being introduced to addictive substances; the most popular motivation for consuming such substances is hedonism, i.e. the desire for pleasure; the attitude towards substance abuse is growing more and more tolerant, as introduction to recreational psychoactive drugs is becoming a fact of life and drug use is being integrated into society; modern substance abuse patterns still remain largely latent. We also consider foreign researchers’ insights, which warrant attention as we analyze the situation regarding substance abuse in Russian society and work on an effective anti-drug and addiction prevention policy.
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Ødegård, Einar, Anne Line Bretteville-Jensen, and Astrid Skretting. "Article." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 19, no. 2 (April 2002): 106–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507250201900208.
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Einar Ødegård & Anne Line Bretteville-Jensen & Astrid Skretting: The development of drug abuse in Norway in the 1990s This article aims to shed light on the development of drug abuse in Norway during the 1990s. The data come from various different sources, including questionnaire studies as well as other data sets describing the extent of drug abuse in the country. There has been a marked increase in drug abuse during the 1990s. Data from annual youth surveys in 1990 to 1995 indicate that between 8 and 10 per cent of youths aged 15–20 had ever used cannabis, whereas the figure during the latter half of the decade was substantially higher at 18–19 per cent. Surveys in the whole population also point at an increase from 1991 through to 1999: in 1991 the proportion indicating they had ever used cannabis was 8.2%, by 1999 the figure had risen to 12.5%. Furthermore, a simple cohort analysis clearly indicates that large numbers are continuing to use cannabis: the figures are also rising in older age groups. With the growing prevalence of cannabis use in younger age groups we may therefore expect to see increasing numbers of regular and frequent cannabis users in the whole population as well. Drug seizures by the police and customs have increased sharply during the latter half of the 1990s: this applies not only to amphetamine and ecstasy but also cocaine and LSD. This is supported by the results of annual questionnaire surveys among youths, who are reporting a marked increase in the use of these types of drugs. In the early 1990s around 1% of youths in the age group 15–20 said they had ever used amphetamine. This figure remained more or less unchanged through to the mid-1990s. However by the end of the decade around 4% said they had used amphetamine. The data from youth surveys furthermore indicate that there is considerable overlap in the use of amphetamine and ecstasy. In this material the sharpest increase is recorded in the proportion of those indicating they have used both amphetamine and ecstasy. There are several indicators which describe the extent of heroin abuse. All these indicators show that there has been a sharp increase in heroin abuse during the 1990s. A simple mortality analysis suggests that the number of heroin abusers has doubled over the past decade. Drug abuse has also spread markedly both in relation to age groups and geographically: today the problem is by no means limited to any specific age group, nor just to a few major cities.
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Allnutt, Stephen, Lucinda Wedgwood, Kay Wilhelm, and Tony Butler. "Temperament, Substance Use and Psychopathology in a Prisoner Population: Implications for Treatment." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 42, no. 11 (January 1, 2008): 969–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048670802415350.
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Objective: The association between temperament and drug use or temperament and psychopathology has previously been restricted to community clinical or non-clinical samples. The aim of the present study was therefore to examine these associations in a large cohort of Australian offenders using Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Methods: A total of 1322 prisoners from New South Wales (NSW) who completed all dimensions of the TCI and were screened for mental illness using the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing were included in the study. Results: A total of 15% of the sample fulfilled the criteria for a diagnosis for depression, 36% for anxiety disorders and 54% for a substance abuse disorder. Using logistic regression analysis, the TCI dimensions of harm-avoidance and low self-direction predicted depression. Being female, a poly-substance user and having high harm-avoidance, persistence, self-direction and self-transcendence predicted anxiety disorders. Significant stepped trends across age, gender, and type of drug use were found for all TCI dimensions. Conclusions: The TCI is useful in identifying prisoners with a history of psychopathology and substance misuse. This tool also provides clinically relevant information about at-risk individuals and has the potential to guide the development of intervention programmes for inmates.
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MITCHELL, P. B., T. SLADE, and G. ANDREWS. "Twelve-month prevalence and disability of DSM-IV bipolar disorder in an Australian general population survey." Psychological Medicine 34, no. 5 (July 2004): 777–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291703001636.
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Background. There have been few large-scale epidemiological studies which have examined the prevalence of bipolar disorder. The authors report 12-month prevalence data for DSM-IV bipolar disorder from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being.Method. The broad methodology of the Australian National Survey has been described previously. Ten thousand, six hundred and forty-one people participated. The 12-month prevalence of euphoric bipolar disorder (I and II) – similar to the euphoric-grandiose syndrome of Kessler and co-workers – was determined. Those so identified were compared with subjects with major depressive disorder and the rest of the sample, on rates of co-morbidity with anxiety and substance use disorders as well as demographic features and measures of disability and service utilization. Polychotomous logistic regression was used to study the relationship between the three samples and these dependent variables.Results. There was a 12-month prevalence of 0·5% for bipolar disorder. Compared with subjects with major depressive disorder, those with bipolar disorder were distinguished by a more equal gender ratio; a greater likelihood of being widowed, separated or divorced; higher rates of drug abuse or dependence; greater disability as measured by days out of role; increased rates of treatment with medicines; and higher lifetime rates of suicide attempts.Conclusions. This large national survey highlights the marked functional impairment caused by bipolar disorder, even when compared with major depressive disorder.
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NYAMATHI, ADELINE, DOUGLAS LONGSHORE, COLLEEN KEENAN, JANNA LESSER, and BARBARA D. LEAKE. "Childhood Predictors of Daily Substance Use among Homeless Women of Different Ethnicities." American Behavioral Scientist 45, no. 1 (September 2001): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00027640121957006.
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The objective of this study was to describe associations between childhood factors and adult daily substance use profiles among homeless women and to identify independent predictors of daily substance use for the overall sample and for ethnic/acculturation subgroups. Structured surveys were administered to 1,331 homeless women in Los Angeles who were either daily drug and alcohol users for the past 6 months or nondaily substance users. Physical abuse and parental drug abuse predicted daily drug use in the whole sample and selected subgroups, whereas parental alcohol abuse predicted daily alcohol use in the whole sample. Teen self-esteem was also found to have a protective effect on daily alcohol use for the sample and for African American women. Negative peer influence in adolescence predicted daily drug use among high-acculturated Latinas. In summary, childhood abuse, parental substance use, and negative peer influence affect important roles in homeless women's daily substance use.
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Surratt, PhD, Hilary L., James A. Inciardi, PhD, and Steven P. q. Kurtz, PhD. "Prescription opioid abuse among drug-involved street-based sex workers." Journal of Opioid Management 2, no. 5 (September 1, 2006): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jom.2006.0042.
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National population surveys and individual studies over the past decade have documented the escalating abuse of a variety of prescription medications, particularly prescription opioids. Although surveillance data provide important information for estimating the prevalence of prescription opioid abuse in the general population, studies documenting the patterns of prescription drug abuse among chronic street-drug-using populations are extremely rare. This paper examines the abuse of prescription opioids among drug-involved street-based sex workers in Miami, Florida. The data for this study were drawn from an ongoing HIV intervention trial initiated in 2001, designed to test the relative effectiveness of two alternative HIV prevention protocols for this population. Participants in the study were recruited through traditional targeted sampling strategies, and complete data are available on 588 street-based sex workers. In terms of prescription drug abuse, 12.2 percent of the sample reported using at least one opioid analgesic in the past 90 days without having a legitimate prescription. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations between prescription opioid abuse and its predictors. In the multivariate model, factors positively associated with prescription opioid abuse included: Caucasian race (OR = 2.53; 95 percent CI 1.30 to 4.91), current powder cocaine use (OR = 2.28; 95 percent CI 1.28 to 4.08), current heroin use (OR = 2.08; 95 percent CI 1.10 to 3.92), 90-day physical abuse/victimization (OR = 2.07; 95 percent CI 1.18 to 3.61), and shorter sex-work involvement (OR = 1.98; 95 percent CI 1.13 to 3.48). In contrast, daily crack smoking was negatively associated with prescription opioid abuse (OR = 0.61; 95 percent CI 0.33 to 1.10). This study provides some of the first empirical evidence to indicate that prescription opioid abuse is emerging in a heretofore unstudied community of marginalized drug-using sex workers. In addition, data on this population’s mechanisms of access to prescription opioids clearly suggest that there is an active black market for these drugs. These findings warrant intensive study to determine the relative contribution of each mechanism of diversion to the illicit market.
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White, PhD, Alan G., Joseph LeCates, PhD, Howard G. Birnbaum, PhD, Wendy Cheng, MPH, MPhil, Carl L. Roland, PharmD, MS, and Jack Mardekian, PhD. "Positive subjective measures in abuse liability studies and real-world nonmedical use: Potential impact of abuse-deterrent opioids on rates of nonmedical use and associated healthcare costs." Journal of Opioid Management 11, no. 3 (May 1, 2015): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jom.2015.0269.
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Objective: To quantify the potential impact of reductions in positive subjective measures from human abuse liability studies on real-world rates of nonmedical use of prescription drugs and associated healthcare resource utilization and costs.Design: Positive subjective endpoints “overall drug liking,” in-the-moment “drug liking,” and “drug high” Emaxs (peak effects) were recorded from published studies. Nonmedical use data were obtained from the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) and Drug Abuse Warning Network surveys. Multivariate regressions evaluated the association between the positive subjective endpoints and nonmedical use rates, controlling for prescription volume, whether the drug is an opioid, and controlled substance schedule. A published budget-impact model was used to assess healthcare resource utilization and cost impacts of abuse-deterrent opioid formulations.Results: A five-point reduction in overall drug liking/drug liking/drug high Emax was associated with a 0.25/0.10/0.05 (standard errors: 0.11/0.12/0.07) percentage point decrease in the NSDUH lifetime nonmedical use rates. Those decreases yielded a 11.3/4.2/2.1 percent reduction compared to the samples’ lifetime nonmedical use rates of 2.21/2.38/2.36 percent. On the basis of a number of assumptions, these reductions were associated with private payer cost reductions for a morphine and oxycodone abuse-deterrent formulation in the ranges of $147.9-324.1 million and $230.7-958.7 million, respectively.Conclusions: Reductions in overall drug liking were significantly associated with reduced real-world nonmedical use, healthcare utilization, and costs. Associations using drug high and drug liking were directionally consistent with this finding though not statistically significant. A reduction in positive subjective measures associated with an abuse-deterrent formulation has potential to reduce abuse and associated healthcare utilization and costs.
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Farrelly, Matthew C., Jeremy W. Bray, Gary A. Zarkin, and Brett W. Wendling. "The joint demand for cigarettes and marijuana: evidence from the National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse." Journal of Health Economics 20, no. 1 (January 2001): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-6296(00)00067-9.
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Rush, Brian, and Serge Brochu. "Treatment Services for Alcohol and Drug Abuse in Ontario and Quebec: A Comparison of Provincial Surveys." Journal of Drug Issues 21, no. 1 (January 1991): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269102100105.
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Hooker, Leesa, Jacqui Theobald, Karen Anderson, Paulina Billet, and Paula Baron. "Violence Against Young Women in Non-urban Areas of Australia: A Scoping Review." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 20, no. 4 (August 17, 2017): 534–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838017725752.
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Violence against women is globally prevalent and harmful to women’s health and well-being. Younger women are at higher risk of abuse, especially those from non-urban areas who may face specific barriers to disclosure and support. The aim of this review was to map the breadth and nature of the “violence against women” literature particular to young non-urban Australian women and identify research gaps to inform future research with young people. A comprehensive scoping review methodology, as outlined by Arksey and O’Malley, was adopted. English language, peer-reviewed articles were identified from five databases between January 2000 and July 2015. Grey literature was also examined. Inclusion criteria for the review included young women (15–24 years) from non-urban areas of Australia. Twenty-four full-text articles were included in this review. Themes identified include prevalence and type of abuse, experiences and response to violence, and the consequences of abuse. Recommendations from the review which are relevant to a global audience include the need for improved service access, improved data collection on the prevalence of violence, and a focus on more research with young women in non-urban areas. There is limited research on violence against young women living in non-urban areas of Australia. Evidence to date consists of predominantly quantitative data generated from general population surveys. There is a lack of qualitative research on this topic, and we argue that more is needed to gain a better understanding of the violence that young women experience.
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Greene, Shaun L., Anton Scamvougeras, Amanda Norman, Yvonne Bonomo, and David J. Castle. "The fentanyls: pharmacological and clinical aspects relevant to Australia." Australasian Psychiatry 28, no. 5 (May 11, 2020): 542–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856220917317.
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Objective: North American and other jurisdictions have seen an alarming rise in the abuse of the fentanyls, with related overdose deaths. We sought to review this group of drugs to alert Australian psychiatrists and drug and alcohol clinicians to their clinical effects and potential harms. Conclusions: The extreme potency of the fentanyls underlie their lethality. Vigilance and investment from both policy makers and health care providers are required to mitigate harm from a possible future Australian fentanyl epidemic.
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Paschall, Mallie J., Robert L. Flewellng, and Joel W. Grube. "Using Statewide Youth Surveys to Evaluate Local Drug Use Policies and Interventions." Contemporary Drug Problems 36, no. 3-4 (September 2009): 427–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145090903600305.
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This article summarizes two studies that use statewide school-based youth surveys to evaluate local initiatives to reduce alcohol and other substance abuse. The Vermont New Directions evaluation was conducted to assess the effects of a community-based intervention in 23 Vermont communities to reduce youth substance use. Outcome data were obtained from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey, which is administered to students in grades 8 through 12 every other year in almost all school districts in the state. Based on a quasi-experimental design, results indicated significant declines in cigarette and marijuana use in intervention districts relative to comparison districts during the study period, and led to legislative action to continue funding the initiative. The Oregon Reducing Youth Access to Alcohol study is now being conducted in 36 Oregon communities (45 school districts) with a randomized controlled design to evaluate six combined environmental strategies to reduce underage drinking. The strategies include a reward and reminder program and minor decoy operations to reduce commercial alcohol availability, party patrol dispersal and minor in possession arrests to reduce social alcohol availability, traffic emphasis, and media advocacy to increase visibility of policy enforcement activities.
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McAuliffe, William E., Richard LaBrie, Ryan Woodworth, and Caroline Zhang. "Estimates of Potential Bias in Telephone Substance Abuse Surveys Due to Exclusion of Households without Telephones." Journal of Drug Issues 32, no. 4 (October 2002): 1139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204260203200409.
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This article reports estimates of the bias that may result in telephone substance abuse surveys because of the noncoverage of households without telephones. The study analyzed 1995–1998 data from the face-to-face National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. Residents of households with telephones reported less drug use, less dependence on drugs and alcohol, but more alcohol use than residents of households without telephones. The resulting percentage differences between respondents with telephones and respondents in all households averaged one tenth of a percent (0.1%), and ratios of percentage estimates for all households to households with telephones averaged 1.04. The bias varied by substance, time frame, use versus dependence, and demographic characteristics. For example, use of marijuana ever had less bias than past year cocaine dependence. American Indians/Alaska Natives had the greatest amount of potential bias. For most populations and policy objectives, it may not be worth the added expense of conducting supplementary face-to-face interviews with residents of households without telephones in order to eliminate the bias.
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Kabir, SM Humayun, Muhammad Abdul Kayum Shaikh, Masud Ahmed, Masuda Begum, Farzana Zafreen, and Atiqul Haq Mazumder. "Socio-demographic Characteristics of Drug Abusers Attending a De-addiction Center in Dhaka." Journal of Armed Forces Medical College, Bangladesh 14, no. 2 (March 10, 2020): 113–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v14i2.45887.
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Introduction: Drug addiction is a social curse involving all classes of people for ages. Not only it increases individuals morbidity and mortality but also creates social unrest and reduces the national productivity frequent assessment surveys have provided insights into the pattern and required responses.
Objectives: To assess the sociodemographic profile of drug addicts admitted in a prominent drugs deaddiction centre of Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study carried out on 158 admitted patients in Thikana Psychiatric/ Drug de-addiction clinic, from October 2014 to September 2015. A predesigned questionnaire used in evaluating the patients by two or more sittings face-to-face interviews.
Results: Amongst 158 patients, 94.30% were male and 62.0% were in the age group of 21-30 years with a mean age of 26.46 + 6.168 years. Majority (60.8%) patients were married and 48.7% had education up to higher secondary level, 29.1% were unemployed and 27.2% students. About 36.7% were spending between 101- 500 Taka/day and 65.8% arrange money for drugs by themselves. The reason behind starting drug abuse was mainly peer pressure (49.4%) followed by curiosity (26.6%). The mean age of starting drug was 19.42 + 7.68 years and 68.35% were addicted to the drug for the period between 1-5 years. Only 4.4% had positive family history of drug abuse. Regarding route of drug abuse, ingestion was most popular (55.1%) and only 8.9% participants were using injectable route. Amongst abused drugs, Amphetamine (Yaba) was most popular among the female (77.7%) and students (21.5%).
Conclusion: Drug abuse cripples the individual, the family, the society and finally the nation. Since younger generations most affected by the drug abuse, it is prudent to evolve and apply preventive, curative and rehabilitative strategies before it is too late.
Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.14 (2) 2018: 113-115
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Fendrich, Michael, Joseph S. Wislar, and Timothy P. Johnson. "The Utility of Debriefing Questions in a Household Survey on Drug Abuse." Journal of Drug Issues 33, no. 2 (April 2003): 267–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204260303300201.
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Since subjects are often uncomfortable disclosing sensitive information, questions gauging respondent reaction to survey questions about drug abuse may aid in the interpretation of responses. Such debriefing questions can be worded subjectively, i.e., asking subjects about their own reactions to questions, or projectively, i.e., asking subjects about their perceptions of the reactions of others to questions. Using data from a study employing both types of debriefing questions, we examined whether question wording made any difference. We evaluated the extent to which drug reporting was associated with respondent reaction to the survey and whether reactions varied by type of debriefing question. A factor analysis of debriefing questions appended to an experimental household survey on drug abuse yielded factors reflecting distinct subjective and projective dimensions. Analyses suggested that debriefing question wording does make a difference with respect to respondent reaction. Contrary to expectations, analyses suggested that those reporting drug use expressed less comfort on subjectively worded items and more comfort on projectively worded items. Subjects who self-administered their survey also reported lower levels of subjective comfort. The projective measures derived from analyses were associated with three demographic variables: Younger subjects reported higher levels of projective ease than older subjects. Those with some college reported higher levels of projective ease than those with the least amount of formal education. African-Americans reported lower levels of projective ease than White/Other subjects. Implications for the design, interpretation, and analysis of drug use surveys are considered.
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Sun, Yanming, Wei Guo, Guiying Li, Shufang He, and Hongyan Lu. "Increased synthetic drug abuse and trends in HIV and syphilis prevalence among female drug users from 2010–2014 from Beijing, China." International Journal of STD & AIDS 29, no. 1 (July 11, 2017): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462417715174.
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The objective of this study was to monitor the trend of addiction drug use and its relationship with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among female drug users (FDUs). Serial cross-sectional surveys were conducted during 2010–2014 among FDUs in Beijing to collect information on addiction drug usage, sexual behaviors, and STI prevalence. Characteristics were analyzed and compared between traditional and synthetic drug users among FDUs by logistic regression method. A total of 3859 FDUs were surveyed during 2010–2014, with the median age being 32.7 years old. The proportion of synthetic drug users among FDUs increased from 43.7% in 2010 to 70.7% in 2014. Compared with traditional drug users, synthetic drug users were younger (P < 0.001), lacked education (P < 0.001), were unmarried (P < 0.001), and were non-local residents (P < 0.001). No significant difference was found with condom usage during sexual activity between traditional and synthetic drug FDUs. However, the engagement of commercial sexual activities (P < 0.001) and syphilis prevalence (P < 0.001) among synthetic drug users were significantly higher than traditional drug users. Synthetic drug abuse appears to be correlated with commercial sex behavior and higher syphilis prevalence among FDUs. Tailored strategies on health education to curb the prevalence of synthetic drug abuse are urgently needed in Beijing.
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Pascale, Pietro J., and Joseph Sylvester. "Trend Analyses of Four Large-Scale Surveys of High School Drug Use 1977–1986." Journal of Drug Education 18, no. 3 (September 1988): 221–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/25xg-vve3-jw77-25cx.
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The purpose of this study was to analyze the trends for almost a decade of self report drug survey data collected from high school students. Four large-scale surveys were conducted at three-year intervals beginning in 1977. The four cohort samples consisted of eleventh grade students from area high schools in Northeast Ohio. Frequency of usage, reason for taking drugs, and perceived harmfulness of fourteen categories of drugs are presented. Sex differences in drug use and perceived harmfulness are reported. The most recent survey questionnaire in 1986 also included several questions about smokeless tobacco use. It is important for researchers to be continuously vigilant in the assessment of the drug abuse problem since intervention and prevention strategies follow closely the sociodynamics of age, sex, knowledge of health risk factors, type of drug being used, and reason for taking drugs. The collection of trend data is essential in providing “benchmark” guides for the interpretation of single survey results [1]. Wolford and Swisher have indicated that knowledge of trends is useful in planning and developing drug programs [2].
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Macaulay, Araxi P., Kenneth W. Griffin, and Gilbert J. Botvin. "Initial Internal Reliability and Descriptive Statistics for a Brief Assessment Tool for the Life Skills Training Drug-Abuse Prevention Program." Psychological Reports 91, no. 2 (October 2002): 459–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.91.2.459.
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Adolescent drug use in the United States remains the highest in the industrialized world. Fortunately there have been significant advances in developing effective prevention programs for adolescent drug use. An important issue in evaluating such programs is that the self-report surveys have adequate psychometric properties and assess constructs targeted by an intervention. A questionnaire focusing on knowledge and drug-related measures was developed to evaluate the research-based Life Skills Training drug prevention intervention. The questionnaire showed good internal reliability, detected change from pretest to posttest, and was brief and easy to complete by 45 middle-school students.
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Manning, Karen, and Colin Binns. "Mortality and Morbidity in Western Australia Due to Alcohol, Tobacco and other Drug Related Conditions during 1980–1984." Australian Medical Record Journal 19, no. 3 (September 1989): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/183335838901900303.
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The National Centre for Research into the Prevention of Drug Abuse has initiated a mortality/morbidity analysis with a view to: identifying geographical variations in drug related deaths/hospitalisations; identifying at risk sex/age groups for drug related diseases; illustrating the magnitude and diversity of drug related deaths/hospitalisations in Western Australia; and examining the patterns of drug related discharges. An overview of the study is presented, with a brief description of the computer packages used, preliminary results of geographical variations in drug related deaths, and a discussion of the Western Australian mortality and morbidity data sources available for this study. (AMRJ, 1989, 19(3), 101–104).
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Gillespie, Nathan A., Anjali K. Henders, Tracy A. Davenport, Daniel F. Hermens, Margie J. Wright, Nicholas G. Martin, and Ian B. Hickie. "The Brisbane Longitudinal Twin Study: Pathways to Cannabis Use, Abuse, and Dependence Project—Current Status, Preliminary Results, and Future Directions." Twin Research and Human Genetics 16, no. 1 (November 28, 2012): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2012.111.
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We describe the data being collected from the Brisbane Longitudinal Twin Study in Australia as part of the US National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)-funded project, Pathways to Cannabis Use, Abuse and Dependence. The history, recruitment, assessment, and retention of twin families in this project are described in detail, along with preliminary findings and plans for future research. The goal of this NIDA project is to make a significant contribution to the discovery of quantitative trait loci influencing cannabis use disorders. Although the focus is cannabis use, abuse, and dependence in young adults, measures of comorbid illicit drug use disorders are also being collected. In addition, a variety of internalizing and externalizing disorders are being assessed, funded by support from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council. Because these same twins have participated in numerous twin studies since 1992, future plans will include linking different phenotypes to investigate relationships between drug use, psychiatric disorders, and psychological phenotypes within cross-sectional and longitudinal or developmental frameworks.
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Brown, Lawrence S., Steven Kritz, R. Jeffrey Goldsmith, Edmund J. Bini, Jim Robinson, Donald Alderson, and John Rotrosen. "Health Services for HIV/AIDS, HCV, and Sexually Transmitted Infections in Substance Abuse Treatment Programs." Public Health Reports 122, no. 4 (July 2007): 441–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003335490712200404.
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The National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network conducted this study to determine the availability of and factors associated with infection-related health services in substance abuse treatment settings. In a cross-sectional descriptive design, state policies, reimbursement for providers, state level of priority, and treatment program characteristics were studied via written surveys of administrators of substance abuse treatment programs and of state health and substance abuse departments. Data from health departments and substance abuse agencies of 48 states and from 269 substance abuse treatment programs revealed that human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related services are more frequent than hepatitis C virus or sexually transmitted infection-related services, and that nonmedical services are more frequent than medical services. While the availability of infection-related health services is associated with medical staffing patterns, addiction pharmacotherapy services, and state priorities, reimbursement was the most significant determining factor. These findings suggest that greater funding of these health services in substance abuse treatment settings, facilitated by supportive state policies, represents an effective response to the excess morbidity and mortality of these substance use-related infections.
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Dart, MD, PhD, Richard C., Janetta L. Iwanicki, MD, Nabarun Dasgupta, PhD, Theodore J. Cicero, PhD, and Sidney H. Schnoll, MD, PhD. "Do abuse deterrent opioid formulations work?" Journal of Opioid Management 13, no. 6 (December 7, 2017): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jom.2017.0415.
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Objective: We performed a systematic review to answer the question, “Does the introduction of an opioid analgesic with abuse deterrent properties result in reduced overall abuse of the drug in the community?”Design: We included opioid analgesics with abuse deterrent properties (hydrocodone, morphine, oxycodone) with results restricted to the metasearch term “delayed onset,” English language, use in humans, and publication years 2009-2016. All articles that contained data evaluating misuse, abuse, overdose, addiction, and death were included. The results were categorized using the Bradford-Hill criteria.Results: We included 44 reports: hydrocodone (n = 7), morphine (n = 5), or oxycodone (n = 32) with Food and Drug Administration-approved Categories 1, 2, or 3 abuse deterrent labeling. The data currently available support the Hill criteria of strength (effect size), consistency (reproducibility), temporality, plausibility, and coherence. There was insufficient or no information available for the criteria of biological gradient, experiment, and analogy. We also assessed confounding factors and bias, which indicated that both were present and substantial in magnitude.Conclusions: Our analysis found that only oxycodone extended release (ER) had information available to evaluate abuse deterrence in the community. In Australia, Canada, and the United States, reformulation of oxycodone ER was followed by marked reduction in measures of abuse. The precise extent of reduced abuse cannot be calculated because of heterogeneous data sets, but the reported reductions ranged from 10 to 90 percent depending on the measure and the duration of follow-up.
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Broidy, Lisa, Jason Payne, and Alex R. Piquero. "Making Sense of Heterogeneity in the Influence of Childhood Abuse, Mental Health, and Drug Use on Women’s Offending Pathways." Criminal Justice and Behavior 45, no. 10 (June 14, 2018): 1565–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854818776687.
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Building from the developmental and life course literature and the feminist pathways literature, we aim to detail when and how exposure to abuse in childhood shapes female offending trajectories. Using data from 470 female offenders in Australia, our analyses assess whether internalizing symptoms and drug use help explain the link between early abuse and later offending among females. We then examine whether these links are most acute for females who onset early and evidence chronic involvement in offending. In support of the feminist pathways model, we find evidence for a pathway from early abuse to internalizing symptoms to drug use and then offending. In addition, and in line with the life course literature, we also find important differences in how these risks unfold across women, depending particularly on age of onset and offending chronicity. We reflect on the implications of our findings for theory and intervention with respect to female offending.
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Millar, Seán R., Deirdre Mongan, Claire O’Dwyer, Jean Long, Bobby P. Smyth, Ivan J. Perry, and Brian Galvin. "Correlates of patterns of cannabis use, abuse and dependence: evidence from two national surveys in Ireland." European Journal of Public Health 31, no. 2 (February 24, 2021): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckab007.
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Abstract Background Knowledge of factors relating to patterns of cannabis use is important for informing drug policy. This study determined factors associated with recent and current cannabis use. In addition, we explored factors related to having a cannabis use disorder (CUD)—defined using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychiatric Disorders—among current users. Methods We analyzed data from Ireland’s 2010–11 and 2014–15 National Drug Prevalence Surveys, which recruited 5134 and 7005 individuals respectively, aged 15 years or more, living in private households. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with recent (last year) and current (last month) cannabis use compared to experiential use. Binary logistic regression was used to determine factors related to CUD among current users. Results The weighted prevalence of experiential cannabis use was 18.3%, with 3.0% and 3.3% of participants indicating recent or current use, respectively; 41.3% of current users indicated having a CUD. Factors associated with both recent or current cannabis use included younger age, not being married or cohabiting, having no dependent children and current use of tobacco or alcohol. Male gender, younger age and lower educational levels were significantly related to CUD among current users. Conclusions Males, adolescents/young adults and individuals with lower educational levels are more likely to be current users of cannabis and are at a greater risk of having a CUD. Health professionals should be aware of these factors to improve detection and prevention of CUD.
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Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Jennifer, Catalina Arata, Natalie O’Brien, David Bowers, and Jeffrey Klibert. "Sensitive Research With Adolescents: Just How Upsetting Are Self-Report Surveys Anyway?" Violence and Victims 21, no. 4 (August 2006): 425–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.21.4.425.
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Distress related to answering personal survey questions about drug use, suicidal behavior, and physical and sexual abuse were examined in multiple convenience samples of adolescents. Samples varied in consent procedures utilized (active vs. passive parental consent), data collection setting (school vs. juvenile justice), developmental level (middle school vs. high school). Participation rates differed across consent procedures (e.g., 93% with passive vs. 62% with active parental consent). Results indicated that small percentages of adolescents in every sample reported frequently feeling upset while completing the survey (range 2.5% to 7.6%). Age, race, gender, and data collection strategy did not emerge as significant predictors of feeling upset. Instead, as hypothesized, adolescents reporting a history of suicidal ideation or attempt, illicit drug use, or experiences of physical or sexual victimization endorsed more frequent feelings of upset while completing the survey than peers without these experiences. Taken together, however, these sensitive event experiences explained only 6.6% of the variance in adolescents’ upset ratings. The scientific and ethical implications of these findings are discussed with regard to adolescent participation in survey research about sensitive topics.
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Wright, Cameron M., Richard Norman, Richard Varhol, Jacqueline Davis, Elizabeth Wilson-Taylor, Justin Dorigo, and Suzanne Robinson. "Exploring the costs and effectiveness of the Drug and Alcohol Withdrawal Network: a home-based alcohol and other drug withdrawal service." Australian Journal of Primary Health 24, no. 5 (2018): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py17110.
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The Drug and Alcohol Withdrawal Network (DAWN) is a home-based withdrawal service based in Perth, Western Australia. Literature on outcomes, costs and client attitudes towards this type of home-based detoxification in Australia is sparse. Therefore, this study assessed these factors for clients enrolled over a 5-year period (July 2011–June 2016). Client experience was explored through semi-structured interviews with 10 clients. Over the study period, 1800 clients (54% male, mean age 38 years) were assessed, and there were 2045 episodes of care. Although most first-episode clients (52%) listed alcohol as the primary drug of concern, the proportion listing methamphetamine increased from 4% in 2011–12 to 23% in 2015–16. In 94% (n = 639) of withdrawal detoxification episodes with completed surveys, clients used their ‘drug of primary concern’ most days or more often at baseline; this had reduced to 23% (n = 149) at the conclusion of detoxification. Five-year direct costs were A$4.8 million. Clients valued the person-centred holistic approach to care, including linking with other health providers. Barriers included low awareness of the program and difficulties finding an appropriate support person. Further exploration of cost-effectiveness would substantiate the apparently lower per client cost, assuming medical suitability for both programs, for home-based relative to inpatient withdrawal.
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Roche, Ann M., Michael D. Parle, Jane Campbell, and John B. Saunders. "Substance Abuse Disorders: Psychiatric Trainees' Knowledge, Diagnostic Skills and Attitudes." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 29, no. 4 (December 1995): 645–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679509064980.
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Objective: The drug and alcohol related knowledge and attitudes of trainee psychiatrists were examined to obtain a baseline measure of these factors in order to determine whether current training is appropriate and adequate. Method: A questionnaire was distributed to trainees enrolled in the training program of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists in New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and South Australia (N=425). Questions were asked relating to theoretical knowledge, diagnostic and problem solving skills for a number of drug groups; further questions concerned the respondents' attitudes and opinions on aspects of management. Results: Sixty per cent of recipients returned the questionnaire. Theoretical and applied knowledge levels were of an adequate standard overall, but highly variable. Notable areas of weakness included knowledge of opiates, barbiturates and stimulants. Trainees' views regarding treatment options were also variable. Alcoholics Anonymous was considered the best supported form of treatment from evidence from controlled trials. Low levels of self efficacy and little support were recognised for early intervention strategies. Conclusions: While positive views were generally expressed towards involvement with patients with alcohol and drug problems, specific strategies to enhance training and performance are needed. Findings are discussed in terms of continuing education. It is recommended that if sufficient training in this area is not provided then psychiatrists will have little confidence in appropriate therapeutic approaches in treating substance misusers.
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Williams, Paul, and Ian McAllister. "A cohort analysis of illicit psychoactive drug use in Australia 1988-98." South Pacific Journal of Psychology 13 (2001): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0257543400000316.
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AbstractObjective: To examine birth cohort trends in the prevalence, age of initiation and durability of the use of psycho-stimulant and psycho-depressant drugs in Australia between 1988 and 1998.Method: Nine synthetic birth cohorts were constructed from a pooled dataset of the three National Drug Strategy Household Surveys (1988, 1993, 1998). The design-effect adjusted weighted lifetime and recent prevalence, age of initiation and durability of use, of three popular psycho-stimulants (amphetamine, cocaine and ecstasy) and three popular psycho-depressants (cannabis, heroin and inhalants) were estimated. Significance tests of difference use chi-square statistics and the sociodemographic predictors of trends were tested using logistic regression techniques.Results: Lifetime and recent prevalence and durability of use increased and ages of initiation decreased, with each successive cohort. Psycho-stimulants were predictors for psycho-depressant use and vice versa. Being male, aged under 35 years, Australian born, employed or in fulltime education, and a tobacco smoker were significant predictors of increased risk of using both classes of drugs. Being married or having no post-secondary education qualifications were significant predictors of lower risk of using either class of drugs.Conclusions: Younger cohorts are more likely to use both classes of psychoactive drugs, to have commenced using the drugs earlier and to have maintained their drug habits longer, compared to older cohorts. While increased availability is an important factor in the likelihood of exposure to illicit drugs, interventions implemented since the National Drug Strategy began in 1985 do not appear to have reduced the probability that young people will initiate and maintain illicit psychoactive drug use, exposing them to associated health and legal consequences.
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Sevigny, Eric L., Harold A. Pollack, and Peter Reuter. "Can Drug Courts Help to Reduce Prison and Jail Populations?" ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 647, no. 1 (April 5, 2013): 190–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716213476258.
Full textAbstract:
Drug courts have been widely praised as an important tool for reducing prison and jail populations by diverting drug-involved offenders into treatment rather than incarceration. Yet only a small share of offenders presenting with drug abuse or dependence are processed in drug courts. This study uses inmate self-report surveys from 2002 and 2004 to examine characteristics of the prison and jail populations in the United States and assess why so many drug-involved offenders are incarcerated. Our analysis shows that four factors have prevented drug courts from substantially lowering the flow into prisons and jails. In descending order of importance, these are: drug courts’ tight eligibility requirements, specific sentencing requirements, legal consequences of program noncompliance, and constraints in drug court capacity and funding. Drug courts will only be able to help lower prison and jail populations if substantial changes are made in eligibility and sentencing rules.
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Scott, John G., Jodie Grigg, Monica Barratt, and Simon Lenton. "Social capital and cannabis supply." Journal of Sociology 53, no. 2 (February 3, 2017): 382–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783316688342.
Full textAbstract:
The distribution of cannabis in Australia is examined with reference to motivations for supplying drugs. We argue that the distribution of cannabis in Australia is best understood with reference to the concept of social supply, where a supplier, not considered to be a ‘drug dealer proper’, brokers, facilitates or sells drugs, for little or no financial gain to friends and acquaintances. The article draws on data from surveys and interviews with 200 young Australian cannabis users, almost all of whom had also supplied cannabis at some point in their lifetime. We further theorise the concept of social supply with reference to social capital. We argue that a sociological understanding of drug distribution should focus on drug communities, as opposed to markets, describing the features of social organisation that exist between people within social networks and related implications that such features might have in terms of social harm and well-being.
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Kameg, Brayden N., Dawn Lindsay, Heeyoung Lee, and Ann Mitchell. "Substance Use and Exposure to Adverse Childhood Experiences in Undergraduate and Graduate Nursing Students." Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association 26, no. 4 (February 13, 2020): 354–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078390320905669.
Full textAbstract:
BACKGROUND: Substance misuse remains a public health crisis and contributor to morbidity and mortality. The nursing workforce is not immune to the impacts of substance misuse as rates are thought to mirror those of the general population. Additionally, as substance misuse often begins in adolescence or early adulthood, prevalence of misuse among practicing nurses highlights the fact that students are also at risk. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine rates and patterns of substance use and adverse childhood experience (ACE) exposure among nursing students while also examining associations between substance use and ACE exposure. METHOD: This study utilizes a cross-sectional and descriptive design through the provision of email surveys to nursing students. Email surveys consisting of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, the Drug Abuse Screening Tool 10-item survey, the ACE Questionnaire, and a demographic inquiry were distributed via Qualtrics survey software. RESULTS: A total of 662 individuals participated in the survey, the majority of whom self-identified as female, were undergraduate students, and were between 18 and 21 years. Moderate- to high-risk alcohol use was identified in 20% of students, while moderate- to high-risk drug use was identified in 3.6% of students. More than half of students endorsed exposure to at least one ACE. Significant associations were found between the Drug Abuse Screening Tool 10-item survey and the ACE Questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study have significant implications for nursing educators and must inform groundwork for the development of policies and interventions that are evidence based, nonpunitive, and trauma informed.
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Ellis, Suzanne, Natalie Gately, Shane Rogers, and Andrée Horrigan. "Give Them a Chance: Public Attitudes to Sentencing Young Offenders in Western Australia." Youth Justice 18, no. 2 (August 2018): 169–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473225418791660.
Full textAbstract:
Public opinion is often reported as punitive towards sentencing young people. Attitudes remain important to investigate given their potential to influence policy within the criminal justice system. Therefore, it is important to understand the formation of these attitudes and their consistency with sentencing principles. Semi-structured interviews ( n = 72) and surveys ( n = 502) were used to gauge opinions of sentencing young people under different scenario manipulations (age, weapon, drug treatment, prior record). The findings revealed the public expected punishment, but favoured rehabilitation with an opportunity to repent, suggesting the public are open to alternatives to ‘tough on crime’ approaches.