Academic literature on the topic 'DRR and near-field control'

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Journal articles on the topic "DRR and near-field control"

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Comisso, Massimiliano, and Roberto Vescovo. "Fast 3D Pattern Synthesis with Polarization and Dynamic Range Ratio Control for Conformal Antenna Arrays." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/106741.

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This paper proposes an iterative algorithm for the 3D synthesis of the electric far-field pattern of a conformal antenna array in the presence of requirements on both the polarization and the dynamic range ratio (DRR) of the excitations. Thanks to the use of selectable weights, the algorithm allows a versatile control of the DRR and of the polarization in a given angular region and requires a low CPU time to provide the array excitations. Furthermore, a modified version of the algorithm is developed to enable the optimization of the polarization state by phase-only control. Numerical results are presented to verify the usefulness of the proposed approach for the joint pattern and polarization synthesis of conformal arrays with reduced or even unitary DRR.
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Day, Jonathan, Francois Lintz, Martinus Richter, Céline Fernando, Scott J. Ellis, Jonathan T. Deland, and Cesar de Cesar Netto. "Evaluation of a Weightbearing CT Artificial Intelligence-based Automatic Measurement for Hallux Valgus: A Case-Control Study." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 5, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 2473011420S0003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011420s00033.

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Category: Bunion; Other Introduction/Purpose: Cone Beam Weight Bearing CT (WBCT) is gaining traction, particularly in the foot and ankle, due to the ability to perform natural stance weight bearing 3D scans. However, the resulting wealth of 3D data renders daily clinical use time consuming. Therefore, reliable automatic measurements are indispensable in order to make best use of the technology. The aim of this study was to evaluate a beta-version WBCT artificial intelligence (AI) automatic measurement system for the M1-M2 intermetatarsal angle (IMA), which is applicable in the absence of metallic hardware in the foot and ankle. We hypothesized that automatic measurements would correlate well with human measurements, and that software reproducibility would be better and close to perfect compared to manual measurements. Methods: In this retrospective case-control study, 90 feet were included from patients who underwent WBCT scans during routine follow up: 44 feet (90.9% female, mean age 54 years) with symptomatic hallux valgus (HV), 46 controls (76.1% female, mean age 49 years). Patients were excluded if they had history of surgery or trauma involving the first or second metatarsals, hallux rigidus, or presence of metal in their foot/ankle. IMA was measured manually on Digitally Reconstructed Radiographs (DRR IMA) and automatically with AI software producing auto 2D (ground plane projection) and 3D (multiplanar) measurements. Each IMA DRR was measured by two independent raters twice to calculate intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). To assess intra- software reliability, AI software measurements were made twice on each dataset. Manual and automatic measurements were compared between HV and control groups. Failures of the AI software to produce a measurement were recorded. Results: Mean values for controls were 8.6° +-1.8° (range, 5°-14°) for the manually measured DRR IMA, 9.3° +-2.8° (range, 3°- 17°) for auto 2D, and 9.2° +-2.6° (range, 3°-16°) for auto 3D IMA measurements. Compared to controls, HV patients demonstrated significantly increased IMA (p<0.0001): 14.2° +-2.7° (range, 8°-21°) for the manually measured DRR IMA, 15.4°+- 4.4° (range, 8°-26°) for auto 2D, and 15.1° +-4.1° (range 8°-28°) for auto 3D IMA measurements. There were strong correlations (r=0.75 and r=0.80) between manual and auto 2D and 3D measurements. Intraobserver and interobserver ICCs for DRR IMA were 0.96 and 0.90, respectively, and the intra-software ICCs for the AI were near 1.0 for both auto 2D and auto 3D IMA. The AI software failed in 32.3% cases. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated strong correlation between a WBCT Artificial Intelligence based automatic measurement for IMA with human measurements, with the ability to distinguish HV from control with close to 100% repeatability. However, the number of failures was still high due to the early stage beta-version of the algorithm tested. While these early results are promising, further developments are warranted in order to improve usability of this tool in daily practice, especially in the presence of metal hardware. [Figure: see text]
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Mrejen, M., L. Yadgarov, A. Levanon, and H. Suchowski. "Transient exciton-polariton dynamics in WSe2by ultrafast near-field imaging." Science Advances 5, no. 2 (February 2019): eaat9618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat9618.

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Van der Waals (vdW) materials offer an exciting platform for strong light-matter interaction enabled by their polaritonic modes and the associated deep subwavelength light confinement. Semiconductor vdW materials such as WSe2are of particular interest for photonic and quantum integrated technologies because they sustain visible–near-infrared (VIS-NIR) exciton-polariton (EP) modes at room temperature. Here, we develop a unique spatiotemporal imaging technique at the femtosecond-nanometric scale and observe the EP dynamics in WSe2waveguides. Our method, based on a novel ultrafast broadband intrapulse pump-probe near-field imaging, allows direct visualization of EP formation and propagation in WSe2showing, at room temperature, ultraslow EP with a group velocity ofvg~ 0.017c. Our imaging method paves the way for in situ ultrafast coherent control and extreme spatiotemporal imaging of condensed matter.
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Buttazzoni, Giulia, and Roberto Vescovo. "An Efficient and Versatile Technique for the Synthesis of 3D Copolar and Crosspolar Patterns of Phase-Only Reconfigurable Conformal Arrays With DRR and Near-Field Control." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 62, no. 4 (April 2014): 1640–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2014.2308319.

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LAKHRAN, LALITA, and R. R. AHIR. "Evaluation of fungicides, plant extracts and bio-agents against dry root rot of chickpea (Cicer arietinum)." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 92, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v92i1.120826.

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Dry root rot (DRR) of chickpea caused by Macrophomina phaseolina is an important disease affecting chickpea production especially in tropical and sub-tropical ecologies of world. The present investigation was planned to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of various fungicides, plant extracts and bio-control agents against Macrophomina phaseolina. Results suggested that among fungicides, significantly maximum mean mycelium growth inhibition was recorded with Carbendazim (100%) followed by Carbendazim+Mancozeb (84.65%). Likewise, among phyto extracts, garlic extract was excellent with maximum mycelia growth inhibition (70.15 and 100 %) followed by neem extract (68.35 and 82.35%) at 5 and 10% concentration, respectively. Among bio-agents, Trichoderma viride showed significantly maximum mycelia growth inhibition (80.20%) followed by Trichoderma harzianum (65.10%). Therefore, from the findings of present study, it can be concluded that apart from use of fungicides (Carbendazim and Carbendazim+Mancozeb) phyto extracts such as extract of garlic and neem leaves and bio-control agent Trichoderma viride can also be used as an effective alternative for management of DRR in chickpea. Findings of our study may help in development of sustainable management strategies against DRR thus minimizing its yield consequences in chickpea. However, there is a need to further strengthen the investigations on this aspect based on thorough understanding of the biology of the pathogen and host×plant×environment interaction especially under field conditions.
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Qiu, Wenhao, Gang Wang, and Wenjing Zhang. "Acoustic SLAM Based on the Direction-of-Arrival and the Direct-to-Reverberant Energy Ratio." Drones 7, no. 2 (February 9, 2023): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones7020120.

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This paper proposes a new method that fuses acoustic measurements in the reverberation field and low-accuracy inertial measurement unit (IMU) motion reports for simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM). Different from existing studies that only use acoustic data for direction-of-arrival (DoA) estimates, the source’s distance from sensors is calculated with the direct-to-reverberant energy ratio (DRR) and applied to eliminate the nonlinear noise from motion reports. A particle filter is applied to estimate the critical distance, which is key for associating the source’s distance with the DRR. A keyframe method is used to eliminate the deviation of the source position estimation toward the robot. The proposed DoA-DRR acoustic SLAM (D-D SLAM) is designed for three-dimensional motion and is suitable for drones. The method is the first acoustic SLAM algorithm that has been validated on a real-world drone dataset that contains only acoustic data and IMU measurements. Compared with previous methods, D-D SLAM has acceptable performance in locating the drone and building a source map from a real-world drone dataset. The average location accuracy is 0.48 m, while the source position error converges to less than 0.25 m within 2.8 s. These results prove the effectiveness of D-D SLAM in real-world scenes.
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Newman, Ward D., Cristian L. Cortes, Amir Afshar, Ken Cadien, Al Meldrum, Robert Fedosejevs, and Zubin Jacob. "Observation of long-range dipole-dipole interactions in hyperbolic metamaterials." Science Advances 4, no. 10 (October 2018): eaar5278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aar5278.

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Dipole-dipole interactions (Vdd) between closely spaced atoms and molecules are related to real photon and virtual photon exchange between them and decrease in the near field connected with the characteristic Coulombic dipole field law. The control and modification of this marked scaling with distance have become a long-standing theme in quantum engineering since dipole-dipole interactions govern Van der Waals forces, collective Lamb shifts, atom blockade effects, and Förster resonance energy transfer. We show that metamaterials can fundamentally modify these interactions despite large physical separation between interacting quantum emitters. We demonstrate a two orders of magnitude increase in the near-field resonant dipole-dipole interactions at intermediate field distances (10 times the near field) and observe the distance scaling law consistent with a super-Coulombic interaction theory curtailed only by absorption and finite size effects of the metamaterial constituents. We develop a first-principles numerical approach of many-body dipole-dipole interactions in metamaterials to confirm our theoretical predictions and experimental observations. In marked distinction to existing approaches of engineering radiative interactions, our work paves the way for controlling long-range dipole-dipole interactions using hyperbolic metamaterials and natural hyperbolic two-dimensional materials.
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Volz, M., E. Prof Abele, and F. Donig. "Simulationsmodell zur Temperaturbestimmung beim Bohren*/Simulation model to determine temperature during drilling - Analytical simulation of temperature distribution during axial near-surface drilling." wt Werkstattstechnik online 107, no. 10 (2017): 761–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2017-10-83.

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Ziel ist die simulative Bestimmung der Temperatur beim axial-oberflächennahen Bohren. Dazu wird ein analytisches Simulationsmodell mit dem Ansatz von Carslow und Jaeger implementiert. Es werden Randbedingungen für adiabate Werkstückoberflächen definiert, um die Auswirkungen auf die Temperaturverteilung zu simulieren. Das Simulationsmodell wird anhand experimenteller Bohrversuche unter Verwendung der Infrarot-Thermographie validiert, um anschließend den Temperaturverlauf im Werkstück zu simulieren. &nbsp; An analytical simulation model based on the approach of Carslow and Jaeger is used to calculate the temperature field during drilling. In this case, the workpiece surface boundary condition is constrained to be adiabatic. The simulation model is validated by experimental data by means of infrared thermography. Finally, the simulation model is used to calculate the temperature during axial near-surface drilling.
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Issa, Fadi S., Michael Molloy, Alexander Hart, Mahmoud S. Issa, Reem AlFalasi, Abdullah A. Alhadhira, Ritu R. Sarin, Amalia Voskanyan, and Gregory R. Ciottone. "Effectiveness of Children’s Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Program on Earthquake Preparedness in Jordan." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s42—s43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x1900102x.

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Introduction:Children represent a particularly vulnerable population in disasters. Disaster Risk Reduction refers to a systematic approach to identifying, assessing, and reducing risks of disaster through sets of interventions towards disaster causes and population vulnerabilities. Disaster Risk Reduction through the education of the population, and especially children, is an emerging field requiring further study.Aim:To test the hypothesis that an educational program on Disaster Risk Reduction can induce a sustained improvement in knowledge, risk perception, awareness, and attitudes toward preparedness behavior of children.Methods:A Disaster Risk Reduction educational program for students aged 10-12 was completed in an earthquake-prone region of Jordan (Madaba). Subject students (A) and control groups of similarly aged untrained children in public (B) and private (C) schools were surveyed one year after the program. Surveys focused on disaster knowledge, risk perception, awareness, and preparedness behavior. Likert scales were used for some questions and binary yes/no for others. Results were collated and total scores averaged for each section. Average scores were compared between groups and analyzed using SPSS.Results:Students who had completed the Disaster Risk Reduction program were found through Levene’s test to have statistically significant improvement in earthquake knowledge (5.921 vs. 4.55 vs. 5.125), enhanced risk perception (3.966 vs. 3.580 vs. 3.789), and improved awareness of earthquakes (4.652 vs. 3.293 vs. 4.060) with heightened attitudes toward preparedness behavior (8.008 vs. 6.517 vs. 7.597) when compared to untrained public and private school control groups, respectively.Discussion:Disaster Risk Reduction education programs can have lasting impacts when applied to children. They can improve students’ knowledge, risk perception, awareness, and attitudes towards preparedness. Further work is required to determine the frequency of re-education required and appropriate age groups for educational interventions.
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Lv, Xinyu, Lu Wen, Zhenbing Dai, Guoyu Luo, and Zhiqiang Li. "Tuning polaritons in van der Waals moiré superlattices with interlayer spacing." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 5 (August 1, 2022): 053101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0091952.

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We theoretically study the interference and propagation of phonon polaritons in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) in van der Waals heterostructures composed of hBN and twisted bilayer graphene (TBG) with different interlayer spacing in TBG. We show that varying the interlayer spacing and, hence, the interlayer coupling strength results in dramatic modifications of the local optical conductivity at the domain walls (DWs) in TBG, which leads to significant changes in the polariton interference profile near DWs. Moreover, our simulation reveals that the two-dimensional near-field interference pattern generated by polariton propagation in hBN/TBG heterostructures can be dramatically changed by interlayer spacing and the superlattice period. Our study demonstrates that combining interlayer spacing modification with moiré superlattices is a valuable route to control light at the nanoscale and design nanophotonic devices with tunable functionalities.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "DRR and near-field control"

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Buttazzoni, Giulia. "Study and development of power synthesis techniques of arbitrary reconfigurable antenna arrays for satellite applications." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/8536.

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2010/2011
The material presented in this thesis is the result of the Ph.D. activity carried on between January 2009 and December 2012 at the Ph.D. school in Information Engineering of the University of Trieste. After a brief introduction on the involved topics, the final objective of this thesis is that of presenting the original results, consisting in the development of power pattern synthesis algorithms for arbitrary antenna arrays including, in particular, arrays for satellite applications. Since the earlier satellite missions of last century, satellite communication systems have received growing attention due to the opportunities they offer and their greater flexibility with respect to alternative solutions adopting other media, such as, for example, fiber optic cables. The enormous spread of satellites, for both military and civilian applications, has been achieved thanks to the experienced technological progress, which has allowed an increase of satellite capacities. The need of constantly increasing the capacity of commercial communications satellites resulted in the continuing evolution of the antenna systems onboard the satellites. The business environment has driven the architecture of satellites' systems towards more efficiency and cost consciousness while at the same time, providing flexible access to a growing diversity of services and customers. Antennas that provide a multiplicity of frequency reuse coverage beams through either spatial or polarization isolation have been developed, resulting in the evolution of satellite antennas from a simple omnidirectional dipole to multiple-beam, dual-polarized configurations with frequency reuse between the beams for increased capacity. These requirements translate into high-gain, high-efficiency antennas with low side-lobe levels and excellent polarization purity. Moreover, since new requirements are often determined after the satellite is operational, antennas adjustable to produce a wide variety of radiation patterns have become popular. These are the so-called multiple-beam antennas, which can adjust their radiation coverage areas according to new demands. Multiple-beam antennas are currently being used for direct-broadcast satellites, personal communication satellites, military communication satellites, and high-speed Internet applications. High-gain multiple-beam antenna systems usually take one of three generic forms: lens, reflector or direct radiating array. Thus, arrays of antennas can be used in multiple-beam systems either to feed other types of antennas, or directly as radiating structures. The material of this thesis is mainly related to the synthesis algorithms for antenna arrays. In particular, many analytical and numerical techniques for the power pattern synthesis of antenna arrays have been carefully studied and analyzed. Some of them are suitable only for linear or rectangular arrays, the others for arrays of more complicated geometries. Furthermore, it is extremely important, for power synthesis techniques in satellite applications, to be able to consider additional constraints. These typically are the phase-only reconfigurability of the radiated beams, the control of the cross-polar patterns, which allows the polarization re-use and/or the control of the cross-polar interference, the dynamic range ratio reduction which comports simpler feeding networks and lower mutual coupling between array elements, and the near-field reduction, which allows to take into account the antennas operating environment. A numerical iterative algorithm has been developed during the Ph.D. school in Information Engineering, suitable for arrays of arbitrary geometry, thus including sparse and conformal arrays, which are often used in satellite applications. The algorithm allows to solve the power pattern synthesis problem, which is an inherently non linear problem. The solution is achieved using the alternating projections algorithm, which is a numerical iterative technique for finding a point of the intersection between two sets. It will be seen that the projections method has previously already been applied to problems of image processing and also in the antenna pattern synthesis. However, the results and the computational burden are strongly related to the projection operators, which in turn, strictly depend on the definition of the adopted distance, thus on the definition of the sets adopted in the formulation of the problem. Thus, the main originality of the developed algorithms consists in an extremely advantageous definition of the sets involved in the solving scheme, which, along with the adopted distance, allow an easy evaluation of the projection operators and thus a simple solving procedure. The thesis is organized as follows. Chapter 1 introduces the satellite antennas, analyzing some solutions adopted in the past. Particular attention is devoted to multiple-beam antennas (MBAs) and in particular to arrays of antennas, which can constitute the feeding system of reflector MBAs, or which can be used as direct radiating antennas themselves. Chapter 2 presents analytical and numerical methods of power pattern synthesis for antenna arrays proposed in the literature. First, the classical analytical methods, suitable for linear arrays of equally spaced elements are presented. Then, numerical iterative methods are analyzed. Attention is devoted to both deterministic and stochastic algorithms. A section is dedicated to the near-field constraint, due to its importance in practical real applications. In fact, taking into account the effect of the antenna operating environment is of fundamental importance: obstacles or mounting platforms, as well as other electronic devices located in proximity of the antenna, may strongly degrade the radiated far-field pattern. Then, Chapter 3 presents the developed algorithm. Precisely, the evolution is described from a synthesis algorithm suitable for arbitrary phase-only reconfigurable arrays to a powerful algorithm for phase-only antenna arrays, including several additional constraints, such as the dynamic range ratio reduction, the cross-polar pattern synthesis and the near-field reduction. Moreover, in its final form, the algorithm also allows to minimize the power radiated in the side-lobe regions of both the co- and cross-polar patterns and the electric energy stored in the near-field region of interest. Numerical results validating the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm are presented in Chapter 4 and the conclusions are summarized in Chapter 5. Finally, the appendix mathematically describes the classical alternating projections method and the genetic algorithms, which have been used as global optimization algorithms for comparison purposes.
Il materiale presentato in questa tesi è il risultato dell'attività svolta durante il dottorato tra gennaio 2009 e dicembre 2012 presso la scuola di dottorato in ingegneria dell'informazione dell'università di Trieste. Dopo una breve introduzione sugli argomenti trattati, l'obiettivo ultimo della tesi è quello di presentare i risultati originali che consistono nello sviluppo di algoritmi di sintesi di potenza per antenne a schiera di geometria arbitraria tra le quali, in particolare, schiere per applicazioni satellitari. Fin dalle prime missioni spaziali del secolo scorso, le comunicazioni satellitari hanno ricevuto attenzione crescente grazie alle opportunità che offrono e alla loro maggior flessibilità rispetto a soluzioni alternative che utilizzano altri sistemi, come ad esempio i cavi in fibra ottica. Grazie agli sviluppi tecnologici avvenuti, che hanno reso possibile un aumento delle capacità dei satelliti, si è sperimentata una vasta diffusione di satelliti per applicazioni militari e civili. La necessità di aumentare costantemente la capacità dei satelliti per comunicazioni commerciali ha comportato una continua evoluzione delle antenne da satellite. L'ambiente commerciale ha spinto l'architettura dei sistemi satellitari verso una miglior consapevolezza di efficienza e costi consentendo, allo stesso tempo, un accesso flessibile a un sempre maggior numero di servizi e di utenti. Sono state sviluppate antenne che consentono una molteplicità di fasci con riutilizzo della frequenza grazie ad isolamento spaziale o di polarizzazione. Questo ha generato un'evoluzione delle antenne da satellite dal semplice dipolo omnidirezionale ad antenne a fascio multiplo, con alto guadagno, alta efficienza, bassi lobi laterali ed elevata purezza di polarizzazione. Inoltre, poichè nuove necessità spesso emergono una volta che il satellite è già operativo, si sono diffuse antenne da satellite configurabili in modo da poter produrre diversi diagrammi di radiazione. Queste sono le così dette antenne riconfigurabili, che possono modificare le regioni coperte in base a nuove necessità. Antenne a fascio multiplo vengono usate correntemente in trasmissioni dirette via satellite, satelliti per comunicazioni personali, satelliti per comunicazioni militari e applicazioni Internet ad alta velocità. I sistemi di antenne a fascio multiplo ad elevato guadagno generalmente sono di uno dei seguenti tre tipi: lenti, riflettori o antenne a schiera. Dunque le antenne a schiera si possono trovare nelle applicazioni satellitari sia come strutture per alimentare altri tipi di antenne, sia come strutture radianti direttamente. Il materiale presentato in questa tesi è principalmente legato agli algoritmi di sintesi per antenne a schiera. In particolare, sono stati attentamente studiati e analizzati diversi metodi, analitici e numerici, per la sintesi di potenza di antenne a schiera. Alcuni di questi sono applicabili solo a schiere lineari o rettangolari, altri a schiere di geometria più complicata. Inoltre, è estremamente importante per gli algoritmi di sintesi di potenza di schiere per applicazioni satellitari essere in grado di considerare vincoli addizionali. Questi tipicamente sono la riconfigurabilità del fascio tramite controllo di sola fase, il controllo del diagramma cross-polare, che permette di ottenere il riutilizzo di polarizzazione e/o di controllare l'interferenza cross-polare, la riduzione della dinamica, che permette l'utilizzo di reti di alimentazione più semplici e un abbassamento del mutuo accoppiamento tra gli elementi della schiera, e la riduzione del campo vicino, che permette di tener conto dell'ambiente in cui opera l'antenna. Durante il dottorato è stato sviluppato un algoritmo numerico iterativo per schiere di geometria arbitraria, perciò comprese le schiere sparse e conformi, spesso impiegate in applicazioni satellitari. L'algoritmo permette di risolvere il problema (intrinsicamente non lineare) di sintesi di potenza. La soluzione è ottenuta mediante l'impiego del metodo delle proiezioni succesive, un metodo numerico iterativo per trovare un punto nell'intersezione tra due insiemi. Tale metodo è stato usato in passato in problemi di elaborazione delle immagini e anche in problemi di sintesi di antenne a schiera. Ciononostante, i risultati e il carico computazionale sono direttamente legati ai proiettori, che a loro volta sono strettamente dipendenti dalla definizione della distanza adottata, dunque degli insiemi coinvolti nel problema. Perciò, la principale originalità degli algoritmi sviluppati consiste in una definizione degli insiemi estremamente vantaggiosa in quanto, assieme alla scelta della distanza, permette di valutare facilmente i proiettori e perciò permette di ottenere una procedura di soluzione semplice. La tesi è organizzata come segue. Il primo capitolo introduce le antenne da satellite analizzando alcune soluzioni utilizzate in passato. Particolare attenzione è rivolta alle antenne a fascio multiplo e in particolare alle antenne a schiera, che possono costituire il sitema di alimentazione di antenne a riflettore multifascio o che possono esse stesse essere usate come elementi radianti. Il secondo capitolo presenta metodi analitici e numerici per la sintesi di potenza per antenne a schiera proposti in letteratura. Dapprima vengono presentati i metodi analitici classici, validi per schiere lineari di elementi equispaziati. Successivamente vengono analizzati i metodi numerici iterativi, sia stocastici, sia deterministici. Una sezione a parte è dedicata al vincolo sul campo vicino, vista la grande importanza che riveste nelle applicazioni pratiche. Infatti è di fondamentale importanza tener conto degli effetti dell'ambiente in cui l'antenna opera in quanto ostacoli o strutture di montaggio, così come altri apparati elettronici in prossimità dell'antenna, possono causare forti interferenze e degradare notevolmente il diagramma di campo lontano. Il capitolo 3 presenta gli algoritmi sviluppati. Precisamente, viene delineata l'evoluzione da un algoritmo di sintesi di potenza per schiere riconfigurabili di geometria arbitraria con controllo si sola fase, a un potente algoritmo di sintesi di sola fase con diversi vincoli addizionali, quali la riduzione della dinamica, la sintesi del fascio cross-polare e la riduzione del campo vicino. Inoltre, nella sua forma finale, l'algoritmo permette di minimizzare la potenza irradiata nelle regioni di lobi laterali di entrambi i diagrammi, co- e cross- polare, e l'energia immagazzinata nella regione di campo vicino presa in considerazione. I risultati numerici che provano l'efficacia del metodo sono presentati nel capitolo 4 e le conclusioni sono riassunte nel capitolo 5. Infine, l'appendice descrive matematicamente il classico metodo delle proiezioni successive e gli algoritmi genetici, che sono stati scelti come termine di paragone tra gli algoritmi di ottimizzazione globale.
XXIV Ciclo
1983
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Moulton, Carey Lloyd. "The Near Field Acoustics of the Active Noise Control of a Model Propeller." NCSU, 2000. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-20000726-233230.

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The Near field properties of a 6" radius model propeller, and the Active Noise Control(ANC) of the Blade Passing Tone (BPT) have been studied. The study has been careful toidentify and separate the effects of the hydrodynamic near field and the geometric near field. The near and far field radiation regions of a model propeller were consideredseparately. Firstly to determine if far field control affects the near field noise levels and secondly to determine how the far field noise levels are affected by near field control. It has been found that active noise control (ANC) of the propeller blade passing tone (BPT)can be achieved within the geometric near field, however the extent of the effective control is small. The near field optimized ANC can result in as much as 10.5 dB ofreduction of the BPT, however this noise reduction can only be achieved over a small spatial region. For this experimental arrangement there is no effective ANC directlybehind the propeller. Whenever ANC is optimized for near field noise it results in far field noise levels of up to 15.2 dB above the uncontrolled far field propeller levels. The far field optimized control shows no detrimental effects in the near field noise environment.

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Sanz, Paz Maria. "Nanoscale control of near-field interactions between single emitters and photonic antennas-on-probe." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670054.

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Photonic antennas are metallic (or dielectric) nanoscale structures that convert propagating light into highly confined fields, and vice versa, in analogy to common radio antennas but on nanometric scales that lead to interaction with light. As such, they can enhance and confine electric fields at the nanoscale. These properties can be exploited in applications that require high signal-to-background ratios and sub-diffraction illumination volumes, such as for super-resolution microscopy or in bio-sensing at high physiological concentrations. Furthermore, when in close proximity to single emitters, photonic antennas can affect their emission properties. This latter property allows for improving fluorophore characteristics, such as reduced photobleaching or increased quantum yield. Although there are already numerous studies on these effects and their possible applications, some of the properties of photonic antennas are still not fully understood or exploited. Moreover, the degree by which optical antennas influence fluorescence properties depends crucially on the near-field interaction between the emitter and the antenna. This requires ultimate control of their relative position and orientation which has been challenging to achieve in most experimental configurations. This Thesis aims to study interactions between antennas and emitters in contexts that have not been deeply studied yet, and to use them for applications where they allow us to observe molecular mechanisms that are not accessible with conventional diffraction-limited optical methods. The research has revolved around fabrication and the application of photonic antennas engineered at the apex of tapered optical fibres and manipulated using a near-field scanning optical microscope. Such an approach guarantees full control of the antenna position with respect to the sample with nanometric precision. We developed and characterized new antenna designs with different optical properties tuned for the specific application of interest. For example, most antenna designs are aimed to enhance the electric field, ignoring the magnetic contribution of the total field. In this Thesis, we use dielectric antennas to enhance the emission from magnetic dipoles. This opens new fields of application of nanoantennas, such as increased sensitivity in chiral spectroscopy. Furthermore, extending the study of photonic antennas and their interaction with multiple emitters commands for new antenna designs that are broadband and thus have the ability of influencing fluorophores with different spectral properties. Most commonly used antennas are resonant in a narrow region of the visible spectrum, so that their applications are restricted to single-colour imaging and/or biosensing. Here, we design antennas to be broadband in the visible spectrum. This is interesting from both fundamental and applied points of view. On the one hand, we used broadband antennas in the context of Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) to manipulate the interaction between a single donor and a single acceptor emitter on the nanoscale. On the other hand, the fluorescent enhancement for multiple wavelengths opens up the possibility of performing multicolour super-resolution imaging or detecting the interactions between differently labelled species on a living cell. In this Thesis, we combine these broadband antennas with high temporal resolution methods such as Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) or Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy (FCCS) to investigate the diffusion and interaction of multiple species on the membrane of living cells with both sub millisecond temporal and nanometric spatial resolution. The dissertation finishes with a brief discussion of the main results achieved in this research and proposes new avenues for future research in the field.
Las antenas fotónicas son estructuras nanométricas metálicas (o dieléctricas) que convierten luz que se propaga en campos muy confinados, y vice versa,en analogía con las antenas de radio comunes pero en escalas nanométricas que permiten su interacción con la luz. Como tales, pueden aumentar y confinar campos eléctricos en la nanoescala. Estas propiedades se pueden explotar en aplicaciones que requieren altos niveles de señal sobre el fondo o volúmenes de iluminación por debajo del límite de difracción, como en el caso de la microscopía de superresolution o de la detección de compuestos biológicos a altas concentraciones. Cuando están cerca de emisores individuales, las antenas fotónicas pueden también afectar sus propiedades de emisión. Esto permite mejorar las características de los fluoróforos, reduciendo su 'photobleaching' o incrementando su eficiencia cuántica. Aunque hay numerosos estudios sobre estos efectos y sus posibles aplicaciones, algunas propiedades de las nanoantenas todavía no se comprenden totalmente o no han sido explotadas. Además, el grado en el que las nanoantenas afectan las propiedades de los fluoróforos depende fuertemente de la interacción de campo cercano entre el emisor y la antena. Esto requiere un control muy preciso de su posición y orientación relativas, algo complejo de lograr en la mayoría de las configuraciones experimentales. Esta Tesis estudia las interacciones entre antenas y emisores en contextos que no han sido estudiados en detalle hasta ahora, y las utiliza para aplicaciones donde nos permitirán observar mecanismos moleculares que no son accesibles con métodos ópticos convencionales limitados por difracción. Este estudio se centra en la fabricación y aplicación de nanoantenas construidas en la cara final de fibras ópticas que serán manipuladas usando un microscopio de campo cercano. Esta metodología garantiza un control total de la posición de la antena con respecto a la muestra con precisión nanométrica. Hemos desarrollado y caracterizado nuevos diseños de antena que presentan diferentes propiedades ópticas adaptadas a la aplicación de interés. Por ejemplo, la mayoría de las antenas están diseñadas para incrementar el campo eléctrico, ignorando la contribucón magnética al campo total. En esta Tesis, utilizamos antenas dieléctricas para aumentar la emisión de dipolos magnéticos. Esto abre nuevos campos de aplicación de las nanoantenas, tales como mayor sensibilidad en espectroscopía de quiralidad. Además, para ampliar el estudio de las antenas fotónicas a su interacción con varios emisores se necesitan nuevos diseños de antenas que sean de banda ancha y permitan por tanto afectar fluróforos con distintas propiedades espectrales. La mayoría de las antenas que se utilizan tienen una resonancia bastante estrecha, por lo que sus aplicaiones se limitan a detección o escaneo en un solo color. En esta Tesis, diseñamos antenas con resonancias que abarcan buena parte del espectro visible. Esto es interasante tanto desde el punto de vista fundamental como aplicado. Por un lado, utilizamos estas antenas de banda ancha en el contexto Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) para manipular la interacción entre un único donante y un único receptor en la nanoescala. Por otro lado, el aumento de fluorescencia en múltiples longitudes de onda abre la posibilidad de realizar imágenes multicolor o de detectar interacciones entre especies con distintos marcajes en células vivas. Aquí combinamos estas antenas de banda ancha con métodos de alta resolución temporal, tales como Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) o Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy (FCCS), para investigar la difusión e interacción de múltiples especies en la membrana de células vivas, con una resolución espacial de nanómetros y temporal por debajo de los milisegundos. La Tesis finaliza con una breve discusión de los principales resultados alcanzados en esta investigación y propone nuevas vías para futuras investigaciones en el campo.
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Rust, Ryan Leonard. "Active Noise Control of a Two-Fan Exhaust-Mounted Array Using Near-Field Control Sources and Error Sensors." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2427.

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Multiple fans are sometimes used in an array configuration to cool various types of electronic equipment. In addition to adding another noise source, using two fans with closely spaced blade passage frequencies (BPF) can create an annoying beat frequency. A two fan array with each fan having a different BPF was considered. The fans were theoretically modeled at the BPF and first harmonics. Each fan has two acoustic paths to the far field. Thus, each fan was modeled as a two source array. The first control configuration consisted of one control filter using six control sources and six error sensors in a fully coupled control system designed to control both fans simultaneously. The second configuration used two independent controllers with three control sources and three error sensors, one controller per fan. Experimentally, the averaged narrow band reduction of the BPFs and the second harmonic of the two independent controllers were 15.6 and 7.4 dB respectively, compared to a reduction of 14.4 and 5.7 dB at the two frequencies using a single control loop. The results suggest that independent controllers perform better than the single control loop for the fan array studied. Optimization of active noise control systems has increased performance but sometimes with decreased robustness. Two control source configurations for the sound power reduction of a simple source were analyzed by modeling the control systems. The two control source configurations were four symmetric control sources surrounding the noise source and an optimized linear array of four control sources. Simulation results show the linear array control source configuration is more sensitive to microphone placement errors, with a 20-33 dB reduction in attenuation for a microphone placement error of 2 mm compared to a 0.8 dB drop in attenuation for the symmetric case. The linear array configuration was found to be more sensitive to the microphone placement errors compared to the symmetric configuration. A 2.5 mm change in one microphone position causes an average of 6 dB loss in attenuation for the linear array configuration compared to a 0.6 dB loss for the symmetric configuration.
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Speth, Rachelle Lea. "Controlling The Development of Coherent Structures in High Speed Jets and The Resultant Near Field." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1447419083.

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Schäferling, Martin [Verfasser], and Harald [Akademischer Betreuer] Giessen. "Chiral plasmonic near-field sources : control of chiral electromagnetic fields for chiroptical spectroscopies / Martin Schäferling. Betreuer: Harald Giessen." Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1084003279/34.

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Rewitz, Christian [Verfasser], Tobias [Gutachter] Brixner, and Bert [Gutachter] Hecht. "Far-Field Characterization and Control of Propagating Ultrashort Optical Near Fields / Christian Rewitz. Gutachter: Tobias Brixner ; Bert Hecht." Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1109749562/34.

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Buck, Alexander J. (Alexander James) 1989. "Path planning and position control and of an underactued [sic] electromagnetic formation flight satellite system in the near field." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/82502.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2013.
This thesis was scanned as part of an electronic thesis pilot project.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis
Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-119).
Electromagnetic formation flight is the process of using electromagnetic actuators (coils) on multiple spacecraft to produce relative (internal) forces in order to control the relative position and orientation of the spacecraft. This thesis demonstrates the ability to experimentally generate the relative internal electromagnetic forces in a short duration full 6DOF environment. Next the thesis limits itself to a two-satellite system and thus is able to perform a state reduction that constrains the motion to an arbitrary two-dimensional plane in 3-dimensional space showing that this is not actually a constraint on the real system for a two satellite formation. A feedback control law is proposed and simulated in this constrained space demonstrating position control of the underactuated system. Some theoretical guarantees are derived from contraction analysis. Finally time and energy optimal paths for a series of maneuvers are conceived by application of the GPOPS - II numerical optimization software. The results show further that the underactuated system is capable of arbitrary position control with the limitation being that it is unable to simultaneously control attitude and position to desired states because the attitude is used to "steer" the magnetic dipole therefore the desired angle is set by the position controller rather than an external reference. Overall this thesis shows the viability from the controllability perspective of underactuated electromagnetic formation flight for future space missions.
by Alexander James Buck.
S.M.
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Shafer, Benjamin M. "Error Sensor Placement for Active Control of an Axial Cooling Fan." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2007. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1205.

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Recent experimental achievements in active noise control (ANC) for cooling fans have used near-field error sensors whose locations are determined according to a theoretical condition of minimized sound power. A theoretical point source model, based on the condition previously stated, reveals the location of near-field pressure nulls that may be used to optimize error sensor placement. The actual locations of these near-field pressure nulls for both an axial cooling fan and a monopole loudspeaker were measured over a two-dimensional grid with a linear array of microphones. The achieved global attenuation for each case is measured over a hemisphere located in the acoustic far field of the ANC system. The experimental results are compared to the theoretical pressure null locations in order to determine the efficacy of the point source model. The results closely matched the point source model with a loudspeaker as the primary source, and the sound power reduction was greatly reduced when error sensors were placed in non-ideal locations. A weakness of the current near-field modeling process is that a point monopole source is used to characterize the acoustic noise from an axial cooling fan, which may have multipole characteristics. A more complete characterization of fan noise may be obtained using a procedure based on the work of Martin and Roure [J. Sound Vib. 201 (5), 577--593 (1997)]. Pressure values are obtained over a hemisphere in the far field of a primary source and the contributions from point source distributions up to the second order, centered at the primary source, may be calculated using a multipole expansion. The source information is then used in the aforementioned theoretical near-field calculation of pressure. The error sensors are positioned using the complete fan characterization. The global far-field attenuation for the multipole expansion model of fan noise is compared to that of previous experiments. Results show that the multipole expansion model yields a more accurate representation the near field, but is not successful in achieving greater sound power reductions in the far field.
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Raval, Meera. "Development of novel distance control methods for the scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) to reliably image biological samples in liquids." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621239.

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Books on the topic "DRR and near-field control"

1

Finkenzeller, Klaus. Fundamentals and applications in contactless smart cards and identification cards, radio frequency identification and near-field communication. 3rd ed. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley, 2010.

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N, Luoma Samuel, Palo Alto (Calif ), San Jose (Calif ), Sunnyvale (Calif ), and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Near field receiving waters monitoring of trace metals in clams (Macoma balthica) and sediments near the Palo Alto and San Jose/Sunnyvale water quality control plants in south San Francisco Bay: June, 1993 through October 1994. Menlo Park, Calif: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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N, Luoma Samuel, Palo Alto (Calif ), San Jose (Calif ), Sunnyvale (Calif ), and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Near field receiving waters monitoring of trace metals in clams (Macoma balthica) and sediments near the Palo Alto and San Jose/Sunnyvale water quality control plants in south San Francisco Bay: June, 1993 through October 1994. Menlo Park, Calif: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. and FAO Expert Consultation on Cotton Pests and their Control in the Near East Region (1994 : İzmir, Turkey), eds. Cotton pests and their control in the Near East: Report of an FAO expert consultation, Izmir, Turkey, 5-9 September 1994. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1997.

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Olaf, Röder, and Tigges Jana, eds. Die Elektronenbehandlung von Getreidesaatgut: Zusammenfassende Wertung der Freilandergebnisse = Electron treatment of cereal crop seeds : overview and appraisal of field trials. Berlin: BBA, 2005.

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Workshop Ecological Aspects of Vegetable Fertilization in Integrated Crop Production in the Field (1995 Neustadt an der Weinstrasse, Germany). Workshop Ecological Aspects of Vegetable Fertilization in Integrated Crop Production in the Field, Neustadt an der Weinstrasse, Germany, 25-29 September 1995. Edited by Lorenz H. -P, Hähndel R, Wichmann W, and International Society for Horticultural Science. Working Group on Nutrition and Fertilization of Vegetable Crops. [Leuven, Belgium]: ISHS Section Vegetables, Working Group Nutrition and Fertilization of Vegetables, 1996.

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Inc, Game Counselor. Game Counselor's Answer Book for Nintendo Players. Redmond, USA: Microsoft Pr, 1991.

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Inc, Game Counsellor, ed. The Game Counsellor's answer book for Nintendo Game players: Hundredsof questions -and answers - about more than 250 popular Nintendo Games. Redmond, Washington: Microsoft Press, 1991.

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Sepowski, Stephen J., ed. The Ultimate Hint Book. Old Saybrook, CT: The Ultimate Game Club Ltd., 1991.

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Hayazawa, Norihiko, and Prabhat Verma. Nanoanalysis of materials using near-field Raman spectroscopy. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533053.013.10.

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This article describes the use of tip-enhanced near-field Raman spectroscopy for the characterization of materials at the nanoscale. Tip-enhanced near-field Raman spectroscopy utilizes a metal-coated sharp tip and is based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Instead of the large surface enhancement from the metallic surface in SERS, the sharp metal coated tip in the tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) provides nanoscaled surface enhancement only from the sample molecules in the close vicinity of the tip-apex, making it a perfect technique for nanoanalysis of materials. This article focuses on near-field analysis of some semiconducting nanomaterials and some carbon nanostructures. It first considers SERS analysis of strained silicon and TERS analysis of epsilon-Si and GaN thin layers before explaining how to improve TERS sensitivity and control the polarization in detection for crystalline materials. It also discusses ways of improving the spatial resolution in TERS.
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Book chapters on the topic "DRR and near-field control"

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Hrynevych, M., D. J. Butler, K. A. Nugent, and A. Roberts. "A Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscope with Optical Distance Control." In Near Field Optics, 391–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1978-8_45.

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Tessicini, Fabrizio, Roberto Verzicco, and Paolo Orlandi. "Nozzle Geometry Effects in the Near Field of a Round Jet." In Manipulation and Control of Jets in Crossflow, 67–76. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-2792-6_6.

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Roy, Swabarna, Swagato Das, and Purnachandra Saha. "Seismic Control and Performance of Passive Hybrid Damper Under Near-Field Earthquakes." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 1–13. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5235-9_1.

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El Matbouly, Hatem, Fatemeh Nikbakhtnasrabadi, and Ravinder Dahiya. "RFID Near-field Communication (NFC)-Based Sensing Technology in Food Quality Control." In Biosensing and Micro-Nano Devices, 219–41. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8333-6_9.

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Lalouat, Loïc, Houssein Nasrallah, Benoit Cluzel, Laurent Salomon, Colette Dumas, and Frédérique De Fornel. "From Measurement to Control of Electromagnetic Waves using a Near-field Scanning Optical Microscope." In Measurements using Optic and RF Waves, 23–49. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118586228.ch2.

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Xu, M., S. K. Lee, J. Mi, P. Li, and J. Zhang. "Comparison of the Near-Field Flow Structures of a Triangular Jet with and without the Initial Confinement of a Chamber." In Fluid-Structure-Sound Interactions and Control, 149–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40371-2_21.

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Huang, WeiQiang, GuoLiang Bai, and LianJie Jiang. "Vulnerability analysis of supertall seismic mitigation structures under the action of near-field impulse-type ground motion." In Frontiers of Civil Engineering and Disaster Prevention and Control Volume 2, 332–39. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003348436-42.

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Förster, M., T. Paschen, S. Thomas, M. Krüger, and P. Hommelhoff. "Strong-Field-Assisted Measurement of Near-Fields and Coherent Control of Photoemission at Nanometric Metal Tips." In Springer Series in Chemical Physics, 143–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64840-8_8.

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Kilbride, Peter, and Julie Meneghel. "Freezing Technology: Control of Freezing, Thawing, and Ice Nucleation." In Cryopreservation and Freeze-Drying Protocols, 191–201. New York, NY: Springer US, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0783-1_6.

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AbstractFrom early dry-ice-based freezers and passive coolers, cryopreservation devices have come a long way. With increasing interest in the field of cryobiology from new scientific applications, the importance of reliable, traceable, and reproducible cold chain devices is sure to increase, ensuring more precise cryopreservation and enabling better post-thaw outcomes, both for the user and for biological samples. As with any cryopreservation process, it is important to optimize each part of the cold chain for each lab’s biological samples, cryocontainers used, and logistical restraints. In this chapter we describe how freezing technology can be used for cryopreservation of cells.
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Xiong, Ying, Lu-qiang Deng, Yun Lin, Jia-liang Zhang, Hong-en Xu, A.-li Wang, Ran Li, and Lei Gong. "Practice for EOR by Deep Profile Control and Oil Displacement in Old Oilfield with Near Limit Watercut–Take G979-938 Block as an Example." In Proceedings of the International Field Exploration and Development Conference 2021, 2208–16. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2149-0_204.

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Conference papers on the topic "DRR and near-field control"

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Cowell, Luke, James Roesch, Alejandro Camou, Tim Caron, Jason Ritchie, and Ivan Carlos. "Field Qualification of an Improved DLE Gas Turbine Control Algorithm to Reduce Part Load Emissions." In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-91053.

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Abstract The importance of expanded operating flexibility with reduced emissions on dry low emissions (DLE) gas turbines to lower loads has grown in importance for operators in many applications including natural gas transmission. Solar Turbines has developed an improved emissions control algorithm for Solar’s SoloNOx DLE gas turbines being offered as Enhanced Emissions Control. The new algorithm reduces carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) emissions from idle to 50% load. The corresponding startup and shut down emissions are reduced so that operators can obtain permits for operation over longer periods outside of low emissions mode. The algorithm has been evaluated in field trials at two different compressor stations using different gas turbine engine models. Solar’s Taurus™ 60 was tested at a field site in West Virginia and a Mars® 100 was tested near Houston, Texas in the United States. The new control scheme reduces emissions from part load down to idle. The new controls extend the bleed valve or variable guide vanes’ operating range where they modulate to control combustor temperature from idle to full load. The pilot fuel schedule is also changed to work more directly with the combustor temperature control. Two field trials were completed to measure emissions continuously for more than 10 months at each site to validate the effectiveness of the new algorithm. Operation of the test units was largely at loads over 50% and the continuous data served to validate that the new algorithm with the modifications to pilot control did not change the emissions signature in the ‘low emissions mode.” In addition, multiple site visits were completed to map emissions from idle to 50% load over a range of engine settings. This mapping fully documented the complete emissions performance of the test units from idle to 100% load over a range of ambient temperatures from below freezing to 38°C. The field trials validate that the improved controls reduce CO and UHC emissions from idle to 50% load when compared to the current production algorithm. The testing also validated that the emissions above 50% load were unchanged compared to the current control algorithm. Specifically, CO and UHC emissions were reduced by 35 to 99% over the idle to 50% load operating range. By optimizing the pilot fuel controls the NOx emissions were also reduced 20 to 75% from idle to 50% load. The algorithm makes it possible to offer 15 ppm NOx warranties for the subject engine models in gas transmission applications down to 40% load that have been restricted to 50% load and higher. Over the wide ambient temperature range experienced during the field trial periods, emissions were consistent and no clear trends were documented with ambient temperature or engine speed (load).
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Buttazzoni, G., and R. Vescovo. "Phase-controlled beam-scanning with near-field and DRR reduction for arbitrary antenna arrays." In 2010 IEEE International Symposium Antennas and Propagation and CNC-USNC/URSI Radio Science Meeting. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aps.2010.5561699.

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Warren, M. E., G. R. Hadley, K. L. Lear, P. L. Gourley, G. A. Vawter, T. M. Brennan, B. E. Hammons, and R. J. Shul. "Mode control of 2-D phase-locked VCSEL arrays." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1991.tugg2.

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Arrays of vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) have recently generated considerable interest as a means of scaling up the available output power while maintaining astigmatic diffraction-limited emission. Realization of such devices will require understanding and control of the modal emission properties of phase-locked VCSEL arrays. We have performed an experimental study of the modal emission properties of 2-D VCSEL arrays and compared our results with our numerical model. The arrays were fabricated by dry etching partly through the upper mirror stack, thus creating square pixels separated by lower reflectivity channels. The near- and far-field emission patterns of regions of varying size were studied by optical pumping. The observed far-fields demonstrate out-of-phase emission into four far-field lobes, and showed decreasing lobe width and spectral width with increasing array size in agreement with our calculations. The observations indicate operation on a single-longitudinal and lateral mode for array sizes up to 10 × 10. Because of the desirability of devices that emit into a single far-field lobe, we have designed a monolithic phase shifter for the above array. This design utilizes an extra material layer on top of the upper mirror stack for alternate pixels. We expect that, with careful control of the layer thickness, the emission of each pixel will be in phase, resulting in uni-phase emission.
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Aeschlimann, Martin, Michael Bauer, Daniela Bayer, Tobias Brixner, Stefan Cunovic, Frank Dimler, Alexander Fischer, et al. "Spatiotemporal Near-field Control in Nanostructures." In Photonic Metamaterials and Plasmonics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/pmeta_plas.2010.mtuc1.

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Ponce de Leon, Lorenzo A., and Jan-Ove Mattsson. "Wireless communication device with near field control." In 2009 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (APSURSI). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aps.2009.5171552.

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Xiangzi, Han, Tan Xiaobin, and Wu Fan. "Planar near-field to far-field transformation for massive MIMO systems." In 2015 34th Chinese Control Conference (CCC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/chicc.2015.7260657.

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Chaffe, Marian P., and Lucy Y. Pao. "Iterative learning control for near-field scanning optical microscope applications." In Control (MSC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cca.2011.6044386.

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Bonakdar, Alireza, Robert L. Brown, Sung Jun Jang, Vala Fathipour, Iman Hassani Nia, Mohsen Rezaei, and Hooman Mohseni. "Optomechanical nanoantenna: far-field control of near-field through mechanical reconfiguration." In SPIE Nanoscience + Engineering, edited by Eva M. Campo, Elizabeth A. Dobisz, and Louay A. Eldada. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2188301.

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Alonso, Ramiro, Leonardo M. Carducci, and Walter G. Fano. "Near Field Scanner for Electromagnetic Pre-Compatibility Tests." In 2018 Argentine Conference on Automatic Control (AADECA). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/aadeca.2018.8577393.

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Guichard, Joel A., and Brian Stewart. "Field Experience Frac Packing Near Gas/Water Contacts." In International Symposium and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/73776-ms.

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Reports on the topic "DRR and near-field control"

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Wohadlo, S., H. Abbasi, and D. Cygan. Field evaluation of natural gas and dry sorbent injection for MWC emissions control. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10189302.

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Schulz, R. K., R. W. Ridky, and E. O`Donnell. Control of water infiltration into near surface LLW disposal units: Progress report on field experiments at a humid region site, Beltsville, Maryland. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/366500.

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Schulz, R. K., R. W. Ridky, and E. O`Donnell. Control of water infiltration into near surface LLW disposal units. Progress report on field experiments at a humid region site, Beltsville, Maryland: Volume 8. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/46691.

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Schulz, R. K., R. W. Ridky, and E. O`Donnell. Control of water infiltration into near surface low-level waste disposal units. Final report on field experiments at a humid region site, Beltsville, Maryland. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/554206.

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Aly, Radi, James H. Westwood, and Carole L. Cramer. Novel Approach to Parasitic Weed Control Based on Inducible Expression of Cecropin in Transgenic Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586467.bard.

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Our overall goal was to engineer crop plants with enhanced resistance to Orobanche (broomrape) based on the inducible expression of sarcotoxin-like peptide (SLP). A secondary objective was to localize small proteins such as SLP in the host-parasite union in order to begin characterizing the mechanism of SLP toxicity to Orobanche. We have successfully accomplished both of these objectives and have demonstrated that transgenic tobacco plants expressing SLP under control of the HMG2 promoter show enhanced resistance to O. aegyptiaca and O. ramosa . Furthermore, we have shown that proteins much larger than the SLP move into Orobanche tubercles from the host root via either symplastic or apoplastic routes. This project was initiated with the finding that enhanced resistance to Orobanche could be conferred on tobacco, potato, and tomato by expression of SLP (Sarcotoxin IA is a 40-residue peptide produced as an antibiotic by the flesh fly, Sarcophaga peregrina ) under the control of a low-level, root-specific promoter. To improve the level of resistance, we linked the SLP gene to the promoter from HMG2, which is strongly inducible by Orobanche as it parasitizes the host. The resulting transgenic plants express SLP and show increased resistance to Orobanche. Resistance in this case is manifested by increased growth and yield of the host in the presence of the parasite as compared to non-transgenic plants, and decreased parasite growth. The mechanism of resistance appears to operate post-attachment as the parasite tubercles attached to the transgenic root plants turned necrotic and failed to develop normally. Studies examining the movement of GFP (approximately 6X the size of SLP) produced in tobacco roots showed accumulation of green fluorescence in tubercles growing on transformed plants but not in those growing on wild-type plants. This accumulation occurs regardless of whether the GFP is targeted to the cytoplasm (translocated symplastically) or the apoplastic space (translocated in xylem). Plants expressing SLP appear normal as compared to non-transgenic plants in the absence of Orobanche, so there is no obvious unintended impact on the host plant from SLP expression. This project required the creation of several gene constructs and generation of many transformed plant lines in order to address the research questions. The specific objectives of the project were to: 1. Make gene constructs fusing Orobanche-inducible promoter sequences to either the sarcotoxin-like peptide (SLP) gene or the GFP reporter gene. 2. Create transgenic plants containing gene constructs. 3. Characterize patterns of transgene expression and host-to-parasite movement of gene products in tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) and Arabidopsis thaliana (L.). 4. Characterize response of transgenic potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) and tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill .) to Orobanche in lab, greenhouse, and field. Objectives 1 and 2 were largely accomplished during the first year during Dr. Aly's sabbatical visit to Virginia Tech. Transforming and analyzing plants with all the constructs has taken longer than expected, so efforts have concentrated on the most important constructs. Work on objective 4 has been delayed pending the final results of analysis on tobacco and Arabidopsis transgenic plants. The implications of this work are profound, because the Orobanche spp. is an extremely destructive weed that is not controlled effectively by traditional cultural or herbicidal weed control strategies. This is the first example of engineering resistance to parasitic weeds and represents a unique mode of action for selective control of these weeds. This research highlights the possibility of using this technique for resistance to other parasitic species and demonstrates the feasibility of developing other novel strategies for engineering resistance to parasitic weeds.
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Perkins, Dustin. Invasive exotic plant monitoring at Colorado National Monument: 2019 field season. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2286650.

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Invasive exotic plant (IEP) species are a significant threat to natural ecosystem integrity and biodiversity, and controlling them is a high priority for the National Park Service. The North-ern Colorado Plateau Network (NCPN) selected the early detection of IEPs as one of 11 monitoring protocols to be implemented as part of its long-term monitoring program. This report represents work completed at Colorado National Monument during 2019. During monitoring conducted June 12–19, a total of 20 IEP species were detected on monitoring routes and transects. Of these, 12 were priority species that accounted for 791 separate IEP patches. IEPs were most prevalent along riparian areas. Yellow sweetclover (Melilotis officinale) and yellow salsify (Tragopogon dubius) were the most commonly detected priority IEPs along monitoring routes, representing 73% of all priority patches. Patches of less than 40 m2 were typical of nearly all priority IEP species except yellow sweetclover. A patch management index (PMI) was created by combining patch size class and percent cover for each patch. In 2019, a large majority of priority IEP patches were assigned a PMI score of low (46%) or very low (50%), indicating small and/or sparse patches where control is generally still feasible. This is similar to the numbers for 2017, when 99% of patches scored low or very low in PMI. Seventy-eight percent of tree patches were classified as seedlings or saplings, which require less effort to control than mature trees. Cheatgrass (Anisantha tectorum) was the most common IEP recorded in transects, found in 30–77% of transects across the different routes. It was the only species found in transects on all monitoring routes. When treated and untreated extra areas near the West Entrance were compared, the treated area had comparable or higher lev-els of IEPs than the untreated area. When segments of monitoring routes conducted between 2003 and 2019 were compared, results were mixed, due to the different species monitored in different time periods. But in general, the number of IEPs per 100 meters is increasing or remaining constant over time. There were notable increases in IEP patches per 100 meters on several routes in 2019: field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) along East Glade Park Road; Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila) in Red Canyon; yellow salsify along East Glade Park Road, No Thoroughfare Canyon, No Thoroughfare Trail, and Red Canyon; and yellow sweetclover in No Thoroughfare Canyon and Red Canyon. Network staff will return to re-sample monitoring routes in 2021.
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Furman, Alex, Jan Hopmans, Shmuel Assouline, Jirka Simunek, and Jim Richards. Soil Environmental Effects on Root Growth and Uptake Dynamics for Irrigated Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592118.bard.

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Root water uptake is perhaps the most important unknown in the mass balance of hydrological and agricultural systems. The understanding and the ability to predict root uptake and the way it is influence by environmental conditions has great potential in increasing water and fertilizer use efficiency and allowing better control of water and contaminant leach towards groundwater. This BARD supported research is composed of several components, including a) intensive laboratory work for the quantification of root uptake and the way it is controlled by environmental conditions; b) development of tools for laboratory and field use that can help in sensing very low water fluxes and water content, which is a necessity for studying root uptake; c) development of capabilities to model compensated root uptake; and d) development of a database that will allow calibration of such a model. In addition some auxiliary research was performed as reported later. Some of the components, and especially the modeling and the HPP development, were completed in the framework of the project and even published in the international literature. The completed components provide a modeling environment that allows testing root compensated uptake modeling, a tool that is extremely important for true mechanistic understanding of root uptake and irrigation design that is based on mechanistic and not partially based myth. The new button HPP provides extended level of utilization of this important tool. As discussed below, other components did not get to maturity stage during the period of the project, but comprehensive datasets were collected and will be analyzed in the near future. A comprehensive dataset of high temporal and spatial resolution water contents for two different setups was recorded and should allow us understanding f the uptake at these fine resolutions. Additional important information about root growth dynamics and its dependence in environmental conditions was achieved in both Israel and the US. Overall, this BARD supported project provided insight on many important phenomena related to root uptake and to high resolution monitoring in the vadose zone. Although perhaps not to the level that we initially hoped for, we achieved better understanding of the related processes, better modeling capabilities, and better datasets that will allow continuation of this effort in the near future.
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Mizrach, Amos, Michal Mazor, Amots Hetzroni, Joseph Grinshpun, Richard Mankin, Dennis Shuman, Nancy Epsky, and Robert Heath. Male Song as a Tool for Trapping Female Medflies. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7586535.bard.

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This interdisciplinaray work combines expertise in engineering and entomology in Israel and the US, to develop an acoustic trap for mate-seeking female medflies. Medflies are among the world's most economically harmful pests, and monitoring and control efforts cost about $800 million each year in Israel and the US. Efficient traps are vitally important tools for medfly quarantine and pest management activities; they are needed for early detection, for predicting dispersal patterns and for estimating medfly abundance within infested regions. Early detection facilitates rapid response to invasions, in order to contain them. Prediction of dispersal patterns facilitates preemptive action, and estimates of the pests' abundance lead to quantification of medfly infestations and control efforts. Although olfactory attractants and traps exist for capturing male and mated female medflies, there are still no satisfactorily efficient means to attract and trap virgin and remating females (a significant and dangerous segment of the population). We proposed to explore the largely ignored mechanism of female attraction to male song that the flies use in courtship. The potential of such an approach is indicated by studies under this project. Our research involved the identification, isolation, and augmentation of the most attractive components of male medfly songs and the use of these components in the design and testing of traps incorporating acoustic lures. The project combined expertise in acoustic engineering and instrumentation, fruit fly behavior, and integrated pest management. The BARD support was provided for 1 year to enable proof-of-concept studies, aimed to determine: 1) whether mate-seeking female medflies are attracted to male songs; and 2) over what distance such attraction works. Male medfly calling song was recorded during courtship. Multiple acoustic components of male song were examined and tested for synergism with substrate vibrations produced by various surfaces, plates and loudspeakers, with natural and artificial sound playbacks. A speaker-funnel system was developed that focused the playback signal to reproduce as closely as possible the near-field spatial characteristics of the sounds produced by individual males. In initial studies, the system was tasted by observing the behavior of females while the speaker system played songs at various intensities. Through morning and early afternoon periods of peak sexual activity, virgin female medflies landed on a sheet of filter paper at the funnel outlet and stayed longer during broadcasting than during the silent part of the cycle. In later studies, females were captured on sticky paper at the funnel outlet. The mean capture rates were 67 and 44%, respectively, during sound emission and silent control periods. The findings confirmed that female trapping was improved if a male calling song was played. The second stage of the research focused on estimating the trapping range. Initial results indicated that the range possibly extended to 70 cm, but additional, verification tests remain to be conducted. Further studies are planned also to consider effects of combining acoustic and pheromonal cues.
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Litaor, Iggy, James Ippolito, Iris Zohar, and Michael Massey. Phosphorus capture recycling and utilization for sustainable agriculture using Al/organic composite water treatment residuals. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600037.bard.

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Objectives: 1) develop a thorough understanding of the sorption mechanisms of Pi and Po onto the Al/O- WTR; 2) determine the breakthrough range of the composite Al/O-WTR during P capturing from agro- wastewaters; and 3) critically evaluate the performance of the composite Al/O-WTR as a fertilizer using selected plants grown in lysimeters and test-field studies. Instead of lysimeters we used pots (Israel) and one- liter cone-tainers (USA). We conducted one field study but in spite of major pretreatments the soils still exhibited high enough P from previous experiments so no differences between control and P additions were noticeable. Due to time constrains the field study was discontinued. Background: Phosphorous, a non-renewable resource, has been applied extensively in fields to increase crop yield, yet consequently has increased the potential of waterway eutrophication. Our proposal impetus is the need to develop an innovative method of P capturing, recycling and reuse that will sustain agricultural productivity while concurrently reducing the level of P discharge from and to agricultural settings. Major Conclusions & Achievements: An innovative approach was developed for P removal from soil leachate, dairy wastewater (Israel), and swine effluents (USA) using Al-based water treatment residuals (Al- WTR) to create an organic-Al-WTR composite (Al/O-WTR), potentially capable of serving as a P fertilizer source. The Al-WTR removed 95% inorganic-P, 80% to 99.9% organic P, and over 60% dissolved organic carbon from the agro-industrial waste streams. Organic C accumulation on particles surfaces possibly enhanced weak P bonding and facilitated P desorption. Analysis by scanning electron microscope (SEM- EDS), indicated that P was sparsely sorbed on both calcic and Al (hydr)oxide surfaces. Sorption of P onto WW-Al/O-WTR was reversible due to weak Ca-P and Al-P bonds induced by the slight alkaline nature and in the presence of organic moieties. Synchrotron-based microfocused X-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) spectrometry, bulk P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES), and P K-edge micro-XANES spectroscopy indicated that adsorption was the primary P retention mechanism in the Al- WTR materials. However, distinct apatite- or octocalciumphosphatelike P grains were also observed. Synchrotron micro-XRF mapping further suggested that exposure of the aggregate exteriors to wastewater caused P to diffuse into the porous Al-WTR aggregates. Organic P species were not explicitly identified via P K-edge XANES despite high organic matter content, suggesting that organic P may have been predominantly associated with mineral surfaces. In screen houses experiments (Israel) we showed that the highest additions of Al/O-WTR (5 and 7 g kg⁻¹) produced the highest lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolial) yield. Lettuce yield and P concentration were similar across treatments, indicating that Al/O- WTR can provide sufficient P to perform similarly to common fertilizers. A greenhouse study (USA) was utilized to compare increasing rates of swine wastewater derived Al/O-WTR and inorganic P fertilizer (both applied at 33.6, 67.3, and 134.5 kg P₂O₅ ha⁻¹) to supply plant-available P to spring wheat (TriticumaestivumL.) in either sandy loam or sandy clay loam soil. Spring wheat straw and grain P uptake were comparable across all treatments in the sandy loam, while Al/O-WTR application to the sandy clay loam reduced straw and grain P uptake. The Al/O-WTR did not affect soil organic P concentrations, but did increase phosphatase activity in both soils; this suggests that Al/O-WTR application stimulated microorganisms and enhance the extent to which microbial communities can mineralize Al/O-WTR-bound organic P. Implications: Overall, results suggest that creating a new P fertilizer from Al-WTR and agro-industrial waste sources may be a feasible alternative to mining inorganic P fertilizer sources, while protecting the environment from unnecessary waste disposal.
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Pesis, Edna, Elizabeth J. Mitcham, Susan E. Ebeler, and Amnon Lers. Application of Pre-storage Short Anaerobiosis to Alleviate Superficial Scald and Bitter Pit in Granny Smith Apples. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593394.bard.

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There is increased demand for high quality fruit produced and marketed with reduced chemical inputs to minimize toxic effects on human health and the environment. Granny Smith (GS) apple quality is reduced by two major physiological disorders, superficial scald and bitter pit (BP). These disorders cause great loss to apple growers worldwide. Superficial scald is commonly controlled by chemical treatments, mainly the antioxidant diphenylamine (DPA) and/or the ethylene action inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (1–MCP). Both chemicals are ineffective in controlling bitter pit incidence. We proposed to investigate the beneficial use of non-chemical, abiotic stress with low O2 (LO2) applied for 10d at 20°C on GS apple fruit. During the project we expanded the treatment to more apple cultivars, Golden Delicious (GD) and Starking Delicious (SD) and another pome fruit, the pear. Apple and pear have similar physiological disorders that develop during cold storage and we examined if the LO2 treatment would also be effective on pear. Application of 0.5% LO2 atmosphere for 10d at 20°C or 500ppb 1-MCP at 20°C prior to cold storage at 0°C, was effective in reducing superficial scald in GS apple. Moreover, LO2 pretreatment was also effective in reducing bitter pit (BP) development in California GS and Israeli GD and SD apples The BP symptoms in GS from California were much more prominent, so the effect of LO2 was more dramatic than the effect on the Israeli cvs. GD and SD, nevertheless the LO2 treatment showed the same trend in all cultivars in reducing BP. The LO2 and 1-MCP -treated fruit exhibited lower levels of ethylene, - farnesene and its oxidation product, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (MHO), as determined by SPME/GC-MS analysis. In addition, LO2 pretreatment applied to California Bartlett or Israeli Spadona pears was effective in reducing superficial scald, senescent scald and internal breakdown after 4 m of cold storage at 0°C. For GS apple, low-temperature storage resulted in oxidative stress and chilling injury, caused by increased production of superoxide anions which in turn led to the generation of other dangerous reactive oxygen species (ROS). Using confocal laser-scanning microscopy and H2O2 measurements of apple peel, we observed ROS accumulation in control fruit, while negligible amounts were found in LO2 and 1-MCP treated fruit. Gene-expression levels of ROS-scavenging enzymes were induced by the various pretreatments: catalase was induced by LO2 treatment, whereas Mn superoxide dismutase was induced by 1-MCP treatment. We assume that LO2 and 1-MCP pretreated fruit remained healthier due to reduced production of ethylene and reactive oxygen substances, such as MHO, during cold storage. The LO2-treated apple exhibited greener peel and firmer fruit after 6 m of cold storage, and the fruit had high crispiness leading to high taste preference. In both pear cultivars, the LO2 treatment led to a reduction in internal breakdown and browning around the seed cavity. We tested the LO2 pre-storage treatment on a semi-commercial scale that would be applicable to a small organic grower by sealing the fruit within the plastic field bins. The treatment was most effective with a continuous flow of nitrogen through the bins; however, a single 6 hour flush of nitrogen was also fairly effective. In addition, we determined that it was very important to have the oxygen levels below 0.5% for approximately 10 days to achieve good scald control, not counting the time required to reduce the oxygen concentration. Our LO2 technology has been proven in this project to be effective in reducing several physiological disorders developed in pome fruit during cold storage. We hope that our non-chemical treatment which is friendly to the environment will be used in the near future for the organic apple and pear industry. The next step should be an analysis of the cost-benefits and commercial feasibility.
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