Relevant bibliographies by topics / Droplet size distributions

Academic literature on the topic 'Droplet size distributions'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Droplet size distributions"

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Duthon, Pierre, Michèle Colomb, and Frédéric Bernardin. "Fog Classification by Their Droplet Size Distributions: Application to the Characterization of Cerema’s Platform." Atmosphere 11, no. 6 (June 4, 2020): 596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11060596.

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Fog is one of major challenges for transportation systems. The automation of the latter is based on perception sensors that can be disrupted by atmospheric conditions. As fog conditions are random and non-reproducible in nature, Cerema has designed a platform to generate fog and rain on demand. Two types of artificial fog with different droplet size distributions are generated: they correspond to radiation fogs with small and medium droplets. This study presents an original method for classifying these different types of fog in a descriptive and quantitative way. It uses a new fog classification coefficient based on a principal component analysis, which measures the ability of a pair of droplet size distribution descriptors to differentiate between the two different types of fog. This method is applied to a database containing more than 12,000 droplet size distributions collected within the platform. It makes it possible to show: (1) that the two types of fog proposed by Cerema have significantly different droplet size distributions, for meteorological visibility values from 10 m to 1000 m; (2) that the proposed droplet size distribution range is included in the natural droplet size distribution range; (3) that the proposed droplet size distribution range should be extended in particular with larger droplets. Finally, the proposed method makes it possible to compare the different fog droplet size distribution descriptors proposed in the literature.
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Spiegel, J. K., P. Zieger, N. Bukowiecki, E. Hammer, E. Weingartner, and W. Eugster. "Evaluating the capabilities and uncertainties of droplet measurements for the fog droplet spectrometer (FM-100)." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 5, no. 3 (May 7, 2012): 3333–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-3333-2012.

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Abstract. Droplet size spectra measurements are crucial to obtain a quantitative microphysical description of clouds and fog. However, cloud droplet size measurements are subject to various uncertainties. This work focuses on the evaluation of two key measurement uncertainties arising during cloud droplet size measurements with a conventional droplet size spectrometer (FM-100): first, we addressed the precision with which droplets can be sized with the FM-100 on the basis of Mie theory. We deduced error assumptions and proposed how to correct measured size distributions for these errors by redistributing the measured droplet size distribution using a stochastic approach. Second, based on a literature study, we derived corrections for particle losses during sampling with the FM-100. We applied both corrections to cloud droplet size spectra measured at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch for a temperature range from 0 °C to 11 °C. We show that Mie scattering led to spikes in the droplet size distributions using the default sizing procedure, while the stochastic approach reproduced the ambient size distribution adequately. A detailed analysis of the FM-100 sampling efficiency revealed that particle losses were typically below 10% for droplet diameters up to 10 μm. For larger droplets, particle losses can increase up to 90% for the largest droplets of 50 μm at ambient windspeeds below 4.4 m s−1 and even to >90% for larger angles between the instrument orientation and the wind vector (sampling angle) at higher wind speeds. Comparisons of the FM-100 to other reference instruments revealed that the total liquid water content (LWC) measured by the FM-100 was more sensitive to particle losses than to re-sizing based on Mie scattering, while the total number concentration was only marginally influenced by particle losses. As a consequence, for further LWC measurements with the FM-100 we strongly recommend to consider (1) the error arising due to Mie scattering, and (2) the particle losses, especially for larger droplets depending on the set-up and wind conditions.
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Spiegel, J. K., P. Zieger, N. Bukowiecki, E. Hammer, E. Weingartner, and W. Eugster. "Evaluating the capabilities and uncertainties of droplet measurements for the fog droplet spectrometer (FM-100)." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 5, no. 9 (September 20, 2012): 2237–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-2237-2012.

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Abstract. Droplet size spectra measurements are crucial to obtain a quantitative microphysical description of clouds and fog. However, cloud droplet size measurements are subject to various uncertainties. This work focuses on the error analysis of two key measurement uncertainties arising during cloud droplet size measurements with a conventional droplet size spectrometer (FM-100): first, we addressed the precision with which droplets can be sized with the FM-100 on the basis of the Mie theory. We deduced error assumptions and proposed a new method on how to correct measured size distributions for these errors by redistributing the measured droplet size distribution using a stochastic approach. Second, based on a literature study, we summarized corrections for particle losses during sampling with the FM-100. We applied both corrections to cloud droplet size spectra measured at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch for a temperature range from 0 °C to 11 °C. We showed that Mie scattering led to spikes in the droplet size distributions using the default sizing procedure, while the new stochastic approach reproduced the ambient size distribution adequately. A detailed analysis of the FM-100 sampling efficiency revealed that particle losses were typically below 10% for droplet diameters up to 10 μm. For larger droplets, particle losses can increase up to 90% for the largest droplets of 50 μm at ambient wind speeds below 4.4 m s−1 and even to >90% for larger angles between the instrument orientation and the wind vector (sampling angle) at higher wind speeds. Comparisons of the FM-100 to other reference instruments revealed that the total liquid water content (LWC) measured by the FM-100 was more sensitive to particle losses than to re-sizing based on Mie scattering, while the total number concentration was only marginally influenced by particle losses. Consequently, for further LWC measurements with the FM-100 we strongly recommend to consider (1) the error arising due to Mie scattering, and (2) the particle losses, especially for larger droplets depending on the set-up and wind conditions.
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Mi, Jia Wei, and Patrick S. Grant. "Numerical Modelling of Spray Formed Grain Size Evolution." Materials Science Forum 561-565 (October 2007): 1991–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.561-565.1991.

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A numerical model has been developed to simulate the distribution of polygonal grain size in a sprayed microstructure formed from an alloy droplet spray containing a large number of solid, mushy and liquid droplets. The model takes into account the effects of: (1) the droplet size distribution; (2) its corresponding distribution of solid, mushy and liquid droplets at the instant of deposition; (3) the overall thermal condition of the spray formed preform during final solidification. The model has been validated against experiments of the spray forming of Ni superalloy rings, with modelled grain size distributions giving good agreement with measurements obtained by electron backscatter diffraction.
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Krueger, Steven K. "Technical note: Equilibrium droplet size distributions in a turbulent cloud chamber with uniform supersaturation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 13 (July 8, 2020): 7895–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7895-2020.

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Abstract. In a laboratory cloud chamber that is undergoing Rayleigh–Bénard convection, supersaturation is produced by isobaric mixing. When aerosols (cloud condensation nuclei) are injected into the chamber at a constant rate, and the rate of droplet activation is balanced by the rate of droplet loss, an equilibrium droplet size distribution (DSD) can be achieved. We derived analytic equilibrium DSDs and probability density functions (PDFs) of droplet radius and squared radius for conditions that could occur in such a turbulent cloud chamber when there is uniform supersaturation. We neglected the effects of droplet curvature and solute on the droplet growth rate. The loss rate due to fallout that we used assumes that (1) the droplets are well-mixed by turbulence, (2) when a droplet becomes sufficiently close to the lower boundary, the droplet's terminal velocity determines its probability of fallout per unit time, and (3) a droplet's terminal velocity follows Stokes' law (so it is proportional to its radius squared). Given the chamber height, the analytic PDF is determined by the mean supersaturation alone. From the expression for the PDF of the radius, we obtained analytic expressions for the first five moments of the radius, including moments for truncated DSDs. We used statistics from a set of measured DSDs to check for consistency with the analytic PDF. We found consistency between the theoretical and measured moments, but only when the truncation radius of the measured DSDs was taken into account. This consistency allows us to infer the mean supersaturations that would produce the measured PDFs in the absence of supersaturation fluctuations. We found that accounting for the truncation radius of the measured DSDs is particularly important when comparing the theoretical and measured relative dispersions of the droplet radius. We also included some additional quantities derived from the analytic DSD: droplet sedimentation flux, precipitation flux, and condensation rate.
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Wittner, Marc, Heike Karbstein, and Volker Gaukel. "Pneumatic Atomization: Beam-Steering Correction in Laser Diffraction Measurements of Spray Droplet Size Distributions." Applied Sciences 8, no. 10 (September 26, 2018): 1738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8101738.

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Laser diffraction is among the most widely used methods for spray droplet size measurements. However, the so-called beam-steering effect must be considered when pneumatic atomizers are used for droplet generation. The beam-steering effect is a systematic measurement error, leading to the detection of apparent large spray droplets due to gradients in the refractive index of the gas phase. The established correction method is based on the reduction of the laser diffraction system’s measurement range by deactivation of detectors, relevant for the detection of large droplets. As this method is only applicable when size ranges of real and apparent droplet sizes are clearly different, an alternative method for beam-steering correction is introduced in the presented study. It is based on a multimodal log-normal fit of measured spray droplet sizes. The modality representing the largest droplets is correlated to the beam-steering effect and therefore excluded from the measured size distribution. The new method was successfully applied to previously published droplet size distribution measurements of an internal mixing Air-Core-Liquid-Ring (ACLR) atomizer. In measurements where the method of detector deactivation is applicable, excellent accordance of droplet size distributions, gained by both correction methods, was found. In measurements with overlapping real and apparent parts of the distribution, the new correction method led to a significant reduction of overestimated large droplets. As a consequence, we conclude that the new method presented here for beam-steering correction should be applied in laser diffraction measurements of spray droplet sizes, generated by pneumatic atomizers.
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Aiyer, A. K., D. Yang, M. Chamecki, and C. Meneveau. "A population balance model for large eddy simulation of polydisperse droplet evolution." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 878 (September 18, 2019): 700–739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.649.

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In the context of many applications of turbulent multi-phase flows, knowledge of the dispersed phase size distribution and its evolution is critical to predicting important macroscopic features. We develop a large eddy simulation (LES) model that can predict the turbulent transport and evolution of size distributions, for a specific subset of applications in which the dispersed phase can be assumed to consist of spherical droplets, and occurring at low volume fraction. We use a population dynamics model for polydisperse droplet distributions specifically adapted to a LES framework including a model for droplet breakup due to turbulence, neglecting coalescence consistent with the assumed small dispersed phase volume fractions. We model the number density fields using an Eulerian approach for each bin of the discretized droplet size distribution. Following earlier methods used in the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes framework, the droplet breakup due to turbulent fluctuations is modelled by treating droplet–eddy collisions as in kinetic theory of gases. Existing models assume the scale of droplet–eddy collision to be in the inertial range of turbulence. In order to also model smaller droplets comparable to or smaller than the Kolmogorov scale we extend the breakup kernels using a structure function model that smoothly transitions from the inertial to the viscous range. The model includes a dimensionless coefficient that is fitted by comparing predictions in a one-dimensional version of the model with a laboratory experiment of oil droplet breakup below breaking waves. After initial comparisons of the one-dimensional model to measurements of oil droplets in an axisymmetric jet, it is then applied in a three-dimensional LES of a jet in cross-flow with large oil droplets of a single size being released at the source of the jet. We model the concentration fields using $N_{d}=15$ bins of discrete droplet sizes and solve scalar transport equations for each bin. The resulting droplet size distributions are compared with published experimental data, and good agreement for the relative size distribution is obtained. The LES results also enable us to quantify size distribution variability. We find that the probability distribution functions of key quantities such as the total surface area and the Sauter mean diameter of oil droplets are highly variable, some displaying strong non-Gaussian intermittent behaviour.
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Bewley, Jennifer L., and Sonia Lasher-Trapp. "Progress on Predicting the Breadth of Droplet Size Distributions Observed in Small Cumuli." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 68, no. 12 (December 1, 2011): 2921–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-11-0153.1.

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Abstract A modeling framework representing variations in droplet growth by condensation, resulting from different saturation histories experienced as a result of entrainment and mixing, is used to predict the breadth of droplet size distributions observed at different altitudes within trade wind cumuli observed on 10 December 2004 during the Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO) field campaign. The predicted droplet size distributions are as broad as those observed, contain similar numbers of droplets, and are generally in better agreement with the observations when some degree of inhomogeneous droplet evaporation is considered, allowing activation of newly entrained cloud condensation nuclei. The variability of the droplet growth histories, resulting primarily from entrainment, appears to explain the magnitude of the observed droplet size distribution widths, without representation of other broadening mechanisms. Additional work is needed, however, as the predicted mean droplet diameter is too large relative to the observations and likely results from the model resolution limiting dilution of the simulated cloud.
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Nishandar, Sanika Ravindra, Yucheng He, Marko Princevac, and Rufus D. Edwards. "Fate of Exhaled Droplets From Breathing and Coughing in Supermarket Checkouts and Passenger Cars." Environmental Health Insights 17 (January 2023): 117863022211482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786302221148274.

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The global pandemic of COVID-19 has highlighted the importance of understanding the role that exhaled droplets play in virus transmission in community settings. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) enables systematic examination of roles the exhaled droplets play in the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor environments. This analysis uses published exhaled droplet size distributions combined with terminal aerosol droplet size based on measured peak concentrations for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in aerosols to simulate exhaled droplet dispersion, evaporation, and deposition in a supermarket checkout area and rideshare car where close proximity with other individuals is common. Using air inlet velocity of 2 m/s in the passenger car and ASHRAE recommendations for ventilation and comfort in the supermarket, simulations demonstrate that exhaled droplets <20 μm that contain the majority of viral RNA evaporated leaving residual droplet nuclei that remain aerosolized in the air. Subsequently ~ 70% of these droplet nuclei deposited in the supermarket and the car with the reminder vented from the space. The maximum surface deposition of droplet nuclei/m2 for speaking and coughing were 2 and 819, 18 and 1387 for supermarket and car respectively. Approximately 15% of the total exhaled droplets (aerodynamic diameters 20-700 µm) were deposited on surfaces in close proximity to the individual. Due to the non-linear distribution of viral RNA across droplet sizes, however, these larger exhaled droplets that deposit on surfaces have low viral content. Maximum surface deposition of viral RNA was 70 and 1.7 × 103 virions/m2 for speaking and 2.3 × 104 and 9.3 × 104 virions/m2 for coughing in the supermarket and car respectively while the initial airborne concentration of viral RNA was 7 × 106 copies per ml. Integrating the droplet size distributions with viral load distributions, this study helps explain the apparent importance of inhalation exposures compared to surface contact observed in the pandemic.
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Klingebiel, M., A. de Lozar, S. Molleker, R. Weigel, A. Roth, L. Schmidt, J. Meyer, et al. "Arctic low-level boundary layer clouds: in situ measurements and simulations of mono- and bimodal supercooled droplet size distributions at the top layer of liquid phase clouds." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 2 (January 16, 2015): 617–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-617-2015.

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Abstract. Aircraft borne optical in situ size distribution measurements were performed within Arctic boundary layer clouds with a special emphasis on the cloud top layer during the VERtical Distribution of Ice in Arctic clouds (VERDI) campaign in April and May 2012. An instrumented Basler BT-67 research aircraft operated out of Inuvik over the Mackenzie River delta and the Beaufort Sea in the Northwest Territories of Canada. Besides the cloud particle and hydrometeor size spectrometers the aircraft was equipped with instrumentation for aerosol, radiation and other parameters. Inside the cloud, droplet size distributions with monomodal shapes were observed for predominantly liquid-phase Arctic stratocumulus. With increasing altitude inside the cloud the droplet mean diameters grew from 10 to 20 μm. In the upper transition zone (i.e., adjacent to the cloud-free air aloft) changes from monomodal to bimodal droplet size distributions (Mode 1 with 20 μm and Mode 2 with 10 μm diameter) were observed. It is shown that droplets of both modes co-exist in the same (small) air volume and the bimodal shape of the measured size distributions cannot be explained as an observational artifact caused by accumulating data point populations from different air volumes. The formation of the second size mode can be explained by (a) entrainment and activation/condensation of fresh aerosol particles, or (b) by differential evaporation processes occurring with cloud droplets engulfed in different eddies. Activation of entrained particles seemed a viable possibility as a layer of dry Arctic enhanced background aerosol (which was detected directly above the stratus cloud) might form a second mode of small cloud droplets. However, theoretical considerations and model calculations (adopting direct numerical simulation, DNS) revealed that, instead, turbulent mixing and evaporation of larger droplets are the most likely reasons for the formation of the second droplet size mode in the uppermost region of the clouds.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Droplet size distributions"

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Waldmeyer, James Robert. "The evolution of droplet size distributions in high shear complex flows." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612191.

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Sushanta, Mitra. "Breakup Process of Plane Liquid Sheets and Prediction of Initial Droplet Size and Velocity Distributions in Sprays." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/931.

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Spray models are increasingly becoming the principal tools in the design and development of gas turbine combustors. Spray modeling requires a knowledge of the liquid atomization process, and the sizes and velocities of subsequently formed droplets as initial conditions. In order to have a better understanding of the liquid atomization process,the breakup characteristics of plane liquid sheets in co-flowing gas streams are investigated by means of linear and nonlinear hydrodynamic instability analyses. The liquid sheet breakup process is studied for initial sinuous and varicose modes of disturbance. It is observed that the sheet breakup occurs at half-wavelength intervals for an initial sinuous disturbance and at full-wavelength intervals for an initial varicose disturbance. It is also found that under certain operating conditions, the breakup process is dictated by the initial varicose disturbance compare to its sinuous counterpart. Further, the breakup process is studied for the combined mode and it is found that the sheet breakup occurs at half- or full-wavelength intervals depending on the proportion of the individual sinuous and varicose disturbances. In general, the breakup length decreases with the increase in the Weber number, gas-to-liquid velocity and density ratios. A predictive model of the initial droplet size and velocity distributions for the subsequently formed spray is also formulated here. The present model incorporates the deterministic aspect of spray formation by calculating the breakup length and the mass-mean diameter and the stochastic aspect by statistical means through the maximum entropy principle based on Bayesian entropy. The two sub-models are coupled together by the various source terms signifying the liquid-gas interaction and a prior distribution based on instability analysis, which provides information regarding the unstable wave elements on the two liquid-gas interfaces. Experimental investigation of the breakup characteristics of the liquid sheet is performed by a high speed CCD camera and the measurement of the initial droplet size and distributions is conducted by phase-Doppler interferometry. Good agreement of the theoretical breakup length with the experiment is obtained for a planar, an annular and a gas turbine nozzle. The predicted initial droplet size and velocity distributions show reasonably satisfactory agreement with experimental data for all the three types of nozzles. Hence this spray model can be utilized to predict the initial droplet size and velocity distributions in sprays, which can then be implemented as a front-end subroutine to the existing computer codes.
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Falahati, Hamid. "The Characterization of Bimodal Droplet Size Distributions in the Ultrafiltration of Highly Concentrated Emulsions Applied to the Production of Biodiesel." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/19585.

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A non-reactive model system comprising a highly concentrated and unstable oil-in-water emulsion was used to investigate the retention of oil by the membrane in producing biodiesel with a membrane reactor. Critical flux was identified using the relationship between the permeate flux and transmembrane pressure along with the separation efficiency of the membrane. It was shown that separation efficiencies above 99.5% could be obtained at all operating conditions up to the critical flux. It was observed that the concentration of oil in all collected permeate samples using the oil-water system was below 0.2 wt% when operating at a flux below the critical flux. Studies to date have been limited to the characterization of low concentrated emulsions below 15 vol.%. The average oil droplet size in highly concentrated emulsions was measured as 3200 nm employing direct light scattering (DLS) measurement methods. It was observed that the estimated cake layer thickness of 20 to 80 mm was larger than external diameter of the membrane tube i.e. 6 mm based on a large particle size. Settling of the concentrated emulsion permitted the detection of a smaller particle size distribution (30-100 nm) within the larger particles averaging 3200 nm. It was identified that DLS methods could not efficiently give the droplet size distribution of the oil in the emulsion since large particles interfered with the detection of smaller particles. The content of the smaller particles represented 1% of the total weight of oil at 30°C and 5% at 70°C. This was too low to be detected using DLS measurements but was sufficient to affect ultrafiltration. In order to study the critical flux in the presence of transesterification reaction and the effect of cross flow velocity on separation, various oils were transesterified in another membrane reactor providing higher cross flow velocity. higher cross flow velocity provides better separation by reducing materials deposition on the surface of the membrane due to higher shearing. The oils tested were canola, corn, sunflower and unrefined soy oils (Free Fatty Acids (FFA< 1%)), and waste cooking oil (FFA= 9%). The quality of all biodiesel samples was studied in terms of glycerine, mono-glyceride, di-glyceride and tri-glyceride concentrations. The composition of all biodiesel samples were in the range required by ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. A critical flux based on operating pressure in the reactor was reached for waste cooking and pre-treated corn oils. It was identified that the reaction residence time in the reactor was an extremely important design parameter affecting the operating pressure in the reactor.
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Rohloff, Martin [Verfasser], Vollmer [Akademischer Betreuer] Jürgen, and Marcus [Akademischer Betreuer] Müller. "Continuously driven phase separation: size distributions and time scales in droplet growth / Martin Rohloff. Gutachter: Marcus Müller ; Vollmer Jürgen. Betreuer: Vollmer Jürgen." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1076398634/34.

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Zhuang, Jianqin, and Ruediger Voelkel. "Emulsion droplet size distribution by PFG NMR." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-195027.

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Gomes, Pimentel Rogerio. "Measurement and Prediction of Droplet Size Distribution in Sprays." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23623/23623.pdf.

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Gomes, Pimentel Rogério. "Measurement and prediction of droplet size distribution in sprays." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18194.

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Amin, Lekhraj Purushotham. "An investigation of droplet stability and droplet size distribution in a continuous oscillatory baffled tube." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/226.

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Yao, Juncheng. "Characterization and Prediction of Water Droplet Size in Oil-Water Flow." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1470741069.

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Marouelli, Waldir Aparecido 1958. "Improving chemigation efficacy by controlling droplet size distribution of oil-based pesticides." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282265.

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For chemigation of nonsoluble pesticides, small oil-pesticides droplets (dmax tend to wash-off from foliage while large droplets tend to stick. Large droplets (dmax are buoyant, tend to rise in the irrigation pipeline and exit at the beginning of the pipeline; thus, uniformity and efficacy are poor. For this research, a new chemigation system was proposed. The system removes water from the irrigation pipeline, injects the oil-pesticide into the water stream, increases dispersion velocity in successively smaller tubing diameters, and finally injects the dispersion back into the irrigation pipeline. The higher velocity flow with high turbulent shear forces breaks the oil-pesticide into desired size droplets. Droplet break-up research was reviewed, and a model developed to predict maximum droplet size and size distribution. A maximum relative error of 40% was observed when dmax predicted by the model was compared against literature data. Equations to predict friction factor in helically coiled pipes and effective viscosity of oil-in-water dispersions were evaluated. The friction factor predicted by the Ito equation was in good agreement with the experimental data. Effective viscosity of soybean oil- and kerosene-in-water dispersions was predicted satisfactorily by the Richardson equation with k₄ = 2.5. Finally, center pivot field experiments were conducted using the new and conventional chemigation systems. For the conventional system, the soybean oil uniformity coefficient along the lateral was 61%, and oil applied over the last tenth of irrigated area was 9% of the initial concentration. For the new system, the uniformity coefficient was 73% and 98% for dmax of 875 mum and 98 mum, respectively; oil applied over the last tenth of the area was 27% and 90% of the initial concentration. Field data were compared with those predicted from a pipeline transport model for nonsoluble pesticides. Agreement between the model and the field data was excellent for both experiments using the new chemigation system. Based on the field results and simulation analyses, droplets < 150 μm should be desirable to keep the discharge uniformity coefficient over 97%, for 0.92 ≤ ρ(d)/ρ(c) ≤ 1.04.
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Books on the topic "Droplet size distributions"

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F, Ide Robert, United States. Army Aviation Research and Technology Activity., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Comparison of drop size distributions from two droplet sizing systems. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1990.

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Center, Lewis Research, ed. Characterization of simulated small-droplet fuel sprays. [Cleveland, Ohio: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1986.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. and United States. Federal Aviation Administration., eds. Droplet sizing instrumentation used for icing research: Operation, calibration, and accuracy. [Washington, D.C.?]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1989.

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Aveyard, Bob. Surfactants. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828600.001.0001.

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Characteristically, surfactants in aqueous solution adsorb at interfaces and form aggregates (micelles of various shapes and sizes, microemulsion droplets, and lyotropic liquid crystalline phases). This book is about the behaviour of surfactants in solution, at interfaces, and in colloidal dispersions. Adsorption at liquid/fluid and solid/liquid interfaces, and ways of characterizing the adsorbed surfactant films, are explained. Surfactant aggregation in systems containing only an aqueous phase and in systems with comparable volumes of water and nonpolar oil are each considered. In the latter case, the surfactant distribution between oil and water and the behaviour of the resulting Winsor systems are central to surfactant science and to an understanding of the formation of emulsions and microemulsions. Surfactant layers on particle or droplet surfaces can confer stability on dispersions including emulsions, foams, and particulate dispersions. The stability is dependent on the surface forces between droplet or particle surfaces and the way in which they change with particle separation. Surface forces are also implicated in wetting processes and thin liquid film formation and stability. The rheology of adsorbed films on liquids and of bulk colloidal dispersions is covered in two chapters. Like surfactant molecules, small solid particles can adsorb at liquid/fluid interfaces and the final two chapters focus on particle adsorption, the behaviour of adsorbed particle films and the stabilization of Pickering emulsions.
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Book chapters on the topic "Droplet size distributions"

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Fritz, Bradley K., J. Susan Sun, and Greg Kruger. "Standardizing Spray Droplet Size Distributions." In Pesticide Formulation and Delivery Systems: 41st Volume, Formulation and Application Challenges of Diverse Agricultural Agrochemicals, 24–45. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp164120210077.

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Jalba, Andrei C., Michel A. Westenberg, and Mart H. M. Grooten. "Size from Specular Highlights for Analyzing Droplet Size Distributions." In Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns, 1188–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03767-2_144.

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Overbeek, J. Theodoor G. "Droplet Size Distributions and Phase Equilibria with Ionic Microemulsions." In Surfactants in Solution, 3–16. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3836-3_1.

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Malone, Karen, Zachary M. Aman, Simeon Pesch, Michael Schlüter, and Dieter Krause. "Jet Formation at the Spill Site and Resulting Droplet Size Distributions." In Deep Oil Spills, 43–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11605-7_4.

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Schlaghaufer, Florian, Johannes Fischer, and Alkwin Slenczka. "Electronic Spectroscopy in Superfluid Helium Droplets." In Topics in Applied Physics, 179–240. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94896-2_5.

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AbstractElectronic spectroscopy has been instrumental in demonstrating the properties of helium droplets as a cryogenic matrix for molecules. The electronic spectrum of glyoxal, which was one of the first molecules investigated in helium droplets by means of electronic spectroscopy, showed two features that provided convincing evidence that the droplets were superfluid. These were free rotation and the distinct shape of the phonon side band which could be directly assigned to the characteristic dispersion curve of a superfluid. On closer examination, however, details such as increased moments of inertia and a spectral response on the droplet size distribution revealed unexpected features of microsolvation in the superfluid helium. In the course of studying many different molecules, it has become clear that electronic spectroscopy in helium droplets provides insight into the detailed effects of microsolvation. These in turn lead to numerous questions regarding the interaction with the superfluid which are discussed in this chapter. In addition, the influence of microsolvation in helium droplets on van der Waals clusters generated inside helium droplets are discussed. Finally, the effect of helium solvation on unimolecular or bimolecular elementary chemical reactions is evaluated in comparison with corresponding experiments in the gas phase. Particular focus of this article lies on the spectral features related to helium solvation which are not yet fully understood.
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Delvigne, Gerard A. L. "Droplet Size Distribution of Naturally Dispersed Oil." In Fate and Effects of Oil in Marine Ecosystems, 29–40. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3573-0_3.

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Rees, Andreas, and Michael Oschwald. "Experimental Investigation of Transient Injection Phenomena in Rocket Combusters at Vacuum with Cryogenic Flash Boiling." In Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications, 211–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09008-0_11.

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AbstractThe substitution of the toxic hydrazine in current high-altitude rocket engines like upper stages or reaction control thrusters by green propellants is a major key driver in the current technology development of rocket propulsion systems. Operating these kind of rocket engines at high-altitude leads to a sudden pressure drop in the liquid propellants during their injection into the combustion chamber with a near-vacuum atmosphere prior to ignition. The resulting superheated thermodynamic state of the liquid causes a fast and eruptive evaporation which is called flash boiling. The degree of atomisation is important for a successful ignition and a secure operation of the rocket engine. The development and operation of a cryogenic high-altitude test bench at DLR Lampoldshausen enables the systematical experimental characterization of cryogenic flash boiling due to its ability to adjust and control the injection parameters like temperature, pressure or geometry. Several test campaigns with liquid nitrogen (LN2) were performed using two optical diagnostic methods: First, flash boiling LN2 spray patterns were visualised by means of high-speed shadowgraphy and, secondly, we determined the droplet size and velocity distributions in strongly superheated LN2 sprays with the help of a laser-based Phase Doppler system (PDA). The experimental data generated within these measurement campaigns provide defined boundary conditions as well as a broad data base for the numerical modelling of cryogenic flash boiling like e.g. the publications [8, 9].
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Zhao, Jun, Bin Dong, and Shixue Wang. "Study on the Droplet Size Distribution of Marangoni Condensation." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 187–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-26007-0_25.

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Sharma, Saurabh, Debayan Dasgupta, Sujit Nath, and Dipankar Bhanja. "Prediction of Droplet Size Distribution For Viscoelastic Liquid Sheet." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 243–50. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7711-6_26.

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Deb, Briti S., Lilya Ghazaryan, Bernard J. Geurts, Herman J. H. Clercx, J. G. M. Kuerten, and Cees W. M. van der Geld. "Effect of evaporation and condensation on droplet size distribution in turbulence." In ERCOFTAC Series, 201–6. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2482-2_32.

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Conference papers on the topic "Droplet size distributions"

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IJzermans, Rutger H. A., Rob Hagmeijer, and Ryan S. R. Sidin. "Calculation of Droplet Size Distribution in Condensing Flow." In ASME 2006 2nd Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting Collocated With the 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2006-98031.

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Condensing flows can be found in a large variety of industrial machinery such as steam turbines and supersonic gas conditioners. In many of these applications, it is very important to predict the droplet size distributions accurately. In the present research, the droplet size distribution in condensing flows is investigated numerically. We consider condensing flows with droplets that nucleate and grow, but do not slip with respect to the surrounding gas phase. To compute the coupling between the condensed phase and the carrier flow, one could solve the general dynamic equation and the fluid dynamics equations simultaneously. In order to reduce the overall computational effort of this procedure by roughly an order of magnitude, we use an alternative procedure, in which the general dynamic equation is initially replaced by moment equations complemented with a closure assumption. This closure assumption is based on Hill’s approximation of the droplet growth law. The method thus obtained, the so-called Method of Moments, is assumed to approximately accommodate the thermodynamic effects of condensation, such as the temperature, pressure and velocity field of the carrier flow. We use the Method of Moments as a basis for the calculation of the droplet size distribution function. We propose to solve the general dynamic equation a posteriori along a number of selected fluid trajectories, keeping the flow field fixed. This procedure, called Phase Path Analysis [1], leads to accurate size distribution estimates, at a far lower computational cost than solving the general dynamic equation and the fluid dynamics equations simultaneously. In the present paper, we investigate the effect of a variation in the liquid mass density on the droplet size distribution, using the proposed method. In case of a varying liquid mass density, both the equation for the dropltet growth rate and the moment equations are modified. This modified form coincides with the usual form of the moment equations in the event that the variation in liquid density is negligible. This research is relevant for condensation in flows where large temperature differences may occur which lead to significant variations in the liquid mass density. We show that the implementation of a variable liquid mass density in the Method of Moments and the Phase Path Analysis results in a higher extremum in the droplet size distribution, whereas the skewed shape of the distribution function is nearly similar to that obtained in the constant liquid density case.
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Layton, J. S., Sohail H. Zaidi, Ayse Altunbas, J. K. Walters, and B. J. Azzopardi. "Droplet size distributions in waveplate demisters using optical techniques." In Optical Science, Engineering and Instrumentation '97, edited by Soyoung S. Cha, James D. Trolinger, and Masaaki Kawahashi. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.293407.

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Kolodnytska, Ruslana, Sergiy Skurativskyi, and Pavel Moskvin. "Maximum entropy method for biodiesel spray droplet distribution." In ILASS2017 - 28th European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ilass2017.2017.4769.

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The efficiency of combustion process in diesel engine depends on the spray characteristics. The most importantof them are droplet size and velocity distributions. There are four methods which are used for describing the droplet size distributions: empirical, maximum entropy formalism (MEF), discrete probability function (DPF) and stochastic method. The MEF assumes that spray formation is a random process that can be described using the principle of maximum entropy. DPF method is a combination of random and non-random processes when the drop-size distribution appears from fluctuations in the initial conditions. Under the DPF approach the spray formation is divided into following steps: liquid breakup, ligaments separation, breakup of ligaments into fragments, fragment breakup into droplets. The stochastic breakup model assumes that the probability of formation of daughter droplet breakup size is independent of its parent size (a fractal scaling of breakup has been identified). This paper presents an investigation into the application of MEF model for distribution of biodiesel droplets. We used the model approach with the constraints: normalization, mass conservation, momentum conservation and surface energy conservation. The resulting probability density function (PDF) for velocity and droplet size is obtained by maximizing the Shannon entropy. We also used the new numerical algorithm to improve the model accuracy. The PDF for droplets diameters with different Weber numbers were calculated for both diesel and biodiesel fuels. The MEF predictions were compared against the experimental data for diesel and biodiesel droplet distribution with different injection pressure. According to the maximum entropy method, the influence of fuel thermodynamic properties on the parameters of drop-size and velocity distribution function forfuel sprays has been analysed.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.4769
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Zama, Yoshio, Masaaki Kawahashi, and Hiroyuki Hirahara. "Three-Dimensional Velocity and Droplet Size Measurements of Spray Flow (Keynote Paper)." In ASME/JSME 2003 4th Joint Fluids Summer Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2003-45206.

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The present investigation describes an application of a novel technique of simultaneous measurement of droplet size and three-dimensional components of velocity in a high density spray with swirl. The spray has a complicated and three-dimensional structure caused by mixing with surrounding airflow entrained by high speed fuel jet issuing from a nozzle. The breakup process of fuel film to fine-droplet-cloud, the droplet size dispersion and the velocity distribution of droplets are important factors in practical application of fuel spray for combustors. The conventional technique can be applied to local measurement of droplet speed and size. Recent methods, based on optical and image processing techniques, provide measurement of the velocity and droplet size distribution in observation area or volume. Maeda et al. proposed an excellent measurement technique of the size and the velocity distribution of droplet in spray based on interferometric laser imaging in which the fringe pattern is generated at the out of focus plane by interference between 0th order and 1st order refractions of droplet illuminated by high power laser light sheet. And also, in this technique, the separation of overlapping droplets image has been successfully done by optical method. As a practical application, the size and velocity distributions of droplets in a high density spray without swirl have been measured by this technique. In general, the droplet motion in a spray field is highly three-dimensional. Especially, a spray generated by a swirl nozzle shows complicated droplet motion in the three-dimensional field. In order to analyze the configuration of a complicated spray field, three-dimensional velocity measurement of droplets must be required. In the present paper, a combined measurement technique of the size and three velocity components of droplets in three-dimensional spray field based on doublet imaging technique of droplets and stereoscopic PIV method has been developed. And its feasibility and applicability was confirmed by practical application to measurements of spray fields induced by a swirl jet nozzle using in gas turbine.
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Hamelnick, Liron, and Jerrold Greenberg. "Multiple Polydisperse Spray Diffusion Flames; Influence of Droplet Size Distributions." In 51st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2013-889.

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Brady, Michael R., Claude Abiven, Pavlos P. Vlachos, and George Papadopoulos. "Time-Resolved Spray-Droplet Velocity and Size Measurements via Single Camera Laser Sheet Imaging and Planar DPIV." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33174.

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This paper describes a first effort to investigate the feasibility of droplet size and shape characterization by direct laser sheet imaging using time resolved Digital Particle Image Velocimetry. A 60-degree conical, high-pressure spray generated a poly-dispersed droplet distribution. Measurements were preformed for seven planes parallel to the spray axis, and separated by 4mm. A CMOS camera recorded the DPIV images at sampling rate of 10 KHz. Advanced image processing techniques were employed to identify the droplets and individually resolve their velocity using a hybrid cross-correlation particle-tracking algorithm. Subsequently, the size distribution of each droplet was quantified using geometric optics theory to convert the droplet image information to the true droplet size. Finally, the entire volume of the spray velocity and size distributions was reconstructed in a time-averaged sense. The droplet sizes from our direct imaging DPIV system were validated using a Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA). The calculated sizes from the direct imaging methodology were found to agree with the measured PDPA results for droplets images larger than the diffraction limited diameter. Resolution limitations introduced inaccuracy for smaller droplets. In addition, the shedding frequency of the spray ligament was observed to be on the order of 1KHz, demonstrating the feasibility of using a high speed, direct imaging system in the characterization of unsteady, liquid sheet breakup properties. This preliminary effort illustrates the potential of performing global time resolved velocity and size measurements using a simple DPIV configuration based on CMOS imaging technology.
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Dabirian, Ramin, Shihao Cui, Ilias Gavrielatos, Ram Mohan, and Ovadia Shoham. "Evaluation of Models for Droplet Shear Effect of Centrifugal Pump." In ASME 2018 5th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2018-83318.

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During the process of petroleum production and transportation, equipment such as pumps and chokes will cause shear effects which break the dispersed droplets into smaller size. The smaller droplets will influence the separator process significantly and the droplet size distribution has become a critical criterion for separator design. In order to have a better understanding of the separation efficiency, estimation of the dispersed-phase droplet size distribution is very important. The objective of this paper is to qualitatively and quantitatively investigate the effect of shear imparted on oil-water flow by centrifugal pump. This paper presents available published models for the calculation of droplet size distribution caused by different production equipment. Also detailed experimental data for droplet size distribution downstream of a centrifugal pump are presented. Rosin-Rammler and Log-Normal Distributions utilizing dmax Pereyra (2011) model as well as dmin Kouba (2003) model are used in order to evaluate the best fit distribution function to simulate the cumulative droplet size distribution. The results confirm that applying dmax Pereyra (2011) model leads to Rosin-Rammler distribution is much closer to the experimental data for low shear conditions, while the Log-Normal distribution shows better performance for higher shear rates. Furthermore, the predictions of Modified Kouba (2003) dmin model show good results for predicting the droplet distribution in centrifugal pump, and even better predictions under various ranges of experiments are achieved with manipulating cumulative percentage at minimum droplet diameter F(Dmin).
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Bachalo, William D. "Characterizing Particulate and Droplet Size Distributions: Exhaust Emissions to Cloud Research." In Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo.2009.cms1.

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Selvan Govindaraj, Muthu, Muralidhara H. Suryanarayana Rao, Vinod Kumar Vyas, Karthy Shanmugasundaram, Narendran Venugopal, and Karthic Sankar. "Effect of Inlet Tangential Port Area on Droplet Size Distribution of Small-Scale Simplex Atomizer." In ASME 2013 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2013-3549.

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An experimental investigation was conducted to study the effects of increased area of inlet tangential ports on the droplet size distribution of small-scale simplex atomizer. The spray characteristics of four different simplex atomizers representing increasing area of inlet tangential ports (diameter range 0.6 mm to 0.9 mm) are examined using water as working fluid. Measurements of droplet size and droplet size distributions of the four different atomizer configurations were carried using Malvern droplet size instrument at various downstream locations from final orifice exit. These measurments has been taken for five different injection pressures of spray. Variation of droplet size and droplet size distribution along the flow direction of spray was examined. The effect of increase in injection pressure on droplet size distribution of the spray was examined. Increase in inlet tangential port area significantly affects droplet size and droplet size distributions of the spray and affects the length of primary breakup region.
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Yang, Lele, Jing Wang, and Li Zou. "Droplet Size Distributions and Pressure Control in the Gas-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone." In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-18604.

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Abstract The gas–liquid cylindrical cyclone (GLCC) employs gravitational and centrifugal forces to realize gas-liquid separation. The aim of this study is to understand the droplet size distribution and pressure control in the GLCC via experiment and numerical analysis. The droplet size and pressure distributions were measured using Malvern RTsizer and pressure transmitters, respectively. The Discrete Phase Model was used to numerically analyze the swirling hydrodynamics of the GLCC. The results showed that the increase in the gas superficial velocity decreased the droplet size distribution at the inlet as a whole due to the shear effect and flow instability. The increase in the liquid superficial velocity only increased the small droplet size distribution at the inlet for the limitation of the gas’s carrying capacity. The pressure loss mainly occurred at the inlet and the overflow outlet. When the liquid level was remained below the inlet and above the liquid outlet, the liquid level and the liquid outlet section approximately met the Bernoulli equation for a finite large flow beam. With the increase in the pressure at the gas outlet, the liquid film fell back and the separation efficiency increased gradually. These results are helpful for further spreading applications of the GLCC in industry.
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Reports on the topic "Droplet size distributions"

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Fairall, C. W., and William Asher. Measurement of the Sea Spray Droplet Size Distributions at High Winds. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada628748.

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Asher, William E., and C. W. Fairall. Measurement of the Sea Spray Droplet Size Distributions at High Winds. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada622232.

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Fairall, C. W., and William Asher. Measurement of the Sea Spray Droplet Size Distributions at High Winds. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada626692.

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Fairall, C. W., and William Asher. Measurement of the Sea Spray Droplet Size Distributions at High Winds. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada627346.

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Fatah, Alim A., Cary Presser, and Edward V. White. Droplet size distributions in the spray from commercial 'fogger' type pepper spray products. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.7395.

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Sommerville, Douglas R., and Joseph E. Matta. A Method for Determining Droplet Size Distributions and Evaporational Losses Using Paper Impaction Cards and Dye Tracers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada225153.

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Mansour, A., and N. Chigier. The effect of turbulence on the stability of liquid jets and the resulting droplet size distributions. Third quarterly technical report, July 1, 1993--September 30, 1993. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10109151.

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Mansour, A., and N. Chigier. The effect of turbulence on the stability of liquid jets and the resulting droplet size distributions. Fourth quarterly technical report, October 1, 1993--December 31, 1993. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10136612.

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Wicker, Louise, and Nissim Garti. Entrapment and controlled release of nutraceuticals from double emulsions stabilized by pectin-protein hybrids. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695864.bard.

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Original Objectives Specific objectives are to: (1) modify charge and hydrophobicity of pectins to improve emulsion stabilizing properties (2) develop emulsions that can be sterically stabilized using modified pectins and/or pectin/protein hybrids (3) obtain submicronal inner emulsion droplets (10-50 nanometers) with small and monodispersed double emulsion (1-2 μm) droplets with long-term stability (possibly by emulsified microemulsions) and (4) trigger and control the release at will. Background Methodology for encapsulation and controlled release of selected addenda, e.g. drugs, vitamins, phytochemicals, flavors, is of major impact in the food industries. Stable double emulsions with desired solubilization and release properties of selected addenda are formed using charge modified pectin or pectin-protein hybrids. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements * We developed methodology to isolate PME isozymes and prepared modified pectins in sufficient quantity to characterize, form single and double emulsions and test stability. *Amino acid sequence of PME isozymes was estimated and will facilitate cloning of PME for commercial application * The contribution of total charge and distribution of charge of modified pectin was determined *Soluble complexes or modified pectins and whey isolates are formed * Stable W/O/W double emulsions were formed that did not cream, had small particle size * Inner phase of double emulsions are nano-sized and stable. These new structures were termed emulsified microemulsions (EME) * Release of bioactives were controlled between a few days to months depending on layering on droplets by hybrids * Commercial testing by Israeli company of stability and release of Vitamin C showed good chemical stability Implications Resolved the major stability limitation of W/O/W emulsions. Resolved the questions regarding citrus PMEs and tailored pilot scale modification of pectins.
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