Journal articles: 'Droplet infections'

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Mangini, Ed, Sorana Segal-Maurer, Janice Burns, Annette Avicolli, Carl Urban, Noriel Mariano, Louise Grenner, Carl Rosenberg, and James J. Rahal. "Impact of Contact and Droplet Precautions on the Incidence of Hospital-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 28, no. 11 (November 2007): 1261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/521658.

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Objective.To evaluate the efficacy of contact and droplet precautions in reducing the incidence of hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections.Design.Before-after study.Setting.A 439-bed, university-affiliated community hospital.Methods.To identify inpatients infected or colonized with MRSA, we conducted surveillance of S. aureus isolates recovered from clinical culture and processed by the hospital's clinical microbiology laboratory. We then reviewed patient records for all individuals from whom MRSA was recovered. The rates of hospital-acquired MRSA infection were tabulated for each area where patients received nursing care. After a baseline period, contact and droplet precautions were implemented in all intensive care units (ICUs). Reductions in the incidence of hospital-acquired MRSA infection in ICUs led to the implementation of contact precautions in non-ICU patient care areas (hereafter, “non-ICU areas”), as well. Droplet precautions were discontinued. An analysis comparing the rates of hospital-acquired MRSA infection during different intervention periods was performed.Results.The combined baseline rate of hospital-acquired MRSA infection was 10.0 infections per 1,000 patient-days in the medical ICU (MICU) and surgical ICU (SICU) and 0.7 infections per 1,000 patient-days in other ICUs. Following the implementation of contact and droplet precautions, combined rates of hospital-acquired MRSA infection in the MICU and SICU decreased to 4.3 infections per 1,000 patient-days (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.17-0.97; P = .03). There was no significant change in hospital-acquired MRSA infection rates in other ICUs. After the discontinuation of droplet precautions, the combined rate in the MICU and SICU decreased further to 2.5 infections per 1,000 patient-days. This finding was not significant (P = .43). In the non-ICU areas that had a high incidence of hospital-acquired MRSA infection, the rate prior to implementation of contact precautions was 1.3 infections per 1,000 patient-days. After the implementation of contact precautions, the rate in these areas decreased to 0.9 infections per 1,000 patient-days (95% CI, 0.47-0.94; P = .02).Conclusion.The implementation of contact precautions significantly decreased the rate of hospital-acquired MRSA infection, and discontinuation of droplet precautions in the ICUs led to a further reduction. Additional studies evaluating specific infection control strategies are needed.

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Ling, Wei, Maho Ichikawa, Kaho Hashimoto, Masayuki Ogata, Hitomi Tsutsumi, Shoichi Morimoto, Shin-ichi Tanabe, and Satoshi Hori. "Evaluation of Short-Distance Airborne Infection Risk Using a Cough Generator." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 02028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911102028.

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Short-distance airborne infections are often thought to occur by large droplets or direct contact. Recent studies have investigated the phenomenon of short-range airborne infection. In this study, the effect of relative humidity and short-distance exposure to cough droplet nuclei were evaluated. The evaluation model for infection risk was designed based on experimental data and previous studies and included sampling efficiency and virus survival rate. As observed in the comparison between short-range exposure and long-range exposure, the short-range exposure to the droplet nuclei by one cough was equivalent to a long-range exposure of several seconds to, depending on the number of ventilations, even for a momentary high-concentration exposure. This suggests the possibility of an infection risk corresponding to the receiving condition. Since short-range exposure and long-range exposure have different factors affecting the risk of infection, it is suggested that effective infection control should be selected for each condition. The risk of infection due to long-range exposure is considered to be sufficiently reduced to that of a single cough if the building meets the necessary number of ventilations. It was suggested that the influence of relative humidity on infection risks is smaller than other factors such as ventilation.

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Oye, Tosin T., Naren Gupta, Keng Goh, and Toyosi K. Oye. "Air-Conditioning and the Transmission of COVID-19 in Indoor Environment." Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 10, no. 3 (May 22, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v10i3.18461.

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Substandard ventilation in restricted air-conditioning indoor places is allied with upsurge in the respiratory infections’ transmission. There have been several COVID-19 spread occurrences connected with indoor environment, together with a few from pre-symptomatic situations. Ventilation role in averting coronavirus transmission is not precise (i.e., through inhibiting transmission of an infectious dose to susceptible individuals or preventing the spreading of contagious particles to lessen the risk of transmission). SARS-CoV-2 is believed to be mainly spread through significant respiratory droplets, nevertheless, a growing amount of epidemic information associate aerosol role in the epidemics of coronavirus. Aerosols comprise of droplet nuclei and little droplets which stay in the air for longer than significant droplets. Recent studies show that coronavirus particles can stay transmissible on numerous substances, including aerosols within the indoor environments, as well as the contagion period contingent on humidity and temperature. Thus far, COVID-19 transmission via air-conditioning systems is unclear, but it is considered possible.

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Monson, Ebony A., Donna R. Whelan, and Karla J. Helbig. "Lipid Droplet Motility Increases Following Viral Immune Stimulation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 9 (April 23, 2021): 4418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094418.

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Lipid droplets (LDs) have traditionally been thought of as solely lipid storage compartments for cells; however, in the last decade, they have emerged as critical organelles in health and disease. LDs are highly dynamic within cells, and their movement is critical in organelle–organelle interactions. Their dynamics are known to change during cellular stress or nutrient deprivation; however, their movement during pathogen infections, especially at very early timepoints, is under-researched. This study aimed to track LD dynamics in vitro, in an astrocytic model of infection. Cells were either stimulated with a dsRNA viral mimic, poly I:C, or infected with the RNA virus, Zika virus. Individual LDs within infected cells were analysed to determine displacement and speed, and average LD characteristics for multiple individual cells calculated. Both LD displacement and mean speed were significantly enhanced in stimulated cells over a time course of infection with an increase seen as early as 2 h post-infection. With the emerging role for LDs during innate host responses, understanding their dynamics is critical to elucidate how these organelles influence the outcome of viral infection.

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Abdelnaby, Asmaa, Laila Mahmoud Kamel, Jylan Elguindy, Reham Yousri Elamir, and Eman Elfar. "Exploring Safety Aspects in Dental School Clinics Including Droplet Infection Prevention." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, E (September 2, 2020): 509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.4941.

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BACKGROUND: Health-care safety focuses on improving patient’s and worker’s safety in a safe working clinics’ environment and prevent infection transmission including droplet infections as seasonal influenza and novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Dental health-care personnel (DHCP) are the target of safety measures and are themselves responsible for elimination of preventable harm. Dental schools are expected to demonstrate the model for quality safe care. AIM: This study aims to achieve high-quality safe dental care at dental clinics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey study was conducted at two Dental Outpatient Clinics, Cairo University. Disk review of policies, observation checklists for practices and awareness questionnaires of DHCP were used. RESULTS: DHCP showed good awareness for most of infection control (IC) and X-ray safety items. However, there are no policies or procedures to control droplet infections in the clinics. The clinics were closed in the current COVID-19 pandemic. There were poor patient safety practices, hand hygiene compliance, and personal protective equipment (PPE) use except for protecting clothes and disposable gloves. Students showed better compliance for patient safety guidelines. Other safety policies were poorly communicated. CONCLUSION: There should be preparedness plan to deal with any droplet infection outbreak, epidemic or pandemic as COVID-19 in all dental settings. There is a need to initiate dental safety unit in dental schools to implement, communicate, train, and supervise all dental safety practices including infection control.

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Kähler, Christian J., and Rainer Hain. "Fundamental protective mechanisms of face masks against droplet infections." Journal of Aerosol Science 148 (October 2020): 105617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105617.

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Alsamarai, Abdulghani M., and Hala M. Hassan. "Maternal Infections Associated with Bad Obstetric Outcome: Toxoplasmosis and Rubella." International Journal of Medical Sciences 1, no. 3 (August 1, 2018): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32441/ijms.v1i3.97.

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Toxoplasmosis is caused by infection with the obligated intracellular protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. It is one of the most prevalent chronic infections affecting one third of the world's human population. The prevalence of T. gondii infection varies among different geographical regions. The infection is characterized by non-specific signs with the consequent formation of cysts that may stay in latent form in many organs. Primary infection is usually subclinical but in some patient's cervical lymphoadenopathy or ocular disease can be present. Rubella is a mild disease caused by a togavirus. There may be a mild prodromal illness involving a low-grade fever, malaise, coryza and mild conjunctivitis. Lymphadenopathy involving post-auricular and sub-occipital glands may lead to rash. The rash is usually transitory, erythematous and mostly seen behind the ears and on the face and neck. Clinical diagnosis is unreliable as the rash may be fleeting and is not specific to rubella. Rubella is spread by droplet transmission. The incubation period is 14 to 21 days, with the majority of individuals developing a rash 14 to 17 days after exposure. Individuals with rubella are infectious from one week before symptoms appear to four days after the onset of the rash. Complications include thrombocytopaenia (the rate may be as high as one in 3000 infections) and post-infectious encephalitis (one in 6000 cases).

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Hertzberg, Vicki Stover, Howard Weiss, Lisa Elon, Wenpei Si, and Sharon L. Norris. "Behaviors, movements, and transmission of droplet-mediated respiratory diseases during transcontinental airline flights." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 14 (March 19, 2018): 3623–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711611115.

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With over 3 billion airline passengers annually, the inflight transmission of infectious diseases is an important global health concern. Over a dozen cases of inflight transmission of serious infections have been documented, and air travel can serve as a conduit for the rapid spread of newly emerging infections and pandemics. Despite sensational media stories and anecdotes, the risks of transmission of respiratory viruses in an airplane cabin are unknown. Movements of passengers and crew may facilitate disease transmission. On 10 transcontinental US flights, we chronicled behaviors and movements of individuals in the economy cabin on single-aisle aircraft. We simulated transmission during flight based on these data. Our results indicate there is low probability of direct transmission to passengers not seated in close proximity to an infectious passenger. This data-driven, dynamic network transmission model of droplet-mediated respiratory disease is unique. To measure the true pathogen burden, our team collected 229 environmental samples during the flights. Although eight flights were during Influenza season, all qPCR assays for 18 common respiratory viruses were negative.

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Dombrovsky, Leonid, Alexander Fedorets, Vladimir Levashov, Alexei Kryukov, Edward Bormashenko, and Michael Nosonovsky. "Modeling Evaporation of Water Droplets as Applied to Survival of Airborne Viruses." Atmosphere 11, no. 9 (September 10, 2020): 965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11090965.

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Many viruses, such as coronaviruses, tend to spread airborne inside water microdroplets. Evaporation of the microdroplets may result in a reduction of their contagiousness. However, the evaporation of small droplets is a complex process involving mass and heat transfer, diffusion, convection and solar radiation absorption. Virological studies indicate that airborne virus survival is very sensitive to air humidity and temperature. We employ a model of droplet evaporation with the account for the Knudsen layer. This model suggests that evaporation is sensitive to both temperature and the relative humidity (RH) of the ambient air. We also discuss various mechanisms such as the effect of solar irradiation, the dynamic relaxation of moving droplets in ambient air and the gravitational sedimentation of the droplets. The maximum estimate for the spectral radiative flux in the case of cloudless sky showed that the radiation contribution to evaporation of single water droplets is insignificant. We conclude that at small and even at moderately high levels of RH, microdroplets evaporate within dozens of seconds with the convective heat flux from the air being the dominant mechanism in every case. The numerical results obtained in the paper are in good qualitative agreement with both the published laboratory experiments and seasonal nature of many viral infections. Sophisticated experimental techniques may be needed for in situ observation of interaction of viruses with organic particles and living cells within microdroplets. The novel controlled droplet cluster technology is suggested as a promising candidate for such experimental methodology.

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Ostovar, Gholamabbas Amin, Nina Kohn, Karl O. A. Yu, Susan Nullet, and Lorry G. Rubin. "Nosocomial Influenza in a Pediatric Hospital: Comparison of Rates of Seasonal and Pandemic 2009 Influenza A/H1N1 Infection." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 33, no. 03 (March 2012): 292–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700030861.

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The rates of nosocomial seasonal (January 2008 to March 2009) and 2009 A/H1N1 (April 2009 to December 2010) influenza infections in a children's hospital were compared. Droplet precautions were used. The rates were similar during both periods, suggesting that use of droplet precautions did not result in a higher rate of influenza A/H1N1 infection.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2012;33(3):292-294

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Ostovar, Gholamabbas Amin, Nina Kohn, Karl O. A. Yu, Susan Nullet, and Lorry G. Rubin. "Nosocomial Influenza in a Pediatric Hospital: Comparison of Rates of Seasonal and Pandemic 2009 Influenza A/H1N1 Infection." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 33, no. 3 (March 2012): 292–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/664046.

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The rates of nosocomial seasonal (January 2008 to March 2009) and 2009 A/H1N1 (April 2009 to December 2010) influenza infections in a children's hospital were compared. Droplet precautions were used. The rates were similar during both periods, suggesting that use of droplet precautions did not result in a higher rate of influenza A/H1N1 infection.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012;33(3):292-294

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Radkova, Diana, Todorka Panayotova, Snejana Marazova, Daniel Monov, and Teodora Dimitrova. "Manageable droplet infections in the Dobrich region – past, present and future." Heart - Lung (Varna) 18, no. 1-2 (June 23, 2012): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14748/hl.v18i1-2.3345.

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Shoor, Purva, Gagan Deep Kaur, and Amanjot Kaur Chauhan. "Atmospheric conditions affecting the transmission of COVID-19 virus." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 3 (February 24, 2021): 1487. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20210850.

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The physical environment plays an important role in the transmission of respiratory infections like COVID-19. Atmospheric conditions associated to diseases like influenza, adenovirus infections, parainfluenza, common cold viruses and so on. But we are still lacking in evidence to support the influence of meteorological conditions in spreading COVID-19. We have discussed air pollution, smoking, low air temperature, and proximity to equator, low humidity and air velocity as contributing factors in the spread of SARS-CoV-2 through this narrative synthesis. Bio-aerosol or ultra-fine particulate matter seems to be the most promising mode of transmission of COVID-19. Other methods are direct contact and droplet infection. Air pollution control can prevent priming of respiratory system which shall further protect from pulmonary infections. Air sanitization and humidifiers can be considered to modify the indoor air and prevent contracting infection at workplaces, schools and other gatherings.

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Nagy, Z. Z. "Ophthalmic signs and complications of the COVID-19 infection." Developments in Health Sciences 3, no. 4 (July 30, 2021): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2066.2021.40001.

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AbstractCoronavirus-19 infection caused a mysterious pandemic worldwide. Some people experienced flu-like symptoms, while others have died due to pulmonary complications. Besides droplet spread, other routes of infection started to be suspected, such as through eye contact. During the first phase of the pandemic, pulmonary symptoms were in focus, later other signs and symptoms were also published. Eyelid, anterior and posterior segment symptoms, neuro-ophthalmic complications, and orbital problems related to COVID-19 infections are discussed in this article. It is important to detect the serious signs and symptoms to prevent late, sight threatening complications of COVID-19 infection.

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Ziegler, Ingrid, Sofia Lindström, Magdalena Källgren, Kristoffer Strålin, and Paula Mölling. "16S rDNA droplet digital PCR for monitoring bacterial DNAemia in bloodstream infections." PLOS ONE 14, no. 11 (November 13, 2019): e0224656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224656.

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Kulesa, Anthony, Jared Kehe, Juan E. Hurtado, Prianca Tawde, and Paul C. Blainey. "Combinatorial drug discovery in nanoliter droplets." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 26 (June 13, 2018): 6685–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1802233115.

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Combinatorial drug treatment strategies perturb biological networks synergistically to achieve therapeutic effects and represent major opportunities to develop advanced treatments across a variety of human disease areas. However, the discovery of new combinatorial treatments is challenged by the sheer scale of combinatorial chemical space. Here, we report a high-throughput system for nanoliter-scale phenotypic screening that formulates a chemical library in nanoliter droplet emulsions and automates the construction of chemical combinations en masse using parallel droplet processing. We applied this system to predict synergy between more than 4,000 investigational and approved drugs and a panel of 10 antibiotics againstEscherichia coli, a model gram-negative pathogen. We found a range of drugs not previously indicated for infectious disease that synergize with antibiotics. Our validated hits include drugs that synergize with the antibiotics vancomycin, erythromycin, and novobiocin, which are used against gram-positive bacteria but are not effective by themselves to resolve gram-negative infections.

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Sommerstein, Rami, Tiago Castro Lopes Azevedo, Christina Aerschmann, Fabienne Hobi, Martin Egger, and Jonas Marschall. "Droplet precautions on site instead of single room isolation for respiratory tract infections." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 40, no. 8 (June 6, 2019): 939–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2019.142.

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AbstractWe introduced a pragmatic concept of on site droplet precautions instead of single room isolation for rural hospitals in a tiered network. A survey among healthcare workers revealed that this approach was considered comprehensive, safe, and acceptable. This concept could be an alternative for hospitals with few single rooms available for isolation.

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Li, Yiyan, Hemanth Cherukury, Louai Labanieh, Weian Zhao, and Dong-Ku Kang. "Rapid Detection of β-Lactamase-Producing Bacteria Using the Integrated Comprehensive Droplet Digital Detection (IC 3D) System." Sensors 20, no. 17 (August 19, 2020): 4667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174667.

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Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have emerged as an imminent global threat. The lack of rapid and sensitive diagnostic techniques leaves health care providers with inadequate resources for guiding therapy and risks the lives of patients. The traditional plate culturing methods for identifying antibiotic-resistant bacteria is laborious and time-consuming. Bulk PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and qPCR are limited by poor detection sensitivity, which is critical for the early-stage detection of bloodstream infections. In this study, we introduce a technique for detecting β-lactamase-producing bacteria at single-cell sensitivity based on a commercial β-lactamase sensor (Fluorocillin), droplet microfluidics, and a custom 3D particle counter. Bacteria-containing samples were encapsulated within picoliter-sized droplets at the single-cell level and cultured within water-in-oil droplets containing antibiotics and the Fluorocillin sensor. Then, fluorescent droplets were digitally quantified with the 3D particle counter, which is capable of analyzing milliliter-scale volumes of collected droplets within 10 min. The fluorescence signal from single-colony droplets was detectable in less than 5 h, and the 3D scanning was performed in less than 10 min, which was significantly faster than conventional culture-based methods. In this approach, the limit of detection achieved was about 10 bacterial cells per mL of sample, and the turnaround time from sample to result was less than 6 h. This study demonstrates a promising strategy for the detection of β-lactamase-producing bacteria using the recently developed IC 3D system.

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Wouters, Yannick, Daisy Dalloyaux, Anke Christenhusz, Hennie M. J. Roelofs, Heiman F. Wertheim, Chantal P. Bleeker‐Rovers, René H. Morsche, and Geert J. A. Wanten. "Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction for rapid broad‐spectrum detection of bloodstream infections." Microbial Biotechnology 13, no. 3 (May 2020): 657–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.13491.

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Bhat, Shabir Ahmad, Shameem Ahmad Rather, Arsheed Iqbal, Haider Ali Qureshi, and Naquibul Islam. "Immunomodulators for Curtailing COVID-19: a Positive Approach." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 3-s (June 15, 2020): 286–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i3-s.4085.

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is highly infectious, spreading swiftly from man to man which has not been previously recognized in humans. World Health Organization (WHO) on February 11, 2020 named the infection as COVID-19 as an acronym for ‘coronavirus disease-2019’ and on March 11, 2020 declared the outbreak as pandemic. It affects all the people without discrimination, however, older, immune compromised are more susceptible. The virus chiefly spread through droplet infection from infected person to healthy one by coughing, sneezing or with infected hands when touched to eyes, nose or mouth. Symptoms of the infection range from mild to severe ones. In severe cases (approx. 14% of cases) fever typically of high grade (104oF), breathlessness, pneumonia and severe acute respiratory syndrome may appear. So far no specific treatment or vaccine for novel coronavirus-2019 is there. From the past and recent past experiences we have learnt that herbal medicines have proven beneficial against various dreadful viral infections. Assessment of immune enhancing herbs in this paper may definitely be helpful for the body to fight COVID-19 infection. Keywords: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, COVID-19, Pneumonia, Immune, Herbs

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Baker, Meghan A., Chanu Rhee, Karen Fiumara, Carin Bennett-Rizzo, Robert Tucker, Sarah A. Williams, Paige Wickner, et al. "COVID-19 infections among HCWs exposed to a patient with a delayed diagnosis of COVID-19." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, no. 9 (May 27, 2020): 1075–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.256.

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AbstractWe report on COVID-19 risk among HCWs exposed to a patient diagnosed with COVID-19 on day 13 of hospitalization. There were 44 HCWs exposed to the patient before contact and droplet precautions were implemented: of these, 2 of 44 (5%) developed COVID-19 potentially attributable to the exposure.

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Rubin, Lorry G., Nina Kohn, Susan Nullet, and Margaret Hill. "Reduction in Rate of Nosocomial Respiratory Virus Infections in a Children’s Hospital Associated With Enhanced Isolation Precautions." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 39, no. 2 (January 14, 2018): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2017.282.

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OBJECTIVETo determine whether the use of enhanced isolation precautions (droplet and contact precautions) for inpatients with respiratory tract viral infections is associated with a reduction in rate of nosocomial viral respiratory infections.DESIGNQuasi-experimental study with the rate of nosocomial respiratory virus infection as the primary dependent variable and rate of nosocomialClostridium difficileinfection as a nonequivalent dependent variable comparator.SETTINGCohen Children’s Medical Center of NY, a tertiary-care children’s hospital attached to a large general hospital.INTERVENTIONDuring years 1 and 2 (July 2012 through June 2014), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee’s recommended isolation precautions for inpatients with selected respiratory virus infections were in effect. Enhanced isolation precautions were in effect during years 3 and 4 (July, 2014 through June, 2016), except for influenza, for which enhanced precautions were in effect during year 4 only.RESULTSDuring the period of enhanced isolation precautions, the rate of nosocomial respiratory virus infections with any of 4 virus categories decreased 39% from 0.827 per 1,000 hospital days prior to enhanced precautions to 0.508 per 1,000 hospital days (P<.0013). Excluding rhinovirus/enterovirus infections, the rates decreased 58% from 0.317 per 1,000 hospital days to 0.134 per 1,000 hospital days during enhanced precautions (P<.0014). During these periods, no significant change was detected in the rate of nosocomialC. difficileinfection.CONCLUSIONSEnhanced isolation precautions for inpatients with respiratory virus infections were associated with a reduction in the rate of nosocomial respiratory virus infections.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2018;39:152–156

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You, Shu-Han, Szu-Chieh Chen, Chien-Hua Wang, and Chung-Min Liao. "Linking Contact Behavior and Droplet Patterns to Dynamically Model Indoor Respiratory Infections Among Schoolchildren." Journal of Epidemiology 23, no. 4 (2013): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2188/jea.je20120031.

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Stilianakis, Nikolaos I., and Yannis Drossinos. "Dynamics of infectious disease transmission by inhalable respiratory droplets." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 7, no. 50 (April 29, 2010): 1355–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2010.0026.

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Transmission of respiratory infectious diseases in humans, for instance influenza, occurs by several modes. Respiratory droplets provide a vector of transmission of an infectious pathogen that may contribute to different transmission modes. An epidemiological model incorporating the dynamics of inhalable respiratory droplets is developed to assess their relevance in the infectious process. Inhalable respiratory droplets are divided into respirable droplets, with droplet diameter less than 10 µm, and inspirable droplets, with diameter in the range 10–100 µm: both droplet classes may be inhaled or settle. Droplet dynamics is determined by their physical properties (size), whereas population dynamics is determined by, among other parameters, the pathogen infectivity and the host contact rates. Three model influenza epidemic scenarios, mediated by different airborne or settled droplet classes, are analysed. The scenarios are distinguished by the characteristic times associated with breathing at contact and with hand-to-face contact. The scenarios suggest that airborne transmission, mediated by respirable droplets, provides the dominant transmission mode in middle and long-term epidemics, whereas inspirable droplets, be they airborne or settled, characterize short-term epidemics with high attack rates. The model neglects close-contact transmission by droplet sprays (direct projection onto facial mucous membranes), retaining close-contact transmission by inspirable droplets.

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Dong, Pu-Ting, Cheng Zong, Zeina Dagher, Jie Hui, Junjie Li, Yuewei Zhan, Meng Zhang, Michael K. Mansour, and Ji-Xin Cheng. "Polarization-sensitive stimulated Raman scattering imaging resolves amphotericin B orientation in Candida membrane." Science Advances 7, no. 2 (January 2021): eabd5230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd5230.

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Ergosterol-targeting amphotericin B (AmB) is the first line of defense for life-threatening fungal infections. Two models have been proposed to illustrate AmB assembly in the cell membrane; one is the classical ion channel model in which AmB vertically forms transmembrane tunnel and the other is a recently proposed sterol sponge model where AmB is laterally adsorbed onto the membrane surface. To address this controversy, we use polarization-sensitive stimulated Raman scattering from fingerprint C═C stretching vibration to visualize AmB, ergosterol, and lipid in single fungal cells. Intracellular lipid droplet accumulation in response to AmB treatment is found. AmB is located in membrane and intracellular droplets. In the 16 strains studied, AmB residing inside cell membrane was highly ordered, and its orientation is primarily parallel to phospholipid acyl chains, supporting the ion channel model. Label-free imaging of AmB and chemical contents offers an analytical platform for developing low-toxicity, resistance-refractory antifungal agents.

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Roden, Anja C., Julie A. Vrana, Justin W. Koepplin, Angela E. Hudson, Andrew P. Norgan, Garrett Jenkinson, Satoko Yamaoka, et al. "Comparison of In Situ Hybridization, Immunohistochemistry, and Reverse Transcription–Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Testing in Tissue." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 145, no. 7 (March 15, 2021): 785–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2021-0008-sa.

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Context.— Small case series have evaluated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) detection in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and/or RNA in situ hybridization (RNAish). Objective.— To compare droplet digital polymerase chain reaction, IHC, and RNAish to detect SARS-CoV-2 in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue in a large series of lung specimens from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Design.— Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction and RNAish used commercially available probes; IHC used clone 1A9. Twenty-six autopsies of COVID-19 patients with formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of 62 lung specimens, 22 heart specimens, 2 brain specimens, and 1 liver, and 1 umbilical cord were included. Control cases included 9 autopsy lungs from patients with other infections/inflammation and virus-infected tissue or cell lines. Results.— Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction had the highest sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 (96%) when compared with IHC (31%) and RNAish (36%). All 3 tests had a specificity of 100%. Agreement between droplet digital polymerase chain reaction and IHC or RNAish was fair (κ = 0.23 and κ = 0.35, respectively). Agreement between IHC and in situ hybridization was substantial (κ = 0.75). Interobserver reliability was almost perfect for IHC (κ = 0.91) and fair to moderate for RNAish (κ = 0.38–0.59). Lung tissues from patients who died earlier after onset of symptoms revealed higher copy numbers by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (P = .03, Pearson correlation = −0.65) and were more likely to be positive by RNAish (P = .02) than lungs from patients who died later. We identified SARS-CoV-2 in hyaline membranes, in pneumocytes, and rarely in respiratory epithelium. Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction showed low copy numbers in 7 autopsy hearts from ProteoGenex Inc. All other extrapulmonary tissues were negative. Conclusions.— Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction was the most sensitive and highly specific test to identify SARS-CoV-2 in lung specimens from COVID-19 patients.

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Hsu, Jennifer, Bette Jensen, Matthew Arduino, Toni Bergeron, Teresa Fox, Greg Gum, Vera Pischke, David Potts, John Townes, and Arjun Srinivasan. "Streptococcal Meningitis Following Myelogram Procedures." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 28, no. 05 (May 2007): 614–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/513496.

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In September of 2004, we investigated 7 cases of post-myelography meningitis. Streptococcal species were recovered from blood or cerebrospinal fluid in all cases. Our findings suggest that droplet transmission of the oral flora of the clinician performing the procedure was the most likely source of these infections. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends the use of face masks by those performing myelograms.

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Okonogi, Siriporn, Pimpak Phumat, Sakornrat Khongkhunthian, Pisaisit Chaijareenont, Thomas Rades, and Anette Müllertz. "Development of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems Containing 4-Allylpyrocatechol for Treatment of Oral Infections Caused by Candida albicans." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13020167.

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Clinical use of 4-Allylpyrocatechol (APC), a potential antifungal agent from Piper betle, is limited because of its low water solubility. The current study explores the development of the self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) containing APC (APC-SNEDDS) to enhance APC solubility. Results demonstrated that excipient type and concentration played an important role in the solubility of APC in the obtained SNEEDS. SNEDDS, comprising 20% Miglyol 812N, 30% Maisine 35-1, 40% Kolliphor RH40, and 10% absolute ethanol, provided the highest loading capacity and significantly increased water solubility of APC. Oil-in-water nanoemulsions (NE) with droplet sizes of less than 40 nm and a narrow size distribution were obtained after dispersing this APC-SNEDDS in water. The droplets had a negative zeta potential between −10 and −20 mV. The release kinetics of APC from APC-SNEDDS followed the Higuchi model. The NE containing 1.6 mg APC/mL had effective activity against Candida albicans with dose-dependent killing kinetics and was nontoxic to normal cells. The antifungal potential was similar to that of 1 mg nystatin/mL. These findings suggest that APC-SNEDDS are a useful system to enhance the apparent water solubility of APC and are a promising system for clinical treatment of oral infection caused by C. albicans.

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Armstrong, Richard M., Katherine L. Adams, Joseph E. Zilisch, Daniel J. Bretl, Hiromi Sato, David M. Anderson, and Thomas C. Zahrt. "Rv2744c Is a PspA Ortholog That Regulates Lipid Droplet Homeostasis and Nonreplicating Persistence in Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Journal of Bacteriology 198, no. 11 (March 21, 2016): 1645–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01001-15.

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ABSTRACTMycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, despite the availability of a live attenuated vaccine and anti-TB antibiotics. The vast majority of individuals infected withM. tuberculosisdevelop an asymptomatic latent infection in which the bacterium survives within host-generated granulomatous lesions in a physiologically altered metabolic state of nonreplicating persistence. The granuloma represents an adverse environment, asM. tuberculosisis exposed to various stressors capable of disrupting the essential constituents of the bacterium. In Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, resistance to cell envelope stressors that perturb the plasma membrane is mediated in part by proteins comprising the phage shock protein (Psp) system. PspA is an important component of the Psp system; in the presence of envelope stress, PspA localizes to the inner face of the plasma membrane, homo-oligomerizes to form a large scaffold-like complex, and helps maintain plasma membrane integrity to prevent a loss of proton motive force.M. tuberculosisand other members of theMycobacteriumgenus are thought to encode a minimal functional unit of the Psp system, including an ortholog of PspA. Here, we show that Rv2744c possesses structural and physical characteristics that are consistent with its designation as a PspA family member. However, althoughRv2744cis upregulated under conditions of cell envelope stress, loss ofRv2744cdoes not alter resistance to cell envelope stressors. Furthermore, Rv2744c localizes to the surface of lipid droplets inMycobacteriumspp. and regulates lipid droplet number, size, andM. tuberculosispersistence during anaerobically induced dormancy. Collectively, our results indicate that Rv2744c is a bona fide ortholog of PspA that may function in a novel role to regulate lipid droplet homeostasis and nonreplicating persistence (NRP) inM. tuberculosis.IMPORTANCEMycobacterium tuberculosisis the causative agent of tuberculosis, a disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide.M. tuberculosisis capable of establishing lifelong asymptomatic infections in susceptible individuals and reactivating during periods of immune suppression to cause active disease. The determinants that are important for persistent infection ofM. tuberculosisor for reactivation of this organism from latency are poorly understood. In this study, we describe our initial characterizations of Rv2744c, an ortholog of phage shock protein A (PspA) that regulates the homeostasis of lipid bodies and nonreplicating persistence inM. tuberculosis. This function of PspA inM. tuberculosisis novel and suggests that PspA may represent a unique bacterial target upon which to base therapeutic interventions against this organism.

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Bashir, Muhammad Adeel, and Romana Shaida Durrani. "Novel coronavirus (COVID-19): Its implications for anesthesia." Anaesthesia, Pain & Intensive Care 24, no. 1 (May 7, 2020): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.35975/apic.v24i1.1214.

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Once again in the same decade, global health delivery systems are facing with the daunting challenge of another variant of Coronavirus (COVID-19). Over the last 20 years at least six different variants of coronavirus have emerged. Infections caused by these viruses mainly cause life threatening respiratory implications. The recent outbreak of a novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China has been labelled as public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). Previous experiences of Coronavirus outbreaks have shown that health care workers are at a high risk of acquiring this infection. Anesthesiologists, are particularly vulnerable due to their frequent exposure to infected respiratory secretions. Therefore, to minimize the transmission of nCoV-2019 infection, proper infection control measures like correct workplace practices, appropriate usage of personal protective equipment, airborne and droplet precautions are mandatory while managing a suspected case of infected patient. Citation: Bashir MA, Durrani RS. Novel coronavirus (COVID-19): Its implications for anesthesia. Anaesth pain intensive care 2020;24(1): DOI: https://doi.org/10.35975/apic.v24i1.

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Warnes, Sarah L., and C. William Keevil. "Lack of Involvement of Fenton Chemistry in Death of Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Sensitive Strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Destruction of Their Genomes on Wet or Dry Copper Alloy Surfaces." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 7 (January 29, 2016): 2132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03861-15.

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ABSTRACTThe pandemic of hospital-acquired infections caused by methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) has declined, but the evolution of strains with enhanced virulence and toxins and the increase of community-associated infections are still a threat. In previous studies, 107MRSA bacteria applied as simulated droplet contamination were killed on copper and brass surfaces within 90 min. However, contamination of surfaces is often via finger tips and dries rapidly, and it may be overlooked by cleaning regimes (unlike visible droplets). In this new study, a 5-log reduction of a hardy epidemic strain of MRSA (epidemic methicillin-resistantS. aureus16 [EMRSA-16]) was observed following 10 min of contact with copper, and a 4-log reduction was observed on copper nickel and cartridge brass alloys in 15 min. A methicillin-sensitiveS. aureus(MSSA) strain from an osteomyelitis patient was killed on copper surfaces in 15 min, and 4-log and 3-log reductions occurred within 20 min of contact with copper nickel and cartridge brass, respectively. Bacterial respiration was compromised on copper surfaces, and superoxide was generated as part of the killing mechanism. In addition, destruction of genomic DNA occurs on copper and brass surfaces, allaying concerns about horizontal gene transfer and copper resistance. Incorporation of copper alloy biocidal surfaces may help to reduce the spread of this dangerous pathogen.

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Harshman, Dustin K., Brianna M. Rao, Jean E. McLain, George S. Watts, and Jeong-Yeol Yoon. "Innovative qPCR using interfacial effects to enable low threshold cycle detection and inhibition relief." Science Advances 1, no. 8 (September 2015): e1400061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1400061.

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Molecular diagnostics offers quick access to information but fails to operate at a speed required for clinical decision-making. Our novel methodology, droplet-on-thermocouple silhouette real-time polymerase chain reaction (DOTS qPCR), uses interfacial effects for droplet actuation, inhibition relief, and amplification sensing. DOTS qPCR has sample-to-answer times as short as 3 min 30 s. In infective endocarditis diagnosis, DOTS qPCR demonstrates reproducibility, differentiation of antibiotic susceptibility, subpicogram limit of detection, and thermocycling speeds of up to 28 s/cycle in the presence of tissue contaminants. Langmuir and Gibbs adsorption isotherms are used to describe the decreasing interfacial tension upon amplification. Moreover, a log-linear relationship with low threshold cycles is presented for real-time quantification by imaging the droplet-on-thermocouple silhouette with a smartphone. DOTS qPCR resolves several limitations of commercially available real-time PCR systems, which rely on fluorescence detection, have substantially higher threshold cycles, and require expensive optical components and extensive sample preparation. Due to the advantages of low threshold cycle detection, we anticipate extending this technology to biological research applications such as single cell, single nucleus, and single DNA molecule analyses. Our work is the first demonstrated use of interfacial effects for sensing reaction progress, and it will enable point-of-care molecular diagnosis of infections.

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Hanson, Anthony, Masaki Imai, Masato Hatta, Ryan McBride, Hirotaka Imai, Andrew Taft, Gongxun Zhong, et al. "Identification of Stabilizing Mutations in an H5 Hemagglutinin Influenza Virus Protein." Journal of Virology 90, no. 6 (December 30, 2015): 2981–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02790-15.

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ABSTRACTHighly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the H5N1 subtype continue to circulate in poultry in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Recently, outbreaks of novel reassortant H5 viruses have also occurred in North America. Although the number of human infections with highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses continues to rise, these viruses remain unable to efficiently transmit between humans. However, we and others have identified H5 viruses capable of respiratory droplet transmission in ferrets. Two experimentally introduced mutations in the viral hemagglutinin (HA) receptor-binding domain conferred binding to human-type receptors but reduced HA stability. Compensatory mutations in HA (acquired during virus replication in ferrets) were essential to restore HA stability. These stabilizing mutations in HA also affected the pH at which HA undergoes an irreversible switch to its fusogenic form in host endosomes, a crucial step for virus infectivity. To identify additional stabilizing mutations in an H5 HA, we subjected a virus library possessing random mutations in the ectodomain of an H5 HA (altered to bind human-type receptors) to three rounds of treatment at 50°C. We isolated several mutants that maintained their human-type receptor-binding preference but acquired an appreciable increase in heat stability and underwent membrane fusion at a lower pH; collectively, these properties may aid H5 virus respiratory droplet transmission in mammals.IMPORTANCEWe have identified mutations in HA that increase its heat stability and affect the pH that triggers an irreversible conformational change (a prerequisite for virus infectivity). These mutations were identified in the genetic background of an H5 HA protein that was mutated to bind to human cells. The ability to bind to human-type receptors, together with physical stability and an altered pH threshold for HA conformational change, may facilitate avian influenza virus transmission via respiratory droplets in mammals.

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Saiman, Lisa, and Jane Siegel. "Infection Control in Cystic Fibrosis." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 17, no. 1 (January 2004): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.17.1.57-71.2004.

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SUMMARY Over the past 20 years there has been a greater interest in infection control in cystic fibrosis (CF) as patient-to-patient transmission of pathogens has been increasingly demonstrated in this unique patient population. The CF Foundation sponsored a consensus conference to craft recommendations for infection control practices for CF care providers. This review provides a summary of the literature addressing infection control in CF. Burkholderia cepacia complex, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus have all been shown to spread between patients with CF. Standard precautions, transmission-based precautions including contact and droplet precautions, appropriate hand hygiene for health care workers, patients, and their families, and care of respiratory tract equipment to prevent the transmission of infectious agents serve as the foundations of infection control and prevent the acquisition of potential pathogens by patients with CF. The respiratory secretions of all CF patients potentially harbor clinically and epidemiologically important microorganisms, even if they have not yet been detected in cultures from the respiratory tract. CF patients should be educated to contain their secretions and maintain a distance of >3 ft from other CF patients to avoid the transmission of potential pathogens, even if culture results are unavailable or negative. To prevent the acquisition of pathogens from respiratory therapy equipment used in health care settings as well as in the home, such equipment should be cleaned and disinfected. It will be critical to measure the dissemination, implementation, and potential impact of these guidelines to monitor changes in practice and reduction in infections.

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Podavalenko, A. P., M. M. Kolesnikov, V. P. Zhalko-Titarenko, H. A. Mokhort, and T. A. Romanenko. "Concept and terms in the modern notion about the epidemic process of the respiratory infection group." Likarska sprava, no. 1-2 (March 26, 2019): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31640/jvd.1-2.2019(21).

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The theoretical concepts of the epidemiology of infectious diseases are the basis for assessing and controlling the epidemic situation. First of all, these are concepts of epidemic and epizootic processes, the theory of self-regulation of parasitic systems, the socio-ecological concept, etc. But the polysemy of epidemiological terminology does not allow to adequately perceive the processes taking place in a parasitic system. Thus, in modern epidemiologic literature, various terminological units are used to determine the transmission mechanism of respiratory tract infections. Currently, the following terms are actively used: air-droplet, airborne, air, aspiration, aerosol, respiratory etc. The terminological non-coordination for this mechanism of transmission impedes both the work of scientists and effective education of students and epidemiologists. So, on the basis of experimental studies of aerodynamic processes and analysis of various terms for transmission mechanism of respiratory tract infections, we scientifically substantiated and proposed the term "aerosol-aspiration". There are three phases of the airborne mechanism of transmission: release of aerosol as a result of expiratory acts (sneezing, coughing, talking), its movement under the influence of surrounding air currents (aerodynamics) and its aspiration by respiratory tract. The inconsistency of the epidemic process nature with the aforementioned terms of the transmission mechanism of respiratory tract infections has been proved. Thus, the term "aerosol-aspiration" most closely corresponds to the process of implementing the transmission of the agent for respiratory tract infections, and therefore to the method of preservation this group of pathogens as biological species. The implementation of this term in epidemiology terminology system will allow improving both theoretical basis of this science and professional activity of epidemiologists.

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Brant-Zawadzki, Graham M., Patrick Ockerse, Justin R. Brunson, Jared L. Smith, Bryan R. McRae, Annie Fonnesbeck, Holly Ledyard, Adam Ruechel, and Bernhard A. Fassl. "An Aerosol Containment and Filtration Tent for Intubation During the COVID-19 Pandemic." Surgical Innovation 28, no. 2 (March 12, 2021): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1553350621999976.

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Background. Exposure to infectious droplets confers a high risk for infection transmission by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Aerosolizing procedures pose particular concern for increasing healthcare workers’ (HCWs) risks of infection. Multiple creative personal protective equipment solutions have been utilized to minimize exposure to infectious particles; however, the overall benefit of many of these devices is limited by a number of factors. Methods. We designed an intubation tent consisting of a metal frame and a clear plastic sheet. The flexible walls of our tent offer increased maneuverability & access, although the efficacy in reducing risk of transmission to HCWs remained unclear. Using an atomizer, particle generator, and matchstick smoke, we simulated the generation of infectious respiratory droplets and aerosols and tested whether our device effectively decreased the concentration of these particles to which a provider might be exposed. Finally, we tested whether the addition of a vacuum fan fit with a high efficiency particulate air filter designed to evacuate contaminated air would influence particle concentrations inside and outside the tent. Results. Droplet dispersion tests with the tent in place showed that the simulated droplet distribution was limited to surfaces within the tent. Aerosol testing under a variety of circumstances consistently showed only a minor rise in particle concentration in the air outside the tent despite an initial peak of particle concentration during generation within. All testing demonstrated declining inside concentrations over time. Conclusions. Our simulations suggest our device has the potential to effectively decrease HCWs’ exposure to infectious droplets and aerosolized viral particles.

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Walter, M., S. Roy, B. M. Fisher, L. Mackle, N. T. Amponsah, T. Curnow, R. E. Campbell, P. Braun, A. Reineke, and R. W. A. Scheper. "How many conidia are required for wound infection of apple plants by Neonectria ditissima." New Zealand Plant Protection 69 (January 8, 2016): 238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2016.69.5886.

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A series of experiments using potted plants in a glasshouse detached laterals in the laboratory and trees in the fi eld were undertaken to study wound size and number of Neonectria ditissima conidia required to produce European canker infections on freshlymade branch wounds in the apple cultivars Royal Gala and Scilate Th e wound types were needle and pin injuries rasp wounds and pruning cuts Spore concentrations from 102 to 106 conidia/ml and two inoculation methods (droplet and mist) were used Disease expression varied for the different assay types probably due to the conduciveness for infection of the diff erent incubation conditions Overall there was little eff ect on pathogen colonisation and lesion development based on injury type inoculation method or spore concentration >103 conidia/ml For freshlymade wounds such as pruning cuts or rasp wounds only three conidia were required for infection initiation in the glasshouse under highly conducive conditions 12 conidia in the laboratory on detached shoots and 10 to 30 conidia in the fi eld

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Yek, Jia Lin Jacklyn, Sheng Chuu Anne Kiew, James Chi-Yong Ngu, and Jimmy Guan Cheng Lim. "Perioperative considerations for COVID-19 patients: lessons learned from the pandemic -a case series-." Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 73, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 557–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4097/kja.20182.

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Background: As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic spreads globally, hospitals are rushing to adapt their facilities, which were not designed to deal with infections adequately. Here, we present the management of a suspected COVID-19 patient. Case: A 66-year-old man with a recent travel history, infective symptoms, and chest X-ray was presented to our hospital. Considering his septic condition, we decided to perform an emergency surgery. The patient was given supplemental oxygen through a face mask and transported to an operating theatre on a plastic-covered trolley. An experienced anesthetist performed rapid sequence intubation using a video laryngoscope. Due to the initial presentation of respiratory distress, the patient remained intubated after surgery to avoid re-intubation. Precautions against droplet, contact, and airborne infection were instituted. Conclusions: Our objective was to facilitate surgical management of patients with known or suspected COVID-19 while minimizing the risk of nosocomial transmission to healthcare workers and other patients.

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Kumari, Rinki, Anita Venaik, Md Al Hasibuzzaman, Simon Agongo Azure, Rudra P. Ojha, and Ajay Kumar Sahi. "Repurposing of the Herbals as Immune-Boosters in the Prevention and Management of COVID-19: A Review." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 15, no. 1 (February 23, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.15.1.35.

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Coronavirus disease (COVID) is highly contagious, and negligence of it causes high morbidity and mortality globally. The highly infectious viral disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was abbreviated as COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) by World Health Organization first time on February 11, 2020, and later on, WHO declared COVID-19 as a global pandemic on 11/3/2020. Epidemiological studies demonstrated that the SARS CoV-2 infects the overall population, irrespective of age, gender, or ethnic variation, but it was observed in clinical studies that older and compromised immunity population is much more prone to COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 majorly spread through aeration route in droplet form on sneezing and coughing, or by contact when touching eyes, nose or mouth with the infected hands or any other organs, resulting from mild to severe range of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This literature-based review was done by searching the relevant SCI and SCOPUS papers on the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, herbal formulation, and Ayurveda from the databases, Academia, Google Scholar, PubMed, and ResearchGate. The present review attempts to recognize the therapeutic strategies to combat COVID-19 because of the current human risk. Indian system of medicine, including herbals, has immense potential in treating and managing various viral infections and provides evidence to utilize Ayurvedic medication to improve immunity. Cumulative research findings suggest that Ayurvedic formulations and herbal immunomodulators (Tino sporacordifolia, Withania somnifera, Crocus sativus, Zafran, Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, Albizia lebbek, Terminalia chebula, Piper longum, Mangifera indica, Ocimum sanctum, Centella asiatica ) are promising in the treatment of outrageous viral infections without exerting adverse effects. Considering the ancient wisdom of knowledge, the herbal formulations would compel healthcare policymakers to endorse Ayurveda formulations to control the COVID-19 pandemic significantly.

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Hoang, Anh N., Caroline N. Jones, Laurie Dimisko, Bashar Hamza, Joseph Martel, Nikola Kojic, and Daniel Irimia. "Measuring neutrophil speed and directionality during chemotaxis, directly from a droplet of whole blood." TECHNOLOGY 01, no. 01 (September 2013): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2339547813500040.

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Neutrophil chemotaxis is critical for defense against infections and its alterations could lead to chronic inflammation and tissue injury. The central role that transient alterations of neutrophil chemotaxis could have on patient outcomes calls for its quantification in the clinic. However, current methods for measuring neutrophil chemotaxis require large volumes of blood and are time consuming. To address the need for rapid and robust assays, we designed a microfluidic device that measures neutrophil chemotaxis directly from a single droplet of blood. We validated the assay by comparing neutrophil chemotaxis from finger prick, venous blood and purified neutrophil samples. We found consistent average velocity of (19 ± 6 μm/min) and directionality (91.1%) between the three sources. We quantified the variability in neutrophil chemotaxis between healthy donors and found no significant changes over time. We also validated the device in the clinic and documented temporary chemotaxis deficiencies after burn injuries.

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Ji, Yun Zhe, Xiao Jie Wang, and Yun Ping Wang. "Comparative Study of Droplet-Nuclei with Pathogen and CO₂ Distribution in Infectious Isolation Room." Applied Mechanics and Materials 138-139 (November 2011): 1102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.138-139.1102.

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In this article, the distributions of droplet nuclei with pathogens which was evaporated from the droplets released by cough was and trace gas CO2 were compared to study the airborne characteristics of droplet nuclei. The infectious isolation room model with steady particle source model was built. The particle source was built according to the size distribution of the droplet nuclei with pathogens which was evaporated from the droplets released by cough. The CO2 source was build at the same location with the particle source and released in the same way. The simulation result showed that the distributions of droplet nuclei and CO2 which were simulated by CFD were similar under the same ward airflow. This proved that these droplet nuclei could suspend in air and move with airflow. it was feasible to use tracer gas CO2 as trace gas to solve the validating the numerical simulation of droplet nuclei distribution in infectious isolation room.

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Chipizubov, V. V., P. N. Sukhonin, and V. V. Petrash. "Prospects for the use of porous composite materials in products for respiratory protection from viral and bacterial infections." Bulletin of the Medical Institute "REAVIZ" (REHABILITATION, DOCTOR AND HEALTH), no. 1 (April 13, 2021): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20340/vmi-rvz.2021.1.covid.2.

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The effectiveness of cleaning the air flow from the droplet and dispersed phases of liquids, which are the main medium for transporting most respiratory viruses from the carrier to the infected person, was assessed. Samples of Cribrol, polymer composite with a three-dimensional fractal mesh structure of through and non-through pores from 5 to 150 μm, were examined. The experiments showed high hygroscopic properties of this material, providing moisture absorption of more than 700 % of the dry weight of the test sample. It has been found that Cribrol can undergo thermal decontamination in heating devices and can be used repeatedly. This material has been concluded to be promising for use in PPE, and its structure can easily be adapted to various respiratory personal protective equipment (PPE).

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Isaeva, Guzel Sh, V. B. Ziatdinov, and S. N. Gabidullina. "The hygienic and microbiological monitoring of air in grade school." Health Care of the Russian Federation 60, no. 2 (May 24, 2019): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0044-197x-2016-60-2-83-88.

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The comprehensive study was carried out in one of the gimnasias in Kazan to analyze both dynamics of air in class room during a day and behavior of schoolchildren in case of development of droplet infections. The study involved hygienic, microbiological and mass-spectrometer techniques. The increasing of general microbial dissemination of air of class room during school day was established in case of both absences of ventilation and blind-end ventilation with reduction of exposure time. The increase of specific variety of microbiocenoses of air during school day at the expense of opportunistic and pathogenic microflora of upper respiratory ways and skin under violation of ventilation regimen is demonstrated. The behavior of schoolchildren during period of epidemics of influenza and acute respiratory viral infection (self-treatment, refusal of vaccination, wearing of disposable mask, nonobservance of bed rest, etc.) testifies their inadequate sanitary literacy and promotes prevalence of mentioned above infections. The results of studies indicate necessity of sanitary epidemiological control of microflora of air in school classes of educational institution and development of new methodical approaches using modern techniques (sequence analysis, mass-spectrometry) in evaluation of air microbiocenoses in closed premises dictated by increasing effect of this factor of environment to population health, especially children and adolescents and conditioning reinforcement of focusing of preventive activities to decreasing of risks of development of diseases of respiratory system.

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Boulant, Steeve, Paul Targett-Adams, and John McLauchlan. "Disrupting the association of hepatitis C virus core protein with lipid droplets correlates with a loss in production of infectious virus." Journal of General Virology 88, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 2204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82898-0.

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In infected cells, hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein is targeted to lipid droplets, which serve as intracellular storage organelles. Using a tissue culture system to generate infectious HCV, we have shown that the coating of lipid droplets by the core protein occurs in a time-dependent manner and coincides with higher rates of virus production. At earlier times, the protein was located at punctate sites in close proximity to the edge of lipid droplets. Investigations by using Z-stack analysis have shown that many lipid droplets contained a single punctate site that could represent positions where core transfers from the endoplasmic reticulum membrane to droplets. The effects of lipid droplet association on virus production were studied by introducing mutations into the domain D2, the C-terminal region of the core protein necessary for droplet attachment. Alteration of a phenylalanine residue that was crucial for lipid droplet association generated an unstable form of the protein that could only be detected in the presence of a proteasome inhibitor. Moreover, converting two proline residues in D2 to alanines blocked coating of lipid droplets by core, although the protein was directed to punctate sites that were indistinguishable from those observed at early times for wild-type core protein. Neither of these virus mutants gave rise to virus progeny. By contrast, mutation at a cysteine residue positioned 2 aa upstream of the phenylalanine residue did not affect lipid droplet localization and produced wild-type levels of infectious progeny. Taken together, our findings indicate that lipid droplet association by core is connected to virus production.

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Adelina, Mutiara, and Fifi Dwijayanti. "The Infection of COVID-19 among Health Care Workers in Dharmais Cancer Hospital." Indonesian Journal of Cancer 15, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.33371/ijoc.v15i1.823.

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Infectious diseases are one of the biggest threats to humans. Currently, the world is in the outbreak condition causes of the COVID-19 virus which is started from Wuhan, China in December 2019. This disease was spread out rapidly throughout the World and was announced as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020(1). The infected number of SARS-CoV-2 was over 84 million people and caused over 1 million death cases in the worldwide. Indonesia had more than 800.000 infectious cases and 23.000 of death cases with the highest cases in Jakarta (2). This virus can be transmitted by two ways, such as direct contact (cough, sneeze, and droplet inhalation) and contact transmission (contact with oral, nasal, and eye mucous membranes) of person with COVID-19 (3). The current COVID-19 pandemic makes various challenges in prevention and control of infections in hospitals. Health care workers (HCWs) have been providing care to suspected, probable or confirmed COVID-19 patients that make them in high-risk condition. Several study indicated that many HCWs have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 in many hospitals worldwide (4)(5)(6).

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WEERAKOON, KOSALA G., CATHERINE A. GORDON, PENGFEI CAI, GEOFFREY N. GOBERT, MARY DUKE, GAIL M. WILLIAMS, and DONALD P. MCMANUS. "A novel duplex ddPCR assay for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica: proof of concept in an experimental mouse model." Parasitology 144, no. 8 (March 9, 2017): 1005–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118201700021x.

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SUMMARYThe current World Health Organization strategic plan targets the elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem by 2025 and accurate diagnostics will play a pivotal role in achieving this goal. DNA-based detection methods provide a viable alternative to some of the commonly used tests, notably microscopy and serology, for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis. The detection of parasite cell-free DNA in different clinical samples is a recent valuable advance, which provides significant benefits for accurate disease diagnosis. Here we validated a novel duplex droplet digital PCR assay for the diagnosis of Chinese (SjC) and Philippine (SjP) strains of Schistosoma japonicum infection in a mouse model. The assay proved applicable for both SjC and SjP infections and capable of detecting infection at a very early intra-mammalian stage in conveniently obtainable samples (urine and saliva) as well as in serum and feces. The target DNA copy numbers obtained in the assay showed a positive correlation with the infection burden assessed by direct traditional parasitology. The potential to detect parasite DNA in urine and saliva has important practical implications for large-scale epidemiological screening programmes in the future, particularly in terms of logistical convenience, and the assay has the potential to be a valuable additional tool for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica.

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Tanigawa, Kazunari, Yuqian Luo, Akira Kawashima, Mitsuo Kiriya, Yasuhiro Nakamura, Ken Karasawa, and Koichi Suzuki. "Essential Roles of PPARs in Lipid Metabolism during Mycobacterial Infection." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 14 (July 15, 2021): 7597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147597.

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The mycobacterial cell wall is composed of large amounts of lipids with varying moieties. Some mycobacteria species hijack host cells and promote lipid droplet accumulation to build the cellular environment essential for their intracellular survival. Thus, lipids are thought to be important for mycobacteria survival as well as for the invasion, parasitization, and proliferation within host cells. However, their physiological roles have not been fully elucidated. Recent studies have revealed that mycobacteria modulate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling and utilize host-derived triacylglycerol (TAG) and cholesterol as both nutrient sources and evasion from the host immune system. In this review, we discuss recent findings that describe the activation of PPARs by mycobacterial infections and their role in determining the fate of bacilli by inducing lipid metabolism, anti-inflammatory function, and autophagy.

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Yassi, Annalee, Jennifer M. Grant, Karen Lockhart, Stephen Barker, Stacy Sprague, Arnold I. Okpani, Titus Wong, et al. "Infection control, occupational and public health measures including mRNA-based vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infections to protect healthcare workers from variants of concern: A 14-month observational study using surveillance data." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): e0254920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254920.

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Background We evaluated measures to protect healthcare workers (HCWs) in Vancouver, Canada, where variants of concern (VOC) went from <1% VOC in February 2021 to >92% in mid-May. Canada has amongst the longest periods between vaccine doses worldwide, despite Vancouver having the highest P.1 variant rate outside Brazil. Methods With surveillance data since the pandemic began, we tracked laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections, positivity rates, and vaccine uptake in all 25,558 HCWs in Vancouver Coastal Health, by occupation and subsector, and compared to the general population. Cox regression modelling adjusted for age and calendar-time calculated vaccine effectiveness (VE) against SARS-CoV-2 in fully vaccinated (≥ 7 days post-second dose), partially vaccinated infection (after 14 days) and unvaccinated HCWs; we also compared with unvaccinated community members of the same age-range. Findings Only 3.3% of our HCWs became infected, mirroring community rates, with peak positivity of 9.1%, compared to 11.8% in the community. As vaccine coverage increased, SARS-CoV-2 infections declined significantly in HCWs, despite a surge with predominantly VOC; unvaccinated HCWs had an infection rate of 1.3/10,000 person-days compared to 0.89 for HCWs post first dose, and 0.30 for fully vaccinated HCWs. VE compared to unvaccinated HCWs was 37.2% (95% CI: 16.6–52.7%) 14 days post-first dose, 79.2% (CI: 64.6–87.8%) 7 days post-second dose; one dose provided significant protection against infection until at least day 42. Compared with community infection rates, VE after one dose was 54.7% (CI: 44.8–62.9%); and 84.8% (CI: 75.2–90.7%) when fully vaccinated. Interpretation Rigorous droplet-contact precautions with N95s for aerosol-generating procedures are effective in preventing occupational infection in HCWs, with one dose of mRNA vaccination further reducing infection risk despite VOC and transmissibility concerns. Delaying second doses to allow more widespread vaccination against severe disease, with strict public health, occupational health and infection control measures, has been effective in protecting the healthcare workforce.

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Tundo, Silvio, Maria Chiara Paccanaro, Ibrahim Elmaghraby, Ilaria Moscetti, Renato D’Ovidio, Francesco Favaron, and Luca Sella. "The Xylanase Inhibitor TAXI-I Increases Plant Resistance to Botrytis cinerea by Inhibiting the BcXyn11a Xylanase Necrotizing Activity." Plants 9, no. 5 (May 8, 2020): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9050601.

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During host plant infection, pathogens produce a wide array of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) to break the plant cell wall. Among CWDEs, xylanases are key enzymes in the degradation of xylan, the main component of hemicellulose. Targeted deletion experiments support the direct involvement of the xylanase BcXyn11a in the pathogenesis of Botrytis cinerea. Since the Triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitor-I (TAXI-I) has been shown to inhibit BcXyn11a, we verified if TAXI-I could be exploited to counteract B. cinerea infections. With this aim, we first produced Nicotiana tabacum plants transiently expressing TAXI-I, observing increased resistance to B. cinerea. Subsequently, we transformed Arabidopsis thaliana to express TAXI-I constitutively, and we obtained three transgenic lines exhibiting a variable amount of TAXI-I. The line with the higher level of TAXI-I showed increased resistance to B. cinerea and the absence of necrotic lesions when infiltrated with BcXyn11a. Finally, in a droplet application experiment on wild-type Arabidopsis leaves, TAXI-I prevented the necrotizing activity of BcXyn11a. These results would confirm that the contribution of BcXyn11a to virulence is due to its necrotizing rather than enzymatic activity. In conclusion, our experiments highlight the ability of the TAXI-I xylanase inhibitor to counteract B. cinerea infection presumably by preventing the necrotizing activity of BcXyn11a.

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Rossitto, Martina, Paola Tabarini, Vanessa Tuccio Guarna Assanti, Enza Montemitro, Arianna Pompilio, and Ersilia Vita Fiscarelli. "Environmental Microbial Contamination during Cystic Fibrosis Group-Based Psychotherapy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 1142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031142.

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Living with cystic fibrosis (CF) exposes patients to the risk of developing anxiety and depression, with therapeutic compliance reduction, hospitalization increase, and quality of life and health outcomes deterioration. As pulmonary infections represent the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with CF, environmental contamination due to droplet dispersion and the potential transmission from environment to such patients should be prevented. Therefore, in-person contact, including group-based psychotherapy, are strongly discouraged. Nevertheless, group sharing of disease-related experiences represents a way to recover the inner resources essential for dealing with a chronic pathology. Keeping in mind the guidelines for infection control, the aim of this study is to evaluate the risk of the dissemination of microorganisms in a restricted environment where patients with CF attend group psychotherapy sessions. Five patients, selected according to their microbiological status, attended 32 group-based psychological/psychoanalytic meetings. Before each session, they were asked to observe the infection control recommendations. Microbiological environmental monitoring (MEM) has been performed to evaluate both air and surface contamination. As reported, a strict observation of standard precautions allows one to avoid environmental contamination by pathogens of the CF respiratory tract. Although infection control guidelines discourage group-based psychological/psychoanalytic interventions, our observations report the feasibility and safety of group psychotherapy when strict precautions are taken.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Droplet infections'

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