Relevant bibliographies by topics / Droplet disruption

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers
  5. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Droplet disruption'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Droplet disruption"

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Preiss, Felix Johannes, Teresa Dagenbach, Markus Fischer, and Heike Petra Karbstein. "Development of a Pressure Stable Inline Droplet Generator with Live Droplet Size Measurement." ChemEngineering 4, no. 4 (November 10, 2020): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering4040060.

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For the research on droplet deformation and breakup in scaled high-pressure homogenizing units, a pressure stable inline droplet generator was developed. It consists of an optically accessible flow channel with a combination of stainless steel and glass capillaries and a 3D printed orifice. The droplet size is determined online by live image analysis. The influence of the orifice diameter, the mass flow of the continuous phase and the mass flow of the disperse phase on the droplet diameter were investigated. Furthermore, the droplet detachment mechanisms were identified. Droplet diameters with a small diameter fluctuation between 175 µm and 500 µm could be realized, which allows a precise adjustment of the capillary (Ca) and Weber (We) Number in the subsequent scaled high pressure homogenizer disruption unit. The determined influence of geometry and process parameters on the resulting droplet size and droplet detachment mechanism agreed well with the literature on microfluidics. Furthermore, droplet trajectories in an exemplary scaled high-pressure homogenizer disruption unit are presented which show that the droplets can be reinjected on a trajectory close to the center axis or close to the wall, which should result in different stresses on the droplets.
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Adeyo, Oludotun, Patrick J. Horn, SungKyung Lee, Derk D. Binns, Anita Chandrahas, Kent D. Chapman, and Joel M. Goodman. "The yeast lipin orthologue Pah1p is important for biogenesis of lipid droplets." Journal of Cell Biology 192, no. 6 (March 21, 2011): 1043–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201010111.

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Lipins are phosphatidate phosphatases that generate diacylglycerol (DAG). In this study, we report that yeast lipin, Pah1p, controls the formation of cytosolic lipid droplets. Disruption of PAH1 resulted in a 63% decrease in droplet number, although total neutral lipid levels did not change. This was accompanied by an accumulation of neutral lipids in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The droplet biogenesis defect was not a result of alterations in neutral lipid ratios. No droplets were visible in the absence of both PAH1 and steryl acyltransferases when grown in glucose medium, even though the strain produces as much triacylglycerol as wild type. The requirement of PAH1 for normal droplet formation can be bypassed by a knockout of DGK1. Nem1p, the activator of Pah1p, localizes to a single punctum per cell on the ER that is usually next to a droplet, suggesting that it is a site of droplet assembly. Overall, this study provides strong evidence that DAG generated by Pah1p is important for droplet biogenesis.
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Kropotova, Svetlana, and Pavel Strizhak. "Collisions of Liquid Droplets in a Gaseous Medium under Conditions of Intense Phase Transformations: Review." Energies 14, no. 19 (September 27, 2021): 6150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196150.

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The article presents the results of theoretical and experimental studies of coalescence, disruption, and fragmentation of liquid droplets in multiphase and multicomponent gas-vapor-droplet media. Highly promising approaches are considered to studying the interaction of liquid droplets in gaseous media with different compositions and parameters. A comparative analysis of promising technologies is carried out for the primary and secondary atomization of liquid droplets using schemes of their collision with each other. The influence of a range of factors and parameters on the collision processes of drops is analyzed, in particular, viscosity, density, surface, and interfacial tension of a liquid, trajectories of droplets in a gaseous medium, droplet velocities and sizes. The processes involved in the interaction of dissimilar droplets with a variable component composition and temperature are described. Fundamental differences are shown in the number and size of droplets formed due to binary collisions and collisions between droplets and particles at different Weber numbers. The conditions are analyzed for the several-fold increase in the number of droplets in the air flow due to their collisions in the disruption mode. A technique is described for generalizing and presenting the research findings on the interaction of drops in the form of theoretical collision regime maps using various approaches.
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Orme, M. "Experiments on droplet collisions, bounce, coalescence and disruption." Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 23, no. 1 (1997): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-1285(97)00005-1.

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Gall, Vanessa, and Heike P. Karbstein. "Influence of Cavitation and Mixing Conditions on Oil Droplet Size in Simultaneous Homogenization and Mixing (SHM)." ChemEngineering 4, no. 4 (December 9, 2020): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering4040064.

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High-pressure homogenizers (HPH) equipped with a Simultaneous Homogenization and Mixing (SHM) orifice allow for inducing a mixing stream directly into the disruption unit. Previous studies show that by doing so, synergies between the unit operations “emulsification” and “mixing” can be used to save energy, e.g., in homogenization of dairy products, or to extend the application range of HPH. Up to now, process design has mainly been based on the trial and error principle due to incomplete understanding of flow conditions and droplet break-up in the SHM unit. This study aims at a higher level of understanding of cavitation and mixing effects on emulsion droplet size. Experimental data were obtained using a model emulsion of low disperse phase concentration in order to avoid coalescence effects. The different flow conditions are created by varying the process and geometric parameters of an SHM unit. The results show that the oil droplet size only depends on mixing conditions when the emulsion droplets are added in the mixing stream. Furthermore, a smaller oil droplet size can be achieved by reducing cavitation, especially for droplets fed in the high-pressure stream.
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Yong, Ah Pis, Md Aminul Islam, and Nurul Hasan. "The Effect of pH and High-Pressure Homogenization on Droplet Size." International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture 2, no. 4 (December 10, 2017): 110–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26776/ijemm.02.04.2017.05.

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The aims of this study are to revisit the effect of high pressure on homogenization and the influence of pH on the emulsion droplet sizes. The high-pressure homogenization (HPH) involves two stages of processing, where the first stage involves in blending the coarse emulsion by a blender, and the second stage requires disruption of the coarse emulsion into smaller droplets by a high-pressure homogenizer. The pressure range in this review is in between 10-500 MPa. The homogenised droplet sizes can be reduced by increasing the homogenization recirculation, and there is a threshold point beyond that by applying pressure only, the size cannot be further reduced. Normally, homogenised emulsions are classified by their degree of kinetic stability. Dispersed phase present in the form of droplets while continuous phase also known as suspended droplets. With a proper homogenization recirculation and pressure, a more kinetically stable emulsion can be produced. The side effects of increasing homogenization pressure are that it can cause overprocessing of the emulsion droplets where the droplet sizes become larger rather than the expected smaller size. This can cause kinetic instability in the emulsion. The droplet size is usually measured by dynamic light scattering or by laser light scattering technique. The type of samples used in this reviews are such as chocolate and vanilla based powders; mean droplet sizes samples; basil oil; tomato; lupin protein; oil; skim milk, soymilk; coconut milk; tomato homogenate; corn; egg-yolk, rapeseed and sunflower; Poly(4-vinylpyridine)/silica; and Complex 1 until complex 4 approaches from author case study. A relationship is developed between emulsion size and pH. Results clearly show that lower pH offers smaller droplet of emulsion and the opposite occurs when the pH is increased.
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Demidovich, A. V., S. S. Kralinova, P. P. Tkachenko, N. E. Shlegel, and R. S. Volkov. "Interaction of Liquid Droplets in Gas and Vapor Flows." Energies 12, no. 22 (November 8, 2019): 4256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12224256.

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We investigated the conditions, characteristics, and outcomes of liquid droplet interaction in the gas medium using video frame processing. The frequency of different droplet collision outcomes and their characteristics were determined. Four interaction regimes were identified: bounce, separation, coalescence, and disruption. Collision regime maps were drawn up using the Weber, Reynolds, Ohnesorge, Laplace, and capillary numbers, as well as dimensionless linear and angular parameters of interaction. Significant differences were established between interaction maps under ideal conditions (two droplets colliding without a possible impact of the neighboring ones) and collision of droplets as aerosol elements. It was shown that the Weber number could not be the only criterion for changing the collision mode, and sizes and concentration of droplets in aerosols influence collision modes. It was established that collisions of droplets in a gaseous medium could lead to an increase in the liquid surface area by 1.5–5 times. Such a large-scale change in the surface area of the liquid significantly intensifies heat transfer and phase transformations in energy systems.
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Piskunov, Maxim, Nikita Shlegel, Svetlana Kralinova, Pavel Tkachenko, and Olga Vysokomornaya. "Interaction times of homogeneous and heterogeneous droplets in gases." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2021): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci190928187p.

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In this research, we present the results of experiments measuring the interaction times of colliding liquid droplets in different modes (bounce, coalescence, separation, and disruption). The experiments involve water and typical water-based slurries, emulsions, and solutions. The main experimental parameters are close to those of high-potential gas-vapor-droplet technologies (heat and mass transfer power plants, thermal and flame water treatment systems, and fuel technologies): droplet size 0.1-5 mm; velocities 0.1-10 m/s; liquid temperature 20-80 ?C; impact angle 0-90?; relative volume and mass fractions of liquid and solid additives in water 0-10%. We explore how a set of parameters and effects influence the characteristics of the processes under study. The most important of these parameters are relative droplet velocity, impact angle, impact parameter, and temperature. Using dimensionless linear and angular interaction parameters as well as the Weber, Reynolds and Ohnesorge numbers, we produce interaction mode maps to consider the correlation of the main forces: inertia, surface tension, and viscosity. We determine the interaction times, number, size, and total surface area of the newly formed post-collision droplets and obtain approximations for the experimentally determined functions.
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Preiss, Felix Johannes, Benedikt Mutsch, Christian J. Kähler, and Heike Petra Karbstein. "Scaling of Droplet Breakup in High-Pressure Homogenizer Orifices. Part I: Comparison of Velocity Profiles in Scaled Coaxial Orifices." ChemEngineering 5, no. 1 (February 7, 2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering5010007.

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Properties of emulsions such as stability, viscosity or color can be influenced by the droplet size distribution. High-pressure homogenization (HPH) is the method of choice for emulsions with a low to medium viscosity with a target mean droplet diameter of less than 1 µm. During HPH, the droplets of the emulsion are exposed to shear and extensional stresses, which cause them to break up. Ongoing work is focused on better understanding the mechanisms of droplet breakup and relevant parameters. Since the gap dimensions of the disruption unit (e.g., flat valve or orifice) are small (usually below 500 µm) and the droplet breakup also takes place on small spatial and time scales, the resolution limit of current measuring systems is reached. In addition, the high velocities impede time resolved measurements. Therefore, a five-fold and fifty-fold magnified optically accessible coaxial orifice were used in this study while maintaining the dimensionless numbers characteristic for the droplet breakup (Reynolds and Weber number, viscosity and density ratio). Three matching material systems are presented. In order to verify their similarity, the local velocity profiles of the emerging free jet were measured using both a microparticle image velocimetry (µ-PIV) and a particle image velocimetry (PIV) system. Furthermore, the influence of the outlet geometry on the velocity profiles is investigated. Similar relationships were found on all investigated scales. The areas with the highest velocity fluctuations were identified where droplets are exposed to the highest turbulent forces. The Reynolds number had no influence on the normalized velocity fluctuation field. The confinement of the jet started to influence the velocity field if the outlet channel diameter is smaller than 10 times the diameter of the orifice. In conclusion, the scaling approach offers advantages to study very fast processes on very small spatial scales in detail. The presented scaling approach also offers chances in the optimization of the geometry of the disruption unit. However, the results also show challenges of each size scale, which can come from the respective production, measurement technology or experimental design. Depending on the problem to be investigated, we recommend conducting experimental studies at different scales.
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Lieber, J. G., and R. M. Evans. "Disruption of the vimentin intermediate filament system during adipose conversion of 3T3-L1 cells inhibits lipid droplet accumulation." Journal of Cell Science 109, no. 13 (December 15, 1996): 3047–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.109.13.3047.

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During the differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes, vimentin intermediate filaments are reorganized to form cage-like structures around the nascent lipid droplets. Initial studies with 3T3-L1 cells indicated that aggregation of vimentin filaments by nocodazole treatment during or shortly after induction of adipose conversion dramatically reduced the lipid droplet content of 3T3-L1 cells 96–120 hours after induction. Specific but transient disruption of vimentin following anti-IFA antibody injection also resulted in a decrease in lipid droplet formation in differentiating cells. To specifically and stably affect filament organization, 3T3-L1 cells lines were established by transfection with a glucocorticoid-regulatable, dominant negative mutant vimentin cDNA expression plasmid. Treatment of these cells (83 delta C) with dexamethasone resulted in expression of vimentin with a carboxyl-terminal deletion, which led to the disruption of the endogenous filament network. Induction of adipose conversion in 83 delta C cells lead to the formation of lipid droplets comparable to those seen in untransfected 3T3-L1 cells. Addition of dexamethasone during the adipose conversion of 83 delta C cells did not affect the induction of the marker enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase or the incorporation of [14C]palmitate into triglycerides during a 10 minute pulse label. There was, however, a failure to form prominent lipid droplets and to accumulate [14C]palmitate-labeled triglycerides. Pulse-chase experiments indicated that the failure of these cells to accumulate triglyceride was associated with an increased rate of turnover. These studies indicate that vimentin filaments provide a function that influences lipid stability during adipose conversion of 3T3-L1 cells.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Droplet disruption"

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Yanson, Logan M. "Effects of Liquid Superheat on Droplet Disruption in a Supersonic Stream." Link to electronic thesis, 2005. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-042905-151247/.

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Newman, Aaron W. "The effect of superheat on liquid droplets in a supersonic freestream." Link to electronic version, 1999. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-051199-174419/unrestricted/thesis.pdf.

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Blackburn, Judene. "State-funded alternative programs for disruptive youth : effects on attendance and dropout rates /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3099611.

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Hellenthal, Rebecca L. "Utilizing an Empirically-Supported Parenting Intervention in Rural Community Settings: an Investigation of Effectiveness, Mediators of Change, and Dropout." Ohio : Ohio University, 2009. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1258073725.

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Maluleque, Iceu Juliao. "Primary school dropout : case of Chicualacuala, Mozambique." Diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/24561.

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In 2004 Mozambique has made amazing efforts that opened up educational opportunities for many primary school children. According to Ministério da Educação (2012: 1), the number of children who enrolled in primary schools jumped from 1,5 million in 1992 to about 6 million in 2011. Despite these commendable efforts, many children drop out from primary schools after gaining initial access. As stated by the Ministério da Educação (2012: 57), the dropout rate in the country was over 10%. Thus, this study sought to delve into the reasons that lead primary school children to drop out from school and identify measures to curb the problem. To do so, a case study approach was used. Specifically, the study used in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and participant observation of behaviour in a single school in Chicualacuala. The study revealed that at least four categories of factors namely child-based-, household-based-, school-based- and community-based factors give rise to dropout. These factors were informed by the Bronfenbrenner ecological framework, which is the lens through which this study was conducted. Indeed, it was found that dropout was a process rather than a single event and almost always it had signs to predict its occurrence. In the light of these findings, the study gave a number of recommendations. These include enrolling children early, improving the performance of children, providing quality adult education, monitoring absenteeism appropriately, supporting orphans, convincing organisations that provide food for work support to tie this support to the education of children, banning various activities that affect sustained schooling of children and improving the quality of school management.
Development Studies
M.A. (Development Studies)
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Book chapters on the topic "Droplet disruption"

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Pretty, Jules. "January." In The East Country. Cornell University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501709333.003.0001.

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This introductory chapter details winter in the east country, a time when pressure dropped, winds rushed from afar, and temperature fell to minus 10 °C. It was also a time when a midwinter gale came on land and sea, knocking down trees. It had been a genial winter, until then, of light winds and squally rain. The chapter then claims that, each year, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases by two parts per million and now has passed 400. To protect the planet from disruption, it has to be reduced to 350. However, such a return is improbable, given converging consumption patterns and worldwide appetite for energy-intensive economies. The chapter also looks at the river Alde, which rises in farmland and flowed to meet the sea at Aldeburgh.
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Conference papers on the topic "Droplet disruption"

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Nihous, Ge´rard C., and Stephen M. Masutani. "Droplet Number Spectra in the Jet Atomization Regime." In 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92093.

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A previous model [1] to determine the number spectra of droplets generated by the injection of a fluid into another fluid is extended to cases of instantaneous disruption (near-zero jet breakup time). Under this scenario, droplets immediately form at the injection nozzle from unstable antisymmetric jet-surface waves. Resulting droplet characteristics only depend on the initial jet-surface disturbance. Full atomization is attained as the jet fluid is consumed by a series of successive droplet formation events that peel away the jet surface. The model is applied when the initial jet-surface disturbance is represented as broad-band white noise: each peel is characterized by a selected wave amplitude and high-cutoff wavenumber. Very good agreement was observed between model results and experimental droplet number spectra [2] obtained in the atomization regime.
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Yanson, Logan, Mark Phariss, and James Hermanson. "Effects of Liquid Superheat on Droplet Disruption in a Supersonic Stream." In 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2005-351.

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Day, Ivor, John Williams, and Christopher Freeman. "Rain Ingestion in Axial Flow Compressors at Part Speed." In ASME Turbo Expo 2005: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2005-68582.

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New experimental work is reported on the effects of water ingestion on the performance of an axial flow compressor. The background to the work is the effect which heavy rain has on an aero-engine compressor when operating in ‘descent idle’ mode, i.e. when the compressor is operating at part-speed and when the aero-mechanical effects of water ingestion are likely to be more important than the thermodynamic effects. Most of our existing knowledge in this field comes from whole engine tests. The current work provides the first known results from direct measurements on a stand-alone compressor. The influence of droplet size on path trajectory is considered both computationally and experimentally to show that most rain droplets will collide with the first row of rotor blades. The water on the blades is then centrifuged towards the casing where the normal air flow patterns in the vicinity of the rotor tips are disrupted. The result of this disruption is a reduction in the delivery pressure and an increase the torque required to drive the compressor. Both effects reduce the efficiency of the machine. The behaviour of the water in the blade rows is examined in detail, and simple models are proposed to explain the loss of pressure rise and the increase in torque. The measurement were obtained in a low speed compressor making it possible to study the mechanical (increase in torque) and aerodynamic (reduction in pressure rise) effects of water ingestion without the added complication of thermodynamic effects.
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Kim, YoungJun, Robert Cerff, and James Hermanson. "Injection and Disruption of Supersonic Droplets." In 48th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2010-752.

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Schoo, Reilly, Alison Hoxie, and Joel Braden. "Combustion Characteristics of Butanol-Soybean Oil Blended Droplets." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6320.

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The combustion characteristics of single fuel droplets of soybean oil (SBO) and butanol binary blends simply mixed by volume were experimentally examined. The droplets were supported at an intersection of microfibers in a 100°C combustion chamber at atmospheric pressure in normal gravity. Ignition was achieved via a hot wire igniter. Ignition characteristics and burning behaviors including burning to completion, burning with microexplosion and incomplete combustion were analyzed for initial concentrations ranging from 25–75% butanol. Droplet size and temperature measurements were analyzed throughout the droplet lifetimes. Relative concentrations prior and during combustion were estimated. Temperature measurements at ignition and above the burning droplet were analyzed. The addition of butanol significantly lowered the droplet ignition temperature. All mixtures studied ignited similarly to pure butanol droplets. The results showed consistency with closed-cup flashpoint temperatures of butanol-soybean oil blends. A three-staged burn including a microexplosion was observed for all mixed droplets, which burned completely. The disruptive burning proved to be a result of a diffusion limited gasification mechanism that has been previously linked to bi-component droplets with high volatility differentials. Microexplosions occur as a result of homogeneous nucleation due to superheating of the more volatile component trapped within the droplet at flame shrinkage. Results show that more butanol is burned in the first stage for Bu75 droplets resulting in microexplosions occurring late in the combustion process. For droplets of near equal initial concentrations, the microexplosions occur earlier resulting in less fuel burned in the first stage of combustion and therefore higher concentrations of butanol trapped within the droplet at flame shrinkage. Consequently these mixtures experience more microexplosions and at a greater intensity. The reduced tendency for Bu75 droplets to experience microexplosions suggest that the maximum droplet surface temperature may be depressed compared to droplets of near equal concentrations reducing the possibility for superheating of the droplet interior. Blends of near equal concentrations by volume proved to exhibit the most favorable combustion characteristics. Bu40 exhibited the most violent microexplosions of all mixtures studied.
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Zhang, Zhi-gang, and Ken-ichiro Sugiyama. "Fragmentation of a Single Molten Stainless Steel and Aluminum Droplet Penetrating a Sodium Pool." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29523.

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In order to clarify the fragmentation of molten core structural material (stainless steel) and molten metallic fuel and claddings on liquid phase formed by metallurgical reactions (liquefaction temperature = 650°C) during core disruptive accidents (CDAs), the present study focuses on the fragmentation of single molten stainless steel (316SS) and aluminum droplet penetrating a sodium pool. The temperatures of 3–5g molten aluminum droplets were 1002 to 1399°C, and the sodium pool was about 300°C. The instantaneous contact interface temperatures (Ti) between the molten aluminum droplets and liquid sodium were calculated to be from 741°C below the boiling point of sodium (Tc,bp) to 1019°C above Tc,bp. The temperatures of 5g molten 316SS droplets were 1510 to 1706°C, and the temperatures of sodium pool vary about 300–400°C. The Ti values between the molten 316SS droplets and liquid sodium were calculated to be from 916 to 1082°C. Fragmentation of the single molten aluminum droplet was clearly observed even at Ti ≪ Tc,bp. When Ti is approximately equal to or higher than the boiling point, the intensive fragmentation of droplet was clearly observed independent of Wea condition. Fragmentation of the single molten 316SS droplet was clearly observed even at Ti below its melting point. The Dm values of aluminum and 316SS droplets with relatively high Wea tend to be lower than those of droplets with relatively low Wea under the relatively low Ti condition. These results indicate the fragmentation of the molten core structural material and eutectic alloy fuels in liquid phase formed by the metallurgical reactions could possibly occur under the low Ti condition below and above the sodium boiling point, which is promising to assure the termination of accidents in CDAs and useful to the core design with enhanced safety in FBRs.
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Zhang, Zhi-Gang, Ken-Ichiro Sugiyama, Tadashi Narabayashi, Satoshi Nishimura, and Izumi Kinosita. "Fragmentation of a Single and Continuous Molten Copper Droplets Penetrating a Sodium Pool." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89495.

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The progression of hypothetical core disruptive accidents in metal fuel cores is strongly affected by exclusion of molten metal fuel from the core region due to molten fuel-coolant interaction (FCI). As a basic study of FCI in metal fuel fast reactors, the present paper focuses on the fragmentation and the characteristics of the debris produced during a series of experiments of a single molten copper droplet from 1g to 5g and continuous droplets with a total mass from 16g to 26g, which penetrated a sodium pool at instantaneous contact interface temperatures from 1005 °C far below the freezing point: 1084°C to 1342°C. The results show that the mass median diameters (Dm) of different mass copper droplets both a single droplet and continuous ones penetrating a sodium pool differ very little, nearly the same when the instantaneous contact interface temperatures (Ti) are above the freezing point, and also the droplets are fragmented finely with their increasing Tis; but when Tis are below the freezing point, the Dms of different mass copper droplets scatter a little widely. These results basically show the fragmentation of molten fuel, which is important to assure the termination of accidents, is promising in the sodium space in the upper and lower plenums.
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Kim, YoungJun, and James Hermanson. "Injection and Disruption of Droplets in a Supersonic Stream." In 38th Fluid Dynamics Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2008-3722.

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Kim, YoungJun, and James Hermanson. "Dynamics, Disruption, and Vaporization of Droplets under Supersonic Conditions." In 47th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2011-5762.

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Zhang, Zhi-Gang, Wataru Itagaki, Ken-Ichiro Sugiyama, Tadashi Narabayashi, Satoshi Nishimura, and Izumi Kinoshita. "Fragmentation of a Single Molten Copper Droplet Compared With Molten Copper Jets Penetrating a Sodium Pool." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48878.

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The progression of hypothetical core disruptive accidents in metallic fuel fast breeder reactors is strongly affected by the exclusion of molten metallic fuels from the core region due to the molten fuel-coolant interaction (FCI). As a basic simulation study of FCI, the present paper focuses on the fragmentation of a single molten copper droplet from 1g to 5g, which penetrated a sodium pool at instantaneous contact interface temperatures Ti from 995°C to 1342°C. Intensive fragmentation of single molten copper droplet was clearly observed in all runs even if Tis are below the melting point (1083°C) of copper except low Tis. In the low Tis condition the mass median diameters Dm of droplet fragments both the same and different mass scatter widely. When Tis are somewhat below and above the melting point, the Dms of copper droplet with the different mass of 5 times or the same mass differ very little, nearly the same. The present Dms show somewhat larger distribution than the Dms of molten copper jets with large mass in the low superheating condition, which were previously reported by the authors. The correlation between molten metal droplets and jets found in the present study is very useful to conservatively predict the fragment size in the FCI of molten jets.
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Reports on the topic "Droplet disruption"

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Millington, Kerry A. Protecting and Promoting Systems for Essential Health Services During Rollout of COVID-19 Tools. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.084.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has had a tremendous negative impact on economies of most countries around the world. COVID-19 has disrupted the ability of health systems to deliver on essential health services and has also exposed pre-existing vulnerabilities and inequities in public health systems. According to a key informant survey conducted by WHO, over one year into the COVID-19 pandemic, there still exist substantial disruptions to essential health services. This rapid review examines evidence on successful interventions that could enable adaptive approaches to help manage and respond future pandemics and mitigate the risk of collapse of the public health systems. Countries must use the opportunity provided by the deployment of COVID-19 vaccines to strengthen health services and health systems and find long-lasting solutions for similar future challenges. The review notes that there still exist gaps in preparedness and response to the Covid-19 pandemic. New variants of concern threaten the effectiveness of existing COVID-19 vaccines, vaccine hesitancy slowing rollout, including in Africa, and interrupted and limited supply of COVID-19 tools. More funding is required though to scale up adaptive measures which are working, accelerating new approaches and innovations to improve service delivery. This review also highlights briefly the plight of marginalised social groups, people living with disabilities, women and children during the pandemic. According to estimates by Global Fund, Gavi, Global Financing Facility, access to life-saving health interventions for women, children and adolescents in 36 of the world’s poorest countries has dropped by as much as 25% due to COVID-19. Countries must build on the momentum of health innovations during the COVID-19 crisis to build more resilient health systems that can withstand disruptions by future pandemics.
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