Relevant bibliographies by topics / Drop sizing methods

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Academic literature on the topic 'Drop sizing methods'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Drop sizing methods"

1

Löffler-Mang, M., K. D. Beheng, and H. Gysi. "Messung von Tropfengrößenverteilungen in Regen — ein Vergleich zweier Meßmethoden." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 5, no. 4 (1996): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/metz/5/1996/139.

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2

Lima, João L. M. P. de, Valdemir P. Silva, M. Isabel P. de Lima, João R. C. B. Abrantes, and Abelardo A. A. Montenegro. "Revisiting simple methods to estimate drop size distributions: a novel approach based on infrared thermography." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 63, no. 3 (2015): 220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johh-2015-0025.

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Abstract The infrared thermography has been successfully applied as a tool for high resolution imaging in different hydrological studies. This exploratory experimental study aimed at evaluating the possibility of using infrared thermography to determine the diameter of raindrops. Rain samples are collected on a pre-heated acrylic board, which is exposed to rain during an instant, and thermograms are recorded. The area of the thermal stains (“signatures” of the raindrops) emerging on the board is measured and converted to drop diameters, applying a calibration equation. Diameters of natural raindrops estimated using this technique were compared with laser disdrometer measurements; the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient was used for evaluating the match between the resulting histograms of drop size distribution. Results confirm the usefulness of this simple technique for sizing and counting raindrops, although it is unsatisfactory in light rain or drizzle.
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Brkić, Dejan. "Two Iterative Methods for Sizing Pipe Diameters in Gas Distribution Networks with Loops." Computation 12, no. 2 (2024): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation12020025.

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Closed-loop pipe systems allow the possibility of the flow of gas from both directions across each route, ensuring supply continuity in the event of a failure at one point, but their main shortcoming is in the necessity to model them using iterative methods. Two iterative methods of determining the optimal pipe diameter in a gas distribution network with closed loops are described in this paper, offering the advantage of maintaining the gas velocity within specified technical limits, even during peak demand. They are based on the following: (1) a modified Hardy Cross method with the correction of the diameter in each iteration and (2) the node-loop method, which provides a new diameter directly in each iteration. The calculation of the optimal pipe diameter in such gas distribution networks relies on ensuring mass continuity at nodes, following the first Kirchhoff law, and concluding when the pressure drops in all the closed paths are algebraically balanced, adhering to the second Kirchhoff law for energy equilibrium. The presented optimisation is based on principles developed by Hardy Cross in the 1930s for the moment distribution analysis of statically indeterminate structures. The results are for steady-state conditions and for the highest possible estimated demand of gas, while the distributed gas is treated as a noncompressible fluid due to the relatively small drop in pressure in a typical network of pipes. There is no unique solution; instead, an infinite number of potential outcomes exist, alongside infinite combinations of pipe diameters for a given fixed flow pattern that can satisfy the first and second Kirchhoff laws in the given topology of the particular network at hand.
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Cai, Wenlu, Cherdpong Jomdecha, Yingsong Zhao, Li Wang, Shejuan Xie, and Zhenmao Chen. "Quantitative evaluation of electrical conductivity inside stress corrosion crack with electromagnetic NDE methods." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378, no. 2182 (2020): 20190589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0589.

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This paper presents a comparison of studies on the local distributed electrical conductivity in stress corrosion crack (SCC) from signals of eddy current testing (ECT) and direct current potential drop (DCPD) aiming to improve SCC sizing accuracy when using electromagnetic non-destructive testing (NDT) methods. Experimental setups of ECT and DCPD were established, respectively, to collect measurement signals due to artificial SCCs in a plate of austenitic stainless steel. The local conductivity in the SCC region was reconstructed from the feature parameters extracted from the measured ECT and DCPD signals through inverse analyses. The inversion strategies for ECT and DCPD, each including an efficient forward simulation and an optimization scheme, were introduced from the viewpoint of conductivity reconstruction. Inversion results obtained from the measured ECT and DCPD signals showed the consistent trend which proved the validity of the predicted electrical conductivity indirectly. It is clarified that the electrical conductivity in a SCC is relatively high at the crack tip area and may become as high as 17% of that of the base material. These results provide a good reference to enhance the sizing accuracy of SCC with an electromagnetic NDT method such as ECT by updating the conductive crack model based on the results of this work. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Advanced electromagnetic non-destructive evaluation and smart monitoring’.
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Singleton, E. W. "Development of a High-Performance Choke Valve with Reference to Sizing for Multiphase Flow." Measurement and Control 24, no. 9 (1991): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002029409102400902.

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The paper describes events leading up to the development of a variable choke valve for high-pressure drop service on multiphase fluids. During the evolvement of the design, which has now been proved in service, it was found necessary to discard some of the accepted precepts and conventions of control valve design. This work also led to an investigation into the various methods of sizing valves for multiphase fluids. The results obtained from available methods were compared and a new method was devised which appears to maintain a higher level of accuracy over a wide range of multiphase flow conditions.
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Satyarnarayan, L., D. M. Pukazhendhi, Krishnan Balasubramaniam, C. V. Krishnamurthy, and D. S. Ramachandra Murthy. "Phased Array Ultrasonic Measurement of Fatigue Crack Growth Profiles in Stainless Steel Pipes." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 129, no. 4 (2006): 737–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2767367.

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This paper reports experimental sizing of fatigue crack profiles that are initiated from artificially made circumferential starter notches in stainless steel pipes of 169mm outer diameter and 14.33mm thickness, which were subjected to cyclic bending loads in a four point bending load arrangement using two nondestractive evaluation (NDE) methods: (a) phased array ultrasonic technique and (b) alternating current potential drop technique. The crack growth estimated using the two NDE techniques were compared with the beach marks that were present in the fracture surface. A simulation study using the ray tracing method was carried out to model the ultrasonic wave propagation in the test specimen, and the results were compared with the experimental results.
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7

Gyürki, Dániel, Benjamin Csippa, György Paál, and István Szikora. "Impact of Design and Deployment Technique on the Hydrodynamic Resistance of Flow Diverters." Clinical Neuroradiology 32, no. 1 (2021): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00062-021-01106-1.

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Abstract Purpose Despite the high efficacy of flow diverters (FD) in treating sidewall intracranial aneurysms, failures are reported. One of the physical factors determining efficacy is the flow reducing capacity of the FD that is currently unknown to the operator. Our aim was to measure the flow reducing capacity expressed as the hydrodynamic resistance (HR), the metallic surface area (MSA) and pore density (PD) of two different FD designs and quantitatively investigate the impact of sizing and the deployment technique on these parameters. Methods Altogether 38 Pipeline (Medtronic) and P64 (Phenox) FD‑s were implanted in holder tubes by a neurointerventionist in nominally sized, oversized and longitudinally compressed or elongated manners. The tubes were placed in a flow model with the flow directed across the FD through a side hole on the tube. HR was expressed by the measured pressure drop as the function of the flow rate. Deployed length, MSA and PD were also measured and correlated with the HR. Results Both PD and MSA changed with varying deployment length, which correlates well with the change in HR. Oversizing the device by 1 mm in diameter has reduced the HR on average to one fifth of the original value for both manufacturers. Conclusion This study demonstrates experimentally that different FD designs have different flow diverting capacities (HR). Parameters are greatly influenced by radial sizing and longitudinal compression or elongation during implantation. Our results might be useful in procedure planning, predicting clinical outcome, and in patient-specific numerical flow simulations.
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Kalioudjoglou, Loïck, Clément Bonneau, Vincent Melot, Bruno Auvity, Christophe Josset, and Yoann Merriaux. "Prediction or hydraulic performance of shell-and-tube heat exchanger: comparison of 1D and CFD-porous media approaches." MATEC Web of Conferences 240 (2018): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824002008.

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The present paper deals with Heat Exchanger sizing methods and offers a comparison between two of them: 1D global method and CFD porous media method. Following Prithiviraj et al. work [1], new developments are based on recent knowledge acquired on porous media, using a coupling strategy of a three-dimensional commercial code with an in-house code library. The distributed hydraulic resistance concept and the numerical model are briefly described and confronted with pressure drop measurements from an experimental E-type STHE setup (shell-and-tube heat exchanger) from the literature. The present paper will put into perspective capabilities and limits of each method with needs for heat exchanger rating. Flow rate repartition is calculated with CFD-porous media using Tinker’s current approach. This new analysis provides a complete comparison with 1D global method. It also reveals the major impact of leakage flow rate between baffle and tubes. The numerical estimation of pressure losses, consistent with experimental measurements of Halle et al. [2], implies that our future work will include thermal performance characterization and geometrical optimization.
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9

Martinez, Gabrielle L., Farzad Poursadegh, Gina M. Magnotti, et al. "Measurement of Sauter mean diameter in diesel sprays using a scattering–absorption measurement ratio technique." International Journal of Engine Research 20, no. 1 (2018): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418819912.

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A new diagnostic for the quantification of Sauter mean diameter in high-pressure fuel sprays has been recently developed using combined optical and X-ray measurements at the Georgia Institute of Technology and Argonne National Laboratory, respectively. This diagnostic utilizes liquid scattering extinction measurements from diffuse back-illumination imaging, conducted at Georgia Tech, and liquid absorption measurements from X-ray radiography, conducted at Argonne’s Advanced Photon Source. The new diagnostic, entitled the scattering–absorption measurement ratio, quantifies two-dimensional distributions of path-integrated Sauter mean diameter, enabling the construction of the spatial history of drop size development within practical fuel sprays. This technique offers unique benefits over conventional drop-sizing methods in that it can be more robust in optically dense regions of the spray, while also providing high spatial resolution of the corresponding droplet field. The methodology for quantification of Sauter mean diameter distributions using the scattering–absorption measurement ratio technique has been previously introduced and demonstrated in diesel sprays using the Engine Combustion Network Spray D injector; however, a more detailed treatment of measurement uncertainties has been needed. In this work, we present a summary of the various sources of measurement uncertainty in the scattering–absorption measurement ratio diagnostic, like those due to the experimental setup, data processing methods, and theoretical assumptions, and assess how these sources of uncertainty affect the quantified Sauter mean diameter. The spatially resolved Sauter mean diameter measurements that result from the scattering–absorption measurement ratio diagnostic will be especially valuable to the engine modeling community for the quantitative validation of spray submodels in engine computational fluid dynamics codes. Careful evaluation and quantification of measurement uncertainties are important to support accurate model validation and to ensure the development of more predictive spray models.
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Grossmann, Wolf, Iris Grossmann, and Karl W. Steininger. "Solar electricity supply isolines of generation capacity and storage." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 12 (2015): 3663–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1316781112.

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The recent sharp drop in the cost of photovoltaic (PV) electricity generation accompanied by globally rapidly increasing investment in PV plants calls for new planning and management tools for large-scale distributed solar networks. Of major importance are methods to overcome intermittency of solar electricity, i.e., to provide dispatchable electricity at minimal costs. We find that pairs of electricity generation capacity G and storage S that give dispatchable electricity and are minimal with respect to S for a given G exhibit a smooth relationship of mutual substitutability between G and S. These isolines between G and S support the solving of several tasks, including the optimal sizing of generation capacity and storage, optimal siting of solar parks, optimal connections of solar parks across time zones for minimizing intermittency, and management of storage in situations of far below average insolation to provide dispatchable electricity. G−S isolines allow determining the cost-optimal pair (G,S) as a function of the cost ratio of G and S. G−S isolines provide a method for evaluating the effect of geographic spread and time zone coverage on costs of solar electricity.
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