Academic literature on the topic 'Drop out rates'
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Journal articles on the topic "Drop out rates"
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Araque, Francisco, Concepción Roldán, and Alberto Salguero. "Factors influencing university drop out rates." Computers & Education 53, no. 3 (November 2009): 563–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2009.03.013.
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DUNCAN, RENAE D. "Childhood Maltreatment and College Drop-Out Rates." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 15, no. 9 (September 2000): 987–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088626000015009005.
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Kendall-Raynor, Petra. "Nationwide initiative to reduce student drop-out rates revealed." Nursing Standard 26, no. 3 (September 21, 2011): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2011.09.26.3.14.p6396.
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Jones-Berry, Stephanie. "Student drop-out rates put profession at further risk." Nursing Standard 32, no. 2 (September 6, 2017): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.32.2.12.s13.
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Kingston, Emma. "Emotional competence and drop‐out rates in higher education." Education + Training 50, no. 2 (March 21, 2008): 128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00400910810862119.
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&NA;. "Arcoxia vs diclofenac: CV AE rates similar, but drop-out rates differed." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1117 (September 2006): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200611170-00002.
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&NA;. "Arcoxia vs diclofenac: CV AE rates similar, but drop-out rates differed." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1553 (September 2006): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-200615530-00064.
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Luca, Stijn, Marc Verdyck, and Marc Coppens. "An approach to estimate degree completion using drop-out rates." Studies in Educational Evaluation 40 (March 2014): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2013.12.001.
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Doody, Michael C. "Drop-out behaviour and fertility table analysis of pregnancy rates." Human Reproduction 8, no. 6 (June 1993): 886–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138160.
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Mathibe, Lehlohonolo J. "Drop-out rates of cancer patients participating in longitudinal RCTs." Contemporary Clinical Trials 28, no. 4 (July 2007): 340–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2007.03.006.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Drop out rates"
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Fadhel, Mohamed S. "The internal quantitative efficiency of postgraduate diploma students : an evaluation of progression and drop-out rates in Libyan Universities." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.571164.
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The overarching aim of this study was to evaluate the Internal Quantitative Efficiency (IQE) of the Postgraduate Diploma students at Libyan Universities. More specifically, the research sought to: compare different Libyan Universities according to the indicators of the Internal Quantitative Efficiency of Postgraduate Diploma students, examine the reasons behind failure of postgraduate diploma students, examine the reasons behind dropout of postgraduate diploma students, and to diagnose the reality of the Internal Quantitative Efficiency of Postgraduate students at Libyan universities. By addressing these aims and objectives the researcher hoped to be able to discover where strengths and weaknesses lie, and to help in building a foundation for future research in this area. A mixture of both quantitative and qualitative methods was considered appropriate to meet the needs of the research. Cohorts flow and statistical analysis of data from final examination result forms collected from universities were conducted which examined the numbers of registered students in each grade who: are required to repeat courses, fail in examinations and are assumed to repeat the same grade next year, drop out during the cycle, when compared to the number of those who complete their studies. Further, the study provides an examination of the reasons and causes for failure and repetition. A questionnaire was used to collect primary data for the study in order to gain information about those students who fail in exam and who repeat another academic year. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with both students that fail and drop out, in order to supplement and enhance the data obtained from the questionnaire. Using latent content analysis, responses from interviews were analysed. Findings reveal that there variations in the drop out rates between Libyan universities. The drop out rate was highest at Al-Arab Medical University and the lowest at Garyounis University. The drop out rate at Al-Arab Medical University was 32%., while it was 28% at Omar Al-Mokhtar University, 26% AI- Tahadi University, and 24% at Garyounis University. Various factors affect students failure and dropout from postgraduate studies at Libyan universities and can be summed in four factors, which, when ordered according to their strength of effect can be seen to be educational, individual, social, and economic factors respectively. The poor quality of the Internal Quantitative Efficiency is related to the problems of repetition and drop out. Recommendations conducting more studies in this important area in all Libyan universities in order to evaluate the external efficiency of all postgraduate studies in Libyan universities and to estimate the financial wastage which may result from failure and drop out at the Libyan universities.
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Kelley, Karen. "Freshman Academies: A Study of Student Outcomes." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2010. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1770.
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The transition to high school has been identified by researchers as a pivotal point in students' lives. The addition of a Freshman Academy in some schools has targeted the 9th grade year to ease students' transition to high school and increase the likelihood of academic success.
One purpose of this study is to compare student outcomes of schools that have implemented a Freshman Academy with schools that have not. Student outcomes are defined for this study to include graduation rates, attendance rates, instances of out-of-school suspensions, and instances of expulsions. The second purpose of this study is to compare student outcomes before and after implementation of a Freshman Academy.
Two research questions were analyzed to determine the impact of the implementation of the Freshman Academy on student outcomes. A 2-way chi square analysis of variance was used for each research question.
There was a significant difference in the instances of out-of-school suspensions for schools that have a Freshman Academy and schools that do not. Instances of out-of-school suspensions were higher in schools with a Freshman Academy. No significant difference was found between graduation rates, attendance rates, or instances of expulsions for schools that have a Freshman Academy and schools that do not. There was a significant difference in instances of out-of-school suspensions before and after implementation of Freshman Academy. The instances of out-of-school suspensions decreased after the implementation of Freshman Academy. No significant difference was found in graduation rates, attendance rates, or instances of expulsions before and after implementation of Freshman Academy.
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Ramos, Vagno dos Santos. "A implementação do projeto avançar em uma escola da rede estadual de Manaus - Amazonas." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2016. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/4475.
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O caso de gestão estudado analisa a implementação do Programa de Correção de Fluxo Escolar - Projeto Avançar (PA) em uma escola estadual localizada no município de Manaus, vinculada à Secretaria Estadual de Educação (SEDUC/AM) e acompanhada pela Coordenadoria Distrital 02. Os objetivos definidos para esta investigação buscam verificar as dificuldades da equipe gestora em reduzir os índices de abandono nas turmas do PA. Para isso, utilizou-se a pesquisa qualitativa, por meio de um estudo de caso. Além da análise documental, foram usados como instrumentos de coleta de dados um questionário para 16 alunos do projeto e uma entrevista semiestruturada com a gestora, a pedagoga da escola, a supervisora do distrito que acompanha o projeto na escola e nove professores que atuam no PA. No referencial, foi abordado o Projeto Avançar enquanto política de enfrentamento ao fracasso escolar e também as causas e consequências do abandono escolar. A discussão dos resultados levou em consideração a visão dos diversos atores que participam do Projeto. A análise dos dados permitiu a identificação de alguns avanços e algumas dificuldades no processo de implementação do PA como ausência de capacitação para gestores, pedagogos e professores para atuar com maior efetividade nas ações do projeto; dificuldade dos docentes no trabalho com projetos interdisciplinares; ausência de reuniões para discutir as dificuldades de realização do PA; infrequência e apatia dos alunos; e ausência da família no acompanhamento escolar do filho. Com base nos resultados dessa análise, foi elaborado um Plano de Ação Educacional com propostas que ajudarão a equipe gestora a desenvolver as ações do Projeto Avançar de forma adequada na escola, a fim de que os objetivos sejam alcançados.
The management case under study deals with the implementation of the Program for the Correction of Fluxo Escolar - Projeto Avançar (PA) at a state school in the city of Manaus, tied to the State Secretaria of Education (SEDUC/AM) and overseen by the 2nd District Coordenadoria. The goals set for this investigation check team's difficulties in reducing drop out rates in the classes within the PA. For this, was used a qualitative research, through a case study. Besides analysis of documents, were used as instruments of data collection a questionnaire for 16 students within the project and a semi-structured interview with the manager, the school pedagogue, the district supervisor that oversees the project at the school and nine teachers who work with the PA. In the referencial, the PA was discussed as a policy to face school failure and also the causes and consequences of dropping out. The discussion of the results took into account the point of view of the several actors that participated in the project. Analysis of the data made it possible to identify some advances and some difficulties regarding the PA's implementation process as a lack of training for managers, pedagogues and teachers to more effectively perform the actions of the project; teachers' difficulty in working with interdisciplinary projects; lack of meetings to discuss the difficulties in carrying out the PA; infrequent attendance and apathy from the students; and families failing to monitor their children's performance at school. With the results of this analysis, a Plano de Ação Educacional was created containing proposals that will help the managing team to adequately develop the actions of the PA at school, in order to achieve the goals.
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Rusin, Demetrit Scott. "Sports Participation and GPA for African-American Male Students." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1211.
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Improving the academic success and graduation rates of African-American males has been a major focus of both scholars and practitioners in the United States. Locally, African-American males at an urban Title 1 school were experiencing the lowest grade point averages, American College Test scores, and graduation rates in the district. In response to these academic declines, this study focused on the tenets of Bechtol's sports participation theory, which holds that students who play sports experience greater academic achievement and adult success in life. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between total hours of high school athletics participation and earned GPAs for African-American male students at the school under study for 1 academic year and across each term (4) of the school year. A correlational research design was used to identify if a relationship existed between hours of sports participation and the GPAs of African-American male student-athletes from the 2012 ' 2013 school year (N = 36). The results of the 5 Pearson correlation analyses indicated no statistically significant relationship between the total hours African-American male student-athletes spent participating in sports and their GPAs. The sample size was a limitation of the study design, therefore it was recommended to conduct the investigation with a larger sample size. The results of the study prompted the design of a professional development program for local administrators, faculty, and staff called Championing Higher Achievement Matriculation, Preparation, and Success for Student Athletes (CHAMPS). The CHAMPS program prepares school personnel to more effectively mentor, coach, tutor, and teach African-American male student-athletes. The program can improve the quality of education that can serve as the stimulus for social change through improved educational outcomes for African-American male student athletes.
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Nel, Celeste. "Die oorgang van skool na universiteit : 'n teoretiese raamwerk vir 'n pre-universitêre intervensie." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/3175.
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Thesis (PhD (Education )--University of Stellenbosch, 2008.352 leaves, preliminary pages xxiii and numbered pages 1-329. Includes bibliography and a list of figures.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African school system is increasingly producing students who do not make the grade in higher education. Universities are concerned about the quality of the students who register as first-years at higher education institutions. The findings of various studies have clearly shown that more and more students are inadequately prepared and therefore not ready for higher education. In South Africa the problems resulting from the gap between school and university have been exacerbated by the inequalities that exist in the secondary school system, and which are still part of the legacy of apartheid. Within the context of learners’increasing unpreparedness for university studies, their difficult transition from school to university and the concomitant high drop-out figures in higher education, this study investigated the extent to which universities – with Stellenbosch University as a case in point – can contribute towards preparing students for university studies from as early as school level, and thus facilitate their transition from school to university. Taking this research question into account, the researcher investigated the extent to which specific variables played a part both in the pre-university phase and after admission. In addition, the study also focused on the extent to which students’ school background (previously disadvantaged privileged school) influences students’ preparedness, and to what extent academic standards (amongst others final examination results)are related to success in the first year at university. The research design was a case study of black newcomer first-year students who participated in a Stellenbosch University bursary project (the Merit Bursary project) in their Grade 12 year. The data generation consisted of two phases, namely a quantitative approach in the pre-university phase and a qualitative approach, after admission, in the transitional phase. The research findings have revealed that the inequalities in the South African schooling system influence the transition from school to university. The classification of schools (previously disadvantaged or privileged school) plays a crucial role in students’ preparedness and how they handle the transition from school to university. There are various academic, social, emotional, cultural and financial factors that impact on this transition. However, the factors are interdependent – no one factor can be regarded as being more important than another. Universities must adopt a holistic approach to the transition that newcomer students are required to make. It was concluded in the study that universities have a responsibility to ensure that the diminishing pool of potential students in higher education be expanded. Universities should also ontribute towards preparing prospective students more effectively so that the transition process will be less challenging. It is believed that this will also improve the throughput rate. In this regard the study proposes a theoretical framework for a pre university intervention.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse skoolstelsel lewer toenemend studente wat nie die mas in hoër onderwys opkom nie en universiteite is bekommerd oor die kwaliteit van die studente wat as eerstejaars aan hoëronderwysinstellings registreer. Uit die bevindinge van verskeie studies het dit geblyk dat studente toenemend nie voldoende voorbereid en gereed is vir hoër onderwys nie. In die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks word die gaping tussen skool en universiteit vergroot deur ongelykhede in die sekondêre skoolstelsel as gevolg van die land se apartheidsgeskiedenis. In die konteks van leerders se toenemende onvoorbereidheid vir universiteitstudie, die moeilike oorgang van skool na universiteit en die gepaardgaande hoe uitvalsyfers in hoër onderwys, het hierdie studie ondersoek ingestel na die mate waarin universiteite - met die Universiteit Stellenbosch as spesifieke geval - reeds op skoolvlak ’n rol kan speel om voornemende studente beter vir universiteitstudie voor te berei en sodoende die oorgang van skool na universiteit te vergemaklik. Met die navorsingsingsvraag in ag genome, het die navorser die mate waarin spesifieke veranderlikes ’n rol speel in die pre-universitêre fase asook die fase na toetrede tot universiteit, ondersoek. In samehang hiermee, het die studie ook gefokus op die invloed van skoolagtergrond (voorheen benadeelde of bevoorregte skole) op die voorbereidheid van studente en die mate waarin akademiese maatstawwe op skool (onder meer eindeksamenresultate) verband hou met sukses in die eerste universiteitsjaar. Die navorsingsontwerp was ’n gevallestudie van swart nuwelingeerstejaarstudente wat in hulle graad 12-jaar aan ’n beursprojek (die Verdienstelikheidsbeursprojek) van die Universiteit Stellenbosch deelgeneem het. Die data-generering het uit twee fases bestaan, naamlik ’n kwantitatiewe benadering in die pre-universitêre fase en ’n kwalitatiewe benadering na toetrede in die oorgangsfase. Die ondersoek het gevind dat die ongelykhede in die Suid-Afrikaanse skoolstelsel die oorgang van skool na universiteit beinvloed. Skoolklassifikasie (voorheen benadeelde of bevoorregte skole) speel ’n bepalende rol in die voorbereidheid van studente en ook in die wyse waarop studente die oorgang hanteer. Daar is ’n verskeidenheid akademiese, sosiale, emosionele, kulturele en finansiële faktore wat ’n rol speel in die oorgang van skool na universiteit. Die faktore is egter interafhanklik van aard – geen een kan uitgesonder word as belangriker as die ander nie. Universiteite moet die oorgang van nuwelingstudente holisties benader. Hierdie ondersoek kom verder tot die slotsom dat dit ook die verantwoordelikheid van universiteite is om te sorg dat die krimpende poel potensiele studente vir hoër onderwys vergroot en beter voorbereide studente toegelaat word om sodoende die oorgangsproses te vergemaklik en deurvloeikoerse te verhoog. In die lig hiervan stel die studie ’n teoretiese raamwerk vir ’n pre-universitêre intervensie voor.
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Sekhukhune, Mmasello Evelyn. "An empirical investigation into the key factors causing second-year accounting students to drop out at Tshwane University of Technology Soshanguve Campus between 2004 to 2006 / by M.E. Sekhukhune." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2336.
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Beasley, Harvey. "The Perception of Principals Related to Select Intervention Factors Affecting Student Drop-Out Rate in Three Urban High Schools." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2018. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/cauetds/113.
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Although graduation rates are increasing in Georgia and in the United States, high school dropouts remain an issue of significant concern. Much of the focus of research in this area has been on describing the characteristics of dropouts rather than on developing effective interventions. Moreover, emerging research shows that potential dropouts can be identified with confidence as early as the sixth grade. High school is the time in which dropouts are typically identified and interventions begun, but the seeds of dropping out are often planted well before ninth grade.
This study is about school administrators’ perceptions of drop-out factors in three urban high schools. The research design lies within the qualitative spectrum. Data were gathered from semi-structured, open-ended interviews conducted with selected participants. Results showed there were no significant differences in the perception of high school principals as to the importance of specific intervention factors affecting student dropout rates. The participants agreed that instructional coaches, after-school and Saturday school programs and the use of data to target content needs of specific students were the common themes of support to students at-risk of not completing high school requirements.
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Oberholster, E. J. "An investigation into the possible causes of the difference between the boys' and girls' drop-out rate in mathematics at the end of the junior secondary phase of education." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001417.
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In the past two decades much research in the field of Mathematics in Education has dealt with boy- girl differences. In the 1960's sex differences in mathematical achievement played an important role in research. The results of more recent and better controlled studies seem to indicate that overall boy-girl differences in mathematical achievement are probably negligible at the Primary stage and exist at the Secondary stage principally in areas involving spatial visualization and problem solving.
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Van, der Bergh Erika. "The influence of academic self-confidence on mathematics achievement / Erika van der Bergh." Thesis, North-West University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/10180.
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It seems as if there is a continued problem with mathematical performances nationally. The rate, at which FET (Further Education and Training) phase learner s discontinue Mathematics as a result of poor mathematical performances, is of great
concern. This research study determined how academic self-confidence could have an influence on learners’ abilities to perform in Mathematics. The literature review confirmed that there could be a link between academic self-confidence and mathematical performance. Consequently, the researcher wanted to establish if the same could be found at a school where the emphasis is very much on mathematical achievement. The school is based in Northern Johannesburg (D10) in Gauteng, South Africa. By applying an explanatory mixed method approach (quantitative, followed by qualitative methods), the researcher identified a clear link between this school’s learners’ abilities to perform in Mathematics and their academic self-confidence. Amongst others, positive links were also identified between the learner s’ comprehension of Mathematics, their problem- solving skills as well as educator assistance, which in turn influence their academic self - confidence and consequently al so their performance s. A cycle of mathematical influences was identified that demonstrated that the influence i s not only working one way, but that a cycle forms; academic self-confidence influences the learner’s ability to perform in mathematics and mathematical performance s al so influence academic self - confidence, causing a continuous cycle of influence.MEd (Learner Support), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013
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Grootes, Pieter Brian. "The labour market drop-out rate : a new approach to estimating the returns to government investment in higher education : the case for marine science in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002684.
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The private and social returns to education literature share the same conclusion: that education is beneficial for both the individual and society. However, the theoretical underpinnings are flawed as the literature does not account for the main feature that leads to the acquisition of education: the private demand for education. An understanding of the factors that motivate the individual to invest in education would lead to a deeper insight as to why both private and social returns to education exist, and would provide a clearer framework on which to base the government funding of education. This thesis provides a first attempt at filling this gap by introducing a method of estimating the returns to government investment in education, which is labelled the ‘labour market drop-out rate approach’. The approach focuses on the social return to education, not in terms of graduate earnings, but in terms of the interaction of the graduate with the economy. The approach introduces a measure of expertise utilisation, based on the premise that there is no social return to an individual acquiring education if he or she does not utilise the acquired knowledge base on entering the labour market. The approach is tested using the labour market for marine scientists in South Africa as a case study. In this case the private demand for education is found to be heavily influenced by the provision of student bursaries from the National Research Foundation, with a resulting estimate of the social return to a degree in marine science being a mere 20% to 25%. Owing to this, a new approach to government investment in marine science is introduced, that of graduate contribution schemes. Of broader significance is the ease of application of this approach, it may be adopted to analyse any funding programme in which a government may decide to invest. As such, the labour market drop-out rate provides an extension to the returns to education literature through its theoretical dealings of the private demand for education, as well as a practical tool which government agencies can use to evaluate the efficacy of any government funding of education.
Books on the topic "Drop out rates"
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Germaine, Richard St. Drop-out rates among American Indian and Alaska Native students: Beyond cultural discontinuity. [Charleston, WV: Clearinghouse on Rural Education and Small Schools, Appalachia Educational Laboratory, 1995.
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ERIC Clearinghouse on Rural Education and Small Schools., ed. Drop-out rates among American Indian and Alaska Native students: Beyond cultural discontinuity. [Charleston, WV: Clearinghouse on Rural Education and Small Schools, Appalachia Educational Laboratory, 1995.
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Germaine, Richard St. Drop-out rates among American Indian and Alaska Native students: Beyond cultural discontinuity. [Charleston, WV: Clearinghouse on Rural Education and Small Schools, Appalachia Educational Laboratory, 1995.
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Germaine, Richard St. Drop-out rates among American Indian and Alaska Native students: Beyond cultural discontinuity. [Charleston, WV: Clearinghouse on Rural Education and Small Schools, Appalachia Educational Laboratory, 1995.
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Germaine, Richard St. Drop-out rates among American Indian and Alaska Native students: Beyond cultural discontinuity. [Charleston, WV: Clearinghouse on Rural Education and Small Schools, Appalachia Educational Laboratory, 1995.
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Cameron, Lisa Ann. Did social safety net scholarships reduce drop-out rates during the Indonesian economic crisis? Washington, D.C: World Bank, Development Research Group, Poverty Team, 2002.
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Woldehanna, Tassew. Shocks and primary school drop-out rates: A study of 20 sentinel sites in Ethiopia. London, UK: Young Lives, Oxford Department of International Development, University of Oxford, 2012.
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Endaweke, Yalew. Academic achievements, drop out, and repetition rates of female students in some selected schools of Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa: Forum on Street Children Ethiopia, 1997.
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Cameron, Lisa A. Did Social Safety Net Scholarships Reduce Drop-Out Rates during the Indonesian Economic Crisis? The World Bank, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-2800.
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Rosa, Jonathan. Looking like a Language, Sounding like a Race. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190634728.001.0001.
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Looking like a Language, Sounding like a Race examines the emergence of linguistic and ethnoracial categories in the context of contemporary US constructions of Latinidad. The book draws from more than 24 months of ethnographic and sociolinguistic fieldwork to analyze the racialization of language as a central form of modern governance. It focuses specifically on youth socialization to US Latinidad as a contemporary site of political anxiety, “raciolinguistic” transformation, and urban inequity. Rosa’s account studies the fashioning of Latinidad in a highly segregated Chicago high school whose student body is more than 90% Mexican and Puerto Rican. Rosa shows how anxieties surrounding language, race, and identity produce an administrative project that seeks to transform “at risk” Mexican and Puerto Rican students into “Young Latino Professionals.” This institutional effort, which requires students to learn to be—and sound like—themselves in highly studied ways, reflects administrators’ attempts to navigate a precarious urban terrain in the city grappling with some of the nation’s highest youth homicide, drop-out, and teen pregnancy rates. Rosa explores the ingenuity of his researchers participants’ creative responses to these forms of marginalization through the contestation of political, ethnoracial, and linguistic borders. The detailed engagement with the relationship between linguistic and ethnoracial category-making that develops throughout the book points to the raciolinguistic, historical, political, and economic dynamics through which people come to look like a language and sound like a race across cultural contexts.
Book chapters on the topic "Drop out rates"
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Pérez, Boris, Camilo Castellanos, and Darío Correal. "Predicting Student Drop-Out Rates Using Data Mining Techniques: A Case Study." In Applications of Computational Intelligence, 111–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03023-0_10.
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Karsenti, Thierry, and Simon Collin. "Can ICT Reduce Drop-Out Rates Among New Teachers? A Qualitative Study in Canadian Student Teachers." In Research on e-Learning and ICT in Education, 95–108. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1083-6_8.
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Zolnikov, Konstantin P., Dmitrij S. Kryzhevich, and Aleksandr V. Korchuganov. "Regularities of Structural Rearrangements in Single- and Bicrystals Near the Contact Zone." In Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering, 301–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60124-9_14.
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AbstractThe chapter is devoted to the analysis of the features of local structural rearrangementsin nanostructured materialsunder shear loadingand nanoindentation. The study was carried out using molecular dynamics-based computer simulation. In particular, we investigated the features of symmetric tilt grain boundary migration in bcc and fcc metals under shear loading. The main emphasis was on identifying atomic mechanisms responsible for the migration of symmetric tilt grain boundaries. We revealed that grain boundaries of this type can move with abnormally high velocities up to several hundred meters per second. The grain boundary velocity depends on the shear rate and grain boundary structure. It is important to note that the migration of grain boundary does not lead to the formation of structural defects. We showed that grain boundary moves in a pronounced jump-like manner as a result of a certain sequence of self-consistent displacements of grain boundary atomic planes and adjacent planes. The number of atomic planes involved in the migration process depends on the structure of the grain boundary. In the case of bcc vanadium, five planes participate in the migration of the Σ5(210)[001] grain boundary, and three planes determine the Σ5(310)[001] grain boundary motion. The Σ5(310)[001] grain boundary in fcc nickel moves as a result of rearrangements of six atomic planes. The stacking order of atomic planes participating in the grain boundary migration can change. A jump-like manner of grain boundary motion may be divided into two stages. The first stage is a long time interval of stress increase during shear loading. The grain boundary is motionless during this period and accumulates elastic strain energy. This is followed by the stage of jump-like grain boundary motion, which results in rapid stress drop. The related study was focused on understanding the atomic rearrangements responsible for the nucleation of plasticity near different crystallographic surfaces of fcc and bcc metals under nanoindentation. We showed that a wedge-shaped region, which consists of atoms with a changed symmetry of the nearest environment, is formed under the indentation of the (001) surface of the copper crystallite. Stacking faults arise in the (111) atomic planes of the contact zone under the indentation of the (011) surface. Their escape on the side free surface leads to a step formation. Indentation of the (111) surface is accompanied by nucleation of partial dislocations in the contact zone subsequent formation of nanotwins. The results of the nanoindentation of bcc iron bicrystal show that the grain boundary prevents the propagation of structural defects nucleated in the contact zone into the neighboring grain.
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Wong, Yue Chim Richard. "Demystifying the Rising Poverty Rate." In Fixing Inequality in Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888390625.003.0038.
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The widespread perception of a spectacular rise in poverty rates in the past decade or so is not substantiated. The evidence shows that the economically active household poverty rate has risen modestly, not phenomenally, since 1985. The government’s recurrent cash transfer has done a reasonable job in keeping the poverty rate within bounds. It might have inadvertently provided incentives for more people to drop out of the labor force and thereby created some of the poverty that society is trying to alleviate.
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Breaden, Jeremy, and Roger Goodman. "The Predicted Implosion of Japan’s Private Higher Education System." In Family-Run Universities in Japan, 13–34. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198863496.003.0002.
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This chapter tells the story of Japanese higher education from 1992 to 2010, from a period of great stability to one of anticipated implosion. It outlines the widely agreed features of Japanese higher education in the early 1990s, including a clearly defined university hierarchy, high demand for university places, high fees, low drop-out rates, direct links to the labour market, low rates of progression to graduate education, high rate of academic inbreeding, and slow progress on internationalization. Overall, the system was seen as highly developed and relatively stable, but just 10 years later virtually all of these features were under challenge. 1992 saw a peak both in the number of 18-year-olds in the Japanese population and in the global power of the Japanese economy. As the economy went into slowdown and then stagnation and the number of 18-year-olds shrank precipitously, so the voices of those predicting an implosion in the private university sector became louder. The chapter explains why this implosion was considered inevitable because of three intersecting facts: students were recruited almost entirely from school leavers; participation rates were already high; and there would be a 40 per cent drop in the number of school leavers in the population between 1992 and 2010. It then introduces some of the assumptions which followed from this anticipated implosion: dramatic drops in enrolment and revenue; bankruptcies and closures; the search for new markets and modes of operation; a questioning of the whole value of a university degree.
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Akay, Ebru Caglayan. "Education Inequalities and Human Capital Formation in MENA Region." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 151–79. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9601-3.ch007.
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This chapter examines education system and education development in MENA region and compare to other selected region in the frame of human capital. It also focus on issue of education quality and inequality. In here, human capital is identified and measured by using education-based factors such as drop-out rates, repetition rates, literacy rates and international test scores, enrollment rates. The results of analysis show that the student participation is common with high enrollment rates and most governments in the region have announced large expenditures on education. Despite impressive gains in the participation of student in the different academic level and intensive public expenditures on education in the region, MENA region suffer from many problems regarding education such as, poor efficiency, low quality, illiteracy and gender inequality, low labor force participation of female. As a results, MENA governments should improve education systems to focus on not only on increasing enrollments, but also on improving the quality of education.
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"Drop Out Rate." In Handbook of Disease Burdens and Quality of Life Measures, 4195. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78665-0_5534.
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Keenan, Sheri Jenkins, and Jeffrey P. Rush. "School-to-Prison Pipeline." In Global Perspectives on Reforming the Criminal Justice System, 26–39. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6884-2.ch002.
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Juvenile crime rates have declined steadily since 1994 (Nelson & Lind, 2015) and the number of youths in juvenile detention centers has dropped (Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2011; Hockenberry, 2014; Nelson & Lind, 2015; Smith, 1998); however, school discipline polices are moving in the other direction (Nelson & Lind, 2015). In recent years, the lines between the public school system and the juvenile justice system have become indistinct. There are several trends in K-12 education contributing to the school-to-prison pipeline such as declining school funding, resegregation of schools by race and class, under-representation of students of color in advanced placement, over-representation of student of color in special education, the creation and expansion of “zero-tolerance” policies, tracking, increased presence of SROs, No Child Left Behind (NCLB), standardized testing, and rising drop-out rates (Heitzeg et al., 2009). However, the focus here is the expansion and increased reliance on “zero-tolerance” policies and the use of the SRO to enforce those policies which play an immediate and integral role in feeding the school-to-prison pipeline.
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Atibuni, Dennis Zami. "Institutional Support and Student-Faculty Interaction for Postgraduate Research Engagement." In Postgraduate Research Engagement in Low Resource Settings, 219–45. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0264-8.ch012.
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Quality institutional support and student-faculty interaction are critical to effective research engagement and efficient completion among higher education students. However, the research engagement of many postgraduate students in Uganda is characterised by low completion rates, longer stay on the journey, and high drop-out among others. In this interpretative phenomenological qualitative study using focus group discussions among Master of Education cohorts of 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 and seven key informant interviews among research advisors in Ugandan universities, the author explored gaps in institutional support and student-faculty interaction that negatively affected the students' research engagement. Findings revealed wanting institutional support in resources, operating procedures, organisation and communication, supervision, curricula, and student financing. Student-faculty interaction gaps included supervisor absenteeism and emotional and behavioural dereliction. Strategies to fix the gaps were also solicited. Recommendations for policy and practice were advanced.
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Themelis, Chryssa. "Teacher Presence in Online Discussions." In Handbook of Research on Online Discussion-Based Teaching Methods, 263–82. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3292-8.ch011.
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The theory of tele-proximity is an expansion of the community of inquiry model (teacher, cognitive, and social presence) that embraces videoconferencing for distance education courses. It addresses the problem of distance, high drop-out rates and campus alienation in e-learning courses, and re-examined presences. The focus of the study is to investigate the ways visual presence affects identity online. The methodology is a literature review that could help the author to keep up with state-of-the-art research, as well as to evaluate the collective evidence. The chapter aims to reflect on the tele-teacher presence, and re-frame the role, controversies, and opportunities for educators teaching online. The revised tele-teacher framework could indicate the factors affecting presence online and inform educators, instructional designers, and policymakers about the implications for teaching and learning. Future research directions and recommendations will be also discussed.
Conference papers on the topic "Drop out rates"
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Setyowati, Indah Rini, Khairil Anwar Notodiputro, and Anang Kurnia. "A study of fixed-b asymptotic distribution models for analysing determinants of drop-out rates in Central Java." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE AND APPLIED SCIENCE (ICSAS2020). AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0030747.
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Stracke, Christian M. "Why We Need High Drop-Out Rates in MOOCs: New Evaluation and Personalization Strategies for the Quality of Open Education." In 2017 IEEE 17th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icalt.2017.109.
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Prasetyo, Rindang Bangun, Heri Kuswanto, Nur Iriawan, and Brodjol Sutijo Suprih Ulama. "A comparison of some link functions for binomial regression models with application to school drop-out rates in East Java." In THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE, MATHEMATICS, ENVIRONMENT, AND EDUCATION. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5139815.
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Lakshmiraju, Murthy, Jie Cui, Stephen Idem, and Sastry Munukutla. "Numerical and Experimental Study of Pressure Drop Reduction in a Power Plant Stack." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-61937.
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As governmental regulations on the emission of the power industry became more restrictive, many power plants operating today experience severe problems. The fans that handle the flow through the stack, that were originally designed to handle a certain maximum flow rate, are now required to handle even higher flow rates due to the introduction of emission control devices. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and experimental studies have been carried out on the scale model of a stack to identify means for pressure drop reduction. The CFD model was constructed using the commercial software CFX-5.6. The model solves the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equation with Shear-Stress turbulence model (SST) and the CFD results are validated by data taken from the scale model. Baffles of different orientation have been installed in the stack under different flow conditions. Both numerical and experimental results confirm that adding baffles can reduce the pressure drop in a stack significantly. Thus, with minimum effort, power plants can keep running the stacks at a higher flow rate.
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Imam, M. Mudasar, Mehaboob Basha, S. M. Shaahid, Aftab Ahmad, and Luai M. Al-Hadhrami. "Effect of Viscosity on the Pressure Gradient in 4-Inch Pipe." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37918.
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The pressure drop of liquids of different viscosities in multiphase flow is still a subject of research. This paper presents pressure drop measurements of water and oil single phase flow in horizontal and inclined 4 inch diameter stainless steel pipe at different flow rates. Potable water and Exxol D80 oil were used in the study. Experiments were carried out for different inclination angles including; 0°, 15°, 30° (upward and downward flows). Inlet liquid velocities were varied from 0.4 to 1.2 m/s and reference pressure was set at 1 bar. Water and Oil viscosities are 0.798 Pa.s and 1.56 Pa.s at 30°C, respectively. Pressure drop has been found to increase with increase in liquid velocity. Pressure drop has been observed to increase asymptotically with pipe inclination. Upward flows are associated with high pressure drop as compared to downward flows. The pressure drop of water is greater than that of oil for all inclinations. This difference can be attributed to the difference in fluid viscosities and densities. Measured pressure drops were compared with existing empirical relations and good agreement was noticed.
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Nikula, Uolevi, Jorma Sajaniemi, Matti Tedre, and Stuart Wray. "Python and Roles of Variables in Introductory Programming: Experiences from Three Educational Institutions." In InSITE 2007: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3097.
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Students often find that learning to program is hard. Introductory programming courses have high drop-out rates and students do not learn to program well. This paper presents experiences from three educational institutions where introductory programming courses were improved by adopting Python as the first programming language and roles of variables as an aid in understanding program behavior. As a result of these changes, students were able to write working code from the very beginning, they found programming easy and interesting, they passed exams with good grades, and drop-out rates were low. Students became interested in programming and some of them even changed their personal study plan to include more of programming and computer science.
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Lambert, S. B., J. A. Beavers, B. Delanty, R. Sutherby, and A. Plumtree. "Mechanical Factors Affecting Stress Corrosion Crack Growth Rates in Buried Pipelines." In 2000 3rd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2000-219.
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Over the past several years, investigations have been carried out into the rate of crack growth in pipeline steels in simulated, near-neutral pH, groundwater environment (NS4 solution). Pre-cracked specimens were subject to constant amplitude loading under various frequencies, maximum loads and R-ratios (minimum/maximum load). Test times varied from about 20 to 400 days. Transgranular crack features, similar to those found in service, have been observed. The extent of crack growth was monitored using either electrical potential drop or detailed metallographic examinations at two laboratories. The resulting crack growth rates from both labs are consistent with a superposition model based on a summation of fatigue (Paris Law) and static (SCC) crack growth rates. Differences between the results at the two laboratories are discussed.
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Guntaka, Anuradha, Manoj Gokhale, Subhrajit Dey, Bhaskar Tamma, and Ankit Somani. "Cooling Enhancement of Radiators Using Dimples and Delta Winglets." In ASME 2009 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the InterPACK09 and 3rd Energy Sustainability Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2009-88110.
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Cooled exhaust gas recirculation and lower intake manifold temperature (post compressor) are used to meet emission regulations for a turbocharged intercooled diesel engine. This places a significant demand on the cooling load and space constraint on the radiator of the engine. A typical radiator is a cross-flow fin-tube heat exchanger with coolant water flowing inside the tube and ambient air taking out heat from the fin and tube surfaces. The major resistance to heat transfer in this configuration is offered by the air-side heat transfer co-efficient. The current study focuses on enhancing convective cooling rates on air side in a typical radiator which helps in taking additional load of EGR cooling with minimal increase in space and radiator fan power. Published literature clearly indicates that specific geometrical structures such as delta winglets and dimples, when placed in a convective flow path, act as vortex generators. This ability helps in disturbing/disrupting a steady thermal boundary layer, resulting in enhanced convective heat transfer. Detailed CFD simulations have been carried out to study the individual and combined effect of dimples and delta winglets on the heat transfer rates in a typical radiator geometry. Delta winglets on the fins indicated significant heat transfer enhancement but with increased pressure drop. Dimples on the tubes also led to enhanced heat transfer rates, but with a comparatively lesser increase in the pressure drop. A combination of delta winglets on the fins and dimples on the tubes increased the heat transfer rates substantially (+40%) with a minimal increase in pressure drop compared to the baseline case.
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Zhang, Siqi, and Puzhen Gao. "Experimental Research on Pulsating Two-Phase Flow Pressure Drop Characteristics in Horizontal Rectangular Channel." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30392.
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In spite of most previous studies since 1970, the theory of pulsating pipe flows supported by experimental investigations has not yet completed in comparison with the well-defined theory of steady pipe flows. Therefore, it seems that there is much to be done about experimental research in this field. In order to determine the resistance characteristics of two-phase flow under pulsatile conditions, an experimental investigation on two-phase flow with periodically fluctuating flow rates in a narrow rectangular channel is carried out. A frequency inverter is used to obtain experimental conditions with different fluctuating frequencies, amplitudes and mean values of water mass flow rate. After obtaining experimental results, comparisons between experimental frictional pressure drop values and theoretical calculations have been done. Two-phase flow on pulsating conditions is far more complicated than that on steady conditions because pulsating flow is composed of two parts: a steady component and a superimposed periodical time varying component called oscillation. In this paper, the influence of different fluctuating frequencies, amplitudes and mean values of liquid and gas mass flow rate on two-phase flow pressure drop characteristics is also discussed. The results show that the total pressure drop and water mass flow rate change with the same fluctuating period except for a phase difference. The phase lag also changes with the fluctuating frequencies and amplitude. The accelerating pressure drop changes dramatically in a fluctuating period, especially at the end of acceleration. Also, the time when the acceleration pressure drop has its maximum value lags the time when the acceleration reaches its peak, mainly because of the inertial of the fluid.
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Liang, H. X., J. Q. Suo, and M. Li. "Experimental Study of the Flow and Pressure Drop Performances in Advanced Combustor Distributor Diffuser." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-94209.
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Gas turbine engine uses diffuser system to decelerate the compressor exit flow velocity before it enters combustor, it is important to design the compact structure and high performance of the diffuser for gas turbine engine. The diffuser and combustor dome configurations are critical flow path parameters in the design of a low-pressure-loss, high-performance combustion system. With rising of the inlet Mach number of the combustor, dramatically increasing of the diffuser total pressure loss and flow separation. So a new distributor diffuser was designed. In this paper preliminary results from an experimental investigation into the aerodynamic performance on a rectangle combustor-diffuser system with seven distributor plates were presented. Measurements were taken in the diffuser section to assess the diffuser performance characteristics under various conditions, the appropriate outlet flow field can be attained by changing the plate area ratio and form. Tests were carried out to investigate the influence of distributor diffuser plate geometry. During these measurements for each parametric configuration, data were obtained at 24 different flow rates through the distributor diffuser, it gave the conclusion that the distributor diffuser area ratio could be more than traditional diffusers with shorter construction and higher pressure recovery performance, while the flow loss through it was not beyond the traditional limit. Overall static pressure recovery improves and overall total pressure loss reduces with increasing distributor diffuser area ratio, and the increased flow rates through the distributor diffuser gave rise to a higher total pressure loss. The total pressure loss fraction was less than 2.5% when Mach number changed from 0.3 to 0.38; if the area ratio was more than 2.1, the diffuser loss coefficient remained less than 0.3, pressure recovery coefficient more than 0.5 and area ratio up to 2.45. There exists an area ratio in 1.6∼2.0 which makes diffuser outlet flow field distribution more uniform; Baffle structure can adjust the flow field distribution of outlet diffuser. As a result, the distributor diffuser can be potentially satisfied with demands for high performance combustor.
Reports on the topic "Drop out rates"
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Nyamukapa, Constance, Laura Robertson, Paradzai George Mushore, and Simon Gregson. A prospective study of the contribution of migration to school drop-out rates amongst children made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS in eastern Zimbabwe HIV/AIDS in eastern Zimbabwe. Unknown, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.35648/20.500.12413/11781/ii043.
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Ronak, Paul, and Rashmi. Is educational wellbeing associated with grade repetition and school dropout rates among Indian students? Evidence from a panel study. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2021.res5.2.
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Despite the Indian government’s continuing efforts to encourage children to attend school, levels of educational wellbeing among some groups of children during their elementary schooling remain low. High school dropout and grade repetition rates are among the negative and deleterious outcomes of poor educational wellbeing in children that are rarely discussed as policy issues. Using the panel dataset of the India Human Development Survey (IHDS) conducted in 2005 and 2012, this study explores the effects of educational wellbeing on children’s later educational outcomes, as measured by their school dropout and grade repetition rates. Variation in the educational outcomes of children across states was also examined. The results show that the children whose educational wellbeing index was below average during their elementary schooling were more likely to drop out of school or repeat a grade in early adolescence. For policymakers, this study highlights that the experiences of children during their elementary schooling merit more attention.
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Downing, W. Logan, Howell Li, William T. Morgan, Cassandra McKee, and Darcy M. Bullock. Using Probe Data Analytics for Assessing Freeway Speed Reductions during Rain Events. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317350.
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Rain impacts roadways such as wet pavement, standing water, decreased visibility, and wind gusts and can lead to hazardous driving conditions. This study investigates the use of high fidelity Doppler data at 1 km spatial and 2-minute temporal resolution in combination with commercial probe speed data on freeways. Segment-based space-mean speeds were used and drops in speeds during rainfall events of 5.5 mm/hour or greater over a one-month period on a section of four to six-lane interstate were assessed. Speed reductions were evaluated as a time series over a 1-hour window with the rain data. Three interpolation methods for estimating rainfall rates were tested and seven metrics were developed for the analysis. The study found sharp drops in speed of more than 40 mph occurred at estimated rainfall rates of 30 mm/hour or greater, but the drops did not become more severe beyond this threshold. The average time of first detected rainfall to impacting speeds was 17 minutes. The bilinear method detected the greatest number of events during the 1-month period, with the most conservative rate of predicted rainfall. The range of rainfall intensities were estimated between 7.5 to 106 mm/hour for the 39 events. This range was much greater than the heavy rainfall categorization at 16 mm/hour in previous studies reported in the literature. The bilinear interpolation method for Doppler data is recommended because it detected the greatest number of events and had the longest rain duration and lowest estimated maximum rainfall out of three methods tested, suggesting the method balanced awareness of the weather conditions around the roadway with isolated, localized rain intensities.
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Bolton, Laura. The Economic Impact of COVID-19 in Colombia. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.073.
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Available data provide a picture for the macro-economy of Colombia, agriculture, and infrastructure. Recent data on trends on public procurement were difficult to find within the scope of this rapid review. In 2020, macro-level employment figures show a large drop between February and April when COVID-19 lockdown measures were first introduced, followed by a gradual upward trend. In December 2020, the employment rate was 4.09 percentage points lower than the employment rate in December 2019. Macro-level figures from the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) show that a higher percentage of men experienced job losses than women in November 2020. However, the evidence presented by the Universidad Nacional de Colombia based on the DANE great integrated house survey shows that a higher proportion of all jobs lost were lost by women in the second quarter. It may be that the imbalance shifted over time, but it is not possible to directly compare the data. Evidence suggests that women were disproportionately more burdened by home activities due to the closure of schools and childcare. There is also a suggestion that women who have lost out where jobs able to function during lockdowns with technology are more likely to be held by men. Literature also shows that women have lower levels of technology literacy. There is a lack of reliable data for understanding the economic impacts of COVID-19 for people living with disabilities. A report on the COVID-19 response and disability for the Latin America region recommends improving collaboration between policymakers and non-governmental organisations. Younger people experienced greater job losses. Data for November 2020 show 3.3 percent of the population aged under 25 lost their job compared to 1.8 percent of those employed between 24 and 54. Agriculture, livestock, and fishing increased by 2.8% in 2020 compared to 2019. And the sector as a whole grew 3.4% between the third and fourth quarters of 2020. In terms of sector differences, construction was harder hit by the initial mobility restrictions than agriculture. Construction contracted by 30.5% in the second quarter of 2020. It is making a relatively healthy recovery with reports that 84% of projects being reactivated following return to work. The President of the Colombian Chamber of Construction predicting an 8.4% growth in the construction of housing and other buildings in 2021.
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National report 2009-2019 - Rural NEET in Italy. OST Action CA 18213: Rural NEET Youth Network: Modeling the risks underlying rural NEETs social exclusion, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/cisrnyn.nrit.2020.12.
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This document describes the Italian situation of young people aged between 15 and 34 years who do not work, do not study and are not in training (NEET), from 2009 to 2019. The report analyses the following indicators of the youth population: employment; unem-ployment; education; and, distribution of NEETs. The criteria adopted to analyse data are mainly the degree of urbanisation, the age group and, where possible, gender. The statistical procedure adopted for the different dimensions selected is descriptive lon-gitudinal analysis and calculation of absolute and relative proportional changes between 2009 and 2013, 2013 and 2019 and between 2009 and 2019. These time intervals have been chosen to capture the evolution of the indicators before and after the economic cri-sis that hit European countries. All data has been extracted from Eurostat public data sets. The data analysed shows how the Italian population decreased slightly between 2009 and 2019. However, what clearly changed is the distribution: increased in rural areas and decreased in cities. Youth unemployment grew strongly from 2009 to 2014, until finally decreasing from 2014 to 2019. Between 2009 and 2019, the Italian population aged from 15 to 24 years old has become more educated. The number of young people who drop out of school early decreased sharply, although rural areas remain the ones with the highest rates thereof. Finally, the NEET rate is one of the highest in the EU and has increased overall from 2009 to 2019. The peak was reached in 2014 and then the share decreased until 2019. Rural areas have the highest rate, although with a very small difference compared to the rate of cities and the national average.
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Financial Stability Report - Second Semester of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2020.
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The Colombian financial system has not suffered major structural disruptions during these months of deep economic contraction and has continued to carry out its basic functions as usual, thus facilitating the economy's response to extreme conditions. This is the result of the soundness of financial institutions at the beginning of the crisis, which was reflected in high liquidity and capital adequacy indicators as well as in the timely response of various authorities. Banco de la República lowered its policy interest rates 250 points to 1.75%, the lowest level since the creation of the new independent bank in 1991, and provided ample temporary and permanent liquidity in both pesos and foreign currency. The Office of the Financial Superintendent of Colombia, in turn, adopted prudential measures to facilitate changes in the conditions for loans in effect and temporary rules for rating and loan-loss provisions. Finally, the national government expanded the transfers as well as the guaranteed credit programs for the economy. The supply of real credit (i.e. discounting inflation) in the economy is 4% higher today than it was 12 months ago with especially marked growth in the housing (5.6%) and commercial (4.7%) loan portfolios (2.3% in consumer and -0.1% in microloans), but there have been significant changes over time. During the first few months of the quarantine, firms increased their demands for liquidity sharply while consumers reduced theirs. Since then, the growth of credit to firms has tended to slow down, while consumer and housing credit has grown. The financial system has responded satisfactorily to the changes in the respective demands of each group or sector and loans may grow at high rates in 2021 if GDP grows at rates close to 4.6% as the technical staff at the Bank expects; but the forecasts are highly uncertain. After the strict quarantine implemented by authorities in Colombia, the turmoil seen in March and early April, which was evident in the sudden reddening of macroeconomic variables on the risk heatmap in Graph A,[1] and the drop in crude oil and coal prices (note the high volatility registered in market risk for the region on Graph A) the local financial markets stabilized relatively quickly. Banco de la República’s credible and sustained policy response played a decisive role in this stabilization in terms of liquidity provision through a sharp expansion of repo operations (and changes in amounts, terms, counterparties, and eligible instruments), the purchases of public and private debt, and the reduction in bank reserve requirements. In this respect, there is now abundant aggregate liquidity and significant improvements in the liquidity position of investment funds. In this context, the main vulnerability factor for financial stability in the short term is still the high degree of uncertainty surrounding loan quality. First, the future trajectory of the number of people infected and deceased by the virus and the possible need for additional health measures is uncertain. For that reason, there is also uncertainty about the path for economic recovery in the short and medium term. Second, the degree to which the current shock will be reflected in loan quality once the risk materializes in banks’ financial statements is uncertain. For the time being, the credit risk heatmap (Graph B) indicates that non-performing and risky loans have not shown major deterioration, but past experience indicates that periods of sharp economic slowdown eventually tend to coincide with rises in non-performing loans: the calculations included in this report suggest that the impact of the recession on credit quality could be significant in the short term. This is particularly worrying since the profitability of credit establishments has been declining in recent months, and this could affect their ability to provide credit to the real sector of the economy. In order to adopt a forward-looking approach to this vulnerability, this Report presents several stress tests that evaluate the resilience of the liquidity and capital adequacy of credit institutions and investment funds in the event of a hypothetical scenario that seeks to simulate an extreme version of current macroeconomic conditions. The results suggest that even though there could be strong impacts on the credit institutions’ volume of credit and profitability under such scenarios, aggregate indicators of total and core capital adequacy will probably remain at levels that are above the regulatory limits over the horizon of a year. At the same time, the exercises highlight the high capacity of the system's liquidity to face adverse scenarios. In compliance with its constitutional objectives and in coordination with the financial system's security network, Banco de la República will continue to closely monitor the outlook for financial stability at this juncture and will make the decisions that are necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the economy, facilitate the flow of sufficient credit and liquidity resources, and further the smooth operation of the payment systems. Juan José Echavarría Governor