Journal articles: 'Drone forensics'

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Al-Room, Khalifa, Farkhund Iqbal, Thar Baker, Babar Shah, Benjamin Yankson, Aine MacDermott, and Patrick C. K. Hung. "Drone Forensics." International Journal of Digital Crime and Forensics 13, no. 1 (January 2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdcf.2021010101.

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Drones (a.k.a. unmanned aerial vehicles – UAV) have become a societal norm in our daily lives. The ability of drones capture high-quality photos from an aerial view and store and transmit such data presents a multi-facet problem. These actions possess privacy challenges to innocent users who can be spied on or drone owner's data which may be intercepted by a hacker. With all technological paradigms, utilities can be misused, and this is an increasing occurrence with drones. As a result, it is imperative to develop a novel methodological approach for the digital forensic analysis of a seized drone. This paper investigates six brands of drones commonly used in criminal activities and extracts forensically relevant data such as location information, captured images and videos, drones' flight paths, and data related to the ownership of the confiscated drone. The experimental results indicate that drone forensics would facilitate law enforcement in collecting significant information necessary for criminal investigations.

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Bouafif, Hana, Faouzi Kamoun, and Farkhund Iqbal. "Towards a Better Understanding of Drone Forensics." International Journal of Digital Crime and Forensics 12, no. 1 (January 2020): 35–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdcf.2020010103.

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Unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) have gained increased popularity as their innovative uses continue to expand across various fields. Despite their numerous beneficial uses, drones have unfortunately been misused, through many reported cases, to launch illegal and sometimes criminal activities that pose direct threats to individuals, organizations, public safety and national security. These threats have recently led law enforcement agencies and digital forensic investigators to pay special attention to the forensic aspects of drones. This important research topic, however, remains underexplored. This study aims to further explore drone forensics in terms of challenges, forensic investigation procedures and experimental results through a forensic investigation study performed on a Parrot AR drone 2.0. In this study, the authors present new insights on drone forensics in terms of forensic approaches, access to drone's digital containers and the retrieval of key information that can assist digital forensic investigators establish ownership, recuperate flight data and gain access to media files.

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Al-Dhaqm, Arafat, Richard A. Ikuesan, Victor R. Kebande, Shukor Razak, and Fahad M. Ghabban. "Research Challenges and Opportunities in Drone Forensics Models." Electronics 10, no. 13 (June 23, 2021): 1519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10131519.

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The emergence of unmanned aerial vehicles (also referred to as drones) has transformed the digital landscape of surveillance and supply chain logistics, especially in terrains where such was previously deemed unattainable. Moreover, the adoption of drones has further led to the proliferation of diverse drone types and drone-related criminality, which has introduced a myriad of security and forensics-related concerns. As a step towards understanding the state-of-the-art research into these challenges and potential approaches to mitigation, this study provides a detailed review of existing digital forensic models using the Design Science Research method. The outcome of this study generated in-depth knowledge of the research challenges and opportunities through which an effective investigation can be carried out on drone-related incidents. Furthermore, a potential generic investigation model has been proposed. The findings presented in this study are essentially relevant to forensic researchers and practitioners towards a guided methodology for drone-related event investigation. Ultimately, it is important to mention that this study presents a background for the development of international standardization for drone forensics.

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Alotaibi, Fahad Mazaed, Arafat Al-Dhaqm, Yasser D. Al-Otaibi, and Abdulrahman A. Alsewari. "A Comprehensive Collection and Analysis Model for the Drone Forensics Field." Sensors 22, no. 17 (August 29, 2022): 6486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22176486.

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Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are adaptable and rapid mobile boards that can be applied to several purposes, especially in smart cities. These involve traffic observation, environmental monitoring, and public safety. The need to realize effective drone forensic processes has mainly been reinforced by drone-based evidence. Drone-based evidence collection and preservation entails accumulating and collecting digital evidence from the drone of the victim for subsequent analysis and presentation. Digital evidence must, however, be collected and analyzed in a forensically sound manner using the appropriate collection and analysis methodologies and tools to preserve the integrity of the evidence. For this purpose, various collection and analysis models have been proposed for drone forensics based on the existing literature; several models are inclined towards specific scenarios and drone systems. As a result, the literature lacks a suitable and standardized drone-based collection and analysis model devoid of commonalities, which can solve future problems that may arise in the drone forensics field. Therefore, this paper has three contributions: (a) studies the machine learning existing in the literature in the context of handling drone data to discover criminal actions, (b) highlights the existing forensic models proposed for drone forensics, and (c) proposes a novel comprehensive collection and analysis forensic model (CCAFM) applicable to the drone forensics field using the design science research approach. The proposed CCAFM consists of three main processes: (1) acquisition and preservation, (2) reconstruction and analysis, and (3) post-investigation process. CCAFM contextually leverages the initially proposed models herein incorporated in this study. CCAFM allows digital forensic investigators to collect, protect, rebuild, and examine volatile and nonvolatile items from the suspected drone based on scientific forensic techniques. Therefore, it enables sharing of knowledge on drone forensic investigation among practitioners working in the forensics domain.

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Alotaibi, Fahad Mazaed, Arafat Al-Dhaqm, and Yasser D. Al-Otaibi. "A Novel Forensic Readiness Framework Applicable to the Drone Forensics Field." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (February 28, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8002963.

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The Drone Forensics (DRFs) field is a branch of digital forensics, which involves the identification, capture, preservation, reconstruction, analysis, and documentation of drone incidents. Several models have been proposed in the literature for the DRF field, which generally discusses DRF from a reactive forensic perspective; however, the proactive forensic perspective is missing. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel forensic readiness framework called Drone Forensics Readiness Framework (DRFRF) using the design science method. It consists of two stages: (i) proactive forensic stage and (ii) reactive forensic stage. It considers centralized logging of all events of all the applicants within the drone device in preparation for an examination. It will speed up gathering data when an investigation is needed, permitting the forensic investigators to handle the examination and analysis directly. Additionally, digital forensics analysts can increase the possible use of digital evidence while decreasing the charge of performing forensic readiness. Thus, both the time and cost required to perform forensic readiness could be saved. The completeness, logicalness, and usefulness of DRFRF were compared to those of other models already existing in the DRF domain. The results showed the novelty and efficiency of DRFRF and its applicability to the situations before and after drone incidents.

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Sihag, Vikas, Gaurav Choudhary, Pankaj Choudhary, and Nicola Dragoni. "Cyber4Drone: A Systematic Review of Cyber Security and Forensics in Next-Generation Drones." Drones 7, no. 7 (June 28, 2023): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones7070430.

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Cyber Security and forensics for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) pose unique requirements, solutions, and challenges. As UAVs become increasingly prevalent for legitimate and illegal use, ensuring their security and data integrity is important. Solutions have been developed to tackle these security requirements. Drone forensics enables the investigation of security incidents involving UAVs, aiding in identifying attackers or determining the cause of accidents. However, challenges persist in the domain of UAV security and forensics. This paper surveys drone threat models, security, and privacy aspects. In particular, we present the taxonomy of drone forensics for investigating drone systems and talk about relevant artifacts, tools, and benchmark datasets. While solutions exist, challenges such as evolving technology and complex operational environments must be addressed through collaboration, updated protocols, and regulatory frameworks to ensure drones’ secure and reliable operation. Furthermore, we also point out the field’s difficulties and potential future directions.

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Baig, Zubair, Majid Ali Khan, Nazeeruddin Mohammad, and Ghassen Ben Brahim. "Drone Forensics and Machine Learning: Sustaining the Investigation Process." Sustainability 14, no. 8 (April 18, 2022): 4861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084861.

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Drones have been increasingly adopted to address several critical challenges faced by humanity to provide support and convenience . The technological advances in the broader domains of artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things (IoT) as well as the affordability of off-the-shelf devices, have facilitated modern-day drone use. Drones are readily available for deployment in hard to access locations for delivery of critical medical supplies, for surveillance, for weather data collection and for home delivery of purchased goods. Whilst drones are increasingly beneficial to civilians, they have also been used to carry out crimes. We present a survey of artificial intelligence techniques that exist in the literature in the context of processing drone data to reveal criminal activity. Our contribution also comprises the proposal of a novel model to adopt the concepts of machine learning for classification of drone data as part of a digital forensic investigation. Our main conclusions include that properly trained machine-learning models hold promise to enable an accurate assessment of drone data obtained from drones confiscated from a crime scene. Our research work opens the door for academics and industry practitioners to adopt machine learning to enable the use of drone data in forensic investigations.

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Li, Zhengxiong, Baicheng Chen, Xingyu Chen, Chenhan Xu, Yuyang Chen, Feng Lin, Changzhi Li, Karthik Dantu, Kui Ren, and Wenyao Xu. "Reliable Digital Forensics in the Air." Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 6, no. 2 (July 4, 2022): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3534598.

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As the drone becomes widespread in numerous crucial applications with many powerful functionalities (e.g., reconnaissance and mechanical trigger), there are increasing cases related to misused drones for unethical even criminal activities. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to identify these malicious drones and track their origins using digital forensics. Traditional drone identification techniques for forensics (e.g., RF communication, ID landmarks using a camera, etc.) require high compliance of drones. However, malicious drones will not cooperate or even spoof these identification techniques. Therefore, we present an exploration for a reliable and passive identification approach based on unique hardware traits in drones directly (e.g., analogous to the fingerprint and iris in humans) for forensics purposes. Specifically, we investigate and model the behavior of the parasitic electronic elements under RF interrogation, a particular passive parasitic response modulated by an electronic system on drones, which is distinctive and unlikely to counterfeit. Based on this theory, we design and implement DroneTrace, an end-to-end reliable and passive identification system toward digital drone forensics. DroneTrace comprises a cost-effective millimeter-wave (mmWave) probe, a software framework to extract and process parasitic responses, and a customized deep neural network (DNN)-based algorithm to analyze and identify drones. We evaluate the performance of DroneTrace with 36 commodity drones. Results show that DroneTrace can identify drones with the accuracy of over 99% and an equal error rate (EER) of 0.009, under a 0.1-second sensing time budget. Moreover, we test the reliability, robustness, and performance variation under a set of real-world circumstances, where DroneTrace maintains accuracy of over 98%. DroneTrace is resilient to various attacks and maintains functionality. At its best, DroneTrace has the capacity to identify individual drones at the scale of 104 with less than 5% error.

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Stanković, Miloš, Mohammad Meraj Mirza, and Umit Karabiyik. "UAV Forensics: DJI Mini 2 Case Study." Drones 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones5020049.

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Rapid technology advancements, especially in the past decade, have allowed off-the-shelf unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that weigh less than 250 g to become available for recreational use by the general population. Many well-known manufacturers (e.g., DJI) are now focusing on this segment of UAVs, and the new DJI Mini 2 drone is one of many that falls under this category, which enables easy access to be purchased and used without any Part 107 certification and Remote ID registration. The versatility of drones and drone models is appealing for customers, but they pose many challenges to forensic tools and digital forensics investigators due to numerous hardware and software variations. In addition, different devices can be associated and used for controlling these drones (e.g., Android and iOS smartphones). Moreover, according to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the adoption of Remote ID is not going to be required for people without the 107 certifications for this segment at least until 2023, which creates finding personally identifiable information a necessity in these types of investigations. In this research, we conducted a comprehensive investigation of DJI Mini 2 and its data stored across multiple devices (e.g., SD cards and mobile devices) that are associated with the drone. The aim of this paper is to (1) create several criminal-like scenarios, (2) acquire and analyze the created scenarios using leading forensics software (e.g., Cellebrite and Magnet Axiom) that are commonly used by law enforcement agencies, (3) and present findings associated with potential criminal activities.

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Alhussan, Amel Ali, Arafat Al-Dhaqm, Wael M. S. Yafooz, Shukor Bin Abd Razak, Abdel-Hamid M. Emara, and Doaa Sami Khafaga. "Towards Development of a High Abstract Model for Drone Forensic Domain." Electronics 11, no. 8 (April 7, 2022): 1168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11081168.

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Drone Forensics (DRF) is one of the subdomains of digital forensics, which aims to capture and analyse the drone’s incidents. It is a diverse, unclear, and complex domain due to various drone field standards, operating systems, and infrastructure-based networks. Several DRF models and frameworks have been designed based on different investigation processes and activities and for the specific drones’ scenarios. These models make the domain more complex and unorganized among domain forensic practitioners. Therefore, there is a lack of a generic model for managing, sharing, and reusing the processes and activities of the DRF domain. This paper aims to develop A Drone Forensic Metamodel (DRFM) for the DRF domain using the metamodeling development process. The metamodeling development process is used for constructing and validating a metamodel and ensuring that the metamodel is complete and consistent. The developed DRFM consists of three main stages: (1) identification stage, (2) acquisition and preservation stage, and (3) examination and data analysis stage. It is used to structure and organize DRF domain knowledge, which facilitates managing, organizing, sharing, and reusing DRF domain knowledge among domain forensic practitioners. That aims to identify, recognize, extract and match different DRF processes, concepts, activities, and tasks from other DRF models in a developed DRFM. Thus, allowing domain practitioners to derive/instantiate solution models easily. The consistency and applicability of the developed DRFM were validated using metamodel transformation (vertical transformation). The results indicated that the developed DRFM is consistent and coherent and enables domain forensic practitioners to instantiate new solution models easily by selecting and combining concept elements (attribute and operations) based on their model requirement.

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Salamh, Fahad E., Umit Karabiyik, and Marcus K. Rogers. "RPAS Forensic Validation Analysis Towards a Technical Investigation Process: A Case Study of Yuneec Typhoon H." Sensors 19, no. 15 (July 24, 2019): 3246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19153246.

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The rapid pace of invention in technology and the evolution of network communication has produced a new lifestyle with variety of opportunities and challenges. Remotely Piloted Aerial Systems (RPAS) technology, which includes drones, is one example of a recently invented technology that requires the collection of a solid body of defensible and admissible evidence to help eliminate potential real-world threats posed by their use. With the advent of smartphones, there has been an increase in digital forensic investigation processes developed to assist specialized digital forensic investigators in presenting forensically sound evidence in the courts of law. Therefore, it is necessary to apply digital forensic techniques and procedures to different types of RPASs in order to create a line of defense against new challenges, such as aerial-related incidents, introduced by the use of these technologies. Drone operations by bad actors are rapidly increasing and these actors are constantly developing new approaches. These criminal operations include invasion of privacy, drug smuggling, and terrorist activities. Additionally, drone crashes and incidents raise significant concerns. In this paper, we propose a technical forensic process consisting of ten technical phases for the analysis of RPAS forensic artifacts, which can reduce the complexity of the identification and investigation of drones. Using the proposed technical process, we analyze drone images using the Computer Forensics Reference Datasets (CFReDS) and present results for the Typhoon H aerial vehicle manufactured by Yuneec, Inc. Furthermore, this paper explores the availability and value of digital evidence that would allow a more practical digital investigation to be able to build an evidence-based experience. Therefore, we particularly focus on developing a technical drone investigation process that can be applied to various types of drones.

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AlMansoori, Naeema, Suaad Mohammed Qayed, Babar Shah, Maryam A. AlYammahi, Thar Baker, Benjamin Yankson, and Farkhund Iqbal. "Drone forensics: examination and analysis." International Journal of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics 11, no. 3 (2019): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijesdf.2019.10020543.

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Iqbal, Farkhund, Benjamin Yankson, Maryam A. AlYammahi, Naeema AlMansoori, Suaad Mohammed Qayed, Babar Shah, and Thar Baker. "Drone forensics: examination and analysis." International Journal of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics 11, no. 3 (2019): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijesdf.2019.100473.

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Mistry, Nilay R., and Hitesh P. Sanghvi. "Drone forensics: investigative guide for law enforcement agencies." International Journal of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics 13, no. 3 (2021): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijesdf.2021.114950.

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Sanghvi, Hitesh, and Nilay Mistry. "Drone Forensics: Investigative Guide for Law Enforcement Agencies." International Journal of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics 13, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijesdf.2021.10030998.

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Salamh, Fahad E., Umit Karabiyik, Marcus K. Rogers, and Eric T. Matson. "A Comparative UAV Forensic Analysis: Static and Live Digital Evidence Traceability Challenges." Drones 5, no. 2 (May 21, 2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones5020042.

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The raising accessibility of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), colloquially known as drones, is rapidly increasing. Recent studies have discussed challenges that may come in tow with the growing use of this technology. These studies note that in-depth examination is required, especially when addressing challenges that carry a high volume of software data between sensors, actuators, and control commands. This work underlines static and live digital evidence traceability challenges to further enhance the UAV incident response plan. To study the live UAV forensic traceability issues, we apply the ‘purple-teaming’ exercise on small UAVs while conducting UAV forensic examination to determine technical challenges related to data integrity and repeatability. In addition, this research highlights current static technical challenges that could pose more challenges in justifying the discovered digital evidence. Additionally, this study discusses potential drone anti-forensic techniques and their association with the type of use, environment, attack vector, and level of expertise. To this end, we propose the UAV Kill Chain and categorize the impact and complexity of all highlighted challenges based on the conducted examination and the presented scientific contribution in this work. To the best of our knowledge, there has not been any contribution that incorporates ‘Purple-Teaming’ tactics to evaluate UAV-related research in cybersecurity and digital forensics. This work also proposes a categorization model that classifies the discovered UAV static and live digital evidence challenges based on their complexity and impact levels.

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Mantas, Evangelos, and Constantinos Patsakis. "Who watches the new watchmen? The challenges for drone digital forensics investigations." Array 14 (July 2022): 100135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2022.100135.

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Foulon, F., H. Ben Abdelouahed, M. Bogovac, S. Charisopoulos, M. Matos, A. Migliori, R. Padilla-Alvarez, et al. "IAEA Nuclear Science and Instrumentation Laboratory: Support to IAEA Member States and Recent Developments." EPJ Web of Conferences 225 (2020): 10005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202022510005.

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As part of the International Atomic Energy Agency's (IAEA) Physics Section, the Nuclear Science and Instrumentation Laboratory (NSIL) helps Member States (MSs) to establish, operate and maintain various nuclear instrumentation and spectrometry techniques in support of a wide range of applications such as health care, food, agriculture, environment, forensics, cultural heritage, and materials science. NSIL is contributing to capacity building, transfer of knowledge and expertise sharing, including the development of instruments and validation of analytical methodologies. This paper describes NSIL's key activities and provides an overview of the recent developments and achievements, including the commissioning and utilization of an end-station at one of the beam lines in Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste (EST, Italy), the upgrade of an ultralight radiation monitoring system onboarded on a drone, as well as the development of a full field X-ray fluorescence analytical system for forensic applications and characterization of valuable art/archaeological objects.

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Pensieri, Maria Gaia, Mauro Garau, and Pier Matteo Barone. "Drones as an Integral Part of Remote Sensing Technologies to Help Missing People." Drones 4, no. 2 (April 27, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones4020015.

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Due to the versatility of the drone, it can be applied in various areas and for different uses and as a practical support for human activities. In particular, this paper focuses on the situation in Italy and how the authorities use drones for the search and rescue of missing persons, especially now that a 10-year plague that has afflicted Italy with a large number of such incidents annually. Knowledge of the current legislation, the implementation of the drone with other instruments, specific pilot training, and experiential contributions are all essential elements that can provide exceptional assistance in search and rescue operations. However, to guarantee maximum effectiveness of the rescue device, they should seriously consider including teams with proven expertise in operating drones and count on their valuable contribution. Besides drones’ capacity to search large areas, thereby reducing the use of human resources and possibly limiting intervention times, to operate in difficult terrain and/or dangerous conditions for rescue teams, remote sensing tools (such as GPR or ground penetrating radar) as well as other disciplines (such as forensic archeology and, more generally, forensic geosciences) can be implemented to carry out search and rescue missions in case of missing persons.

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Muhamat, Amirul Afif, Ahmad Farouk Zulkifli, Muhammad Azman Ibrahim, Suzana Sulaiman, Geetha Subramaniam, Saadiah Mohamad, and Yasushi Suzuki. "Realising the Corporate Social Performance (CSP) of Takaful (Islamic Insurance) Operators through Drone-Assisted Disaster Victim Identification (DVI)." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (April 30, 2022): 5440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095440.

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The study investigates the potential for takaful operators to collaborate with the government by using drones to identify victims in the event of a mass disaster. It is critical to emphasise that takaful operators are not part of the government agencies involved in the search and rescue (S&R) operations. Nevertheless, takaful operators are part of the critical chain in the risk management process because they are the parties that will issue compensation to victims if they are takaful participants (policyholders). Through semi-structured interviews, feedback on this issue was gathered from key informants who are experts in their fields. This study included 21 key informants: first responders to an emergency or disaster from Malaysian government agencies, forensic experts, takaful association, drone practitioners (including drone pilots, Vice President (VP) of drone consultation services, and the owner of a drone company), actuarial expert, Shariah experts, regulators (representatives from the central bank), takaful participants, and accounting expert. Findings indicate that the benefits of using drones to the takaful operators are undisputable. Yet, the associated costs of using the device are the main concerns to the industry players. The middle path is to have joint funds between the takaful industry and the government to pool the funds for the national disaster management agency to employ drones for DVI needs in the event of a disaster. Thus, the findings of this study will be useful to the government and takaful association when developing future policy and guidelines for the takaful industry. Furthermore, this research adds to the body of knowledge and provides a better understanding of the subject.

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Lijcklama à Nijeholt, Louise, Tasha Yara Kronshorst, Kees van Teeffelen, Benjamin van Manen, Roeland Emaus, Jaap Knotter, and Abeje Mersha. "Utilizing Drone-Based Ground-Penetrating Radar for Crime Investigations in Localizing and Identifying Clandestine Graves." Sensors 23, no. 16 (August 11, 2023): 7119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23167119.

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The decomposition of a body is influenced by burial conditions, making it crucial to understand the impact of different conditions for accurate grave detection. Geophysical techniques using drones have gained popularity in locating clandestine graves, offering non-invasive methods for detecting surface and subsurface irregularities. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is an effective technology for identifying potential grave locations without disturbance. This research aimed to prototype a drone system integrating GPR to assist in grave localization and to develop software for data management. Initial experiments compared GPR with other technologies, demonstrating its valuable applicability. It is suitable for various decomposition stages and soil types, although certain soil compositions have limitations. The research used the DJI M600 Pro drone and a drone-based GPR system enhanced by the real-time kinematic (RTK) global positioning system (GPS) for precision and autonomy. Tests with simulated graves and cadavers validated the system’s performance, evaluating optimal altitude, speed, and obstacle avoidance techniques. Furthermore, global and local planning algorithms ensured efficient and obstacle-free flight paths. The results highlighted the potential of the drone-based GPR system in locating clandestine graves while minimizing disturbance, contributing to the development of effective tools for forensic investigations and crime scene analysis.

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Prastya, Septyan Eka, Subhan Panji Cipta, and Bayu Nugraha. "ANALISIS LOG PENERBANGAN PADA UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (UAV) SEBAGAI BARANG BUKTI DIGITAL." Jurnal Teknologi Informasi Universitas Lambung Mangkurat (JTIULM) 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jtiulm.v5i1.42.

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Pada beberapa akhir ini, penggunaan perangkat drone oleh masyarakat umum meningkat dengan sangat pesat, presentasi total dari penjualan terus meningkat pesat dari tahunnya, total dari penjualan drone di tahun 2020 diperkirakan akan menyentuh angka $2.28 Bilion. Dengan peningkatan sebesar itu, kemungkinan akan terjadinya penyalahgunaan Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) dalam menjalankan tindak kejahatan semakin besar. Dari analisis forensik data dengan menggunakan metode static forensic dan live forencic untuk mendapatkan data yang memungkinkan untuk digunakan sebagai barang bukti digital. Diharapkan dapat menggali informasi yang bisa digunakan sebagai barang bukti digital pada UAV dan kontroler, serta mengetahui karakteristik bukti digital pada UAV. Hasil yang menampilkan bahwa terdapat perangkat smartphone yang digunakan sebagai kontroler UAV memiliki peranan yang penting dalam investigasi. Karena didalam perangkat tersebut memiliki nilai informasi bukti digital yang lengkap jika dibandingkan dengan media penyimpanan yang terdapat pada perangkat UAV lainnya. Contohnya dalam penggunaan perangkat drone DJI Phantom 3 Advanced selalu menggunakan GPS pada penerbangannya, file gambar maupun video yang diambil menggunakan kamera pesawat pasti memiliki koordinat lokasi GPS pada metadata didalamnya.

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Kao, Da-Yu, Min-Ching Chen, Wen-Ying Wu, Jsen-Shung Lin, Chien-Hung Chen, and Fuching Tsai. "Drone Forensic Investigation: DJI Spark Drone as A Case Study." Procedia Computer Science 159 (2019): 1890–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.09.361.

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Wall, Tyler, and Torin Monahan. "Surveillance and violence from afar: The politics of drones and liminal security-scapes." Theoretical Criminology 15, no. 3 (August 2011): 239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362480610396650.

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As surveillance and military devices, drones—or ‘unmanned aerial vehicles’—offer a prism for theorizing the technological politics of warfare and governance. This prism reveals some violent articulations of US imperialism and nationalism, the dehumanizing translation of bodies into ‘targets’ for remote monitoring and destruction, and the insidious application of militarized systems and rationalities to domestic territories and populations. In this article, we analyze the deployment of drones within warzones in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Pakistan and borderzones and urban areas in the USA. What we call ‘the drone stare’ is a type of surveillance that abstracts people from contexts, thereby reducing variation, difference, and noise that may impede action or introduce moral ambiguity. Through these processes, drones further normalize the ongoing subjugation of those marked as Other.

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Moon, Hyunji, Euihyun Jin, Hyeon Kwon, Sangeun Lee, and Gibum Kim. "Digital Forensic Methodology for Detection of Abnormal Flight of Drones." Journal of Information Security and Cybercrimes Research 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26735/idjd2809.

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When a drone accident has occurred, it is difficult to decide whether it is due to a crime, malfunction, mistake, or external force. Although the cause of the accident is elucidated through analysis of artifacts or flight data, there are many limitations. In this study, we present a method for detecting an abnormal flight using the motor current values and controller direction values of a drone. The experimental result revealed that, in the case of a normal flight, the current values of four motors were similar in hovering state and the current value of rear motors were increased when the drone was flying forwards. In the case of an abnormal flight, when the drone moved rightwards due to external force in hovering state, the current values of the two motors on the right side were increased greatly. After a period of time following the movement to the right side, the current values of all the motors converged to 0. In the future, motor current values and controller direction values may be used to determine whether an abnormal flight in a drone accident has occurred because of external force by wind, birds, persons, or the like.

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Ameerbakhsh, Omair. "Semantic Forensic Investigation Framework for Drone Field." Journal of Computer Science 19, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 212–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/jcssp.2023.212.228.

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Silalahi, Swardiantara, Tohari Ahmad, and Hudan Studiawan. "DFLER: Drone Flight Log Entity Recognizer to support forensic investigation on drone device." Software Impacts 15 (March 2023): 100457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.simpa.2022.100457.

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Clark, Devon R., Christopher Meffert, Ibrahim Baggili, and Frank Breitinger. "DROP (DRone Open source Parser) your drone: Forensic analysis of the DJI Phantom III." Digital Investigation 22 (August 2017): S3—S14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diin.2017.06.013.

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Studiawan, Hudan, Tohari Ahmad, Bagus J. Santoso, Ary M. Shiddiqi, and Baskoro A. Pratomo. "DroneTimeline: Forensic timeline analysis for drones." SoftwareX 20 (December 2022): 101255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2022.101255.

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Renduchintala, Ankit, Farha Jahan, Raghav Khanna, and Ahmad Y. Javaid. "A comprehensive micro unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV/Drone) forensic framework." Digital Investigation 30 (September 2019): 52–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diin.2019.07.002.

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Yu, Yijun, Danny Barthaud, Blaine A. Price, Arosha K. Bandara, Andrea Zisman, and Bashar Nuseibeh. "LiveBox: A Self-Adaptive Forensic-Ready Service for Drones." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 148401–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2942033.

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MacDermott, Áine, Thar Baker, Paul Buck, Farkhund Iqbal, and Qi Shi. "The Internet of Things: Challenges and Considerations for Cybercrime Investigations and Digital Forensics." International Journal of Digital Crime and Forensics 12, no. 1 (January 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdcf.2020010101.

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The Internet of Things (IoT) represents the seamless merging of the real and digital world, with new devices created that store and pass around data. Processing large quantities of IoT data will proportionately increase workloads of data centres, leaving providers with new security, capacity, and analytics challenges. Handling this data conveniently is a critical challenge, as the overall application performance is highly dependent on the properties of the data management service. This article explores the challenges posed by cybercrime investigations and digital forensics concerning the shifting landscape of crime – the IoT and the evident investigative complexity – moving to the Internet of Anything (IoA)/Internet of Everything (IoE) era. IoT forensics requires a multi-faceted approach where evidence may be collected from a variety of sources such as sensor devices, communication devices, fridges, cars and drones, to smart swarms and intelligent buildings.

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Salamh, Fahad E., Mohammad Meraj Mirza, and Umit Karabiyik. "UAV Forensic Analysis and Software Tools Assessment: DJI Phantom 4 and Matrice 210 as Case Studies." Electronics 10, no. 6 (March 19, 2021): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10060733.

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Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) also known as drones have created many challenges to the digital forensic field. These challenges are introduced in all processes of the digital forensic investigation (i.e., identification, preservation, examination, documentation, and reporting). From identification of evidence to reporting, there are several challenges caused by the data type, source of evidence, and multiple components that operate UAVs. In this paper, we comprehensively reviewed the current UAV forensic investigative techniques from several perspectives. Moreover, the contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) discovery of personal identifiable information, (2) test and evaluation of currently available forensic software tools, (3) discussion on data storage mechanism and evidence structure in two DJI UAV models (e.g., Phantom 4 and Matrice 210), and (4) exploration of flight trajectories recovered from UAVs using a three-dimensional (3D) visualization software. The aforementioned contributions aim to aid digital investigators to encounter challenges posed by UAVs. In addition, we apply our testing, evaluation, and analysis on the two selected models including DJI Matrice 210, which have not been presented in previous works.

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Mohd Daud, Sharifah Mastura Syed, Mohd Yusmiaidil Putera Mohd Yusof, Chong Chin Heo, Lay See Khoo, Mansharan Kaur Chainchel Singh, Mohd Shah Mahmood, and Hapizah Nawawi. "Applications of drone in disaster management: A scoping review." Science & Justice 62, no. 1 (January 2022): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2021.11.002.

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Kahramаnovich, Abdullaev Rustam. "INSPECTION OF THE SCENE OF THE INCIDENT USING ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES." American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology 04, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/volume04issue10-09.

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The article highlights, on the basis of the analysis of the opinions of national and foreign forensic scientists, the peculiarities of inspection of the scene(of the incident using contemporary tools and digital technologies, including drones (quadcopters) equipped with high-performance photo and video cameras and remote technologies. In addition, the author considers the application an innovative approach to the use of 3D-modeling techniques of the circumstances of the scene of the incident with the aid of special software.

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Yang, Chi-Cheng, Hsuan Chuang, and Da-Yu Kao. "Drone Forensic Analysis Using Relational Flight Data: A Case Study of DJI Spark and Mavic Air." Procedia Computer Science 192 (2021): 1359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.08.139.

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Arrochman, Ibnu Fajar, Dhomas Hatta Fudholi, and Yudi Prayudi. "PENGGUNAAN METODE STATIS DAN LIVE FORENSIK PADA UAV UNTUK MENDAPATKAN BUKTI DIGITAL." ILKOM Jurnal Ilmiah 11, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33096/ilkom.v11i2.444.152-158.

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In recent years, the use of drones by civilians is increasing rapidly by the presentation of total sales continued to increase rapidly every year. With the increasing possibility of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) abuse, crime in the use of UAVs to be larger. Through forensic analysis of data using static forensic and live forensic to obtain data that allows it to be used as digital evidence. To dig up information that could be used as digital evidence in the UAV and controllers, as well as to know the characteristics of digital evidence on a UAV. The results showed that digital evidence on a UAV, the smartphone is used as a controller UAV has a very important role in the investigation. The findings in aircraft has a percentage of 50% and a camera memory card with 16.6%. DJI Phantom 3 Advanced GPS coordinates always store data in flight LOG; the data is always stored even when the flight mode is used does not use GPS signals to stability. Due to DJI Phantom 3 Advanced always use GPS on flights, file, image or video captured by the camera has the best GPS location coordinates to the metadata therein.

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Shin, Seung-Mun, Kang-Su Lim, Yong-uk Kim, Hee-Suk Tak, and Young-gi Ryu. "A Review on the Forensical Optimum Operation and Aviation Safety Law for an Exploratory Drone." Korean Academy of Scientific Criminal Investigation 15, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20297/jsci.2021.15.1.24.

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Bucci, Giovanna. "Hydrographic Drone Non-Invasive Underwater Investigations: New Archaeological Discoveries in Valle Fossa di Porto (Comacchio—FE, Italy)." Heritage 6, no. 2 (February 7, 2023): 1804–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage6020096.

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During forensic archaeological research conducted in 2021 in the Comacchio Lagoon (FE), we detected new data concerning the ancient local hydrography to the west of Argine Agosta, an ancient bank, in Valle Fossa di Porto. A systematic campaign of geophysical surveys for heritage and archaeology was conducted with a hydrographic drone equipped with a single-beam bathymetric sensor echo sounder, sub-bottom profiler, and side-scan sonar. In combination with the indirect non-invasive investigations, systematic surveys of the walkable areas were also completed. These remote-sensing studies have relocated the River Vatrenus palaeo-watercourse, while visual census have brought to light a system of wooden palisades with floors made of wood associated with some scattered finds belonging to the material culture dating back to the Mediaeval and Renaissance periods. A preview of the results of this case study is presented here, contributing to the reconstruction of the ancient landscape and waterscape area of the Valle Fossa di Porto.

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Butyrin, A. Yu, and E. B. Stativa. "Modern Capacities, Methods, and Means of Forensic Construction Investigations." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science 18, no. 2 (August 8, 2023): 12–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2023-2-12-29.

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The article considers the issues of applying specific research methods in forensic construction examinations. The authors propose a classification of methods and means based on various criteria, including the impact on objects and the principles of operation. The specifics of their use in field and laboratory research have also been considered. The authors pay special attention to the use of drones for expert inspections of construction sites and associated land plots. In addition, the following methods have been presented in detail: physical and mechanical (elemental, chemical, mineralogical, phase analysis), physical (thermal analysis method), physical and chemical (instrumental methods), mechanical non-destructive methods (methods based on Fizdel, Kashkarov and Schmidt hammers), mechanical destructive methods (using test presses, bursting machines, tensile testing devices), acoustic (ultrasonic, ground-penetrating radar), electro-physical (magnetic, electric, and electromagnetic), radiation (X-ray and gamma-ray), radio wave, thermal, holographic, computer tomography, and calculation methods. It is shown that a timely replenishment of a construction-expert’s instrumental arsenal with modern methods and techniques of examination based on the latest scientific and technological advances guarantees sustainable development of forensic construction examinations as one of the most demanded areas of expert activity in Russian legal proceedings.

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Konieczny, Marcin. "Air Accidents over Water — Selected Forensic Aspects." Internal Security 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.2270.

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Aviation is one of the safest means of transport. Despite increasing amounts of money being spent on safety, this mode of transport is not free from incidents and disasters. The article considers the issue of aviation accidents as a result of which the aircraft has sunk in a body of water. The events of recent years involving the aircraft Air France Flight 447 (Airbus 330-203,2009), Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 (Boeing 777, 2014) and a military aircraft of the Russian Federation (Tu-154, 2016), show that aviation is not free from this kind of tragic disaster. One important aspect in such situations is that proper and immediate search and rescue operations are undertaken (i.e. SAR or CSAR). Due to the nature of the location of the event, which is a body of water, the course of procedural and forensic activities differs from the traditional mode of conduct. The algorithm for examination of the scene begins with finding and securing the flight data recorder (i.e. the black box). The methodology for examination in the case of an event in an aquatic environment is non-standard. The actions themselves, including visual examination, cannot be carried out by the specialist but only indirectly by suitably qualified divers or scuba divers. Also, the aquatic environment itself demands that all activities are carried out immediately. Any delay may entail the bodies of victims, material evidence or structural parts being moved by water currents, which in turn can distort the picture of the scene itself. Only after recovery of human bodies and evidence to on board a vessel or ashore is it possible to carry out the necessary forensic examination. In the case of air accidents it is necessary, among others, to determine the number of people involved and the disposition of their bodies, to collect evidence and establish the critical moment of the incident. The preservation of the bodies of victims and material evidence recovered from the water involves special treatment. In this type of event it is possible to use the so-called new technologies in the form of unmanned craft (i.e. underwater drones).

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Xiao, Ning, Sheng-Dong Li, Xue Zhang, Yan-Geng Yu, Fu Zhang, Wei-Dong Zhao, and Dong-Ri Li. "Surface tyre imprints caused by a motorcycle collision rather than by being run over." Medicine, Science and the Law 59, no. 1 (November 12, 2018): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025802418810102.

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Tyre imprints on the skin are usually considered to be the result of being run over by a motor vehicle. This article reports a traffic accident in which tyre marks on the victim’s skin were caused by a collision rather than by being run over. The mechanism of the injury in this case is analysed and discussed. A 23-year-old male drove a motorcycle while under the influence of alcohol and collided with a sign pillar on the side of the road. Both the victim and the motorcycle careened into the bottom of a tractor-trailer. No witnesses or surveillance videos could confirm the process of the accident. Because tyre imprints were found on the victim’s skin, traffic police believed that he had been run over during the accident. However, forensic autopsy and analysis of the accident process revealed that the true cause of the imprints was a collision between the victim’s body and a tyre.

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Bleakley, A., R. Marshall, and D. Levine. "He drove forward with a yell: anger in medicine and Homer." Medical Humanities 40, no. 1 (November 5, 2013): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2013-010432.

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Cunha, Rafael Rodrigues, Claude Thiago Arrabal, Marcelo Mourão Dantas, and Hélio Rodrigues Bassanelli. "Laser scanner and drone photogrammetry: A statistical comparison between 3-dimensional models and its impacts on outdoor crime scene registration." Forensic Science International 330 (January 2022): 111100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.111100.

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Griset, Pamala L. "Determinate Sentencing and Administrative Discretion Over Time Served in Prison: A Case Study of Florida." Crime & Delinquency 42, no. 1 (January 1996): 127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128796042001008.

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The national movement for determinate sentencing, which began in the late 1960s, is rooted in two related principles: that the sentence imposed in court should bear a reasonable resemblance to the sentence served and that postconviction administrators should have little or no discretion over the duration of incarceration. This case study examines the forces that drove policymakers in Florida, where determinate sentencing was enacted in 1983, to violate both principles. In 1993, the state's determinate sentencing structure was revamped to rectify these fundamental deficiencies, but recent amendments suggest that the demise of administrative early release may be short-lived.

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James, Stephen M. "Distracted driving impairs police patrol officer driving performance." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 38, no. 3 (August 17, 2015): 505–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-03-2015-0030.

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Purpose – Most US states exempt police officers from restrictive distracted laws, and most agencies require officers to use mobile data computers while driving. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of a text-based distraction task on officer driving performance. Design/methodology/approach – Experienced police patrol officers (n=80) participated in controlled laboratory experiments during which they drove a high-fidelity driving simulator on four separate occasions; twice immediately following five consecutive 10:40 hour patrol shifts (fatigued condition) and again 72 hours after completing the last shift in a cycle (rested condition). In each condition, officers drove identical, counterbalanced 15-minute courses with and without distraction tasks. The research used a within- and between-subjects design. Findings – A generalized linear mixed-model analysis of driving performance showed that officers’ distracted driving performance had significantly greater lane deviation (F=88.58, df=1,308, p < 0.001), instances of unintentionally leaving assigned driving lane (F=64.76, df=1,308, p < 0.001), and braking latency (F=200.82, df=1,308, p < 0.001) than during non-distracted drives. These measures are leading indicators for collision risk. Research limitations/implications – Simulated driving tasks presented were generally less challenging than patrol driving and likely underestimate the impact of distraction on police driving. Originality/value – Police officers appear to drive significantly worse while distracted, and their routine experience with using text-based communication devices while driving does not mitigate the risks associated with doing so. Study results suggest that policing organizations should modify policies, practices, training, and technologies to reduce the impact of distraction on officers’ driving. Failing to do so exposes officers and the communities they serve to unnecessary hazards and legal liabilities.

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Skrypchenko, Ihor. "BLACK LIVES MATTER AS A POLITICAL AND SOCIAL MOVEMENT: IMAGINATION AND REALITY." Politology bulletin, no. 84 (2020): 218–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2415-881x.2020.84.218-227.

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The study of the emergence of the Black Lives Matter political and social movement in the U.S. allows us to identify the real goals that drove the organizers of the movement during its creation and understand the reason for the protests in the U.S. in 2020. The real reasons behind the emergence of the political and social movement «Black Lives Matter» have been found to be far from defending the democratic principles of freedom and responsibility, instead being a covert form of manipulation of the issues of racism by the African American movement’s organisers for the purpose of achieving political dividends and power. In summary, most researchers, especially those representing the African American community, have been skeptical of the Black Lives Matter movement’s political statements and beliefs. The scholars see in the essence of the protests only speculations on the notion of racism by some representatives of the Black community. This argument is proved by both forensic data certifying the absence of a biased attitude towards the African Americans on the part of police officers, and the nexus between high mortality among African Americans and other factors, not highlighted by the BLM movement’s organisers. The impartiality of the US judiciary while considering and deciding upon the aforementioned cases has been confirmed. Data on African American and White American mortality caused by the use of weapons on the part of police officers have been analysed. Thus, the article has posited that critique of the police measures is biased and does not benefit the African American community.

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Mygind Leth, Peter, Stine Hovvang, and Asser Hedegård Thomsen. "Retsmedicinske findestedsundersøgelser." Nordisk Tidsskrift for Kriminalvidenskab 110, no. 1 (March 26, 2023): 26–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ntfk.v110i1.136735.

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AbstractDuring the years 2000 to 2020 the Department of Forensic Medicine at the University of Southern Denmark performed 293 medical crime scene investigations in Southern Denmark involving 320 deceased (200 men). The medical examiner was called out in homicides (24%), suspicious cases (58%), fire related deaths (15%) and bone findings (2%). The medical examiner was responsible for the medical examination of corpses in cooperation with the crime scene technicians. The goal was to determine the cause of death, the manner and mechanism of death, and the time of death. Most were autopsied after the crime scene investigation. The scene was considered suspicious if displacedor broken furniture, or bloodstains, were found. Actions by alcohol or drug intoxicated individuals may resemble a crime scene. Blood stains can arise from natural causes. Suicide by stabbing or shooting may give rise to a suspicious scene, as may deaths during autoerotic procedures and deaths due to hypothermia. Most crime scenes were indoors, but a quarter occurred outside. The deceased included a high proportion of individuals with chronic alcoholism (36%) and many suffered from psychiatric disease (23%). Based on autopsy, manner of death was determined to have been homicide (30%), accident (27%), suicide (18%), natural death (14%) and unknown causes (6%). 5% was not autopsied.The pattern of lesions are important in determining the mechanism of death, but must always be viewed in relation to findings at the scene and the deceased’s history. Medical crime scene investigation underwent improvements during the period, most notably the introduction of DNA-trace analysis. Photo and video documentation also improved.Photogrammetry and the use of drones are being introduced.

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Broadhurst, Roderic. "Lethal Violence, Crime and State Formation in Cambodia." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 35, no. 1 (April 2002): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/acri.35.1.1.

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This paper estimates homicide rates and describes the nature of violence and crime for Cambodia. Limited data allows only a partial picture of the trends and nature of lethal violence. Post-war economic adversity combined with a weak state and underdeveloped “legal culture” contributed to an elevated rate of homicide. Frequent acts of murder-robbery, mayhem, political violence and banditry present a major threat to social and economic development. A murder incident rate of approximately 5.7 per 100,000 but a homicide rate of 9.3 per 100,000 was estimated for 1996, higher than most countries in the region except the Philippines. Political and economic adversity drove the homicide rate to 11.6 per 100,000 in 1998 similar to levels reached during 1993, the year of the first national elections. Usually homicides were between males and commonly arose from robbery, disputes and quarrels, with most deaths resulting from gunfire. Extra-judicial death arising from police or “mob” actions accounted for high rates of suspect/offender death and contributed significantly to the homicide rate. Rates of violent crime were higher in rural areas but Phnom Penh experienced higher levels of property crime than the provinces. The homicide rate is compared with neighbouring countries and the roles of modernisation, policing and crime are discussed.

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Turner, Susan, Joan Petersilia, and Elizabeth Piper Deschenes. "Evaluating Intensive Supervision Probation/Parole (ISP) for Drug Offenders." Crime & Delinquency 38, no. 4 (October 1992): 539–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128792038004009.

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This article reports results from a recently completed randomized field experiment testing the effects of intensive supervision probation/parole (ISP) for drug-involved offenders. The ISP demonstration project, funded by the Bureau of Justice Assistance, included five jurisdictions: Contra Costa, California; Seattle, Washington; Des Moines, Iowa; Santa Fe, New Mexico; and Winchester, Virginia. Jurisdictions developed ISP programs tailored to their own contexts, using the general ISP model developed by Georgia and New Jersey in the early 1980s. Results show that ISP offenders were seen more often, submitted more often to drug testing, received more drug counseling, and had higher levels of employment than their counterparts on routine probation/parole supervision. With respect to 1-year recidivism outcomes, a higher proportion of ISP offenders had technical violations (primarily for drug use), but there was no difference between the two study groups in new criminal arrests. At the end of the 1-year follow-up, more ISP offenders had been placed in jail or prison (mostly for technical violations). This policy drove up system costs, which for ISP averaged just under $8,000 per year per offender versus about $5,500 per year per offender for routine supervision. The article concludes with a discussion of how these results can be used to inform future ISP research and policy discussions.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Drone forensics'

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