Academic literature on the topic 'Driver’s optical reaction'

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Journal articles on the topic "Driver’s optical reaction"

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Prasolenko, O. "IMPACT OF ROAD TRAFFIC ON DRIVER REACTION TIME." Municipal economy of cities 6, no. 159 (November 27, 2020): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-6-159-169-172.

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The main problem of driving safety in the dark for drivers is the recognition of elements of the traffic situation. Changes in the characteristics of visual perception are due to changes in illumination, brightness of the color contrast of important and significant for the driver stimuli during movement. It is the recognition of existing obstacles in terms of contrast and brightness that is the biggest problem for drivers. When driving at night, drivers are prone to dazzle, they are less able to distinguish colors, and the field of view is significantly reduced. The availability of technical means for regulating traffic in accordance with road conditions and pedestrian traffic in the dark are the main means that allow the driver to navigate while driving. The driver's reaction time to the appearance of danger is decisive in the event of conflict situations in the dark. Driver reaction time is an important indicator of road safety. The reaction time is constantly changing and depends on many factors of working conditions, the functional state of the driver. Working conditions cause fatigue and emotional stress. The change in reaction time depends on the state of health, the intake of certain medications, the state of drug and alcohol intoxication, etc. In addition, a person's age, gender and experience also affect the reaction time. A simpler and more effective method for studying the distribution of reaction time and patterns of change is the use of an individual car with recording equipment. It has been proven that car drivers can keep their distance, brake synchronously and maintain braking force in accordance with the leading car braking and being in front. Therefore, to study the parameters of movement along the route, we used the device racelogic "VideoVbox". Experimental studies on city streets at night have been carried out, have shown the relationship between the driver's reaction time and traffic conditions. The study involved drivers between the ages of 20 and 40. As a result, regularities were obtained for the change in the reaction time under different lighting conditions and the traffic load factor of the streets. It has been found that with a low load factor, the driver is more likely to be distracted and has a worse reaction time. The optimal load for the driver is a load factor ranging from 0.35-0.55 with the best response times. The constructed model of the driver's reaction time can be used in expert practice to establish the circumstances of the occurrence of road accidents.
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Lotz, Alexander, Nele Russwinkel, and Enrico Wohlfarth. "Take-over expectation and criticality in Level 3 automated driving: a test track study on take-over behavior in semi-trucks." Cognition, Technology & Work 22, no. 4 (March 4, 2020): 733–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10111-020-00626-z.

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Abstract With the introduction of advanced driving assistance systems managing longitudinal and lateral control, conditional automated driving is seemingly in near future of series vehicles. While take-over behavior in the passenger car context has been investigated intensively in recent years, publications on semi-trucks with professional drivers are sparse. The effects influencing expert drivers during take-overs in this context lack thorough investigation and are required to design systems that facilitate safe take-overs. While multiple findings seem to cohere in passenger cars and semi-trucks, these findings rely on simulated studies without taking environments as found in the real world into account. A test track study was conducted, simulating highway driving with 27 professional non-affiliated truck drivers. The participants drove an automated Level 3 semi-truck while a non-driving-related task was available. Multiple time critical take-over situations were initiated during the drives to investigate four main objectives regarding driver behavior. (1) With these results, comparison of reaction times and behavior can be drawn to previous simulator studies. The effect of situation criticality (2) and training (3) of take-over situations is investigated. (4) The influence of warning expectation on driver behavior is explored. Results obtained displayed very quick time to hands on steering and time to first reaction all under 2.4 s. Highly critical situations generate very quick reaction times M = 0.81 s, while the manipulation of expectancy yielded no significant variation in reaction times. These reaction times serve as a reference of what can be expected from drivers under optimal take-over conditions, with quick reactions at high speed in critical situations.
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Amortila, Valentin, Elena Mereuta, Silvia Veresiu, Madalina Rus, and Costel Humelnicu. "Positioning study of driver's hands in certain areas of the steering wheel." MATEC Web of Conferences 178 (2018): 06014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817806014.

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The aim of this paper is to analyze driver's hands coordinates on the steering wheel for an optimal and safe driving experience. A good coordination of the driver's action on the controls is the result of a comfortable position that leads to an optimal reaction while driving. The presented study implies using a thermal imaging camera for analysing palms temperature changes in the contact area with the steering wheel. The resulting data shows that the optimal driving position of drivers' hands is 0° and 180° associating the steering wheel with and trigonometric circle.
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Wan, Hongliang, Zhigang Du, Qixiang Yan, and Xiaohong Chen. "EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SPEED REDUCTION MARKINGS IN HIGHWAY TUNNELS." Transport 33, no. 3 (July 10, 2018): 647–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2018.1574.

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As typical weak visual reference systems, highway tunnels have low illumination, monotonous environment and few references, which may cause severe visual illusion and reduce drivers’ speed perception ability. Thus, drivers tend to underestimate their driving speed, which may induce speeding behaviours that result in rear-end collisions. The cost-effective pavement markings installed on both sides of the lane or shoulder may make drivers overestimate their speed. This perception can help ensure safe driving and regulate driving behaviour effectively. This study analyses the effects of sidewall markings in typical low luminance highway tunnels, specifically observing how their angles and lengths affect the driver’s speed perception. A three-dimensional model of highway tunnels was built in a driving simulator. Psychophysical tests of speed perception were carried out by the method of limits. The simulation tests studied the Stimulus of Subjectively Equal Speed (SSES) and reaction time in relation to sidewall markings with different angles. Furthermore, based on the optimal angle, the effects of sidewall marking with different lengths on speed perception were also analysed. The test results reveal that the angle and length of sidewall markings have a significant impact on the driver’s SSES and reaction time. Moreover, the level of speed overestimation decreases with the increase of angle or length of sidewall marking. As the angle of sidewall marking gradually increases, the maximum reaction time first increases and then decreases. Within the angle of sidewall marking of 15°, the subjects have the highest speed overestimation and an easy speed judgment. This may due to Zöllner illusion, the driver’s perception of lane width shrinks may induce deceleration behaviour.
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Bordin, Chiara, and Asgeir Tomasgard. "Behavioural Change in Green Transportation: Micro-Economics Perspectives and Optimization Strategies." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 3728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133728.

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The increasing demand for Electric Vehicle (EV) charging is putting pressure on the power grids and capacities of charging stations. This work focuses on how to use indirect control through price signals to level out the load curve in order to avoid the power consumption from exceeding these capacities. We propose mathematical programming models for the indirect control of EV charging that aim at finding an optimal set of price signals to be sent to the drivers based on price elasticities. The objective is to satisfy the demand for a given price structure, or minimize the curtailment of loads, when there is a shortage of capacity. The key contribution is the use of elasticity matrices through which it is possible to estimate the EV drivers’ reactions to the price signals. As real-world data on relating the elasticity values to the EV driver’s behaviour are currently non-existent, we concentrate on sensitivity analysis to test how different assumptions on elasticities affect the optimal price structure. In particular, we study how market segments of drivers with different elasticities may affect the ability of the operator to both handle a capacity problem and properly satisfy the charging needs.
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Ossen, Saskia, and Serge P. Hoogendoorn. "Car-Following Behavior Analysis from Microscopic Trajectory Data." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1934, no. 1 (January 2005): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193400102.

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The development of accurate and robust models in the field of car following has suffered greatly from the lack of appropriate microscopic data. Because of this lack, little is known about differences in car-following behavior between individual driver–vehicle combinations. This paper studies the car-following behaviors of individual drivers by making use of vehicle trajectory data extracted from high-resolution digital images collected at a high frequency from a helicopter. The analysis was performed by estimating the parameters of different specifications of the well-known Gazis–Herman–Rothery car-following rule for individual drivers. This analysis showed that a relation between the stimuli and the response could be established in 80% of the cases. The main contribution of this paper is that considerable differences between the car-following behaviors of individual drivers could be identified. These differences are expressed as different optimal parameter values for the reaction time and the sensitivity, as well as different car-following models that appear to be optimal on the basis of the data for individual drivers.
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Powell, Lyndsey R., Yanmei Piao, and YuHuang Wang. "Optical Excitation of Carbon Nanotubes Drives Localized Diazonium Reactions." Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 7, no. 18 (September 7, 2016): 3690–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01771.

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Liu, Chun Sheng. "Relationship Modeling for the Psychological Impact of Night Vision on Braking Distance." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 242–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.242.

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The traditional braking model does not consider the impact of drivers' visual distance error, which leads to deviation in determining the distance between vehicles, and therefore effective braking model cannot be built. In order to solve this problem, the paper proposes a modeling method reflecting the relationship between psychology of night vision and braking distance to get the optimal braking reaction speed thus realizing intelligent emergency brake control. The experimental results show that the model takes the relationship between psychology of night vision and braking distance into consideration, increases the braking reaction speed of the drivers, and has high robustness.
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Yessentay, D. E., A. K. Kiyalbaev, S. N. Kiyalbay, and N. V. Borisуuk. "RELIABILITY CRITERION AND A MODEL FOR DETERMINING THE OPTIMAL SPEED OF MOVEMENT ON AUTOMOBILE ROADS IN WINTER SLIDING CONDITIONS." NEWS of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan 6, no. 444 (December 15, 2020): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-170x.138.

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The article presents a model for establishing the optimal speed of movement on highways, taking into account the determination of the braking distance in winter slippery conditions. According to the research results, it was established that the main criterion for the formation of road accidents on highways in winter slippery conditions is the drivers' underestimation of the adhesion qualities of road surfaces. The main criterion of the model under consideration is the interaction of the car wheel (braking distance) with the road (adhesion coefficient) and is a complex that characterizes the stability of the car rolling over on slippery surfaces and the driver's actions in making an effective decision and the duration of the reaction time. In the proposed mathematical model, the accident rate on a slippery road is estimated by the coefficient of adhesion of icy road surfaces, the value of the load or the average wheel pressure. Also, the frequency of load application, the amount of deflection of the coating (at an air temperature above +20 ° C), rolling resistance, the coefficient of adhesion of the car wheel to the coating. One of the main characteristics of the model is a subsystem - the average pressure p = Q / S (S is the area of the imprint of the wheel, cm²), etc. Thus, in the process of analyzing the results of the causes of road traffic accidents, the factors of the driver's reliability and the decisions made will be taken into account, which depend on the speed of vehicles in any condition of the road surface.
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Svoboda, Martin, Milan Chalupa, Karel Jelen, František Lopot, Petr Kubový, Milan Sapieta, Zdeněk Krobot, and Marcin Suszyński. "Load Measurement of the Cervical Vertebra C7 and the Head of Passengers of a Car While Driving across Uneven Terrain." Sensors 21, no. 11 (June 2, 2021): 3849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113849.

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The article deals with the measurement of dynamic effects that are transmitted to the driver (passenger) when driving in a car over obstacles. The measurements were performed in a real environment on a defined track at different driving speeds and different distributions of obstacles on the road. The reaction of the human organism, respectively the load of the cervical vertebrae and the heads of the driver and passenger, was measured. Experimental measurements were performed for different variants of driving conditions on a 28-year-old and healthy man. The measurement’s main objective was to determine the acceleration values of the seats in the vehicle in the vertical movement of parts of the vehicle cabin and to determine the dynamic effects that are transmitted to the driver and passenger in a car when driving over obstacles. The measurements were performed in a real environment on a defined track at various driving speeds and diverse distributions of obstacles on the road. The acceleration values on the vehicle’s axles and the structure of the driver’s and front passenger’s seats, under the buttocks, at the top of the head (Vertex Parietal Bone) and the C7 cervical vertebra (Vertebra Cervicales), were measured. The result of the experiment was to determine the maximum magnitudes of acceleration in the vertical direction on the body of the driver and the passenger of the vehicle when passing a passenger vehicle over obstacles. The analysis of the experiment’s results is the basis for determining the future direction of the research.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Driver’s optical reaction"

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Maxera, Pavel. "Analýza chování řidiče při řešení situací spojených s přecházením chodců přes vozovku." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-445182.

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The doctoral thesis analyses driver’s conduct while solving situations associated with crossing of pedestrians across the road in cases of various design of pedestrian crossings and at different conditions. The thesis deepens the knowledge of the human factor impact on the occurrence of a traffic accident involved vehicle and pedestrian and thesis also complements knowledge for the needs of the analysis of traffic accidents, especially in solving the pre collision phase and at assessment of possibilities for collision prevention by involved participants. The thesis deals with driver’s conduct, various models of the conduct as well as the thesis focuses on the visual perception, the process of information processing, the driver’s conduct and the reaction time. In terms of the solution suitable types of experiments were designed and implemented. Based on performed measurements a method of processing and evaluating data on drivers’ conduct was found as well as more significant data set was obtained for a detailed analysis of drivers' conduct in different driving situations. The assessed quantities of drivers' conduct were analysed with respect to the dangerousness of driving situations. For these purposes, the categories of the dangerousness of driving situations were defined (situations completely safe, with increased danger, dangerous and critical), into which the analysed driving situations were subsequently included. To enable the quantification of this classification of situations into the categories of the dangerousness, the coefficient of the dangerousness (so called K) was defined. From the detailed analysis of the obtained data, the limit values of this coefficient were determined, and these were subsequently verified using data from the solution of real traffic accidents. Concurrently the analysis verified the suitability of using this hazard coefficient in the analysis of traffic accidents, especially for a detailed assessment of the possibilities of collision prevention.
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Bugáň, Marek. "Vliv reklamních ploch na pozornost řidiče." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-241356.

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This thesis deals with influence of advertisements on driver´s attention. Within the theoretical part are summarize findings in field of influence of advertisements on driver´s attention, it also clarified the idea of recording driver´s eye movement, which were used during the measurement. The analytical part draws from video records with driving tests provided by the Institute of Forensic Engineering of Brno University of Technology. Obtained data were processed and analyze in order to determine the durations of views on advertising devices in area of roads.
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Vlasák, Jaroslav. "Rozdíly v chování řidiče při jízdě přes přechod pro chodce v noci a ve dne." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-367512.

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The theoretical part of the diploma thesis focuses on the drivers reacting on a pedestrian crossing during the day and the night. A particular attention is paid to all the factors that can influence drivers' behaviour while driving through a pedestrian crossing. The influence of the behaviour by these factors often causes car accidents with pedestrians. One of the basic techniques is to analyze the behavior of the driver in the optical perception of stimuli that affect the optical response. Eyetracker is used to measure the optical responses. This device monitors changes of the angle of a driver's view, navigation of a driver and the driver's reaction on different stimuli while driving. The practical part of the thesis deals with an analysis of the drivers' behaviour while driving through a pedestrian crossing during the day and during the night. Twelve drivers took part in the day measurement of driving through the pedestrian crossing in Brno. Night measurement was taken place in Břeclav and Lednice with the attendance of seven drivers. During the ride are monitored the optical reactions of drivers on various impulses with the use of a special device Eyetracker.
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Book chapters on the topic "Driver’s optical reaction"

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Adolphs, Julia. "Photosynthesis." In Handbook of Research on Systems Biology Applications in Medicine, 573–87. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-076-9.ch034.

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This chapter introduces the theory of optical spectra and excitation energy transfer of light harvesting complexes in photosynthesis. The light energy absorbed by protein bound pigments in these complexes is transferred via an exciton mechanism to the photosynthetic reaction center where it drives the photochemical reactions. The protein holds the pigments in optimal orientation for excitation energy transfer and creates an energy sink by shifting the local transition energies of the pigments. In this way, the excitation energy is directed with high efficiency (close to 100 %) to the reaction center. In the present chapter, this energy transfer is studied theoretically. Based on crystal structure data, the excitonic couplings are calculated taking into account also the polarizability of the protein. The local transition energies are obtained by two independent methods and are used to predict the orientation of the FMO protein relative to the reaction center.
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Venkateswara Raju, Chikkili, Mathavan Sornambigai, and Shanmugam Senthil Kumar. "Ruthenium-Tris-Bipyridine Derivatives as a Divine Complex for Electrochemiluminescence Based Biosensor Applications." In Ruthenium - an Element Loved by Researchers [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96819.

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In electrochemiluminescence (ECL) studies, Tris (bipyridine)ruthenium(II) chloride (Ru(bpy)3 2+) and its derivatives have been used as primary luminophores since 1972. The flexible solubility in both aqueous and non-aqueous medium and the remarkable intrinsic properties like chemical, optical and desirable electrochemical behavior drives the researcher to use Ru(bpy)3 2+ and its derivatives as highly active ECL probes in modern analytical science. Novel surface modification of Ru(bpy)3 2+ based ECL platforms are highly useful in the selective and sensitive detection of biomolecules, DNA analysis, immunoassays detection, and imaging of the biologically important molecules in cells and tissue of living organisms. This chapter discusses and highlights the most significant works in Ru(bpy)3 2+ based ECL properties of reaction mechanisms and their applications.
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Conference papers on the topic "Driver’s optical reaction"

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Taher, Matt, Dragan Ristanovic, Cyrus Meher-Homji, and Pradeep Pillai. "Matching of Synchronous Motors and Centrifugal Compressors: Oil and Gas Industry Practice." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-15643.

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Abstract Synchronous motor driven centrifugal compressors are widely used in the oil and gas industry. In evaluating the optimum selection of synchronous motor drivers for centrifugal compressors, it is important to understand the factors influencing a proper match for a centrifugal compressor and its synchronous motor driver. The buyer should specify process requirements and define possible operating scenarios for the entire life of the motor driven centrifugal compressor train. The compressor designer will use the buyer-specified process conditions to model the aerothermodynamic behavior of the compressor and characterize its performance. Performance, controllability, starting capabilities as well as the optimum power margin required for a future-oriented design must also be considered. This paper reviews the criteria for evaluating the optimal combination of a centrifugal compressor and its synchronous motor driver as an integral package. It also addresses API standard requirements on synchronous motor driven centrifugal compressors. Design considerations for optimal selection and proper sizing of compressor drivers include large starting torque requirements to enable compressor start from settle-out conditions and to prevent flaring are addressed. Start-up capabilities of the motor driver can significantly impact the reliability and operability of the compressor train. API 617 on centrifugal compressors refers to API 546 for synchronous motor drivers. In this paper, requirements of API 617 and 546 are reviewed and several important design and sizing requirements are presented. In the effort to optimize plant design, and maintain the performance requirements, the paper discusses optimization options, such as direct on-line starting method to explore the motor rating limits, and the use of synchronous motors for power factor correction to eliminate or reduce the need for reactive power compensation by capacitor banks. This paper presents a novel approach to show constant reactive power lines on traditional V curves. It also complements capability curves of synchronous motors with lines of constant efficiency. The paper discusses variable frequency drive options currently used for synchronous motors in compressor applications. The paper addresses the available variable frequency drive types, their impact on the electrical grid, and motor design considerations with a view to summarizing factors important to the selection of variable frequency drives.
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Zaranka, Jurijus, Marek Guzek, Robertas Peceliunas, Zenonas Bogdanovicius, and Jonas Matijošius. "Comparative Research On The Optical And Acoustic Psychomotor Reaction Of Professional Drivers." In The 8th International Conference "Transbaltica ‘2013". Vilnius, Lithuania: Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Publishing House Technika, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transbaltica2013.059.

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Orosz, Ga´bor, Jeff Moehlis, and Francesco Bullo. "Delayed Car-Following Dynamics for Human and Robotic Drivers." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48829.

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A general class of car-following models is analyzed where the longitudinal acceleration of a vehicle is determined by a nonlinear function of the distance to the vehicle in front, their velocity difference, and the vehicle’s own velocity. The driver’s response to these stimuli includes the driver reaction time that appears as a time delay in governing differential equations. The linear stability of the uniform flow is analyzed for human-driven and computer-controlled (robotic) vehicles. It is shown that the stability conditions are equivalent when considering ring-road and platoon configurations. It is proven that time delays result in novel high-frequency oscillations that manifest themselves as short-wavelength traveling waves. The theoretical results are illustrated using an optimal velocity model where the nonlinear behavior is also revealed by numerical simulations. The results may lead to better understanding of multi-vehicle dynamics and allow one to design cooperative autonomous cruise control algorithms.
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Somkuwar, Akanksha, and B. Y. Bagde. "Constrained Optimal Reactive Power Procurement in Power System." In 2018 International Conference on Smart Electric Drives and Power System (ICSEDPS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsedps.2018.8536058.

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Gupta, Neeraj. "Probabilistic optimal reactive power planning with wind generation." In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pedes.2018.8707775.

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Dehkordi, Behzad Mirzaeian. "Optimal Voltage and Reactive Power Control Based on Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm." In 2006 International Conference on Power Electronic, Drives and Energy Systems. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pedes.2006.344226.

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Kolar, Petr, Jan Masek, Jiri Sveda, and Jan Hudec. "Influence of Machine Tool Covers on Feed Drives." In ASME 2011 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2011-50018.

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Machine tool covers are important parts of the machine. From the point of view of feed drives, a cover is an additional multi-body system that influences the dynamic properties of the feed drive and the positioning accuracy of the machine. The advantages of covers connected to the machine table with flexible elements are shown on simulation and experimental results. A mathematical model of the cover and its connection to the machine table is described. Optimization of the stiffness and damping ratio for the connection, using a model of the cover, is suggested. The optimal connection parameters cause decreasing of maximum reaction force acting from the cover to the feed drive. This phenomenon is presented on simulation example and also on the experiment results.
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Abbasy, Alireza, Iman Tabatabaii, and Seyed Hamid Hosseini. "Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch in Electricity Markets Using A Multiagent-Based Differential Evolution Algorithm." In 2007 International Conference on Power Engineering, Energy and Electrical Drives. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/powereng.2007.4380170.

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Shi, Haochen, Huiqing Wen, and Zhenyan Cao. "Optimal Minimized Reactive Power Boundary Control Based on the Six Natural Switching Surface." In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pedes.2018.8707599.

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Alfieri, L., G. Carpinelli, A. Bracale, and P. Caramia. "On the optimal management of the reactive power in an industrial hybrid microgrid: A case study." In 2018 International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion (SPEEDAM). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/speedam.2018.8445254.

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