Journal articles: 'Drivers of migration'

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Graffeo, Michele. "Drivers of migration." Nature Climate Change 7, no. 2 (February 2017): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3219.

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Xiang, Biao, Susana Narotzky, and Pei-Chia Lan. "Shift in drivers of migration." Intersections 8, no. 2 (July 30, 2022): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17356/ieejsp.v8i2.1061.

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Piguet, Etienne. "The drivers of human migration." Nature Climate Change 2, no. 6 (May 25, 2012): 400–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1559.

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Korsi, Lawrence, and Vorvornator Vorvornator. "Do we go or we stay? : Drivers of Migration from the Global South to the Global North." African Journal of Development Studies (formerly AFFRIKA Journal of Politics, Economics and Society) 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2634-3649/2022/v12n1a4.

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Migration from south to north nowadays is becoming unprecedented and alarming. Earlier scholars classified drivers of migration into push and pull factors. Modern trends of migration cannot be limited to push and pull factors. Regards, the Foresight conceptual framework on migration is adopted to explain determinants of modern migration. The study aims to identify trends and patterns of earlier and modern drivers of migration and to reveal contributions of migrants to origin countries. The paper adopts sampling methods of desktop research, relevant journals and magazines on migration gathered for the write-up. Findings revealed that in the olden days, migrations were mainly driven by push and pull factors; however, modern days drivers comprise macro (push and push) factors such as; unemployment, non-economic, and environment. Meso drivers are distances, social networks, technologies and Diasporas links. Micro reasons are age, sex, attitude, education and marital status. These factors are considered before whether to migrate or not. The paper argues that migration can result in brain drain, and can also lead to brain gain. The skilled workers lost from developing to developed countries return home, establish businesses, and train non-migrants. Remittances flow to origin countries are used for development. However, some scholars view remittances as causes of inflation, termed it ‘Dutch disease’. The paper concludes that in earlier days, when meso and micro factors were not there as drivers of migration, they now play significant roles in migration. Therefore, it is recommended that good governance and democratic principles be revamped and rejuvenated in the global south to ensure economic growth and development which will ameliorate migration to the Western world for seeking greener pastures.

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Tsapenko, I. "Drivers of lntemational Migration of Population." World Economy and International Relations, no. 3 (2007): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2007-3-3-14.

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Carling, Jørgen, and Francis Collins. "Aspiration, desire and drivers of migration." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44, no. 6 (October 18, 2017): 909–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2017.1384134.

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Zeki Al Hazzouri, Adina, Lanyu Zhang, Audrey R. Murchland, Leslie Grasset, Jacqueline M. Torres, Richard N. Jones, Rebeca Wong, and M. Maria Glymour. "Quantifying Lifecourse Drivers of International Migration." Epidemiology 32, no. 1 (September 28, 2020): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ede.0000000000001266.

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Morales-Muñoz, Héctor, Srijna Jha, Michelle Bonatti, Henryk Alff, Sabine Kurtenbach, and Stefan Sieber. "Exploring Connections—Environmental Change, Food Security and Violence as Drivers of Migration—A Critical Review of Research." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 15, 2020): 5702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145702.

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Migration, whether triggered by single events, such as violent conflict, or by long term pressures related to environmental change or food insecurity is altering sustainable development in societies. Although there is a large amount of literature, there is a gap for consolidating frameworks of migration-related to the interaction and correlation between drivers. We review scientific papers and research reports about three categories of drivers: Environmental Change (EC), Food Security (FS), and Violent Conflict (VC). First, we organize the literature to understand the explanations of the three drivers on migration individually, as well as the interactions among each other. Secondly, we analyse the literature produced regarding Colombia, Myanmar, and Tanzania; countries with different combinations of the driving factors for migration. Although we find that many correlations are explained in the literature, migration is mostly driven by structural vulnerabilities and unsustainable development paths in places that have a low resilience capacity to cope with risk. For example, food insecurity, as a product of environmental changes (droughts and floods), is seen as a mediating factor detonating violent conflict and migration in vulnerable populations. The paper contributes to the literature about multi-driven migration, presenting an overview of the way in which different driver combinations trigger migration. This is important for determining the best governance mechanisms and policy responses that tackle forced migration and improve the resilience of vulnerable communities as well as sustainable development.

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Van Doren, Benjamin M., David E. Willard, Mary Hennen, Kyle G. Horton, Erica F. Stuber, Daniel Sheldon, Ashwin H. Sivakumar, Julia Wang, Andrew Farnsworth, and Benjamin M. Winger. "Drivers of fatal bird collisions in an urban center." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 24 (June 7, 2021): e2101666118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2101666118.

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Millions of nocturnally migrating birds die each year from collisions with built structures, especially brightly illuminated buildings and communication towers. Reducing this source of mortality requires knowledge of important behavioral, meteorological, and anthropogenic factors, yet we lack an understanding of the interacting roles of migration, artificial lighting, and weather conditions in causing fatal bird collisions. Using two decades of collision surveys and concurrent weather and migration measures, we model numbers of collisions occurring at a large urban building in Chicago. We find that the magnitude of nocturnal bird migration, building light output, and wind conditions are the most important predictors of fatal collisions. The greatest mortality occurred when the building was brightly lit during large nocturnal migration events and when winds concentrated birds along the Chicago lakeshore. We estimate that halving lighted window area decreases collision counts by 11× in spring and 6× in fall. Bird mortality could be reduced by ∼60% at this site by decreasing lighted window area to minimum levels historically recorded. Our study provides strong support for a relationship between nocturnal migration magnitude and urban bird mortality, mediated by light pollution and local atmospheric conditions. Although our research focuses on a single site, our findings have global implications for reducing or eliminating a critically important cause of bird mortality.

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Sanfo, Safiétou, William M. Fonta, Ulrich J. Diasso, Michel P. Nikiéma, John P. A. Lamers, and Jerôme E. Tondoh. "Climate- and Environment-Induced Intervillage Migration in Southwestern Burkina Faso, West Africa." Weather, Climate, and Society 9, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 823–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-16-0065.1.

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Abstract This study investigated key environmental factors causing intervillage migration by farmers. Therefore, it used household data from surveys, semistructured interviews, life histories, and focus group discussions in southwestern Burkina Faso, West Africa. The results showed that 1) when referring to the experienced historical weather and climate, farmers were aware of the effects of ongoing climate and environmental change; 2) soil degradation, land tenure insecurity, and lack of rainfall were major drivers of environment-induced migration; and 3) soil fertility, productivity, rainfall, and humidity, as well as land tenure security, were major pull factors. Farmers indirectly identified population pressure as a major driver of intervillage migration since it contributes to land degradation and land tenure insecurity. It is argued that migration implicitly adds to the natural climate and environmental stresses. When aiming to elaborate suitable land-use planning, the findings call for additional research that is needed to understand better the complex interrelationships between environmental drivers and permanent, environment-driven intervillage migration.

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de Haas, Hein. "Mediterranean migration futures: Patterns, drivers and scenarios." Global Environmental Change 21 (December 2011): S59—S69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.09.003.

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Woodham, Emma F., and Laura M. Machesky. "Polarised cell migration: intrinsic and extrinsic drivers." Current Opinion in Cell Biology 30 (October 2014): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2014.05.006.

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Hager, Anselm. "What Drives Migration to Europe? Survey Experimental Evidence from Lebanon." International Migration Review 55, no. 3 (March 22, 2021): 929–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197918320988662.

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What drives people to migrate? Amid a stark increase in international migration at the global scale, we lack individual-level evidence that causally adjudicates between migration’s many drivers. We implement a survey experiment in Northern Lebanon—a hotbed of international migration—to a random sample of 1,000 Syrian refugees and 1,000 Lebanese residents. Respondents were shown the profile of a hypothetical Syrian refugee and asked whether they recommended that the refugee migrate to the European Union. The vignette randomly primed five prominent causes of migration, including push factors (political instability and poverty) and pull factors (open borders, employment opportunities, and cultural openness). We find that pull factors outweighed push factors, suggesting that migrants carefully weigh their chances in Europe. Still, all five primes yielded positive effect sizes, which underlines that prominent theories of migration are complements, not substitutes. Taken together, the evidence suggests that empirical models of migration can be improved if they take into consideration both pull and push factors, rather than prioritizing one over the other.

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Pitoski, Dino, Thomas J. Lampoltshammer, and Peter Parycek. "Drivers of Human Migration: A Review of Scientific Evidence." Social Sciences 10, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10010021.

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While migration research is at the peak of its productivity, a substantial gap persists between scientific evidence and policy action. As societal complexity increases, migration theory loses track on the numerous factors of human migration; the information on the most relevant factors affecting human migration (i.e., migration drivers), essential for policy decision-making, are hidden and dispersed across the ever-growing literature. Introducing a novel approach to conducting a literature review, emphasizing an unbiased selection of literature and the approach to analysing literature by coding, we collect evidence on the most pertinent migration factors. The study establishes a methodology for a quick but rigorous, collaborative gathering of evidence, as well as an initial inventory and an interactive map of nearly 200 factors working at different migration corridors.

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Suarez, Gonzalo, and Rachata Muneepeerakul. "Modeling human migration driven by changing mindset, agglomeration, social ties, and the environment." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): e0264223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264223.

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Migration is an adaptation strategy to unfavorable conditions and is governed by a complex set of socio-economic and environmental drivers. Here we identified important drivers relatively underrepresented in many migration models—CHanging mindset, Agglomeration, Social ties, and the Environment (CHASE)—and asked: How does the interplay between these drivers influence transient dynamics and long-term outcomes of migration? We addressed this question by developing and analyzing a parsimonious Markov chain model. Our findings suggest that these drivers interact in nonlinear and complex ways. The system exhibits legacy effects, highlighting the importance of including migrants’ changing priorities. The increased characteristic population size of the system counter-intuitively leads to fewer surviving cities, and this effect is mediated by how fast migrants change their mindsets and how strong the social ties are. Strong social ties result in less diverse populations across cities, but this effect is influenced by how many cities remain. To our knowledge, this is the first time that these drivers are incorporated in one coherent, mechanistic, parsimonious model and the effects of their interplay on migration systematically studied. The complex interplay underscores the need to incorporate these drivers into mechanistic migration models and implement such models for real-world cases.

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Budnik, Maria, Katrin Grossmann, and Christoph Hedtke. "Migration-Related Conflicts as Drivers of Institutional Change?" Urban Planning 6, no. 2 (April 27, 2021): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v6i2.3800.

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This article examines the role of social conflicts in the context of migration and discusses the relation between such conflicts and institutional change. We understand conflicts as tensions that evoke contradiction between different social groups or institutional actors. Varied urban contexts together with dynamic immigration of heterogeneous population groups can induce negotiation processes that affect institutional settings and actors. Conflicts have therefore been an integral part of urban coexistence, and cities have always been places where these conflicts play out. We assume that conflicts are social phenomena, which have multiple causes and effects. Public assumptions about conflicts in connection with migration often have a negative or destructive impetus, while conflict theory ascribes to conflicts potential positive effects on societal change. Conflicts can represent forms of socialization and the possibility of adapting or changing social conditions. This article discusses the extent to which migration-related conflicts induce institutional change. Using qualitative empirical results from the BMBF-funded research project MigraChance, we present a case study that reconstructs the emergence and course of a conflict surrounding the construction of a Syriac-Orthodox church in Bebra (Hesse) in the 1990s. Analyzing this conflict both in depth and in relation to its local context, we show that migration is only one part of what we refer to as migration-related conflicts, and we shed light on the complexity of factors that can result in institutional change. Change can also occur indirectly, in small steps, and with ambivalent normative implications.

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Finkelstein, Amy, Matthew Gentzkow, and Heidi Williams. "Place-Based Drivers of Mortality: Evidence from Migration." American Economic Review 111, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 2697–735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20190825.

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We estimate the effect of current location on elderly mortality by analyzing outcomes of movers in the Medicare population. We control for movers’ origin locations as well as a rich vector of pre-move health measures. We also develop a novel strategy to adjust for remaining unobservables, using the correlation of residual mortality with movers’ origins to gauge the importance of omitted variables. We estimate substantial effects of current location. Moving from a tenth to a ninetieth percentile location would increase life expectancy at age 65 by 1.1 years, and equalizing location effects would reduce cross-sectional variation in life expectancy by 15 percent. Places with favorable life expectancy effects tend to have higher quality and quantity of health care, less extreme climates, lower crime rates, and higher socioeconomic status. (JEL H51, I1, I11)

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Timmermann, Axel, and Tobias Friedrich. "Late Pleistocene climate drivers of early human migration." Nature 538, no. 7623 (September 21, 2016): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature19365.

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Van Hear, Nicholas, Oliver Bakewell, and Katy Long. "Push-pull plus: reconsidering the drivers of migration." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44, no. 6 (October 18, 2017): 927–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2017.1384135.

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López-Carr, David, and Jason Burgdorfer. "Deforestation Drivers: Population, Migration, and Tropical Land Use." Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 55, no. 1 (January 2013): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00139157.2013.748385.

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Novikov, Nikita M., Sofia Y. Zolotaryova, Alexis M. Gautreau, and Evgeny V. Denisov. "Mutational drivers of cancer cell migration and invasion." British Journal of Cancer 124, no. 1 (November 18, 2020): 102–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41416-020-01149-0.

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McGuire, Liam P., and W. Alice Boyle. "Altitudinal migration in bats: evidence, patterns, and drivers." Biological Reviews 88, no. 4 (March 11, 2013): 767–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/brv.12024.

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Silver, Alexis M. "Reconstructing Roots: Emotional Drivers of Migration and Identity." Social Sciences 12, no. 2 (January 20, 2023): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci12020060.

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This study examines how emotions propel migration from the United States to Mexico and subsequent migration within Mexico for young deported migrants and migrants compelled to return. Though often relegated to a second tier of importance after political or economic factors, emotions are central to the decisions that young migrants make about where to live and how to identify. I argue that emotions influence young immigrants in the U.S. to make life changing decisions to return to Mexico at moments of acute stress or uncertainty. Additionally, I argue that both compelled and deported return migrants carve out spaces of belonging and construct identities through emotional labor. Specifically, I find that young returnees draw on memories from the U.S., connections with other returnees, and imagined attachments to their ancestral cultures in Mexico as they adopt proud Mexican identities in surroundings that often mark them as outsiders on both sides of the border.

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Bwambale, Mulekya Francis, Paul Bukuluki, Cheryl A. Moyer, and Bart H. W. van den Borne. "Demographic and behavioural drivers of intra-urban mobility of migrant street children and youth in Kampala, Uganda." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): e0247156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247156.

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While research on the nexus of migration and wellbeing of individuals has gained recognition in recent years, far less attention has been devoted to intra-urban mobility especially among the urban poor young populations. We assess the drivers of intra-urban mobility using a random sample of 412 migrant street children and youth in Kampala city, Uganda. This paper draws from a larger cross-sectional survey of circular migration and sexual and reproductive health choices among street children in Kampala, Uganda. We define ‘migrants’ as street children and youth with a rural-urban migration experience and ‘intra-urban mobility’ as the number of places stayed in or moved since migrating to the city, measured on a continuous scale. More than half (54.37%) of the migrant street children and youth had lived in two or more places since migrating to the city. Multivariate negative binomial regression analysis reveals migrant street children and youth’s intra-urban mobility to be associated with gender (aIRR = 0.71, 95%CI 0.53–0.96), sex work (aIRR = 1.38, 95%CI 1.01–1.88), a daily income of one USD or more (aIRR = 1.57, 95%CI 1.16–2.13) and duration of stay in the city (aIRR = 1.54, 95%CI 1.17–2.01). Other drivers of intra-urban mobility included availability of causal work, personal safety and affordability of rental costs. Our findings suggest the need for urban housing and health policies to take into account street children and youth’s intra-urban mobility and its drivers. Future research on all drivers of street children and youth’s intra-urban mobility and its linkage with their health outcomes is recommended.

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Bobic, Mirjana, and Marija Babovic. "International migration in Serbia: Facts and policies." Sociologija 55, no. 2 (2013): 209–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc1302209b.

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In the absence of comprehensive, systematic and precize data on international migration in Serbia, and consequently the analysis of migration trends, their drivers and outcomes, the objective of this paper is to offer the review of contemporary migration flows in Serbia. International migration flows are observed in the context of semi-peripheral position of Serbia in the global system, and hindered transformation and development. Migrations are analyzed at the macro level, according to the key dimensions, such as the intensity, directions of flows and characteristics of migrants. The analysis is grounded in the basic classification to outward and inward migration flows (emigration and immigration), including some that include both aspects as they are transit migrations from underdeveloped to developed countries through the territory of Serbia. Within this basic division, migration flows are analyzed separately depending on their legal status as defined by present international and national normative frameworks, as well as by motivation for migration. In addition to the analysis of main migratory trends, the attention is focused to the actual migration management policies.

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Giménez-Gómez, José-Manuel, Yabibal M. Walle, and Yitagesu Zewdu Zergawu. "Trends in African Migration to Europe: Drivers Beyond Economic Motivations." Journal of Conflict Resolution 63, no. 8 (January 15, 2019): 1797–831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002718823907.

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The current migration and refugee crisis in Europe requires an understanding of the different migration drivers beyond the well-known economic determinants. In this article, we view migration from a broader human security perspective and analyze the determinants of regular and asylum seeker migration flows from Africa to Europe for the period 1990 to 2014. Our results show that, in addition to economic determinants, a combination of push and pull factors influences migration decisions of individuals. In particular, rising political persecution, human rights violations, ethnic tensions, political instability, and civil conflicts in African source countries are all significantly associated with increased migration flows into European destination countries. Therefore, our results underscore the need for the European Union and European countries to collaborate with the source countries, not only in terms of supporting economic development in the source countries but also in promoting human security: human rights, democracy, peace, and social stability.

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Shi, Guoqing, Qiulong LYU, Ziheng Shangguan, and Tianhe Jiang. "Facing Climate Change: What Drives Internal Migration Decisions in the Karst Rocky Regions of Southwest China." Sustainability 11, no. 7 (April 10, 2019): 2142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11072142.

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Global climate change and its influence on human migration have caused heated debates. There is no consensus about the role of environmental change in shaping migration decisions. To amass more evidence and develop a deeper understanding of the relations between the environment and migration, this paper seeks to evaluate the importance of various drivers (economic, social, political, demographic, and environmental drivers) and determine the internal mechanism in the decision process. The Likert scale was used as the tool for measuring each respondent’s perception of the drivers, and the within-group interrater agreement index was used to express the survey data and to select the actual driving forces. As a result, economic, social, and political factors were strong forces that promoted migration directly, while demographic and environmental factors were moderate or weak forces that promoted migration indirectly. The migrants’ core consideration was to effectively reduce family risks and sustain their livelihoods by moving to a destination to improve their household income, keep their original social networks, and obtain housing allowances from the local government. Land degradation and meteorological disasters were rooted in the vulnerability and risks of a family, and these factors indirectly influenced the people’s decisions by affecting the socioeconomic drivers. We concluded that isolating the environmental drivers from other drivers underlying migration decisions is difficult. Additionally, the internal mechanism indicated that both environmental and non-environmental factors all have an impact on choice in different ways. Future policies should be aimed at increasing sustainable livelihoods and the social resilience of migrant families at a personal level, balancing the development levels of the original locations and destinations, and strengthening international cooperation to reduce the negative effects of climate change at the regional level.

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Hasan, Mubashar. "Bangladeshi ‘Boat People’: Context, Drivers And Policy Implications." South Asia Research 39, no. 1 (January 10, 2019): 78–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0262728018814632.

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Based on field research, this article focuses on the little-known phenomenon of Bangladeshi ‘boat people’ seeking entry to Thailand and Malaysia. It identifies how in a populous country of the Global South, familiar with various kinds of worker migration and movements of people, changing political, social and ecological contexts may generate and drive yet more manifestations of migration, also related to trafficking. In particular, certain developments in international relations connected to religious politics are shown to be instrumental in facilitating migration through legal and illegal channels. The interviews identify significant motivating factors that suggest an urgent need to develop policy recommendations, also in South Asia, to alleviate risks and suffering for irregular migrants and their families.

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Rafiq, Muhammad, Muhammad Saeed, and Muhammad Israr. "A qualitative study of the factors driving the temporary migration of workers from the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan to Saudi Arabia." Journal of Humanities, Social and Management Sciences (JHSMS) 3, no. 1 (April 21, 2022): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.jhsms/3.1.12.

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This study aims to explore the drivers of the temporary migration of workers from the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan to Saudi Arabia. Nearly two million Pakistanis work and live in Saudi Arabia; however, no such research has been conducted to study and configure their migration drivers. This research attempts to fill this gap. Data was qualitatively elicited from 90 workers in different cities of Saudi Arabia. The analysis depicts that a complex combination of the push-pull drivers such as poverty (96.66 %), un/employment (95 %), income/wage differentials (85%), family and peer pressure (80%), strong networks of relatives (76.66 %), desire to change the social status (68.33 %), turbulent environment (65 %), and religious affiliations and connectedness (95 %) provoke migration to Saudi Arabia. This study posits that the recent socioeconomic changes in Saudi Arabia, specifically the Saudization policy, quickly alter the economic migration inflow. Nevertheless, Saudi Arabia will remain the top destination for religious migration.

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Gullette, Gregory. "Development Economics, Developing Migration: Targeted Economic Development Initiatives as Drivers in International Migration." Human Organization 66, no. 4 (December 2007): 366–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.66.4.05h1427k901386ph.

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Kazemi, Ali, Abdolvahab Baghbanian, Mohammad Mahmoudi Maymand, and Hojjat Rahmani. "Contributing Factors to Migration Growth Among Iranian Students: Drivers of Migration to Malaysia." Journal of International Migration and Integration 19, no. 3 (March 29, 2018): 757–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12134-018-0567-z.

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Wheeler, Kit, Scott W. Miller, and Todd A. Crowl. "Adfluvial salmonids have engineering but not fertilization impacts in tributaries of a central Utah reservoir." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 75, no. 3 (March 2018): 389–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2016-0462.

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Migratory fishes can affect tributary ecosystem properties given their potential to introduce nutrients (fertilize) and physically modify habitat (engineer) during spawning. Nonetheless, migrant effects are frequently context-dependent, and it is useful to understand their strength relative to other potential ecosystem drivers. We examined whether tributary ecosystem properties varied in response to migrations of two adfluvial salmonids, taking advantage of differences in migration timing and reproductive strategy between species, as well as hydrogeomorphic differences between a pair of tributaries. For analyses, we used a model comparison approach to evaluate migrant effects relative to other possible drivers. We observed that Bonneville cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii utah) engineered benthic chlorophyll a in redds, with reduction (51% ± 16% decrease) generally occurring during migrations. Contrary to expectations, migrant fertilization effects were not pronounced even in the more retentive tributary during migration by species (kokanee, Oncorhynchus nerka) that exhibited high postspawning mortality. Based on multimodel comparisons, isolated migrant effects were not the primary influence on measured ecosystem properties. Our findings underscore the need to consider different biotic and abiotic conditions that can mediate migratory fish effects.

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Bukari, Kaderi Noagah, Shaibu Bukari, Papa Sow, and Jürgen Scheffran. "Diversity and Multiple Drivers of Pastoral Fulani Migration to Ghana." Nomadic Peoples 24, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 4–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/np.2020.240102.

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The relationship between environmental change and migration has generated considerable scholarly debate. In part the literature suggests that climate change in the Sahel is 'forcing' pastoralist groups (mainly Fulani) to migrate to semi-arid West African countries, including Ghana, due to resource scarcity and climatic conditions. Using interviews, focus-group discussions and observations, this article argues that beyond theoretical postulations on resource scarcity and environmentally induced migration, there are multiple drivers that affect diverse migration patterns among Fulani pastoralists in Ghana. This study finds and discusses a range of important drivers of migration, including labour demand for pastoralists, access to pasture, conflict, social networks and peaceful relations.

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Kwilinski, Aleksy, Oleksii Lyulyov, Tetyana Pimonenko, Henryk Dzwigol, Rafis Abazov, and Denys Pudryk. "International Migration Drivers: Economic, Environmental, Social, and Political Effects." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (May 24, 2022): 6413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116413.

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This paper evaluates the recent trends in international migration and different viewpoints (arguments and counterarguments) on global population movement and examines the impacts of the social, economic, ecological, and political determinants of regional and international migration. The paper aims to analyse and compare the causal relationships between international migration, on the one hand, and economic, ecological, and socio-politic dimensions of EU countries’ development, on the other. The authors consider the impact power of the above-mentioned dimensions on the long-term net migration for the potential candidates to access the EU. First, it identifies and justifies the object of research as the EU countries and the potential EU candidates. Second, the article provides a short literature review as the authors highlight that the EU countries had the highest share of all world migrants, according to the report of the U.N. Population Division. Third, it provides the background of materials collection and methods of the study of the analyses of the panel data for 2000–2018 using the FMOLS and DOLS. Fourth, it presents the results of the study having analysed the different concepts and theories, the authors single out the core economic, ecological, and socio-politic determinants of international migration: wages, unemployment rate, income inequality (measured by the Gini coefficient), corruption, and political stability (measured by World Government Indicators), CO2 emissions and material footprint per capita (measured by Sustainable Development Index). The discussion and conclusion section summarizes the findings of the research and evaluates the structural similarities and differences among the EU countries and potential candidates and if these similarities (or differences) cause them to respond similarly to the economic conditions and changes.

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Libanova, Ella. "Labour migration from Ukraine: Key features, drivers and impact." Economics & Sociology 12, no. 1 (March 2019): 313–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2019/12-1/19.

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Shaw, Allison K. "Drivers of animal migration and implications in changing environments." Evolutionary Ecology 30, no. 6 (September 16, 2016): 991–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10682-016-9860-5.

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Lilleør, Helene Bie, and Katleen Van den Broeck. "Economic drivers of migration and climate change in LDCs." Global Environmental Change 21 (December 2011): S70—S81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.09.002.

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Hsiung, An C., W. Alice Boyle, Robert J. Cooper, and Richard B. Chandler. "Altitudinal migration: ecological drivers, knowledge gaps, and conservation implications." Biological Reviews 93, no. 4 (June 6, 2018): 2049–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/brv.12435.

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Schewel, Kerilyn. "Understanding Immobility: Moving Beyond the Mobility Bias in Migration Studies." International Migration Review 54, no. 2 (March 31, 2019): 328–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197918319831952.

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This article suggests that there is a mobility bias in migration research: by focusing on the “drivers” of migration — the forces that lead to the initiation and perpetuation of migration flows — migration theories neglect the countervailing structural and personal forces that restrict or resist these drivers and lead to different immobility outcomes. To advance a research agenda on immobility, it offers a definition of immobility, further develops the aspiration-capability framework as an analytical tool for exploring the determinants of different forms of (im)mobility, synthesizes decades of interdisciplinary research to help explain why people do not migrate or desire to migrate, and considers future directions for further qualitative and quantitative research on immobility.

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Saha, Shatabdi, and Rupak Goswami. "Destinations of Male Outmigration and their Drivers in Indian Sundarbans." Space and Culture, India 8, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 111–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v8i1.601.

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Economic liberalisation has created opportunities for semi-skilled labours within and outside India. This study investigates the male out-migration from the Sundarbans region of India with special reference to the choice of their destinations. Following a mixed-method approach, we collected data through a questionnaire survey, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, key-informant interviews, and Participatory Rural Appraisal. Analyses revealed that migrants tended to travel to diverse inland and even to overseas destinations on a fixed condition, facilitated by pre-existing support networks. The decision on choosing a destination is regulated by several micro-level determinants such as migration chronology, education, and acquired skill, life cycle stage of the migrants, the expected amount of remittance, the reason for migration, and nature of the job at the destination. The destinations abroad are often preceded by migration to inland destinations leading to higher acquired skill and savings. Joint families, having the ability to support international travel and access to support networks, were more prone to reach international destinations.

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Kryvokhyzhyna, Mariia, Nabil Majdi, Anna Oprei, Michael Mutz, and Ute Risse-Buhl. "Response of meiobenthos to migrating ripples in sandy lowland streams." Hydrobiologia 849, no. 8 (March 22, 2022): 1905–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-022-04836-6.

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AbstractStream sediments move at low flow forming migrating ripples. These ripples can cover substantial areas where benthic communities experience erosion-resting cycles of sand grains. Sediment surface and interstitial space is colonized by meiobenthos, an assemblage of microscopic invertebrates. Here we describe how sediment migration influences the structure of the meiobenthic community. We sampled migrating and stationary sediment patches in five streams. Sediments in migrating ripple patches were characterized by coarser grain size and higher oxygen concentration, but less organic matter and chlorophyll than stationary patches. Meiobenthos was more abundant in the superficial layer of stationary sediment compared to the underlying layer, whereas comparable abundances were observed in both layers of migrating patches. This suggests that ripple migration enhances the vertical mixing of interstitial communities. Among the environmental drivers measured, meiobenthos community structure was most related to sediment transport regime: Rotatoria were more abundant in migrating patches, whereas Chironomidae, Ceratopogonidae, Copepoda and Hydrachnidia were more abundant in stationary patches. Body-size structure was affected by sediment migration, with fewer larger organisms in migrating ripples. By modifying the distribution of benthic resources and of meiobenthic consumers, ripple migration likely affects energy flow paths through benthic food webs.

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Temu, Elice, Gasto Frumence, and Nathanael Sirili. "Exodus of Clinicians from Public Sector to Non-Clinical Practice in Private Sector in Dar es Salaam Tanzania; Exploring the Drivers." Tanzania Medical Journal 31, no. 2 (July 23, 2020): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tmj.v31i2.378.

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Background: Globally, shortage of clinicians health workforce is among the major challenges facing the health systems of many countries including Tanzania. Migration of medical doctors from clinical practice to non-clinical practice partly contributes to this challenge. This study aimed to explore factors influencing Medical Doctors’ decision to migrate from clinical practice in the public sector to non-clinical practice in the private sector in Dar es Salaam Tanzania.Methods: An exploratory qualitative study was conducted using 12 in-depth interviews with medical doctors working in the private sector but formerly worked in the public health sector. Interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim and thematically analyzed.Results: Three main themes emerged; health system-level drivers that has three sub-themes, namely poor work environment, heavy workload due to shortage of clinicians and underfunded public health sector; individual-level drivers, which include four sub-themes: Age, area of specialization, marital status and empathy to patients; and external environment drivers consisting of two sub-themes: peer pressure and community culture.Conclusion: Improving the work environment through increased funding will partly address the main health system drivers underlying migration from the clinical practice. Furthermore, nurturing junior doctors to be enthusiastic and adapting to cultural shocks can partly help to address the individual and external drivers. Keywords: Shortage, Medical Doctors, Clinicians, Physicians, migration, health workforce, Tanzania Clinical Practice, Non-Clinical Practice.

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Whittle, Joseph, and Georgios Antonopoulos. "Irregular migration from Eritrea and role of human smuggling." Crimen 13, no. 1 (2022): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/crimen2201014w.

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The years 2014-2019, saw approximately 104.000 Eritreans arriving by boat from North Africa to Italy alone. Thousands of others arrived via Greece, Spain and Turkey into the EU. With an estimated population of 5,34 million people that equates to almost 2% of the entire population of Eritrea arriving in Italy during these five years. Eritreans were among the ethnic groups associated with the so called 'Migrant Crisis' in the Mediterranean, a phenomenon that has been well-documented. Depending on the viewpoint, migration to the EU through the Mediterranean or via Turkey has been described as an 'invasion', portrayed in some sections as Europe being 'under siege', and suggested - as in the case of the former Italian Interior Minister Salvini - as a means for terrorists to infiltrate European borders. Or, simply, as a tragedy with the route becoming known as 'the world's deadliest' for migrants. Without first understanding or acknowledging the drivers of irregular migration, the responses will not be effective. As Eritreans are one of top nationalities undertaking irregular migration to travel to the EU, this article looks at their motivations and the means used by them to migrate illegally. In doing so, it attempts to show what drives the high volume of people migrating and that the link between smugglers and criminality is not as western perceptions and paradigms would indicate.

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Jha, Chandan Kumar, Vijaya Gupta, Utpal Chattopadhyay, and Binilkumar Amarayil Sreeraman. "Migration as adaptation strategy to cope with climate change." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 10, no. 1 (January 8, 2018): 121–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-03-2017-0059.

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Purpose This study aims to evaluate the link between climate/weather change and farmer migration in Bihar, India. The influence of cognitive conditions and climate-related stress on farmer migration decisions and the socioeconomic characteristics of migrating and non-migrating farm households are analysed. The focus is the role of migration in access to climate and agricultural extension services and the contribution of migration to enhanced farmer coping capacity. Design/methodology/approach A primary survey was conducted of farm households in seven districts of Bihar, India. Farmer perceptions of climate change were analysed using the mental map technique. The role of socioeconomic characteristics in farm household migration was evaluated using binary logistic regression, and the influence of migration on access to climate and agricultural extension services and the adaptive capacity of migrating households was investigated using descriptive statistics. Findings Climate-induced livelihood risk factors are one of the major drivers of farmer’s migration. The farmers’ perception on climate change influences migration along with the socioeconomic characteristics. There is a significant difference between migrating and non-migrating farm households in the utilization of instructions, knowledge and technology based climate and agriculture extension services. Benefits from receipt of remittance, knowledge and social networks from the host region enhances migrating households’ adaptive capacity. Originality/value This study provides micro-evidence of the contribution of migration to farmer adaptive capacity and access to climate and agricultural extension services, which will benefit analyses of climate-induced migration in other developing countries with higher agricultural dependence. In addition, valuable insights are delivered on policy requirements to reduce farmer vulnerability to climate change.

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Lapshyna, Iryna, and Franck Düvell. "'We Can Only Dream about Europe': Perceptions of Social Policy as a Driver of Migration Aspirations. The Case of Ukraine." Journal of Social Policy Studies 16, no. 4 (December 23, 2018): 661–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/727-0634-2018-16-4-661-676.

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Iryna Lapshyna – PhD, Senior researcher, South East European Studies (SEESOX), University of Oxford, UK; Associate Professor, Lviv Catholic University, Ukraine. Email: irina.lapshyna@gmail.com Franck Düvell – PhD, Associate Professor, Senior Researcher, Centre on Migration, Policy and Society (COMPAS), University of Oxford, UK. Chair of Migration Department, German Centre for Integration and Migration Research, Berlin. Email: franck.duvell@compas.ox.ac.uk Ukraine is a country of significant emigration, mostly to the EU and Russia. Our 2012 survey (N=2,000) found that 49.3 % of the population covered in four selected areas aimed to live and/or work abroad for some time. Subsequent studies confirm that this has not changed. The first key analytical concept applied to our analysis is that of 'perceptions'; rather than focusing on 'realities' as objective drivers of migration, we examine how individuals perceive realities and thereupon develop their 'aspirations', which is the second key analytical concept. Hence, instead of focussing on the conventional macro-level drivers we aim to understand the micro-level drivers in migration processes. This paper specifically investigates empirically the nexus between individual perceptions of social policy and migration aspirations among Ukrainians. Firstly, we explore how Ukrainians perceive social policies in Ukraine and how they compare these with conditions in Europe. Secondly, we analyse the correlation between these individual perceptions and their migration aspirations. Thirdly, we investigate how people perceive migration, in terms of its consequences, advantages and disadvantages. Fourthly, we describe the subsequent emergence of migration motives and aspirations. Our research finds that dissatisfaction with social policy in the sending country as well as positive perceptions of social policy in the destination countries are important contributors to the emergence of migration aspirations. This largely confirms the often-rejected welfare-magnet-hypothesis of neoclassical economic thinking.

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Hu, Gao, Constanti Stefanescu, Tom H. Oliver, David B. Roy, Tom Brereton, Chris Van Swaay, Don R. Reynolds, and Jason W. Chapman. "Environmental drivers of annual population fluctuations in a trans-Saharan insect migrant." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 26 (June 21, 2021): e2102762118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2102762118.

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Many latitudinal insect migrants including agricultural pests, disease vectors, and beneficial species show huge fluctuations in the year-to-year abundance of spring immigrants reaching temperate zones. It is widely believed that this variation is driven by climatic conditions in the winter-breeding regions, but evidence is lacking. We identified the environmental drivers of the annual population dynamics of a cosmopolitan migrant butterfly (the painted lady Vanessa cardui) using a combination of long-term monitoring and climate and atmospheric data within the western part of its Afro-Palearctic migratory range. Our population models show that a combination of high winter NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) in the Savanna/Sahel of sub-Saharan Africa, high spring NDVI in the Maghreb of North Africa, and frequent favorably directed tailwinds during migration periods are the three most important drivers of the size of the immigration to western Europe, while our atmospheric trajectory simulations demonstrate regular opportunities for wind-borne trans-Saharan movements. The effects of sub-Saharan vegetative productivity and wind conditions confirm that painted lady populations on either side of the Sahara are linked by regular mass migrations, making this the longest annual insect migration circuit so far known. Our results provide a quantification of the environmental drivers of large annual population fluctuations of an insect migrant and hold much promise for predicting invasions of migrant insect pests, disease vectors, and beneficial species.

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Syzdykova, Zhibek, Nikolay Medvedev, Shukran Suleymanova, Elena Nazarova, and Vladimir Volokh. "Governance of Cross-Border Migration in Asia." Space and Culture, India 7, no. 4 (March 29, 2020): 264–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v7i4.568.

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An inter-ethnic migration issue has arisen due to contradictory tendencies. The relevance of the topic lies in the study and analysis of tendencies in terms of the movement of the workforce in Southeast Asia. In several Asian countries where there is a labour surplus, the migration has become one of the largest sources of income. This study examines the basic tendencies of the labour movement in the countries of Southeast Asia. The statistical data as regards the number of labour migrations for 2015–2017 have been analysed; alongside the drivers of labour migration have been identified. The main reasons for the migration are labour productivity, differences in revenues, rapidly growing number of young workers, the ageing population in other countries, reduced transport and communication costs in East and Southeast Asia. All these indicators undoubtedly have made a significant contribution to the development of migration processes. There are signs, which continually demonstrate that dependence on foreign labour has become a specific feature of some of the rich countries in the East and Southeast Asia.

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Gherheș, Vasile, Gabriel-Mugurel Dragomir, and Mariana Cernicova-Buca. "Migration Intentions of Romanian Engineering Students." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 13, 2020): 4846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12124846.

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This paper aims to diagnose Romanian engineering students in relation to their migration intentions, motivations, and destinations, and to predict the magnitude of migration in the polled population. It presents the results of a quantitative study based on a questionnaire survey consistent in terms of number and structure of variables and responses. The online questionnaire was self-administered by 1782 students from the five major technical Romanian universities, which are the main providers of the highly skilled labor force in the area of engineering. Regression analysis was carried out to correlate the drivers of migration and the potential for real migration. According to the results, Romanian students from technical universities are inclined to migrate in a significant proportion; the economic factor being the main migration driver. The predictive model built on the logistical regression and the collected data accounts only partially for the variations of the variable decision to migrate, so further research is needed. The analysis of the students’ mindset can prove useful to understand the future interactions between the new graduates and the labor market, to develop regional and national policies regarding human capital, and to root development plans towards sustainable economic growth in solid databases concerning the engineering profession.

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Schon, Justin, and Jeffrey C. Johnson. "How inter-state amity and animosity complement migration networks to drive refugee flows: A multi-layer network analysis, 1991–2016." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 27, 2021): e0245712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245712.

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What drives the formation and evolution of the global refugee flow network over time? Refugee flows in particular are widely explained as the result of pursuits for physical security, with recent research adding geopolitical considerations for why states accept refugees. We refine these arguments and classify them into explanations of people following existing migration networks and networks of inter-state amity and animosity. We also observe that structural network interdependencies may bias models of migration flows generally and refugee flows specifically. To account for these dependencies, we use a dyadic hypothesis testing method—Multiple Regression- Quadratic Assignment Procedure (MR-QAP). We estimate MR-QAP models for each year during the 1991–2016 time period. K-means clustering analysis with visualization supported by multi-dimensional scaling allows us to identify categories of variables and years. We find support for the categorization of drivers of refugee flows into migration networks and inter-state amity and animosity. This includes key nuance that, while contiguity has maintained a positive influence on refugee flows, the magnitude of that influence has declined over time. Strategic rivalry also has a positive influence on refugee flows via dyad-level correlations and its effect on the structure of the global refugee flow network. In addition, we find clear support for the global refugee flow network shifting after the Arab Spring in 2011, and drivers of refugee flows shifting after 2012. Our findings contribute to the study of refugee flows, international migration, alliance and rivalry relationships, and the application of social network analysis to international relations.

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Venu, B. N., K. B. Umesh, B. V. Chinnappa Redy, and T. M. Gajanana. "Pattern and Drivers of Agricultural Labour Migration in Karnataka, India." Indian Journal of Economics and Development 12, no. 3 (2016): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2016.00174.8.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Drivers of migration'

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