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Journal articles on the topic 'Driver performance'
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Desmond, Paula A., Peter A. Hancock, and Janelle L. Monette. "Fatigue and Automation-Induced Impairments in Simulated Driving Performance." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1628, no. 1 (January 1998): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1628-02.
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A driving simulator study investigated the effect of automation of the driving task on performance under fatiguing driving conditions. In the study, drivers performed both a manual drive, in which they had full control over the driving task, and an automated drive, in which the vehicle was controlled by an automated driving system. During both drives, three perturbing events occurred at early, intermediate, and late phases in the drives: in the automated drive, a failure in automation caused the vehicle to drift toward the edge of the road; in the manual drive, wind gusts resulted in the vehicle drifting in the same direction and magnitude as the “drifts” in the automated drive. Following automation failure, drivers were forced to control the vehicle manually until the system became operational again. Drivers’ lateral control of the vehicle was assessed during three phases of manual control in both drives. The results indicate that performance recovery was better when drivers had full manual control of the vehicle throughout the drive, rather than when drivers were forced to drive manually following automation failure. Drivers also experienced increased tiredness, and physical and perceptual fatigue symptoms following both drives. The findings have important implications for the design of intelligent transportation systems. Systems that reduce the driver’s perceptions of task demands of driving are likely to undermobilize effort in fatigued drivers. Thus, the results strongly support the contention that human-centered transportation strategies, in which the driver is involved in the driving task, are superior to total automation.
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Saldanha, John P., C. Shane Hunt, and John E. Mello. "Driver Management That Drives Carrier Performance." Journal of Business Logistics 34, no. 1 (March 2013): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jbl.12007.
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Zhou, Min, and Richard W. Lyles. "Self-Selection Bias in Driver Performance Studies." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1573, no. 1 (January 1997): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1573-14.
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It is generally understood that there is some bias involved in selection of participants for driver performance studies, but little is known about the extent of this problem. To execute a National Cooperative Highway Research Program project on the effectiveness of traffic control devices, a sample of younger and older drivers was required. The purpose was to gain insight into the bias introduced through participant selection and self-selection. Of interest is whether the drivers who participate in projects for which driving or other testing is required tend to be different than the general population of licensed drivers. Results indicate that, compared with nonparticipants, participants are more active, more likely to travel and drive, less likely to avoid driving in certain circumstances, and less likely to have vision problems. The implication is that project participants represent more highly mobile and confident drivers than would be found in a random sample of the general population. However, project participants also had higher percentages of total accidents and violation points and were involved in more severe accidents than nonparticipants. These problems may be somewhat mitigated, though, by higher driving exposure for participant drivers. Such self-selection bias needs to be considered whenever research like this is undertaken.
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Yang, Shiyan, Jonny Kuo, and Michael G. Lenné. "Analysis of Gaze Behavior to Measure Cognitive Distraction in Real-World Driving." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (September 2018): 1944–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621441.
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Cognitive distraction can impair drivers’ situation awareness and control performance in driving. An on-road study was conducted to examine the efficacy in the detection of driver cognitive distraction based on the driver monitoring system developed by Seeing Machines. Participants completed a 25-km test drive on the local public roads whilst engaging in a series of secondary tasks that were designed to trigger different types of cognitive distraction, such as conversation, comprehension, N-back, and route-planning tasks. The findings showed that percent road center (PRC), one of the promising gaze metrics, increased significantly with cognitive distraction when compared to baseline, but failed to distinguish between different forms of cognitive distraction Moreover, PRC’s sensitivity to cognitive distraction was found to be affected by the chosen radius of road center area. These findings of driver cognitive distraction measurement provide data-driven suggestions for the development of real-time driver monitoring systems in the wild.
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Tuplin, S., M. C. Best, and M. A. Passmore. "Improvement of perceived vehicle performance through adaptive electronic throttle control." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 217, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095440700321700203.
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With the advent of production electronic throttle control there is scope for increased customer satisfaction through the optimization of the throttle pedal demand map to individual drivers. The aim of this study is to develop algorithms to identify, from variables measured in real time on a test vehicle, the requirement for and the direction of adaptation of throttle pedal progression. An on-line appraisal procedure has been developed to identify the individual ‘ideal’ progression (IIP) for any driver. During the appraisal the subject is exposed to a series of pedal progressions, and their verbal response to each change is used to converge to their optimal setting. Vehicle data acquired on these appraisal drives have been regressed against IIP in a full factorial study, and the most statistically significant driver model established. A preliminary implementation of the model is used to demonstrate that throttle progression adapts appropriately towards IIP, thereby matching vehicle performance feel to driver expectations.
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Fambro, Daniel B., Rodger J. Koppa, Dale L. Picha, and Kay Fitzpatrick. "Driver Braking Performance in Stopping Sight Distance Situations." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1701, no. 1 (January 2000): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1701-02.
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Assumed driver braking performance in emergency situations is not consistent in the published literature. A 1955 study stated that in an emergency situation “it is suspected that drivers apply their brakes as hard as possible.” This idea differs from a 1984 report that states drivers will “modulate”their braking to maintain directional control. Thus, additional information is needed about driver braking performance when an unexpected object is in the roadway. In this research driver braking distances and decelerations to both unexpected and anticipated stops were measured. The study design allowed for differences in vehicle handling and driver capabilities associated with antilock braking systems (ABS), wet and dry pavement conditions, and the effects of roadway geometry. Vehicle speeds, braking distances, and deceleration profiles were determined for each braking maneuver. The research results show that ABS result in shorter braking distances by as much as 30 m at 90 km/h. These differences were most noticeable on wet pavements where ABS resulted in better control and shorter braking distances. Braking distances on horizontal curves were slightly longer than on tangent sections; however, they were not large enough to be of practical significance. Maximum deceleration during braking is independent of initial velocity, at least in the range of speeds tested. Differences were noted in individual driver performance in terms of maximum deceleration. Although maximum deceleration was equal to the pavement’s coefficient of friction for some drivers, the average maximum deceleration was about 75 percent of that level. Overall, drivers generated maximum decelerations from 6.9 to 9.1 m/s2. The equivalent constant deceleration also varied among drivers. Based on the 90-km/h data, 90 percent of all drivers without ABS chose equivalent constant decelerations of at least 3.4 m/s2 under wet conditions, and 90 percent of all drivers with ABS chose equivalent constant deceleration of at least 4.7 m/s2 on dry pavements.
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Sabourin, Vincent. "Strategy execution: five drivers of performance." Journal of Strategy and Management 8, no. 2 (May 18, 2015): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsma-06-2014-0048.
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Purpose – What are the strategies of managers to implement their strategy? What are the strategies to execute organizational objectives? The purpose of this paper is to approach what the authors call the drivers of performance that is the driving forces which impact the performance of a manager in executing his/her objectives. What are the strategies, which you as a manager have to have in order to execute your objectives and to obtain better results with your respective department? The authors discuss the five drivers of performance, that of rules, emotions, initiatives, immediate action and integrity. The research findings are presented with a discussion on the usefulness of the drivers. Design/methodology/approach – A survey questionnaire was administered to a population of 484, with a study sample of 180 managers to better understand the underlying drivers of performance in strategy execution. The authors used primarily components analysis to examine the relationship between drivers of performance identified in previous research. Findings – The study found four drivers the performance and management practices of managers. The following driver were found; driver of emotions, (getting a commitment for your objectives), the dimension of taking initiatives (translating the objectives into concrete projects/empowerment), the driver of rules (clarifying and aligning the objectives) and driver of immediate action (taking valued added action and facing emergencies in the execution). Research limitations/implications – The paper found that the fundamental of strategic management such as management leadership in performance and strategy execution could be organized according to four drivers. Additional work will be necessary to generalize the findings to other type of management programs which are related to performance effectiveness. Originality/value – The study sought to contribute a new management direction by identifying four drivers gathering the strategic platforms that managers could employ to organize their performance and strategy execution.
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Gildfind, David E., Chris M. James, Pierpaolo Toniato, and Richard G. Morgan. "Performance considerations for expansion tube operation with a shock-heated secondary driver." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 777 (July 20, 2015): 364–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2015.349.
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A shock-heated secondary driver is a modification typically applied to an expansion tube which involves placing a volume of helium between the primary diaphragm and the test gas. This modification is normally used to either increase the driven shock strength through the test gas for high-enthalpy conditions, or to prevent transmission of primary driver flow disturbances to the test gas for low-enthalpy conditions. In comparison to the basic expansion tube, a secondary driver provides an additional configuration parameter, adds mechanical and operational complexity, and its effect on downstream flow processes is not trivial. This paper reports on a study examining operation of a shock-heated secondary driver across the entire operating envelope of a free-piston-driven expansion tube, using air as the test gas. For high-enthalpy conditions it is confirmed that the secondary driver can provide a performance increase, and it is further shown how this device can be used to fine tune the flow condition even when the free-piston driver configuration is held constant. For low-enthalpy flow conditions, wave processes through the driven tube are too closely coupled, and the secondary driver no longer significantly influences the magnitude of the final test gas flow properties. It is found that these secondary driver operating characteristics depend principally on the initial density ratio between the secondary driver helium gas and the downstream test gas.
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El Falahi, K., B. Allard, D. Tournier, and D. Bergogne. "Performance of commercial SOI driver in harsh conditions (up to 200°C)." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2010, HITEC (January 1, 2010): 000054–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/hitec-kelfalahi-ta23.
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Power electronics based on wide band gap materials, such as silicon carbide (SiC) or gallium nitride (GaN), are nowadays capable of operation at increased ambient temperatures. High Temperature Intelligent Power Modules are unfortunately not available due to a lack of integrated driver able to withstand either harsh environment or enhanced junction temperature due to reduction in the cooling system. The most appropriated technology for such a driver seems to be Silicon on Insulator (SOI). The maximum operating temperature of commercial SOI devices with conventional packaging is usually 150°C up to 175°C as specified by manufacturers. In this paper, we actually try to observe the performance and de-ratings of these SOI circuits at temperatures above 175°C. Experimental characterization of commercial SOI MOSFET drivers from room temperature to 200°C and beyond is presented. Parameters such as output current amplitude, delay time, rise time and fall time of the output waveforms of the drivers are monitored. The test results will be discussed, and will help produce the specifications of an integrated SOI-based core-driver with the necessary functionalities to drive an inverter up to 220°C ambient temperature.
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Anuar, Nur Khairiel, Rohafiz Sabar, Romano Pagliari, and Richard Moxon. "THE IMPACT OF AIRPORT ROAD WAYFINDING ONSENIOR DRIVER BEHAVIOUR." Journal of Technology and Operations Management 12, Number 2 (December 28, 2017): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/jtom2017.12.2.8.
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The purpose of this study was to measure the impacts of airport road access design and wayfinding systems on senior driver performances. A car driving simulator was used to model scenarios of differing wayfinding complexity and road design. Three scenario types were designed consisting of 3.8 miles of airport road (i.e. approximately 4 minutes driving to complete each scenario). Experienced car drivers were asked to drive simulated routes. Forty drivers in the age ranges: 50 to 54, 55 to 59 and those aged over 60 were selected to perform the study. Participants drove for approximately 20 minutes to complete the simulated driving. The driver performance was compared between age groups. Results were analysed by Mean, Standard Deviation and ANOVA Test, and discussed with reference to the use of the driving simulator. The ANOVA results showed that in comparison of senior drivers’ age group, there is a low impact between driving behaviour and road safety on airport road access wayfinding design.
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Kaisari, Nafisa Khalid, Muamer Abuzwidah, Ahmed Elawady, and Waleed Zeiada. "Adverse weather impact on driver performance in the UAE." E3S Web of Conferences 347 (2022): 01020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202234701020.
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Road traffic accident is a significant cause of death around the world. Many factors cause accidents, such as demographic factors, humane factors, road design factors, and weather factors. This paper will investigate the adverse weather impact on driver performance by analyzing the impact of weather conditions on drivers' behaviors. Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA test, correlation analysis, and Artificial Neural Network. The data was collected using a questionnaire for the people live in the United Arab Emirates. The survey includes two parts; the first part is about driver characteristics (Gender, Age, Nationality, Marital status, Education level, Monthly income, and Driver experience). The second part contains three questions related to the reaction and attitude of drivers due to bad weather conditions. The results showed that 45% of drivers involved in accidents during bad weather conditions although the majority (more than 75%) of them reduced the speed during the bad weather conditions. Overall, more research is needed to be done to evaluate the dust impact on driver performance as well as using real traffic accident data and compare it with this study to reach a solid conclusion and recommend the best solutions to improve traffic safety.
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Hurwitz, Joshua B., and David J. Wheatley. "Using Driver Performance Measures to Estimate Workload." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 22 (September 2002): 1804–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204602206.
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This study evaluated the impact of the modality of distractor tasks and the difficulty of the driving task on driver control over a vehicle. Driving is a task with a close link between visual information processing and driver performance variables such as lane keeping. Consequently, compared to auditory distractors, visual distractors should have a larger negative effect on vehicle control, but mainly when the driving task also adds significant workload for the driver. In this study, drivers drove around either a curvy or a straight track while occasionally performing either an auditory or a visual secondary monitoring task. Performance of the secondary task was associated with deterioration in steering wheel control and lane keeping, but only on the curvy track and mainly when the secondary task required visual monitoring. These results are discussed in terms of their implication for developing workload managers in in-vehicle driver support systems.
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Greenlee, Eric T., Patricia R. DeLucia, and David C. Newton. "Driver Vigilance in Automated Vehicles: Effects of Demands on Hazard Detection Performance." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 61, no. 3 (October 11, 2018): 474–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720818802095.
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Objective: The current study investigated driver vigilance in partially automated vehicles to determine whether increased task demands reduce a driver’s ability to monitor for automation failures and whether the vigilance decrement associated with hazard detections is due to driver overload. Background: Drivers of partially automated vehicles are expected to monitor for signs of automation failure. Previous research has shown that a driver’s ability to perform this duty declines over time. One possible explanation for this vigilance decrement is that the extreme demands of vigilance causes overload and leads to depletion of limited attentional resources required for vigilance. Method: Participants completed a 40-min drive in a simulated partially automated vehicle and were tasked with monitoring for hazards that represented potential automation failures. Two factors were manipulated to test the impact of monitoring demands on performance: Spatial uncertainty and event rate. Results: As predicted, hazard detection performance was poorer when monitoring demands were increased, and performance declined as a function of time on task. Subjective reports also indicated high workload and task-induced stress. Conclusion: Drivers of partially automated vehicles are impaired by the vigilance decrement and elevated task demands, meaning that safe operation becomes less likely when the demands associated with monitoring automation increase and as a drive extends in duration. This study also supports the notion that vigilance performance in partially automated vehicles is likely due to driver overload. Application: Developers of automation technologies should consider countermeasures that attenuate a driver’s cognitive load when tasked with monitoring automation.
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IWASAKI, Haruma, Mitsuhiro KAMEZAKI, Takaaki EMA, and Shigeki SUGANO. "Driver Workload Estimation Using Driver Physiological-Performance-Subjective Reaction." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2022 (2022): 1A1—H09. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2022.1a1-h09.
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Theresia Br. Pasaribu, Novie, Ratnadewi ., Agus Prijono, Roy Pramono Adhie, Winda Halim, and Rainisa Maini Heryanto. "Performance Male and Female Drivers in Drowsiness System Based on Psychomotor Vigilance Task Test." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.13 (April 15, 2018): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.13.16937.
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Driving on the highway that takes a long time and monotonous often causes the motorist or motorcycle to feel fatigue. Fatigue can be divided into two: physical or motoric fatigue and psychological or mental fatigue. As a result of this fatigue the driver may feel drowsiness, loss of concentration that endangers the safety of the driver. Some literature distinguishes gender in ability or driving skills. This paper observed and measured gender differences in driving. Measurements using Psychomotor Vigilance Task to measure mental fatigue before and after the driver were given an Arithmetic Stress Test. The data obtained on experimental drivers of male and female will then be processed using statistical tests to find out whether the psychomotor vigilance task of female and male drivers have same performance or not. Statistical tests were performed using Paired Sample T-Test. We have 17 drivers with 13 men and 4 women, each taken 5 session obtained that the T-test value of session 1 to session 5 have the same result that is the performance male and female drivers has the same performance in fatigue, but the number of male driver collisions smaller than the number of female driver collisions.
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Li, San Bo. "The Application and the Driver Design of Double Axis Step-Drive Electromotor in the Motorcycle Meter." Advanced Materials Research 201-203 (February 2011): 594–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.201-203.594.
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The traditional motorcycle meters are driven by the separate motors, these devices are simple and easy to be controlled, stable performance, but dial space has not been fully utilized. This paper introduces the double index show of motorcycle speed and speed，focus on analysis of dual-axis stepper motor driven connections, drive mode and the driver circuit design. The results of experiment and application shows that the coaxial two-pointer motorcycle display instrument has good repeatability, good linear scale, fast response, no jitter, high reliability and relatively small size and many other advantages, instrumentation stepper motor driver with dual-axis motor instrument design meet the relevant requirements of motorcycle meter, can be easily to achieve motor servo system driven synchronous control of double axis step-drive electromotor.
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bin Abu Hassan, Mohd Arif, Abdul Rahim bin Abdullah, Nurhazilina bt Bahari, and Muhammad Ihsan Mohd Sabri. "Performance Analysis of Brushless DC Motor Drive for Air Conditioner." Applied Mechanics and Materials 785 (August 2015): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.785.243.
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This paper presents an efficiency comparison and verification of two types of Brushless DC (BLDC) motors and drives combination. The trapezoidal BLDC motor is excited by trapezoidal drive and sinusoidal BLDC motor is excited by sinusoidal drive. In air conditioner fan motor system, the sinusoidal type of BLDC motor with sinusoidal drive is applied. However, the DC link voltage of the motor is high and thus demands for high power consumption. Furthermore, the sinusoidal drive use vector control which is complicated to be implemented and make the driver high cost. Therefore, further improvement in energy consumption and drive system is required by develop combination of trapezoidal BLDC motor with trapezoidal drive. Thus, these two combination motors and drives required for efficiency comparison. The motors drives are simulated by using MATLAB and then their efficiencies are measured. At the end of this paper, the results show that the trapezoidal BLDC motor with trapezoidal drive offers higher efficiency compared to sinusoidal BLDC motor with vector control drive. It indicates that the developed drive system is considerable to be applied in the air conditioner fan motor system.
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Ummu Chultzum, Sabrina. "Pengaruh Disiplin Kerja, Stres Kerja dan Motivasi Terhadap Kinerja Driver Studi Kasus Pada CV Kurir-Kuriran di Samarinda." Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi 4, no. 1 (January 18, 2023): 56–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/jist.v4i1.570.
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This research is against the backdrop of researchers' anxiety about the company's productivity that tends to decline. According to the results of studies from several research studies that employee performance is influenced by various factors. Not only work discipline, work stress can also affect the performance of an individual. On the other hand, employee productivity is also influenced by the level of motivation and stress power possessed by each employee. Therefore, this study will examine the influence of work discipline, work stress and motivation on driver performance. This study aims to determine the influence of work discipline, work stress and motivation on driver performance in the Samarinda Courier-Kuriran CV. This research uses a quantifiable approach method. The sample used was 80 drivers. Data collection techniques by distributing questionnaires. The data analysis techniques tested are validity test, reliability, classical assumption test, multiple regression analysis, T test hypothesis test, F test, and coefficient of determination. The results showed that partially work discipline did not have a significant effect on driver performance. Work stress has no significant effect on driver performance. Motivation has a significant effect on driver performance. Simultaneously work discipline, work stress and motivation have a significant effect on driver performance. Thus the researcher recommended to CV Kurir-Kurian to improve the system of work procedures by developing the order system into an application, providing facilities that can reduce the burden on drivers and further increase driver motivation by providing bonuses.
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Park, George D., R. Wade Allen, Theodore J. Rosenthal, and Dary Fiorentino. "Training Effectiveness: How Does Driving Simulator Fidelity Influence Driver Performance?" Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 25 (September 2005): 2201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504902518.
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Driver performance effects were compared between two configuration types: 1) a low-cost, three-monitor, 135 degree field-of-view (FOV), PC desktop with PC gaming steering wheel controls and 2) a medium-cost, fixed-based, projected image, 135 degree FOV, instrumented vehicle cab. The experiment was part of a larger novice driver training experiment with teenage drivers who had yet to receive their license to drive (Allen, Park, et al. 2003). Participants drove a minimum of six training trial runs on either the three-monitor configuration (N = 180) or the vehicle cab configuration (N = 143). A 2 times 6 (configuration type x training trial runs) analysis of variance was performed for a variety of performance measures as well as a one-way analysis of variance to assess the graduation rates between the two configurations. Significant differences were found for certain performance measures suggesting that handling behaviors (i.e. braking and steering) were largely affected by the difference in controls while lane position, vehicle speed, time-to-collision, and simulator sickness ratings were largely affected by the difference in graphical display. However, non-significant differences in certain performance measures (e.g. total accidents and graduation rates) suggested that the three-monitor configuration may be as useful of a tool for driver training, assessment, and research as a higher fidelity vehicle cab.
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Carlucci, Daniela, and Giovanni Schiuma. "Organizational Climate as Performance Driver." Journal of Health Management 16, no. 4 (November 26, 2014): 583–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972063414548561.
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Recently health care (HC) organizations have increasingly embarked on organizational climate (OC) assessment with the intent to improve their efficiency and the quality of the delivered services. This is important; however, it is even if more crucial to ensure that workers engaged in the evaluation process are aware of the importance of their fruitful engagement in this investigation as well as of its potential benefits. From the management viewpoint, this is crucial to plan and implement management initiatives able to create a great place to work. The purpose of this paper is to shed empirical light on how, in effect, HC workers perceive OC for itself and as a performance driver to assess and manage. The study was carried out through an action research (AR) project, which included the use of both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Key phases of the AR project were some focus groups and a survey. During the focus groups, several methods and approaches were adopted for getting opinions from people and animating discussion. About the survey, a total sample of 560 HC workers was investigated. The AR project has shown that even if HC workers intuitively conceive OC as an important performance driver, the meaning of the construct is not completely clear. Moreover, a good level of awareness among HC workers about how and why OC can improve individual and organizational performance represents a key issue to address in evaluating and managing OC.
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Hickey, Anthea R., and Michael D. Collins. "Disinhibition and train driver performance." Safety Science 95 (June 2017): 104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2017.02.016.
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Barr, Lawrence C., C. Y. David Yang, Richard J. Hanowski, and Rebecca Olson. "Assessment of Driver Fatigue, Distraction, and Performance in a Naturalistic Setting." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1937, no. 1 (January 2005): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193700108.
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The results of a study to characterize episodes of driver fatigue and drowsiness and to assess the impact of driver fatigue on driving performance are documented. This data-mining effort performed additional analyses on data collected in an earlier study by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration of the effects of fatigue on drivers in local and short-haul operations. The primary objectives of the study were to investigate fatigue as a naturally occurring phenomenon by identifying and characterizing episodes of drowsiness during all periods of driving and to determine the operational or driving environment factors associated with drowsy driving. A total of 2,745 drowsy events were identified in approximately 900 total hours of naturalistic driving video data. Higher levels of fatigue were associated with younger and less experienced drivers. In addition, a strong and consistent relationship was found between drowsiness and time of day. Drowsiness was twice as likely to occur between 6:00 a.m. and 9:00 a.m., and approximately 30% of all observed incidences of drowsiness occurred within the first hour of the work shift. Insights about the relationship between driver fatigue and driver distraction and inattention are provided. This study presents an analytical framework for quantitatively assessing driver fatigue and drowsiness as a function of driver characteristics and the driving environment. It is hoped that the results will help to identify effective countermeasures for drowsy driving that will reduce the number of commercial-vehicle-related fatalities and injuries.
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Zahabi, Maryam, Patricia Machado, Mei Lau, Yulin Deng, Carl Pankok, Joseph Hummer, William Rasdorf, and David Kaber. "Effect of Driver Age and Distance Guide Sign Format on Driver Attention Allocation and Performance." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (September 2018): 1903–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621432.
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Although several studies have assessed the effect of business logo sign format on driver visual attention and performance, some concern has been expressed that findings may not be generalizable to other signage configurations. We conducted a driving simulation study to assess the effect of distance guide sign format on visual attention allocation, target detection accuracy, and driving performance considering driver demographics. Results revealed distance guide sign format, including random or distance-ordered presentation of destinations, to have no impact on driver visual attention, target identification, and vehicle control. However, elderly drivers had difficulty in identifying targets when destinations were presented in random order. In addition, elderly drivers exhibited conservative responses (i.e., reduced off-road visual attention and greater speed reductions) as compared to other age groups when exposed to distance guide signs. Findings support design guidance for on-road signage to account for driver demographics.
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Flannery, Aimee, and Tapan Datta. "Operational Performance Measures of American Roundabouts." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1572, no. 1 (January 1997): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1572-09.
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The introduction of a new form of at-grade intersection control in the United States, termed a roundabout, has left many researchers and practitioners puzzled about their performance level. Many researchers and practitioners have looked to foreign design and operational manuals for guidance. Although the methods contained in these manuals have been implemented in their respective countries, no one is certain how they will transfer to conditions in the United States. Considering that driver characteristics are a major contributor to operational performance, these methods may not accurately depict the performance level of roundabouts with American drivers. Driver characteristics, in relation to operational performance, of four single-lane roundabouts located in the United States are described. The same driver characteristics are compared with findings in Australia under similar conditions; in addition, the probability density function for gap acceptance is derived. American drivers do not always react the same as Australian drivers under similar conditions. However, use of the Australian methods is, in most cases, more conservative and therefore should not overpredict the capacity and performance of roundabouts in the United States. The probability density function for gap acceptance at roundabouts was similar in shape and slope to that of two-way stop control. However, comparison of the gap-acceptance values of right-turning vehicles at two-way stop control with those at a roundabout indicates that drivers at roundabouts accept smaller gaps in the traffic stream on entry. This leads to the conclusion that roundabouts should perform better than two-way or all-way stop-controlled intersections under most conditions. The question remains: When do roundabouts function better than traffic signals?
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Song, Woojin, Fu L. Woon, Alice Doong, Carol Persad, Louis Tijerina, Pooja Pandit, Carol Cline, and Bruno Giordani. "Fatigue in Younger and Older Drivers: Effectiveness of an Alertness-Maintaining Task." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 59, no. 6 (May 16, 2017): 995–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720817706811.
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Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of an alertness-maintaining task (AMT) in older, fatigued drivers. Background: Fatigue during driving increases crash risk, and previous research suggests that alertness and driving in younger adults may be improved using a secondary AMT during boring, fatigue-eliciting drives. However, the potential impact of an AMT on driving has not been investigated in older drivers whose ability to complete dual tasks has been shown to decline and therefore may be negatively affected with an AMT in driving. Method: Younger ( n = 29) and older drivers ( n = 39) participated in a 50-minute simulated drive designed to induce fatigue, followed by four 10-minute sessions alternating between driving with and without an AMT. Results: Younger drivers were significantly more affected by fatigue on driving performance than were older drivers but benefitted significantly from the AMT. Older drivers did not demonstrate increased driver errors with fatigue, and driving did not deteriorate significantly during participation in the AMT condition, although their speed was significantly more variable with the AMT. Conclusion: Consistent with earlier research, an AMT applied during fatiguing driving is effective in improving alertness and reducing driving errors in younger drivers. Importantly, older drivers were relatively unaffected by fatigue, and use of an AMT did not detrimentally affect their driving performance. Application: These results support the potential use of an AMT as a new automotive technology to improve fatigue and promote driver safety, though the benefits of such technology may differ between different age groups.
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Krasnova, Oleksandra, Brett Molesworth, and Ann Williamson. "Understanding the Effect of Feedback on Young Drivers’ Speeding Behavior." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (September 2016): 1986–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601452.
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The aim of the present study was to empirically investigate the effect of various types of feedback on young novice drivers’ speed management behavior. One hundred young drivers, randomly allocated to five groups, completed three test drives using a computer-based driving simulator. For four groups, feedback was provided after an 11km drive and focused on speeding behavior, the safety implications of speeding or the financial penalties if caught speeding or all three. The fifth group was a no-feedback control. Driver speed management performance was examined in two 11km drives immediately following the receipt of feedback and one week post feedback. The results showed that all types of Feedback were effective in improving young drivers’ speed management behavior compared to the control group. Providing feedback about financial implications of speeding was found to be the best in improving young drivers’ speed management behavior across all tested conditions. These findings have important implications for the development of a new approach to improve young drivers’ speed management behavior.
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Hayes, Brian C., Ko Kurokawa, and Walter W. Wierwille. "Age-Related Decrements in Automobile Instrument Panel Task Performance." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 33, no. 3 (October 1989): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128903300302.
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This research was undertaken, in part, to determine the magnitudes of performance decrements associated with automotive instrument panel tasks as a function of driver age. Driver eye scanning and dwell time measures and task completion measures were collected while 24 drivers aged 18 to 72 performed a variety of instrument panel tasks as each drove an instrumented vehicle along preselected routes. The results indicated a monotonically increasing relationship between driver age and task completion time and the number of glances to the instrument panel. Mean glance dwell times, either to the roadway or the instrument, were not significantly different among the various age groups. The nature of these differences for the various task categories used in the present study was examined.
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Prendergast, J. Micah, Alexander C. Perry, Vikas V. Patel, Emily M. Lindley, and Mark E. Rentschler. "Positioning Performance of Power and Manual Drivers in Posterior Spinal Fusion Procedures." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7262841.
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This work presents an analysis and comparison of the efficacy of two methods for pedicle screw placement during posterior spinal fusion surgery. A total of 100 screws (64 manual and 36 power driven), all placed utilizing a surgical navigation system, were analyzed and compared. Final screw placement was compared to initial surgical plans using the navigation system, and the final screw locations were analyzed on the basis of angular deviation from these planned trajectories as well as screw translation within a critical reference plane. The power driver was found to insignificantly decrease the resulting angular deviation of these pedicle screws with a mean deviation of 3.35 degrees compared to 3.44 degrees with the manual driver (p=0.853). Conversely, the power driver was found to increase the translational distance in the critical region, with mean deviations of 2.45 mm for the power driver compared to 1.54 mm with the manual driver. The increase in translational deviation was significant (p=0.002) indicating that there may be some loss in performance from the adoption of the power driver.
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Lee, Jieun, Genya Abe, Kenji Sato, and Makoto Itoh. "Effects of Demographic Characteristics on Trust in Driving Automation." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 32, no. 3 (June 20, 2020): 605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2020.p0605.
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With the successful introduction of advanced driver assistance systems, vehicles with driving automation technologies have begun to be released onto the market. Because the role of human drivers during automated driving may be different from the role of drivers with assistance systems, it is important to determine how general users consider such new technologies. The current study has attempted to consider driver trust, which plays a critical role in forming users’ technology acceptance. In a driving simulator experiment, the demographic information of 56 drivers (50% female, 64% student, and 53% daily driver) was analyzed with respect to Lee and Moray’s three dimensions of trust: purpose, process, and performance. The statistical results revealed that female drivers were more likely to rate higher levels of trust than males, and non-student drivers exhibited higher levels of trust than student drivers. However, no driving frequency-related difference was observed. The driver ratings of each trust dimension were neutral to moderate, but purpose-related trust was lower than process- and performance-related trust. Additionally, student drivers exhibited a tendency to distrust automation compared to non-student drivers. The findings present a potential perspective of driver acceptability of current automated vehicles.
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Feng, Yuxiang, Pejman Iravani, and Chris Brace. "A Fuzzy Logic-Based Approach for Humanized Driver Modelling." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (June 22, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4413505.
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All human drivers can be characterised by their habitual choice of driving behaviours, which results in a wide range of observed driving patterns and manoeuvres. Developing control strategies for autonomous vehicles that address this feature would increase the public acceptance of such vehicles. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel approach to developing rule-based fuzzy logic driver models that simulate different driving styles in the car-following regimes. These driver models were trained with the collected on-road driving data to capture corresponding human drivers’ characteristics. The proposed approach consists of three main components: collecting on-road driving data, developing a vehicle model, and establishing the car-following driver models. Firstly, an instrumented vehicle was used to collect driving data over the same route for three consecutive months. Car-following scenarios during these journeys were extracted, and related data were processed accordingly. Afterwards, a representative model of the instrumented vehicle was created and evaluated. Finally, a fuzzy logic driver model that uses humanized inputs was developed and calibrated with the recorded data. The developed driver model’s performance was assessed using the collected driving data and a baseline PID driver model. With the performance validated, models representing more aggressive and more defensive driving styles were derived following the same procedure. A cross-driver analysis was then implemented in a normalized car-following scenario with the established vehicle model to investigate the impacts of different driving styles further. The developed driver model can introduce driving styles into drive cycle experiments and replicate on-road real driving emission tests in the laboratory. Moreover, as the proposed method has high robustness to incomplete datasets, it can be a more cost-effective option to facilitate the development of humanized and customized vehicle control strategies for autonomous driving.
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Melton, Kerry, and Sandeep Parepally. "Domiciling Truck Drivers More Strategically in a Transportation Network." International Journal of Applied Industrial Engineering 2, no. 1 (January 2014): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaie.2014010103.
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The authors propose a method to better domicile truck drivers in a relay-point highway transportation network to obtain better solutions for the truck driver domiciling and sourcing problem. The authors exploit characteristics of the truckload driver routing problem over a transportation network and introduce a new approach to domicile, source, and route truck drivers while more inclusively considering performance and cost measures related to the driver, transportation carrier, and customer. Driver domicile and relay-point locations are exploited to balance driver pay and recruiting costs and driving time. A mixed integer quadratic program will determine where driver domiciles are located to base drivers, source drivers, route drivers, etc. while considering key costs related to transporting truckload freight over long distances. A method to improve driver domicile locations is introduced to enhance driving jobs and driver sourcing, but not at the expense of the transportation carrier and customer. A numerical experiment will be conducted.
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Woods-Fry, Heather, Swanti Deut, Charles A. Collin, Sylvain Gagnon, Jocelyn Faubert, Michel Bédard, and Shawn Marshall. "Three-Dimensional Multiple Object Tracking Speed Thresholds are Associated with Measures of Simulated Driving Performance in Older Drivers." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601505.
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We assessed the relationship between three-dimensional multiple-object-tracking (3D-MOT) ability and older driver simulated driving performance. Participants included 30 older drivers from the local community who completed two experimental driving scenarios, as well as a three-dimensional multiple object tracking task, called the 3D-MOT task. The speed thresholds on the 3D-MOT task were strongly negatively associated with lane deviation and crash rates during a simulated highway drive. Our findings help to expand the existing knowledge regarding multiple object tracking and driving, as it is commonly assumed that some aspects of driving include the ability to track the movement of many objects. Our findings further elucidate the relationship that motion processing has with driving performance in the older driver population.
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Tanvir, Shams, H. Christopher Frey, and Nagui M. Rouphail. "Effect of Light Duty Vehicle Performance on a Driving Style Metric." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 25 (September 7, 2018): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118796070.
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Eco-driving involves alterations to driving style to improve energy efficiency. The observed driving style reflects the combined effects of roadway, traffic, driver, and vehicle performance. Although the effect of roadway and traffic characteristics can be inferred from microscale driving activity data, the effect of vehicle performance on driving style is not properly understood. This paper addresses two questions: (1) how different is an individual driver’s driving style when operating vehicles with differences in performance?; and (2) how dissimilar are the driving styles of different drivers when operating vehicles that have similar performance? To answer these questions, we have gathered microscale vehicle activity measurements from 17 controlled real-world driving schedules and two years of naturalistic driving data from five drivers. We also developed a metric for driving style termed “envelope deviation,” which is a distribution of gaps between microscale activity (1 Hz) and fleet average envelope. We found that there is significant inter-driver heterogeneity in driving styles when controlling for vehicle performance. However, no significant inter-vehicle heterogeneity was present in driving styles while controlling for the driver. Findings from this study imply that the choice of vehicle does not significantly alter the natural driving style of a driver.
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Greenberg, Jeff, Louis Tijerina, Reates Curry, Bruce Artz, Larry Cathey, Dev Kochhar, Ksenia Kozak, Mike Blommer, and Peter Grant. "Driver Distraction: Evaluation with Event Detection Paradigm." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1843, no. 1 (January 2003): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1843-01.
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The effects of eight in-vehicle tasks on driver distraction were measured in a large, moving-base driving simulator. Forty-eight adults, ranging in age from 35 to 66, and 15 teenagers participated in the simulated drive. Hand-held and hands-free versions of phone dialing, voicemail retrieval, and incoming calls represented six of the eight tasks. Manual radio tuning and climate control adjustment were also included to allow comparison with tasks that have traditionally been present in vehicles. During the drive the participants were asked to respond to sudden movements in surrounding traffic. The driver’s ability to detect these sudden movements or events changed with the nature of the in-vehicle tasks that were being performed. Driving performance measures such as lane violations and heading error were also computed. The performance of the adult group was compared with the performance of the teenage drivers. Compared with the adults, the teens were found to choose unsafe following distances, have poor vehicle control skills, and be more prone to distraction from hand-held phone tasks.
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Pham, Vu V. H., Lin Liu, Cameron P. Bracken, Gregory J. Goodall, Jiuyong Li, and Thuc D. Le. "DriverGroup: a novel method for identifying driver gene groups." Bioinformatics 36, Supplement_2 (December 2020): i583—i591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa797.
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Abstract Motivation Identifying cancer driver genes is a key task in cancer informatics. Most existing methods are focused on individual cancer drivers which regulate biological processes leading to cancer. However, the effect of a single gene may not be sufficient to drive cancer progression. Here, we hypothesize that there are driver gene groups that work in concert to regulate cancer, and we develop a novel computational method to detect those driver gene groups. Results We develop a novel method named DriverGroup to detect driver gene groups by using gene expression and gene interaction data. The proposed method has three stages: (i) constructing the gene network, (ii) discovering critical nodes of the constructed network and (iii) identifying driver gene groups based on the discovered critical nodes. Before evaluating the performance of DriverGroup in detecting cancer driver groups, we firstly assess its performance in detecting the influence of gene groups, a key step of DriverGroup. The application of DriverGroup to DREAM4 data demonstrates that it is more effective than other methods in detecting the regulation of gene groups. We then apply DriverGroup to the BRCA dataset to identify driver groups for breast cancer. The identified driver groups are promising as several group members are confirmed to be related to cancer in literature. We further use the predicted driver groups in survival analysis and the results show that the survival curves of patient subpopulations classified using the predicted driver groups are significantly differentiated, indicating the usefulness of DriverGroup. Availability and implementation DriverGroup is available at https://github.com/pvvhoang/DriverGroup Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Hamdani, Hamdani, Rita Yuni Mulyanti, and Fatimah Abdillah. "PENGARUH MOTIVASI INTRINSIK DAN EKSTRINSIK TERHADAP KINERJA PENGEMUDI GRABBIKE." Jurnal Ekobis : Ekonomi Bisnis & Manajemen 9, no. 2 (March 5, 2020): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.37932/j.e.v9i2.53.
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This study aims to analyze the empirical evidence of the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on the performance of grabbike drivers operating in Bogor cities and districts. The population in this study were all Grabbike City and Bogor Regency drivers. Sampling is done by non probability sampling technique. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed by multiple linear regression. The results showed that intrinsic motivation had a positive and significant effect on the performance of grabbike drivers in the city of Bogor. Extrinsic motivation influences the positive and significant performance of grabbike driver performance in the city of Bogor. The results also showed that the better intrinsic and extrinsic motivation of driver performance would increase.
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Wang, Junnian, Xiandong Wang, Zheng Luo, and Francis Assadian. "Active Disturbance Rejection Control of Differential Drive Assist Steering for Electric Vehicles." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 22, 2020): 2647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102647.
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The differential drive assist steering (DDAS) system makes full use of the advantages of independent control of wheel torque of electric vehicle driven by front in-wheel motors to achieve steering assistance and reduce the steering effort of the driver, as the electric power steering (EPS) system does. However, as an indirect steering assist technology that applies steering system assistance via differential drive, its linear control algorithm, like existing proportion integration differentiation (PID) controllers, cannot take the nonlinear characteristics of the tires’ dynamics into account which results in poor performance in road feeling and tracking accuracy. This paper introduces an active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) method into the control issue of the DDAS. First, the third-order ADRC controller of the DDAS is designed, and the simulated annealing algorithm is used to optimize the parameters of ADRC controller offline considering that the parameters of ADRC controller are too many and the parameter tuning is complex. Finally, the 11-DOF model of the electric vehicle driven by in-wheel motors is built, and the standard working conditions are selected for simulation and experimental verification. The results show that the ADRC controller designed in this paper can not only obviously reduce the steering wheel effort of the driver like PID controller, but also have better nonlinear control performance in tracking accuracy and smooth road feeling of the driver than the traditional PID controller.
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Zubairu, Nasiru, John Dinwoodie, Kannan Govindan, Lise Hunter, and Saeyeon Roh. "Supply chain strategies as drivers of financial performance in liquefied natural gas networks." Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 26, no. 5 (February 8, 2021): 579–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/scm-08-2020-0389.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify and evaluate supply chain strategies (SCSs) that drive financial performance to guide practitioners, especially in liquefied natural gas (LNG) networks, to review and adopt SCSs that drive competitiveness and value creation for investors. Design/methodology/approach Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was deployed to prioritise SCSs according to their relative impact on financial performance in LNG networks. Interviews with experts were analysed using template analysis to establish latent drivers of financial performance specific to LNG networks. Findings Results support the significant role of SCSs in improving financial performance. Although findings prioritised collaborative strategy as the most important driver of financial performance in LNG networks, to fully optimise financial outcomes, all the SCSs should be implemented across LNG networks as no single strategy in isolation is a standalone driver of financial performance. Practical implications The AHP model provides a novel ranking for SCSs and measures to guide decision-makers. LNG practitioners may exploit the results to make informed decisions. Originality/value The study extends previous literature by proposing a framework and a new LNG empirical model that facilitates understanding of how SCSs contribute positively to financial performance and support practitioners in making strategic supply chain decisions.
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Wu, Changxu (Sean), Omer Tsimhoni, and Yili Liu. "Development of an Adaptive Workload Management System using the Queueing Network-Model Human Processor." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, no. 24 (October 2007): 1540–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705102406.
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Drivers overloaded with information from in-vehicle systems significantly increase the chance of vehicle collisions. Developing adaptive workload management systems (AWMS) to dynamically control the rate of messages from these in-vehicle systems is one of the solutions to this problem. However, existing AWMS do not use driver models to estimate workload, and only suppress or redirect messages without changing the rate of messages from the in-vehicle systems. In this work, we propose a prototype of a new adaptive workload management system, the Queuing Network-Model Human Processor (QN-MHP) AWMS, which includes a model of driver workload based on the queueing network theory of human performance that estimates driver workload in different driving situations and a message controller that dynamically controls the rate of messages presented to drivers. Corresponding experimental studies were conducted to validate the potential effectiveness of this system in reducing driver workload and improving driver performance.
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Ribeiro, Pedro, André Frank Krause, Phillipp Meesters, Karel Kural, Jason van Kolfschoten, Marc-André Büchner, Jens Ohlmann, Christian Ressel, Jan Benders, and Kai Essig. "A VR Truck Docking Simulator Platform for Developing Personalized Driver Assistance." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (September 24, 2021): 8911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11198911.
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Professional truck drivers frequently face the challenging task of manually backwards manoeuvring articulated vehicles towards the loading bay. Logistics companies experience costs due to damage caused by vehicles performing this manoeuvre. However, driver assistance aimed to support drivers in this special scenario has not yet been clearly established. Additionally, to optimally improve the driving experience and the performance of the assisted drivers, the driver assistance must be able to continuously adapt to the needs and preferences of each driver. This paper presents the VISTA-Sim, a platform that uses a virtual reality (VR) simulator to develop and evaluate personalized driver assistance. This paper provides a comprehensive account of the VISTA-Sim, describing its development and main functionalities. The paper reports the usage of VISTA-Sim through the scenario of parking a semi-trailer truck in a loading bay, demonstrating how to learn from driver behaviours. Promising preliminary results indicate that this platform provides means to automatically learn from a driver’s performance. The evolution of this platform can offer ideal conditions for the development of ADAS systems that can automatically and continuously learn from and adapt to an individual driver. Therefore, future ADAS systems can be better accepted and trusted by drivers. Finally, this paper discusses the future directions concerning the improvement of the platform.
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Tarawneh, Mohammed S., and Patrick T. Mccoy. "Effect of Offset between Opposing Left-Turn Lanes on Driver Performance." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1523, no. 1 (January 1996): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196152300108.
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The objective of the research described here was to study the effects of the offset between opposing left-turn lanes on the turning performance of drivers with respect to driver age and gender. Left-turn performance of 100 subjects within three age groups (25–45, 65–74, and 75+ years old) was evaluated under normal driving conditions at four intersections of different left-turn offset configurations. The results indicate that driver performance can be adversely affected by offsets that are much less (i.e., more negative) than the negative 0.9-m offset. Such large negative offsets significantly increase the size of the critical gaps of drivers turning left and also seem to increase the likelihood of conflicts between left turns and opposing through traffic. Large negative offsets may be particularly troublesome for older drivers and women drivers, who are less likely to position their vehicles within the intersection to see beyond vehicles in the opposing left-turn lane. Surprisingly, driver perceptions of the level of comfort and degree of difficulty were not found to improve with the increased sight distance provided by larger (i.e., more positive) offsets. The 1.8-m positive offset was associated with a lower level of comfort and a higher degree of difficulty perceived by drivers making left turns than the 0.9-m negative offset, which provided less sight distance. This may have been because the 0.9-m negative offset is much more common than the 1.8-m positive offset.
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McGehee, Daniel V., Thomas A. Dingus, and Avraham D. Horowitz. "The Potential Value of a Front-to-Rear-End Collision Warning System Based on Factors of Driver Behavior, Visual Perception and Brake Reaction Time." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 13 (October 1992): 1003–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129203601318.
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The potential value of a front-to-rear-end collision warning system based on factors of driver behavior, visual perception and brake reaction time is examined in this paper. Twenty-four percent of all motor vehicle crashes involving two or more vehicles are front-to-rear-end collisions. These collisions demonstrate that several driver performance factors are common. The literature indicates that drivers use the relative size and the visual angle of the vehicle ahead when making judgments regarding depth. In addition, drivers often have difficulty gauging velocity differences and depth cues between themselves and the vehicle they are following. Finally, drivers often follow at distances that are closer than brake-reaction time permits for accident avoidance. It is apparent that the comfort level of close following behavior increases over time due to the rarity of consequences. Experience also teaches drivers that the vehicle in front does not suddenly slow down very often. On the basis of these driver behavior and human performance issues, a front-to-rear-end collision warning system that provides headway/following distance and velocity change information is considered. Based on the driver performance issues, display design recommendations are outlined. The value of such a device may be demonstrated by the added driver safety and situation awareness provided. The long-term goal would ultimately be the reduction of one of the most frequent type of automobile crashes.
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Miller, Erika E., and Linda Ng Boyle. "Driver Behavior in Road Tunnels: Association with Driver Stress and Performance." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2518, no. 1 (January 2015): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2518-08.
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Wörle, Johanna, Ramona Kenntner-Mabiala, Barbara Metz, Samantha Fritzsch, Christian Purucker, Dennis Befelein, and Andy Prill. "Sleep Inertia Countermeasures in Automated Driving: A Concept of Cognitive Stimulation." Information 11, no. 7 (June 30, 2020): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11070342.
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When highly automated driving is realized, the role of the driver will change dramatically. Drivers will even be able to sleep during the drive. However, when awaking from sleep, drivers often experience sleep inertia, meaning they are feeling groggy and are impaired in their driving performance―which can be an issue with the concept of dual-mode vehicles that allow both manual and automated driving. Proactive methods to avoid sleep inertia like the widely applied ‘NASA nap’ are not immediately practicable in automated driving. Therefore, a reactive countermeasure, the sleep inertia counter-procedure for drivers (SICD), has been developed with the aim to activate and motivate the driver as well as to measure the driver’s alertness level. The SICD is evaluated in a study with N = 21 drivers in a level highly automation driving simulator. The SICD was able to activate the driver after sleep and was perceived as “assisting” by the drivers. It was not capable of measuring the driver’s alertness level. The interpretation of the findings is limited due to a lack of a comparative baseline condition. Future research is needed on direct comparisons of different countermeasures to sleep inertia that are effective and accepted by drivers.
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Xu, Jing, and Yingzi Lin. "Impact of Distracted Drivers on Individual and Group Behavior of Following Vehicles: A Networked Multi-Driver Simulator Study." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 37 (September 7, 2018): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118794712.
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As traffic density increases, drivers experience more interaction situations, with a greater need to react and adapt to other road users. Driver distraction as an impairment on road safety and traffic efficiency has been widely discussed. How distracted drivers affect the performance of other drivers and vehicle platoons in traffic flow, however, remains underexplored. This study examines the impact of a low-taskload distraction (cellphone-texting task) not only on the specific distracted driver’s behavior, but also how this behavior influences other drivers, individually and collectively as a group, through a networked driving simulation platform. The concept of interactive driving and implications of virtual environments using a networked multi-driver simulation platform were the two major facilitating factors for carrying out this study. The performance indicators from 12 driver groups (three drivers per group) in a car-following situation with a distracted driver involved are analyzed and compared with a no-distraction trial. The results presented show that the impacts of a phone-texting distraction in traffic flow differ when observing drivers individually or as a four-driver platoon. This implementation has the potential to lay a foundation for continued interactive driving experiment design and can serve as an experimental tool for new vehicle technology applications that consider collective vehicle behavior.
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Karthikeyan, A., and P. S. Mallick. "Body-Biased Subthreshold Bootstrapped CMOS Driver." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 28, no. 03 (February 24, 2019): 1950051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126619500518.
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This paper proposes a body-biased bootstrapped CMOS driver for subthreshold applications. The proposed driver has been implemented with the same number of transistors as conventional bootstrapped CMOS driver. The performance of the subthreshold bootstrapped CMOS driver has been compared with the conventional bootstrapped CMOS driver. Our results show that the proposed body-biased subthreshold bootstrapped CMOS driver has 37% reduction in delay and 39% reduction in power dissipation compared to conventional bootstrapped CMOS driver. The proposed driver is more suitable to drive large loads compared to the conventional driver and operates better at subthreshold region.
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Zheng, Hao, Xiaoshe Dong, Endong Wang, Baoke Chen, Zhengdong Zhu, and Chengzhe Liu. "Using Shadow Page Cache to Improve Isolated Drivers Performance." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/896519.
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With the advantage of the reusability property of the virtualization technology, users can reuse various types and versions of existing operating systems and drivers in a virtual machine, so as to customize their application environment. In order to prevent users’ virtualization environments being impacted by driver faults in virtual machine, Chariot examines the correctness of driver’s write operations by the method of combining a driver’s write operation capture and a driver’s private access control table. However, this method needs to keep the write permission of shadow page table as read-only, so as to capture isolated driver’s write operations through page faults, which adversely affect the performance of the driver. Based on delaying setting frequently used shadow pages’ write permissions to read-only, this paper proposes an algorithm using shadow page cache to improve the performance of isolated drivers and carefully study the relationship between the performance of drivers and the size of shadow page cache. Experimental results show that, through the shadow page cache, the performance of isolated drivers can be greatly improved without impacting Chariot’s reliability too much.
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Fisher, Donald L., Robert Glaser, Nancy E. Laurie, Alexander Pollatsek, and John F. Brock. "Evaluation of Pc-Based Younger Driver Training Program: Use of a Driving Simulator." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, no. 20 (October 1998): 1403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804202010.
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Younger adults are overinvolved in accidents. Model high school driver education programs were developed in the 1970s in an attempt to reduce this overinvolvement. An evaluation of these programs suggested that they were largely ineffective. Recently, the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety has developed the first PC-based driver education program (Zero Errors Driving or Driver ZED) using real footage of risky scenarios. The hope is that younger drivers seeing these scenarios will learn to recognize risky situations in the real world before they develop. In an attempt to evaluate the Driver ZED program, the performance of 20 younger drivers is being tested on the University of Massachusetts' driving simulator. Ten of these drivers have been trained with ZED (the trained group) and ten have not seen the program (the untrained group). All 20 drivers must navigate a total of 24 scenarios that have been programmed on the driving simulator. Measures of driving performance were developed which can be used to discriminate between risky and nonrisky drivers. A preliminary evaluation of the performance of the trained and untrained subjects indicates that the trained subjects are performing more cautiously than the untrained subjects in some, but not all, scenarios (e.g., the trained subjects brake sooner when approaching a pedestrian crossing).
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Sun, Yifan, Chaozhong Wu, Hui Zhang, Wenhui Chu, Yiying Xiao, and Yijun Zhang. "Effects of Individual Differences on Measurements’ Drowsiness-Detection Performance." Promet - Traffic&Transportation 33, no. 4 (August 5, 2021): 565–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v33i4.3668.
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Individual differences (IDs) may reduce the detection-accuracy of drowsiness-driving by influencing measurements’ drowsiness-detection performance (MDDP). The purpose of this paper is to propose a model that can quantify the effects of IDs on MDDP and find measurements with less impact by IDs to build drowsiness-detection models. Through field experiments, drivers’ naturalistic driving data and subjective-drowsiness levels were collected, and drowsiness-related measurements were calculated using the double-layer sliding time window. In the model, MDDP was represented by |Z-statistics| of the Wilcoxon-test. First, the individual driver’s measurements were analysed by Wilcoxon-test. Next, drivers were combined in pairs, measurements of paired-driver combinations were analysed by Wilcoxon-test, and measurement’s IDs of paired-driver combinations were calculated. Finally, linear regression was used to fit the measurements’ IDs and changes of MDDP that equalled the individual driver’s |Z-statistics| minus the paired-driver combination’s |Z-statistics|, and the slope’s absolute value (|k|) indicated the effects of ID on the MDDP. As a result, |k| of the mean of the percentage of eyelid closure (MPECL) is the lowest (4.95), which illustrates MPECL is the least affected by IDs. The results contribute to the measurement selection of drowsiness-detection models considering IDs.
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Heimerl, J. M. "Driver Performance Model: I. Conceptual Framework." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 23 (September 2002): 1925–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204602312.
Full textAbstract:
A comprehensive model that combines the necessary aspects of vehicle characteristics, manual control theory, and human sensory and cognitive capabilities (and limitations) is needed to efficiently and effectively guide experiments, and to predict or assess overall driver performance. Such a model would enable Army program managers to rank competing workload configurations and scenarios in proposed vehicles, and to focus resources on the most promising. Ultimately such a model would replace or significantly reduce reliance on the current costly process: multiple hardware iterations of “design-test-fix.” Currently no such comprehensive model exists. This paper discusses a conceptual framework designed to encompass the relationships, conditions and constraints related to direct, indirect and teleoperated modes of driving, and so provides a guide or “road-map” for the construction and creation of a comprehensive driver performance model.