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1
C, Cacciabue Pietro, ed. Modelling driver behaviour in automotive environments: Critical issues in driver interactions with intelligent transport systems. London: Springer, 2007.
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Johannes Petrus Bernardus Nicolaas Derks. Cold fluid driven crack propagation: Thermo-mechanical behaviour of rock caverns. Delft, The Netherlands: Delft University Press, 1997.
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3
Buyal'skiy, Vladimir. Wind turbines with optimal control of electricity generation. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1946200.
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In the monograph, based on the analysis of modern methods of automatic control of wind power installations, a solution is proposed for the correct connection (in theoretical terms) of related problems of dynamic behavior of power units with optimal control of electricity generation. In this direction, principles, structures and algorithms have been obtained to reduce the dynamic loads of the components of modern wind turbines based on timely preparation of the system for external disturbing influences and taking into account the vibration load of the drive under different operating modes of the power unit.
It is intended for researchers and specialists in the field of wind energy, automation of technological processes, system analysis, as well as graduate students and students of relevant training areas and specialties of technical universities.
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Snelgrove, Peter B. Vulnerability to adverse consequences of drinking and problem drinker status as predicted by risky drinking behaviours, drug use, sex differences and affect: A test of multiple models. St. Catharines, Ont: Brock University, Dept. of Psychology, 2005.
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5
Cacciabue, P. Carlo. Modelling Driver Behaviour in Automotive Environments: Critical Issues in Driver Interactions with Intelligent Transport Systems. Springer, 2007.
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Sanna, Fabrizio, Patrizia Porcu, and Liana Fattore, eds. Sexual Behavior as a Model for the Study of Motivational Drive and Related Behaviors. Frontiers Media SA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88966-117-6.
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Kadri, Faisal L. Animal Drives in Humans: A Cybernetic Model of "Normal" Human Behavior. Trycode, 1989.
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Brumby, Duncan P., Christian P. Janssen, Tuomo Kujala, and Dario D. Salvucci. Computational Models of User Multitasking. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799603.003.0013.
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When users interact with computers and technology ‘in the wild’, multitasking is a practically ubiquitous part of their interactions. Human-computer interaction (HCI) researchers and practitioners have increasingly used computational models to better understand these multitasking behaviours and to build new interactive technologies that facilitate interaction and/or mitigate the problems that arise from multitasking and distraction. This chapter outlines three approaches for modelling: cognitive architectures, cognitive constraint modelling, and uncertainty modelling. These approaches are some of the most common and powerful approaches to computational models of user multitasking, and have complementary strengths. It draws on examples from several domains for which multitasking is a central component, giving a particular focus to in-car multitasking and driver distraction.
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Taylor, Sylvester, Paul R. Yost, Cynthia D. McCauley, and D. Scott Derue. Experience-Driven Leader Development: Models, Tools, Best Practices, and Advice for on-The-Job Development. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2013.
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Taylor, Sylvester, Paul R. Yost, Cynthia D. McCauley, and D. Scott Derue. Experience-Driven Leader Development: Models, Tools, Best Practices, and Advice for on-The-Job Development. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2013.
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Taylor, Sylvester, Paul R. Yost, Cynthia D. McCauley, and D. Scott Derue. Experience-Driven Leader Development: Models, Tools, Best Practices, and Advice for on-The-Job Development. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2013.
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Taylor, Sylvester, Paul R. Yost, Cynthia D. McCauley, and D. Scott Derue. Experience-Driven Leader Development: Models, Tools, Best Practices, and Advice for on-The-Job Development. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2014.
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13
Speth, John D. 13,000 years of communal bison hunting in western North America. Edited by Umberto Albarella, Mauro Rizzetto, Hannah Russ, Kim Vickers, and Sarah Viner-Daniels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686476.013.37.
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For the past 13,000 years Indians in the North American Great Plains hunted bison (Bison bison and B. antiquus) in large communally organized drive operations. This chapter briefly describes the taxonomy of fossil and living bison, the behaviour of modern bison, and what is known from ethnohistoric and archaeological sources about the ways that Indians conducted these drives, including the use of foot surrounds, cliff jumps, arroyo traps, and pounds (corrals). The chapter concludes by considering whether such drives were conducted annually in the late fall and/or early winter as a means of winter provisioning; or instead were conducted periodically, but not necessarily annually, and at many different times of year, as a socio-political mechanism for integrating otherwise widely dispersed and highly mobile hunting bands.
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Huffaker, Ray, Marco Bittelli, and Rodolfo Rosa. Empirically Detecting Causality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782933.003.0008.
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Phenomenological models mathematically describe relationships among empirically observed phenomena without attempting to explain underlying mechanisms. Within the context of NLTS, phenomenological modeling goes beyond phase space reconstruction to extract equations governing real-world system dynamics from a single or multiple observed time series. Phenomenological models provide several benefits. They can be used to characterize the dynamics of variable interactions; for example, whether an incremental increase in one variable drives a marginal increase/decrease in the growth rate of another, and whether these dynamic interactions follow systematic patterns over time. They provide an analytical framework for data driven science still searching for credible theoretical explanation. They set a descriptive standard for how the real world operates so that theory is not misdirected in explaining fanciful behavior. The success of phenomenological modeling depends critically on selection of governing parameters. Model dimensionality, and the time delays used to synthesize dynamic variables, are guided by statistical tests run for phase space reconstruction. Other regression and numerical integration parameters can be set on a trial and error basis within ranges providing numerical stability and successful reproduction of empirically-detected dynamics. We illustrate phenomenological modeling with solutions of the Lorenz model so that we can recognize the dynamics that need to be reproduced.
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Cretu, Liviu Gabriel, and Florin Dumitriu. Model-Driven Engineering of Information Systems: Principles, Techniques, and Practice. Apple Academic Press, Incorporated, 2014.
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Kondratiev, V., ed. Resources-based modernization model: opportunities and constraints. Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMEMO), 23, Profsoyuznaya Str., Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/978-5-9535-0575-8.
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This monograph examines the current trends in globalization of various economic sectors, which open up prospects for new participants, countries and companies and additional sources of value creation. The behavior of companies in different global industry value chains and their response to emerging market challenges is under consideration. Revealed are the opportunities and drivers for new players, suppliers of components and services to join global value chains. The research is based on the analysis of industry practice, corporate competition, consumer trends and technology advances in developed and developing countries.
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Speer, Kevin, and Scott Goodrick, eds. Wildland Fire Dynamics. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108683241.
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Wildland fires are among the most complicated environmental phenomena to model. Fire behavior models are commonly used to predict the direction and rate of spread of wildland fires based on fire history, fuel, and environmental conditions; however, more sophisticated computational fluid dynamic models are now being developed. This quantitative analysis of fire as a fluid dynamic phenomenon embedded in a highly turbulent flow is beginning to reveal the combined interactions of the vegetative structure, combustion-driven convective effects, and atmospheric boundary layer processes. This book provides an overview of the developments in modeling wildland fire dynamics and the key dynamical processes involved. Mathematical and dynamical principles are presented, and the complex phenomena that arise in wildland fire are discussed. Providing a state-of-the-art survey, it is a useful reference for scientists, researchers, and graduate students interested in wildland fire behavior from a broad range of fields.
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Boudreau, Joseph F., and Eric S. Swanson. Nonlinear dynamics and chaos. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198708636.003.0013.
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Simple maps and dynamical systems are used to explore chaos in nature. The discussion starts with a review of the properties of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, including the useful concepts of phase portraits, fixed points, and limit cycles. These notions are developed further in an examination of iterative maps that reveal chaotic behavior. Next, the damped driven oscillator is used to illustrate the Lyapunov exponent that can be used to quantify chaos. The famous KAM theorem on the conditions under which chaotic behavior occurs in physical systems is also presented. The principle is illustrated with the Hénon-Heiles model of a star in a galactic environment and billiard models that describe the motion of balls in closed two-dimensional regions.
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Oulasvirta, Antti, Per Ola Kristensson, Xiaojun Bi, and Andrew Howes, eds. Computational Interaction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799603.001.0001.
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This book presents computational interaction as an approach to explaining and enhancing the interaction between humans and information technology. Computational interaction applies abstraction, automation, and analysis to inform our understanding of the structure of interaction and also to inform the design of the software that drives new and exciting human-computer interfaces. The methods of computational interaction allow, for example, designers to identify user interfaces that are optimal against some objective criteria. They also allow software engineers to build interactive systems that adapt their behaviour to better suit individual capacities and preferences. Embedded in an iterative design process, computational interaction has the potential to complement human strengths and provide methods for generating inspiring and elegant designs. Computational interaction does not exclude the messy and complicated behaviour of humans, rather it embraces it by, for example, using models that are sensitive to uncertainty and that capture subtle variations between individual users. It also promotes the idea that there are many aspects of interaction that can be augmented by algorithms. This book introduces computational interaction design to the reader by exploring a wide range of computational interaction techniques, strategies and methods. It explains how techniques such as optimisation, economic modelling, machine learning, control theory, formal methods, cognitive models and statistical language processing can be used to model interaction and design more expressive, efficient and versatile interaction.
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Pauls, Brian Scott. Body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, and bulimic behaviours in adolescent women: Testing a mediated model of general and specific risk factors. 2005.
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Copeland, Jeffrey P., Arild Landa, Kimberly Heinemeyer, Keith B. Aubry, Jiska van Dijk, Roel May, Jens Persson, John Squires, and Richard Yates. Social ethology of the wolverine. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759805.003.0018.
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Social behaviour in solitary carnivores has long been an active area of investigation but for many species remains largely founded in conjecture compared to our understanding of sociality in group-living species. The social organization of the wolverine has, until now, received little attention beyond its portrayal as a typical mustelid social system. In this chapter the authors compile observations of social interactions from multiple wolverine field studies, which are integrated into an ecological framework. An ethological model for the wolverine is proposed that reveals an intricate social organization, which is driven by variable resource availability within extremely large territories and supports social behaviour that underpins offspring development.
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Schweitzer, Stuart O., and Z. John Lu. Pharmaceutical Prices. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190623784.003.0008.
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This chapter provides a detailed examination of pharmaceutical pricing strategies in the United States. It points out that pharmaceutical expenditure as a share of total healthcare spending has historically been quite low in comparison to that of hospitalization and physician services. It identifies several common measures of pharmaceutical prices, and highlights the difference in conclusions reached based on different measures. It offers a critical review of several models used to explain pharmaceutical price behavior, which are grouped into three major categories: market structure models, R&D cost-based models, and product quality or value based models. The chapter concludes that prices of brand-name drugs in the United States are largely driven by product quality attributes, not cost of R&D. Lastly, the chapter examines the impact of generic entry on price.
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González-Tokman, Daniel, Isaac González-Santoyo, and Alex Córdoba-Aguilar. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797500.003.0001.
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This chapter describes why this book is important and what it is about—an incomparable and modern textbook containing twenty-one chapters that cover the vast field of insect behavior. All chapters are written by leading authorities, with the idea of allowing an easy, yet thorough understanding of the field. The first section contains four mechanism-based chapters on the genetic, hormonal, and nervous machinery behind behavior. The second section involves an ecological and evolutionary approach covered in thirteen chapters. Finally, and unlike most animal behavior books, four chapters are devoted to the applications of insect behavior and the effects of human-driven action on diversity. There is a glossary section at the end of the book.
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Donald, Merlin. The Evolutionary Origins of Human Cultural Memory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190230814.003.0002.
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The term cultural memory describes a group’s shared experience, skill, and knowledge that is retained and updated through time. Individual memory has its social roots in this system. Although resources are distributed across different minds in the network, they must all obey the standards of thought and behavior imposed by belonging to it. As such, no single person can carry the burden of the system alone and thus has only modest possibilities of changing it. Cultural memory has evolved in relation to embodied, narrative, and institutional modes of representation. Humans became skilled before they became articulate: The prime driver of early evolution of mind and memory was tool master rather than language. This embodied mode of cultural memory still persists (e.g., in ritual, craft, and the arts) but has been transformed with the emergence of narrative mode and later the theoretical or institutional mode, which is dominant today.
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LAND.TECHNIK AgEng 2019. VDI Verlag, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.51202/9783181023617.
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Dieser VDI-Bericht ist ausschließlich als PDF-Dokument erschienen! Content half of it… Analysis of Drive Trains Model-Based Chiptuning Detection of Diesel Engines 1 M. Hinrichs, P. Pickel, John Deere GmbH, Kaiserslautern R. Isermann, Institute of Automatic Control, Darmstadt An Analysis of the Energy Consumption in the High-Pressure System of an Agricultural Tractor through Modeling and Experiment 9 X. Tian, A. Vacca, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; S. Fiorati, F. Pintore, CNH Industrial S.p.A, Modena, Italy Multi-Domain Simulation for the Assessment of the NVH Behaviour of a Tractor with Hydrostatic-Mechanical Power Split Transmission 19 G. Pasch, G. Jacobs, G. Höpfner, J. Berroth, Institute for Machine Elements and Systems Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen Methods to evaluate steering performance of agricultural tractors 29 S. Liljenberg, M. Frederiksen, T. H. Langer, Danfoss Power Solutions, Nordborg, Denmark Tyres and Soil Soil pressure and pulling be...
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Dowling, Michael, and Brian Lucey. The Future of Behavioral Finance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190269999.003.0030.
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The future of behavioral finance necessitates that the research areas of behavioral corporate finance and investor psychology develop richer models of financial decision-making behavior. Behavioral corporate finance requires expanding the focus from chief executive officer characteristics to those of the entire top management team, and also involves greater understanding of organizational theory. A greater focus is needed on cross-cultural factors and how they interact with behavioral influences. Investor psychology needs a more comprehensive theory of the drivers of investor behavior and better data. This need is strong for investor sentiment research, which might offer the most potential to advance understanding of psychological influences on asset pricing. The chapter expands on these ideas and discusses an overall context of the future philosophical development of behavioral finance and the inevitable push for greater openness, replicability, and reliability in research.
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Padhi, Ashwini K., Ali M. Mehdi, Kevin J. Craig, and Naomi A. Fineberg. Current Classification of Impulse Control Disorders: Neurocognitive and Behavioral Models of Impulsivity and the Role of Personality. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0017.
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Impulse control disorders (ICDs) are common disabling disorders that have impulsive behavior as a core feature. They emerge early in life and run a chronic lifelong course. They are assumed to lie at the severest end of a continuum of impulsivity that connects normal with pathological states. People with ICDs experience a drive to undertake repetitive acts. Although the consequences are damaging, performance of the impulsive act may be experienced as rewarding, or alternatively may relieve distress, implicating dysfunction of the neural circuitry involved in reward processing and/or behavioral inhibition. Clinical data are increasingly pointing toward an etiological association between some ICDs, such as pathological gambling and addiction, and others, such as trichotillomania and compulsive disorders. Comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders is also common, and hints at overlapping psychobiological processes across several diagnostic groups. The results of neurocognitive studies suggest that impulsivity is multidimensional and comprises dissociable cognitive and behavioral indices governed by separate underlying neural mechanisms. For example, trichotillomania may primarily involve motor impulsivity, whereas problem gambling may involve reward impulsivity and reflection impulsivity. Exploring neurocognitive changes in individuals with ICDs and other mental disorders characterized by poor impulse control, and among their family members, may help to elucidate the underpinning neurocircuitry and clarify their nosological status.
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Whitehouse, Harvey. The Ritual Animal. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199646364.001.0001.
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The ritual animal longs to belong. Rituals are a way of defining the boundaries of social groups and binding their members together. The ritual modes theory set out in this book seeks to unravel the psychology behind these processes, and to explain how ritual behaviour evolved, including how different modes of ritual performance have shaped global history over many millennia. Testing the theory has meant designing experiments run with children in psychology labs and on remote Pacific islands, gathering survey data with armed insurgents in the Middle East and Muslim fundamentalists in Indonesia, monitoring heart rate and stress among football fans in Brazil, and measuring changes in the brain as people observe traditional Chinese rituals in Singapore. The results of all this research point to new ways of addressing cooperation problems: from preventing violent extremism to motivating action on the climate crisis. Although this book is about the role of ritual in the evolution of social complexity, more broadly it models a new approach to the science of the social—an approach that is driven by real-world observation but grounded in the cognitive and evolutionary sciences. More ambitiously still, it shows how cumulative theory building can be used to deliver practical benefits for society at large, perhaps even addressing problems on a global scale by harnessing the formidable cohesive and cooperative capacities of the ritual animal.
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Joshi, Mahesh K., and J. R. Klein. Lifestyle Innovations Generating New Businesses. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827481.003.0015.
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Life-altering technology is not only improving our lifestyle but also creating new business models. Integration of technology into everyday life is a primary driver of changes in lifestyle. Whether visible or not, today’s technology is everywhere. Consumers come home from work to a smart house that greets them with music, emails them the foods the refrigerator needs, and through spatial phase imaging technology senses their mood. Without human intervention it changes its presentation based on data indicators embedded in everything. The house recognizes mood and compares it with past behaviors, facial reactions, timeline, and acts accordingly. All this happens through a standard security camera with pixelate three-dimensional technology. The same technology can identify the anti-social elements in a crowd, enhance security at any public event venue, and allow doctors to see under our skin without intrusion.
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Lacey, Joseph. Centripetal Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796886.001.0001.
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Centripetal democracy is the idea that legitimate democratic institutions set in motion forms of citizen practice and representative behaviour that serve as powerful drivers of political identity formation. Partisan modes of political representation in the context of multifaceted electoral and direct democratic voting opportunities are emphasized on this model. There is, however, a strain of thought predominant in political theory that doubts the democratic capacities of political systems constituted by multiple public spheres. This view is referred to as the lingua franca thesis on sustainable democratic systems (LFT). Inadequate democratic institutions and acute demands to divide the political system (through devolution or secession), are predicted by this thesis. By combining an original normative democratic theory with a comparative analysis of how Belgium and Switzerland have variously managed to sustain themselves as multilingual democracies, this book identifies the main institutional features of a democratically legitimate European Union (EU) and the conditions required to bring it about. Part I presents a novel theory of democratic legitimacy and political identity formation on which subsequent analyses are based. Part II defines the EU as a demoi-cracy and provides a thorough democratic assessment of this political system. Part III explains why Belgium has largely succumbed to the centrifugal logic predicted by the LFT, while Switzerland apparently defies this logic. Part IV presents a model of centripetal democracy for the EU, one that would greatly reduce its democratic deficit and help to ensure that this political system does not succumb to the centrifugal forces expected by the LFT.
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Hemmelgarn, Anthony L., and Charles Glisson. Improving Organizational Social Contexts for Effective Human Services. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190455286.003.0001.
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Emphasizing five basic points, this chapter summarizes what the authors have learned in their development of evidence-based organizational strategies. First, human service organizations vary in their social contexts, and those differences affect the way services are provided. Second, the social contexts of human services can be changed with organizational strategies, and those changes can improve service quality and outcomes. Third, organizational social contexts are essential for innovation because they reflect the power of social systems to promote changes in individual behavior. Fourth, organizational research illustrates that social contexts affect the implementation of best practices to improve effectiveness. Fifth, strategies for improving an organization’s capacity for innovation build upon a century of work on improving organizational effectiveness that has direct implications for human services. This chapter introduces the ARC strategies that include: (1) key organizational principles, (2) organizational components that drive innovation, and (3) mental models to support improvement efforts.
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Fagan, Abigail A., J. David Hawkins, David P. Farrington, and Richard F. Catalano. Communities that Care. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190299217.001.0001.
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Evidence-based, prevention-oriented, and community-driven approaches are advocated to improve public health and reduce youth behavior problems, but there are few effective models for doing so. This book advances knowledge about this topic by describing the conditions and actions necessary for effective community-based prevention. The chapters review the ways in which communities can promote readiness to engage in prevention among local stakeholders; build and maintain diverse, well-functioning prevention coalitions; conduct local needs and resource assessments; collectively decide on prevention priorities; select evidence-based interventions that are a good fit with prioritized community needs, resources, and context; and implement evidence-based interventions (EBIs) with fidelity and sustain them over time. The Communities That Care (CTC) prevention system is described in detail to illustrate effective community-based prevention. CTC is a coalition-based prevention system shown to promote healthy youth development and reduce youth behavior problems community wide. It does so by assisting communities to: (1) increase awareness of and support for EBIs; (2) encourage positive interactions between community residents and youth; (3) conduct local needs assessments and collectively decide on priorities to target with EBIs; (4) implement EBIs that are matched to prioritized needs; and (5) ensure that EBIs are coordinated across community organizations, implemented with fidelity, widely disseminated, and evaluated. The book describes the development and evaluation of the CTC system, including how its developers used community-based participatory research to ensure that CTC could be feasibly implemented and employed rigorous research methods to assess the degree to which use of the system reduced adolescent behavior problems.
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Barr, Christina S. Gene-by-Environment Interactions in Primates. Edited by Turhan Canli. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199753888.013.006.
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Because of their complex social structures, behaviors, and genetic similarities to humans, nonhuman primates are useful for studying how genetic factors influence alcohol consumption. The neurobiological systems that influence addiction vulnerability may do so by acting on alcohol response, reward pathways, behavioral dyscontrol, and vulnerability to stress and anxiety. Rhesus macaques show individual differences in alcohol response and temperament, and such differences are influenced by genetic variants that are similar functionally to those present in humans. Genes in which variation moderates these phenotypes provide opportunities for modeling how genetic and environmental factors (i.e., stress exposure, individual’s sex, or alcohol response) interact to influence alcohol consumption. Studies in primates may also reveal selective factors that have driven maintenance or fixation of alleles that increase risk for alcohol use disorders in modern humans.
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Wray, Alison. The Dynamics of Dementia Communication. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190917807.001.0001.
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Despite a plethora of good advice, it can be hard to sustain effective communicative behaviours when someone is living with a dementia. This book asks why that is. Part 1 explores how various dementia-causing diseases affect the linguistic, pragmatic (reasoning), and memory systems; how social perceptions and practices exacerbate the underlying biological problems; how people living with a dementia describe their experiences; and how dementia care currently addresses the challenges of communication. Part 2 asks why people communicate and what shapes how they communicate. The Communicative Impact model of communication is introduced and theoretically justified. It is argued that all communication is driven by people’s desire to make beneficial changes to their experiential world by getting the hearer to do, say, think, or feel something. Part 3 applies the model from part 2 to the range of considerations explored in part 1, helping readers see how and why communication is undermined and reshaped by the various biological, social, and emotional factors underlying the dementia experience. The model is used to shed light on how people living with a dementia are perceived and, as a result, treated, with particular attention to the acceptability of (well-intentioned) deception. The final chapter asks what needs to change if communication and well-being are to be optimized for people living with a dementia. In pursuit of truly person- and relationship-centred care, proposals for advanced skills in communication with a person living with a dementia are presented and explained, helping anchor the ubiquitous dos and don’ts in a deeper understanding of why interaction is difficult.
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Duplouy, Alain, and Roger W. Brock, eds. Defining Citizenship in Archaic Greece. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817192.001.0001.
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Citizenship is a major feature of contemporary national and international politics. It is also a legacy of ancient Greece. The concept of membership of a community appeared in Greece some three millennia ago as a participation in the social and political life of small-scale communities, but only towards the end of the fourth century BC did Aristotle offer the first explicit statement about it. Though long accepted, the Aristotelian definition remains deeply rooted in the philosophical and political thought of the classical period, but it probably fails to account accurately for the previous centuries or the dynamics of the emergent cities. Focusing on archaic Greece, this collective enquiry, bringing together renowned international scholars, aims at exploring new routes to archaic citizenship, exemplifying the living diversity of approaches to archaic Greece and to the Greek city. If the Aristotelian model has long been applied to all Greek cities regardless of chronological issues, historians are now challenging Aristotle’s theoretical definition and are looking for other ways of conceiving citizenship and community, setting the stage for a new image of archaic cities, which are no longer to be considered as primitive or incomplete classical poleis. Driven by this same objective, the essays collected here have not, however, been tailored to endorse any specific view. Each contributor brings his or her own national background and approaches to archaic citizenship through specific fields of enquiry (law, descent, cults, military obligations, associations, civic subdivisions, athletics, commensality, behaviours, etc.), often venturing off the beaten track.
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Ems, Lindsay. Virtually Amish. The MIT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11792.001.0001.
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How the Amish have adopted certain digital tools in ways that allow them to work and live according to their own value system. The Amish are famous for their disconnection from the modern world and all its devices. But, as Lindsay Ems shows in Virtually Amish, Old Order Amish today are selectively engaging with digital technology. The Amish need digital tools to participate in the economy—websites for ecommerce, for example, and cell phones for communication on the road—but they have developed strategies for making limited use of these tools while still living and working according to the values of their community. The way they do this, Ems suggests, holds lessons for all of us about resisting the negative forces of what has been called “high-tech capitalism.” Ems shows how the Amish do not allow technology to drive their behavior; instead, they actively configure their sociotechnical world to align with their values and protect their community's autonomy. Drawing on extensive ethnographic fieldwork conducted in two Old Order Amish settlements in Indiana, Ems explores explicit rules and implicit norms as innovations for resisting negative impacts of digital technology. She describes the ingenious contraptions the Amish devise—including “the black-box phone,” a landline phone attached to a device that connects to a cellular network when plugged into a car's cigarette lighter—and considers the value of human-centered approaches to communication. Non-Amish technology users would do well to take note of Amish methods of adopting digital technologies in ways that empower people and acknowledge their shared humanity. The open access edition of this book was made possible by generous funding from Arcadia – a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin.
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Butz, Martin V., and Esther F. Kutter. How the Mind Comes into Being. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739692.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
For more than 2000 years Greek philosophers have thought about the puzzling introspectively assessed dichotomy between our physical bodies and our seemingly non-physical minds. How is it that we can think highly abstract thoughts, seemingly fully detached from actual, physical reality? Despite the obvious interactions between mind and body (we get tired, we are hungry, we stay up late despite being tired, etc.), until today it remains puzzling how our mind controls our body, and vice versa, how our body shapes our mind. Despite a big movement towards embodied cognitive science over the last 20 years or so, introductory books with a functional and computational perspective on how human thought and language capabilities may actually have come about – and are coming about over and over again – are missing. This book fills that gap. Starting with a historical background on traditional cognitive science and resulting fundamental challenges that have not been resolved, embodied cognitive science is introduced and its implications for how human minds have come and continue to come into being are detailed. In particular, the book shows that evolution has produced biological bodies that provide “morphologically intelligent” structures, which foster the development of suitable behavioral and cognitive capabilities. While these capabilities can be modified and optimized given positive and negative reward as feedback, to reach abstract cognitive capabilities, evolution has furthermore produced particular anticipatory control-oriented mechanisms, which cause the development of particular types of predictive encodings, modularizations, and abstractions. Coupled with an embodied motivational system, versatile, goal-directed, self-motivated behavior, learning becomes possible. These lines of thought are introduced and detailed from interdisciplinary, evolutionary, ontogenetic, reinforcement learning, and anticipatory predictive encoding perspectives in the first part of the book. A short excursus then provides an introduction to neuroscience, including general knowledge about brain anatomy, and basic neural and brain functionality, as well as the main research methodologies. With reference to this knowledge, the subsequent chapters then focus on how the human brain manages to develop abstract thought and language. Sensory systems, motor systems, and their predictive, control-oriented interactions are detailed from a functional and computational perspective. Bayesian information processing is introduced along these lines as are generative models. Moreover, it is shown how particular modularizations can develop. When control and attention come into play, these structures develop also dependent on the available motor capabilities. Vice versa, the development of more versatile motor capabilities depends on structural development. Event-oriented abstractions enable conceptualizations and behavioral compositions, paving the path towards abstract thought and language. Also evolutionary drives towards social interactions play a crucial role. Based on the developing sensorimotor- and socially-grounded structures, the human mind becomes language ready. The development of language in each human child then further facilitates the self-motivated generation of abstract, compositional, highly flexible thought about the present, past, and future, as well as about others. In conclusion, the book gives an overview over how the human mind comes into being – sketching out a developmental pathway towards the mastery of abstract and reflective thought, while detailing the critical body and neural functionalities, and computational mechanisms, which enable this development.