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1
Call, Robert, and Cado Daily. "Drip Irrigation: The Basics." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144820.
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2 pp.Drip irrigation is the slow, measured application of waer through devices called emitters. Now a wide variety of quality products has been developed to make drip irrigation reliable and easy.
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Farr, C. R. "Salinity Distribution Under Drip Irrigation." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204075.
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Farr, C. R. "Planting Patterns Under Drip Irrigation." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219749.
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The 1985 and 1986 Cotton Reports have the same publication and P-Series numbers.Planting pattern 2x1 skip row cotton outyielded variable row 32"x44" per gross field acre under drip irrigation with saline water. Skip row planting in deep water areas appears to be a feasible selection with high water cost, reduced tubing requirement, lowered land rentals and increased yield response.
4
Didan, Kamel 1965. "Expert system for drip irrigation design." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291460.
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Drip irrigation design is a multi-step routine that has to be carried out in a step by step fashion with each step covering a part of the design process. An expert system has been developed with a set of external programs to accomplish the drip system design. The expertise used in the present expert system knowledge base was induced from engineering handbooks and articles as well as personal consultations. The expert system has been developed in such a way that a variety of cases can be handled. In addition, to simulate the human expert, a new drip irrigation design evaluation factor has been introduced (Design Success Indicator, DSI) in order to estimate the system response on field depending on the confidence of data being used. The results are very promising with respect to the expertise used. However many parts of the knowledge-base have to be fine-tuned in order to reach a highly performing expert system.
5
Thompson, Evan J. "Hydraulics of IDEal Drip Irrigation Systems." DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/296.
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The hydraulics of IDEal drip irrigation system components were analyzed under controlled laboratory conditions and the results can be applied to the design of IDEal systems. The hydraulic loss coefficient for the lateral-submain connector valves was determined based on laboratory measurements. It was found that the hydraulic loss due to friction in the lay-flat laterals can be accurately estimated with standard friction loss equations using a smaller effective diameter based on the wall thickness and inlet pressure head. The equivalent length barb loss, expressed as an equivalent length of lateral, was calculated for button emitters, as well as for micro-tubes inserted to lengths of 5 and 10 cm. It was concluded that the barb loss is essentially constant over the micro-tube insertion range of 5-10 cm. The head-discharge relationship and coefficient of manufacturer's variation of pre-punched lateral holes (without emitters), button emitters, and micro-tubes were characterized.
Finally, several IDEal drip irrigation systems in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia were evaluated in the field. Recommendations were given for future research and improvements in the manufacturing, installation, operation, and maintenance of IDEal drip irrigation equipment.
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Rubeiz, I. G., N. F. Oebker, and J. L. Stroehlein. "Vegetable Crop Response to Subsurface Drip Irrigation." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214134.
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Drip irrigation lines placed 15 cm (deep) and 5 cm (shallow) below soil surface were compared to furrow irrigation with zucchini squash as a summer crop and cabbage as a winter crop. Both crops were grown on the same drip lines in each treatment. Urea phosphate was injected in drip lines during growing season while the furrow-irrigated plots received preplant application of phosphorus. In squash, deep lines produced higher yields than did shallow. Deep-drip yields were comparable to those with furrow but used half the water and half the fertilizer. In cabbage, deep-drip yielded slightly higher than shallow-drip and furrow. In these studies, deep-drip was superior in applying water and fertilizer.
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Farr, C. R. "PIX Use Under Different Drip Irrigation Regimes." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219710.
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The 1985 and 1986 Cotton Reports have the same publication and P-Series numbers.PIX application on June 24 to high flowering rate cotton suppressed growth to an average .3 inch per day compared to .85 inch for untreated cotton during the period from July 2 to July 15. Treatment of DPL 90 cotton with a flowering rate of 5 flowers per 25 feet of row held growth to .38 inch per day versus 25 flowers per 25 feet of row also increased small boll numbers by July 15, or 21 days after treatment, over untreated cotton. Treatment of cotton with flowering rate of 5 flowers per 25 feet of row increased small boll numbers by July 29 or 35 days after treatment.
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Huang, Shen S. B. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Evaluation of pre-packaged agricultural drip irrigation kits." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/74494.
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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-69).
The purpose of this thesis is to conduct user testing and performance evaluation of two different agricultural pre-packaged drip irrigation kit (PDIK) systems: Chapin Bucket Kit and International Design Enterprises (IDE) drip kit. PDIK systems are a cost-effective type of appropriate technology for the developing world because they reduce agricultural water consumption and can increase crop yield over other methods of irrigation. Overall user testing indicates preference for the IDE drip kit because of ease of installation, low cost, and suitable size for the average household plot. On the other hand, the Chapin Bucket Kit performs better in laboratory evaluation in terms of emitter performance, materials strength, and filter clogging . Ultimately, it is up to users to decide what are the trade-offs that can be made when choosing a PDIK system. This study is conducted under the MIT Development Lab Technology Evaluation and Verification Program (D-lab TEV) and has been financially supported by the MIT Public Service Center and the MIT Department of Foreign Languages and Literature.
by Shen Huang.
S.B.
9
Olson, Jeremy Ray. "Phosphorus fertilization of corn using subsurface drip irrigation." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/8703.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Agronomy
Scott A. Staggenborg
In recent years, subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) acres have increased substantially. The use of SDI on corn (Zea Mays L.) in the Great Plains has increased due to increased land costs, reduced irrigation water availability, and higher commodity prices. Applying phosphorus (P) fertilizer through a SDI system becomes a major advantage, but further investigation of the interaction between water and fertilizer is needed. Sub-surface drip irrigation systems can be used to better improve the application efficiencies of fertilizers, applying in wet soil-root zones can lead to better uptake of soil applied materials. The objectives of this study were to determine how corn responds to P fertilizer applied via SDI and to create methodologies to simulate fertilizer and irrigation water compatibility tests for use in SDI systems. A plot sized SDI system was installed near Manhattan, KS to evaluate P treatments. Eight separate P fertilizers were applied via SDI mid-season at a rate of 34 kg P2O5 ha-1 and split-plots were created with 2x2 starter band at planting. Nitrogen was a non-limiting factor, with 180 kg N ha-1 applied as urea. Both starter fertilizer and injected fertilizer affected corn grain yield as indicated by the starter by treatment interaction. Split applying starter fertilizer at planting increased yield. A secondary laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the water and fertilizer interactions. A filtration system was used to simulate field conditions and each fertilizer/water mix was filtered through a 400 mesh filter paper to evaluate fertilizer precipitant formation. Sixteen common fertilizers were analyzed with different rates of Avail. Differences were observed between fertilizer treatments, visually and quantitatively. A secondary P soil movement field study was performed to quantify P concentrations around the SDI emitter. Soils were sampled in a 30.5 cm by 30.5 cm square adjacent to the emitter on a control treatment and a fertilized treatment, in both years of the study. Visual and quantitative differences were observed between the two treatments in both years of the study. When P fertilizers were added to the SDI system, higher P concentrations were found very close to the emitter orifice. Control treatments exhibited lower P concentrations around the emitter than fertilized treatments.
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Farr, Charles. "The Use of Drip Irrigation in Maricopa County." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204544.
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Harper, Fred. "Bell Pepper Row Cover and Drip Irrigation Test." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214257.
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Figueroa-Viramontes, Uriel. "Denitrification Losses In Cropped Soils With Subsurface Drip Irrigation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1999_006_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Doan, David S. B. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "A cost optimization of solar-powered, drip irrigation systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/112396.
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Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2017.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 79-81).
This thesis presents a design and cost optimization for solar-powered, drip irrigation systems. Historical irradiance data and crop consumption data are considered and modelled during these design steps. A cost optimization is utilized in order to determine low-cost, optimum configuration that meets the required water consumption rate of a given crop. In this case, Jalgaon, India is used as an example to determine the configuration and cost per acre for solar-powered, drip irrigation systems for sunflowers, tomatoes, and barley. These configurations consisted of five 310 Watt solar panels coupled with a 5m³ water buffer, three 295 Watt solar panels coupled with a 5m³ water buffer, and three 320 Watt solar panels coupled with a 4m³ water buffer, respectively. These systems are projected to cost $4,600, $3,870, and $3,750, respectively. The results of this study show the value of a system optimization of solar-powered, drip irrigation systems.
by David Doan.
S.B.
14
McGinley, Susan. "Safer Vegetables: Fewer Pathogens Survive Under Subsurface Drip Irrigation." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622200.
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Wuertz, Howard, and Scott Tollefson. "The Evolution of Subsurface Drip Irrigation on Sundance Farms." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204488.
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Cabral-Dominguez, Carlos Antonio Mayovanex 1963. "Sub-surface drip irrigation uniformity under spatially variable conditions." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277999.
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Spatial variation of soil moisture content under a sub-surface drip irrigated field was studied. Conventional statistics and geostatistical methods were used to analyze the relation between four soil variables: % sand, % silt, % clay, and soil moisture content. The soil moisture content was measured before, during, and after irrigation using tensiometers. The samples were collected from 63 sites on a 180 by 244 meters (4.45-hectare) cotton field. The pre- and post-irrigation soil moisture content shared the same spatial structure, differing only by the magnitude of their variances. After any irrigation the soil wetter points remained wetter and the drier points remained drier. It was found that the spatial patterns of soil moisture content appear to be stable over time. The ranges obtained from the variograms before and after an irrigation had the same magnitude of influence. The coefficient of uniformity obtained using the gravimetric method was 92.4 %, however, using tensiometers values ranged from 84.4 to 87.3%.
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Karlberg, Louise. "Irrigation with saline water using low-cost drip-irrigation systems in sub-Saharan Africa." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-209.
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Zedick, Daniel. "Improving Water Use in the Landscape Through Subsurface Drip Irrigation." The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/608293.
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Sustainable Built Environments Senior Capstone ProjectThis paper examines Subsurface Drip Irrigation(SDI) as a solution to water conservation in landscape irrigation. This is a problem because of the drought that the southwestern United States is experiencing, and the amount of water that landscapes utilize and which is ultimately wasted due to inefficient practices. Subsurface drip irrigation represents a potential solution due to its high efficiency and water saving ability; however, there are some problems within it as a system. Utilizing a multiple case studies approach, this paper looked at three of the top irrigation companies, Rain Bird, Toro, and Netafim, and examined how they innovated to overcome the problems with SDI. Synthesizing the best and most effective practices from each company, a model for improving SDI was generated.
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Young, Lauren. "Irrigation Methods and Their Effects on Irrigation Water Efficiency in High Tunnels." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1609101/.
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Improving water efficiency is and will continue to be a top concern to meet the world food production demands for a growing population. By having a clear understanding of water efficiencies, communities will be able to address these concerns from an economic standpoint and use more productive methods to grow food and limit water consumption. This study examines the water efficiencies of three irrigation methods over a single growing season in southeastern Oklahoma. Two crops, tomatoes and cucumbers, were grown using drip irrigation, a self-wicking container, and a non-circulating hydroponics barrel. Results at the end of the season showed the drip irrigation method had the highest water efficiency in terms of yield of product over water applied for both crops. The drip irrigation method also had the lowest associated set up costs and second lowest time requirements after the hydroponics method. These results were found to be consistent with other studies that compared drip irrigation to other irrigation methods and showed drip to have the highest water efficiencies.
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Abdelhameed, Elbana Maha. "Comparison between surface and subsurface drip irrigation systems using effluents." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/51585.
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Els sistemes de reg per degoteig es consideren com un mètode apropiat per a la reutilització d’aigües regenerades, ja que disminueixen els riscos sanitaris. No obstant això, el problema més important en l’aplicació dels efluents en els sistemes de reg localitzat és l’obturació dels filtres i degoters, el que disminueix la uniformitat de distribució del aigua. L’objectiu principal d’aquesta tesi doctoral va ser comparar el comportament hidràulic d’un sistema de reg per degoteig superficial (DI) i un d’enterrat (SDI) aplicant un efluent terciari amb tres freqüències de rentat dels laterals (sense rentat, un rentat al final de cada temporada de reg i un rentat mensual) amb dos tipus d’emissors (autocompensant i no autocompensant). Altres objectius han estat investigar la influència de la qualitat de l’efluent en el procés de filtració i calcular la pèrdua de càrrega i la durada dels cicles de filtració en el filtre de sorra mitjançant l’anàlisi dimensional. Els resultats van demostrar que la durada del cicle de filtració va dependre principalment de la qualitat de l’efluent aplicat i del diàmetre efectiu de la sorra utilitzada. També es va constatar que l’eficàcia del procés de filtració va ser deguda al diàmetre efectiu de la sorra del filtre i que quan menor va ser el diàmetre efectiu de la sorra utilitzada, més eficaç va ser la filtració. L’anàlisi dimensional va ajudar a desenvolupar un model matemàtic per a descriure la pèrdua de càrrega en el filtre amb un alt coeficient de determinació ajustat i una bona distribució del residus. A més, es va trobar que el cabal del lateral va dependre significativament del tipus de degoter, sistema de reg, la temporada de reg i la freqüència de neteja. En el sistema de DI, el cabal de l’emissor no autocompensant es va incrementar significativament durant l’experiment a causa d’un desgast de l’emissor i es va disminuir significativament en el sistema de SDI degut a l’obturació del degoters. El cabal del degoter autocompensant va augmentar durant l’experiment en els sistemes de DI i SDI. També es va observar que la causa principal de l’obturació de l’emissor en el sistema de DI va ser el desenvolupament de biofilm, mentre que en el SDI es va correspondre a una combinació de factors biològics i físics. Finalment, es va trobar que rentar els laterals una sola vegada al final de cada temporada de reg va ser la millor opció de maneig per assolir la major eficiència de distribució de l’aigua després de 1620 h de reg, tant en DI com SDI.Los sistemas de riego por goteo se consideran como un método apropiado para la reutilización de aguas regeneradas, ya que disminuyen los riesgos sanitarios. Sin embargo, el problema más importante en la aplicación de los efluentes en sistemas de riego localizado es la obturación tanto de filtros como de goteros, lo que disminuye la uniformidad de distribución del agua. El objetivo principal de esta tesis doctoral es comparar el comportamiento de un sistema de riego por goteo superficial (DI) y otro enterrado (SDI) aplicando un efluente terciario con tres frecuencias de lavado de los laterales (sin lavado, un lavado al final de cada temporada de riego y otro mensual) con dos tipos de emisores (autocompensante y no autocompensante). Otros objetivos fueron investigar la influencia de la calidad del efluente en el proceso de filtración y calcular la pérdida de carga y la duración de los ciclos de filtración en filtro de arena mediante el análisis dimensional. Los resultados demostraron que la duración del ciclo de filtración dependió principalmente de la calidad del efluente aplicado y del diámetro efectivo de la arena utilizada. También se constató que la eficacia del proceso de filtración fue debida al diámetro efectivo de la arena del filtro, pues cuanto menor era el diámetro efectivo de la arena utilizada, más eficaz fue la filtración. El análisis dimensional ayudó a desarrollar un modelo matemático para describir la pérdida de carga en el filtro con un alto coeficiente de determinación ajustado y una buena distribución de los residuos. Además, se encontró que el caudal del lateral dependió significativamente del tipo del gotero, sistema de riego, temporada de riego y la frecuencia del lavado. En el sistema de DI, el caudal del emisor no autocompensante se incrementó significativamente durante el experimento debido a un deterioro del gotero y se disminuyó significativamente por culpa de la elevada porcentaje de los emisores obturados. El caudal del gotero autocompensante aumentó durante el experimento en los sistemas de DI y SDI. También se observó que la causa principal de la obturación del emisor en el sistema de DI fue el desarrollo de un biofilm, mientras que el de SDI se correspondió a una combinación de factores biológicos y físicos. Sin embargo, se encontró que lavar los laterales una sola vez al final de cada temporada de riego fue la mejor opción de manejo para lograr la mayor eficiencia de distribución del agua después de 1620 h de riego tanto en el sistema de riego por goteo superficial como en el enterrado.
Microirrigation is considered as an appropriate method for reclaimed wastewater reuse because it diminishes the health risks. However, the most important problem when applying reclaimed effluents in microirrigation systems is emitter and filter clogging, which lead to low system distribution uniformity. The main target of this PhD dissertation is to compare the performance of a surface (DI) and a subsurface (SDI) drip irrigation systems when applying a tertiary treated effluent under three flushing frequency (no flushing, seasonal flushing and monthly flushing) using two emitter types (pressure and non-pressure compensating). In addition, the study aimed to investigate the influence of effluent quality on the sand filtration process. Another purpose was to compute head loss across the sand media filter and time between backwashing in a sand filter media through dimensional analysis. The results revealed that sand filtration cycle duration depended mainly on the applied effluent quality and sand filter effective diameter. It was also found that the effectiveness of filtration process was significantly due to sand effective diameter, being the smaller the effective diameter the more effective the filtration process. The dimensional analysis helped to develop a mathematical model to calculate head loss across sand filter with a high adjusted coefficient of determination and a good distribution of residuals. Besides, it was found that lateral flow rates depended significantly on emitter type, irrigation system, irrigation season and flushing frequency. In DI system, lateral flow of the non-pressure compensating emitter was significantly increased throughout the experimental time due to emitter failure and significantly decreased in SDI one due to the elevated percentage of clogged emitters. The pressure compensating emitter lateral flow was increased during the experiment for DI and SDI systems. The study, as well, showed that emitter clogging in DI system was primarily due to biological factors and in the SDI one was due to a combination of biological and physical factors. However, it was found that the seasonal flushing frequency was the best management practice for achieving the highest system distribution uniformity after 1620 h of irrigation for both DI and SDI systems.
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Taylor, Huw David. "Microbial fouling of drip irrigation equipment in wastewater reuse systems." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317267.
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This study set out to investigate the processes that lead to emitter fouling in wastewater reuse systems. The susceptibilities of several emitter designs to clogging were compared and the role of phytoplankton in the clogging process and in the development of algal mats was investigated. Emitter design was found to be an important factor controlling the degree of clogging. Those designs that operated most efficiently used a long-path narrow labyrinth to control emitter output and encourage turbulent flow. Simpler designs that controlled flow by small sponge inserts or by stitched tubing were found to be unsuitable for use with treated wastewaters. The most common cause of clogging was found to be sand particles in the size range 360 urn to 1080 urn, trapped within the narrow channels of emitters. The sand contaminated the entire irrigation system from the potable water supply in July 1987, before a screen filter was installed in the water supply line. Emitter clogging under these circumstances was a problem, to varying degrees, for all emitter designs and for all water qualities. Emitters supplied with WSP effluent generally clogged to a greater degree than those supplied with potable water and the principal cause of clogging was shown to be sand particles. However, no statistically significant difference was recorded in the discharge characteristics of the most efficient emitter design between different water qualities. Thorough cleaning of the irrigation laterals in 1987 and replacement of emitters in 1988 failed to eradicate the sand contamination problem. Examination of clogged emitters by electron microscopy showed that organic material encased the sand particles in clogged emitters from laterals supplied with WSP effluent, thereby sealing the water channel. This mass was shown to be comprised of dead microalgae and invertebrate animals such as Daphnia spp. on which bacteria developed. Microalgae did not multiply in the dark environment of the emitter interiors. External algal mats were detected on less than 5 percent all emitters supplied with WSP effluent and were absent on all emitters supplied with potable water. Emitter C, which was the design that presented the largest wetted surface to sunlight, developed the greatest number of mats and covering these emitters with black polythene prevented mat development. The mats were shown to comprise of predominantly filamentous cyanobacteria (Oscil/atoria spp. and Lyngbya spp.) and filamentous green algae (Microcystis spp.). Although these organisms were also detected on the walls of the maturation pond, they were not detected in grab samples of pond effluent which contained predominantly planktonic algal genera such as Euglena spp. and Chlorella spp. Short decaying filaments of Oscillatoria spp. were, however, detected within the irrigation laterals and on the surfaces of sand particles within clogged emitters and no degree of filtration would guarantee their complete removal from the pond effluent. It was hypothesised that their development on the outer surfaces of emitters was a result of colonization of a well-illuminated, wet and nutrient-rich environment and that the source of the inoculum was as likely to be the soil as to be the maturation pond. Studies of greenhouse irrigation systems in the UK revealed that algal mats were a consequence of applying inorganic nutrients to the crop in the irrigation water: their development can be prevented in greenhouses by chlorination of the water supply. It was concluded that clogging results from a combination of physical, chemical and biological factors. Sand particles can be efficiently removed from the water supply by incorporating a simple screen filter, with a mesh size of at least 120, that allows microalgae to pass through the system to the soil. Clogging by sand particles was exacerbated by chemical precipitation of calcium carbonate and by the development of a organic material over the surface of the sand particles in emitters supplied with pond effluent. Biological growth alone was not shown to cause emitter clogging. It was also shown that the development of algal mats over the outer surface of emitters supplied with pond effluent were not a result of an accumulation of pond algae at this point but represented an opportunistic colonization of a well illuminated nutrient-rich environment by microorganisms from the atmosphere and/or soil. Algal mats had no adverse effect on the operation of emitters in WSP reuse irrigation.
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Johnson, Eric (Eric M. ). "Self-installation of drip irrigation emitters for prototype emitter testing." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/105700.
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Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 31).
In this thesis, I tested methods of adhering factory-made drip emitters to the interior of short segments of piping. Different types of adhesive and pipe material combinations were tested, and I selected three combinations for further testing. Performance similar to factory-installed drip emitters was achieved at low pressure, but the necessary watertight seals repeatedly burst at higher water pressures. Alterations to the drip emitter and installation procedure are recommended to increase reliability and resilience of the installation.
by Eric Johnson.
S.B.
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Narain, Jaya S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "A hybrid computational and analytical model of irrigation drip emitters." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111708.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 63-65).
This thesis details a hybrid computational and analytical model to predict the performance of inline pressure-compensating (PC) drip emitters. A verified CFD model is used to predict flow behavior through tortuous paths. A method of extracting a pressure scaling parameter from the CFD results for use in an analytical model is presented. Analytical expressions that describe the bending of asymmetric rectangular membranes in inline drip emitters are detailed. These expressions are combined with finite element analysis (FEA) describing the shearing behavior of the membrane to model the total flow resistance through the emitter. Analytical expressions that describe the fluid mechanics of duct and turbulent flows are used to predict the net flow rate out of the emitter. The final model is verified for three distinct emitter geometries. The hybrid model presented in this paper has wide applicability - it can be applied to asymmetrical emitter geometries that have tortuous paths and other complex flow geometries. The hybrid model benefits from the accuracy of computational modeling for complex flows and contact interactions, and the processing speed of analytical models. Because of its accuracy and speed, the model can be used reliably as a design tool for inline PC emitters.
by Jaya Narain.
S.M.
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Stroehlein, J. L., Cathy Creekmore, M. Janet, S. K. Ahmed, B. B. Taylor, and Sam Stedman. "Drip Irrigation Studies on Fertilizer Requirements for Cotton at Stanfield." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204050.
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Heathman, Stanley, Charles Farr, and Sam Stedman. "Some Observations of Weed Control Using Above Ground Drip Irrigation." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204071.
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Derbala, Asaad Abdelkader Abdalla [Verfasser]. "Development and evaluation of mobile drip irrigation with center pivot irrigation machines / Asaad Abdelkader Abdalla Derbala." Braunschweig : Bundesforschungsanst. für Landwirtschaft, 2003. http://d-nb.info/996797408/34.
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Tucker, T. C., D. D. Fangmeier, V. E. Mezainis, and S. H. Husman. "Nitrogen and Water Effects in Drip Irrigated Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204051.
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Tucker, T. C., D. D. Fangmeier, S. Husman, J. L. Stroehlein, and Tom Doerge. "Nitrogen and Water Effects in Drip Irrigated Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219760.
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The 1985 and 1986 Cotton Reports have the same publication and P-Series numbers.Nitrogen at five rates and water at three levels (0.6, 1.0, and 1.3 CU) were studied in a buried drip irrigation system on a Casa Grande sandy loam soil at the Maricopa Agricultural Center in 1985. Yield was increased by N at 50 lbs/Ac on the 1.0 and 1.3 CU water levels but not at the 0.6 CU water treatment. Yields were higher with increasing water application, 28.6" < 40.4" < 48.9". Soil nitrate-N was lower in 1985 than 1984 resulting in a greater fruiting and yield response to applied N fertilizer.
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Dahlberg, J. A. (Jeffery Alan) 1957. "THE INFLUENCE OF DRIP IRRIGATION ON COTTON PETIOLE NITRATES AND YIELD." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276453.
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Three cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars were grown under field conditions at Eloy, AZ in 1985 and 1986 to investigate the effects of five drip irrigation treatments on yield, petiole nitrate concentrations, and fruiting characteristics. Irrigation treatments ranged from 59 to 86 cm applied during the growing season. Petiole samples were collected once a week and analyzed for nitrate content. Flower and boll numbers and yield data were recorded throughout both years. Results indicated that irrigation treatments had significant effects on yield with lower amounts of irrigation producing significantly lower lint yields. Significantly lower nitrate concentrations were also observed among the lower irrigation treatments. Irrigation treatments affected flower and boll production with lower irrigation treatments producing fewer flowers and bolls. Irrigation treatments did not significantly influence percent boll set, however, percent boll set was lower in the higher irrigation treatments. The higher irrigation treatments also produced heavier bolls.
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Al-zoheiry, Ahmed M. "Modeling a drip irrigation system powered by a renewable energy source." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1164762929.
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Lin, Teresa (Teresa Ye). "Design and experimental study on pressure compensating emitters in drip irrigation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/98780.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2015.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 118).
This thesis aims to solve the basic physics behind the collapsible tube dripper design used in drip irrigation. A study was performed on the dynamics of the flow limitation of collapsible tubes. Two parameters were studied: outlet hole diameter and effective length. Prototypes were made varying these parameters, and flow tests were conducted to collect data on pressure and flow rate. Introducing a valve to control the flow significantly improved the control of experiments and the ability to test for pressure compensation. It was found that the outlet hole diameter is directly correlated with outlet flow rate and activation pressure, but indirectly correlated with constancy of flow rate. The impact of effective length on flow rate is still unclear but the results show that there is a possible correlation that may depend on other factors and characteristics of the flow.
by Teresa Lin.
S.B.
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Ayer, Harry W., and Paul Wilson. "Drip Irrigation for Cotton: What is the Potential for the West?" College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204049.
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Hofmann, W. C., B. B. Taylor, C. Michaud, R. Tabo, and Sam Stedman. "Cotton Growth as Affected by Frequency and Rate of Drip Irrigation." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204069.
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Thompson, Thomas L., and Kerri L. Maki. "Subsurface Drip Irrigation of Leaf Lettuce and Broccoli II: Water Balance." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/221450.
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The objective of this research was to estimate a season -long water balance under one subsurface trickle- irrigated plot each of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Waldmann's Green) and broccoli (Brassica olearacea L. var. Claudia). One lettuce plot during 1992-93 and one broccoli plot during 1993-94 were intensively instrumented with automated tensiometers. Tensiometer readings and estimates of evapotranspiration were used to estimate seasonal water contents in the crop root zone, and water losses due to leaching. For the monitored portion of the 1992-3 growing season, 19.1 an of irrigation water was applied, 12.5 cm of rainfall fell, and ET, was 11.5 cm. Estimated deep percolation was 60% of total water applied (irrigation plus rainfall). Leaching was periodic, and was mostly associated with rainfall events. During the monitored portion of the 19934 season, 21.2 cm of irrigation water were applied, 8.0 an of rainfall fell, and ET, was 21.9 cm. Estimated deep percolation was 28% of total water applied. Almost all of this leaching was associated with one major rainfall event. Water stored in the root zone (top 50 cm) was relatively constant at 12-14 cm water/50 cm soil except after rainfall.
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Suarez-Rey, Elisa Maria. "Subsurface drip irrigation of bermudagrass turf in Arizona: Benefits and limitations." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280210.
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Subsurface drip irrigation was compared to sprinkler irrigation on bermudagrass turf during three consecutive years using tertiary treated wastewater. Irrigation amount required by each treatment, visual appearance of the grass, shoot biomass production, and soil salinity were measured, and potential management problems were identified. The amount of irrigation water applied via subsurface irrigation was similar or higher than that applied via sprinkler irrigation for a turf of similar quality. Shoot biomass production did not differ between both irrigation methods when similar amounts of water were applied. Soil salinity, measured as electrical conductivity, was monitored at the beginning and end of each season. The changes in electrical conductivity at the end of every irrigation season did not negatively affect the appearance of the turf in any of the years. Emitter clogging by root intrusion was identified as a potential problem in the subsurface drip irrigation system. A series of greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of different herbicides and acids at several concentrations on root intrusion into subsurface drip emitters. The first greenhouse experiment was a study intended to identify chemical concentrations that could inhibit bermudagrass root growth in soil without negatively affecting the visual appearance of the grass. As a result, two herbicides, trifluralin and thiazopyr, and one acid, phosphoric acid, were selected for a second greenhouse experiment. The second greenhouse experiment focused on the effects of the two herbicides and the acid on root intrusion into subsurface drip emitters. Only the emitters treated with thiazopyr at the highest dose were completely clean, root-free emitters.
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Alum, Absar. "Control of viral contamination of reclaimed irrigated vegetables by drip irrigation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280675.
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A number of factors have contributed to the interest in reclaimed wastewater irrigation of vegetables. However safety of water as related to fresh cut vegetables has been a paramount concern of responsible agencies, growers and consumers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk mitigation potential of subsurface drip irrigation during reclaimed wastewater irrigation. Virus detection methodologies on produce were first optimized. Beef extract (3%) +0.04M sodium pyrophosphate was found to be the most efficient eluent to recover viruses from soil and plant material. The recovery efficiency of poliovirus type l and adenovirus type 40 from Pima clay loam soil ranged from 12--16%, and recoveries from Brazito sandy loam ranged from 58--81%. The recovery efficiencies of poliovirus type 1, adenovirus type 40, MS2 and PRD1 from lettuce ranged from 45 to 70%. The recovery efficiencies of MS2 and PRD1 from tomato fruit were in the range of 90%. Poliovirus type 1, adenovirus type 40, MS2 and PRD1 survived longer in Pima clay loam than in Brazito sandy loam. All enteric viruses remained stable at 4°C suggesting that little virus inactivation occurs during transportation and marketing. Poliovirus type 1 and adenovirus type 40 lost 1 log₁₀ in 11 and 17 days respectively on lettuce at room temperature. Hepatitis A virus lost 2.5 log₁₀ in 50 days on a lettuce head in a greenhouse during the winter season. Tomato, lettuce and cucumber crops were irrigated with virus-seeded water by subsurface and surface drippers. Subsurface drip irrigation resulted in 99% less viral contamination of vegetable leaves as compared to surface drip irrigation. The greatest risk of infection occurs from the outer leaves of lettuce. The risk of infection from consumption of reclaimed wastewater irrigated tomatoes and cucumber was 32% and 72% less than lettuce. The risk of infection from rotavirus by ingestion of vegetables is greater than poliovirus type 1. The risk of infection from subsurface drip irrigated vegetables did not approach the United States Environmental Protection Agency's acceptable annual risk (1:10,000) until the concentration of viruses in the irrigation water reached 100/l. No internal contamination by viruses of the vegetables was observed during their growth. The coliphages PRD1 survived longer than poliovirus type I, adenovirus type 40, and MS2. It would thus appear to be a good model for studying the persistence of those viruses on produce and in irrigated agricultural systems.
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Stroehlein, J. L., W. C. Hofmann, S. K. Ahmed, and Cathy Creekmore. "Response of Surface Drip Irrigated Cotton to Fertilizer Application." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219761.
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The 1985 and 1986 Cotton Reports have the same publication and P-Series numbers.Fertilizer nitrogen rates and the addition of phosphorus, potassium and zinc were studied in a drip irrigated field at Eloy. Response to nitrogen was found with the optimum rate being about 170 lbs/acre although higher rates tended to increase yields. Significant response to P and K were not found, but there appeared to be a response to zinc. Yields were below desired levels because of problems with obtaining a good stand and infestations of cotton rust and root rot.
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Gonçalves, Marta Filipa Dores Martins. "Influência da rega subsuperficial e gota-a-gota na utilização da água , qualidade e produção em pereira (Pyrus communis L.) Rocha. Estudo preliminar." Master's thesis, ISA, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6560.
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Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica - Instituto Superior de AgronomiaWith the aim of comparing the physiologic response, the quality of the fruits and water productivity of a pear orchard irrigated by two different irrigation systems, a field trial was conducted on a 4 year old „Rocha‟ / Sydo pear orchard, irrigated by surface drip and subsurface drip irrigation, during the year 2009/2010. There are no differences in the flower bloom and fruit setting, sugar content and acidity of the fruits between the two irrigation systems, but the surface drip irrigation produced a larger percentage of fruits > 70 mm than subsurface drip irrigation. The subsurface system had lower soil water evaporation (124.8 mm and 148.4 mm for the subsurface system and surface drip, respectively) and increased water productivity (3.82 Kg.m3 for subsurface and 3.09 Kg.m3 for surface drip). For the same amount of water supplied, the subsurface irrigation had a 23.3% higher yield than surface drip, resulting also in a higher dry matter production by water used by the trees. The average cultural coefficient (Kc) of the orchard in the period 8 April to 31 August was 0.96.
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Balkcom, Kris Brandon Mitchell Charles Clifford. "Effects of subsurface drip irrigation on chemical soil properties and cotton yield." Auburn, Ala, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1661.
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Norton, E. R., and J. C. Silvertooth. "Evaluation of a Drip Vs. Furrow Irrigated Cotton Production System." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/211297.
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A newly installed subsurface drip system was compared to a conventional furrow-irrigated cotton production system in the Marana Valley in 2000. Regular measurements included soil moisture, flower tagging, general plant growth and development measurements, and lint yield. Results indicate that an increase in lint yield of approximately 250 lbs. lint/acre was obtained under the drip irrigation system. Approximately 1/3 less irrigation water was used under the drip irrigation system. Pounds of lint produced per acre-inch of water applied provide the most dramatic results. In the furrow-irrigated system approximately 25 lbs. of lint was produced per inch of water applied while the drip system ranged from 70-80.
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Hofmann, W., J. Stroehlein, C. Michaud, P. Else, and J. Dahlberg. "Drip Irrigated Cotton Responses to Water Level, Varieties and Plant Population." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204484.
Full textAbstract:
Three cotton cultivars (DPL 41, 90 and 775) were planted at 3 seeding rates (5, 10 and 20 lbs/A). These variables were evaluated under 5 drip irrigation treatments, which included 23.3, 25.7, 28.0, 30.7 and 31.4 inches of water applied over the growing season. There were 3" of precipitation over the growing season. Only the lowest irrigation level showed significantly reduced yields. DPL 90 had superior yields as compared to DPL 775, with DPL 41 having an intermediate response. The 10 lb/a seeding rate resulted in higher yields as compared to the other 2 rates.
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Stroehlein, J. L., W. C. Hofmann, C. Michaud, E. P. Scheuring, and T. C. Knowles. "Drip Irrigated Cotton Responses to Fertilizer Levels, Varieties and Plant Population." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204485.
Full textAbstract:
Three cotton cultivars (DPL 41, 90 and 775) were planted at 3 seeding rates (5, 10 and 20 lbs/A). These variables were evaluated under 5 fertilizer treatments which included increasing nitrogen levels and one treatment with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and zinc (Zn). Residual soil N was high and variable and no clear response to applied N was found, although generally higher yields were found with the high N rate. The plots receiving P, K and Zn yielded less than plots receiving an equal amount of N. Increased seeding rates significantly increased yields which was probably an effect of early weed competition. Delta Pine 90 produced significantly more than 41 which was greater than 775. Petiole and soil nitrate values reflected the high and variable available soil N.
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Watson, J. E. "Water Uptake Pattern by Cotton Roots from a Drip Irrigated Field." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219750.
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MAATOUG, MIRGHANI ABDALLA. "GROWTH, FLOWERING, BOLL SET, AND YIELD OF DRIP IRRIGATED COTTON IN ARIZONA." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/188123.
Full textAbstract:
Studies were conducted on commercial farms in 1982 and 1983 to study the effects of above surface drip irrigation, below surface drip irrigation, and furrow irrigation on flowering, boll set, yield, and growth of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Two varieties were used in 1982, 'Deltapine 62' and 'Deltapine 90', using both above and below ground drip irrigation and Deltapine 90 was grown under furrow irrigation. In 1983 the study was conducted at a different location with above ground drip irrigation and furrow irrigation using the cotton variety 'Deltapine 41'. The irrigation water was monitored to deliver 100% of consumptive use (CU), 85% of CU, 70% of CU, 100% of CU every other day and CU which was the grower's estimate of consumptive use. All open flowers were tagged using Kwik-Lok labels dated with the day the flower opened. Tagging of flowers started from first open flower and continued for 17 weeks in 1982 and 15 weeks in 1983. Plants were sampled twice in 1982 and three times in 1983 for LAI and partitioning studies. All open bolls were harvested on a weekly basis for a total of 12 harvests. In the 1982 experiments no statistical analyses were made because the five treatments were grown in different fields and could not be randomized together. A general comparison showed that Treatment 1, Deltapine 62 above ground drip system produced the highest number of flowers but it had the lowest percent of boll set. Treatment 5, Deltapine 90, furrow system, produced the lowest number of flowers but it had the highest percent of boll set. Treatment 3, Deltapine 62 below ground drip system, had the highest boll set and Treatment 5 retained the least number of bolls. Treatment 2, Deltapine 90 above ground dry system, had the highest seed cotton yield and Treatment 5 had the lowest yield. In the 1983 experiment, there were no significant differences in flowering, boll set, or yield among the five irrigated treatments. The furrow treatment could not be compared statistically with validity with the drip treatment because it was grown in a different field but a general comparison showed that it produced the lowest number of flowers and seed cotton yield although it had the highest percent of boll set.
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Shamshery, Pulkit. "Modeling and designing the future of drip irrigation : a validated parametric analysis used to design low power, pressure compensating drip emitters." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104278.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 71-74).
Drip irrigation is a means of distributing the exact amount of water a plant needs by dripping water directly onto the root zone. It can produce up to 90% more crops than rain-fed irrigation, and reduce water consumption by 70% compared to conventional flood irrigation. In the coming years, the demand for new, low-cost, low-power drip irrigation technology will continue to grow, particularly in developing countries. It will enable millions of poor farmers to rise out of poverty by growing more and higher value crops, while not contributing to overconsumption of water. The key inhibitor to drip adoption has been the high initial investment cost. A cost and pressure analysis revealed that a reduction in activation pressure of pressure compensating (PC) drip emitters - which can maintain a constant flow rate under variations in pressure, to ensure uniform water distribution on a field - can reduce the cost of off-grid drip systems by up to 50%. These emitter have been designed and optimized empirically in the past. In this thesis, I present a parametric model that describes the fluid and solid mechanics that govern the behavior of a common PC emitter architecture, which uses a flexible diaphragm to limit flow. The model was validated by testing nine prototypes with geometric variations, all of which matched predicted performance to within R2 = 0.85. This parametric model was then coupled with a genetic algorithm to achieve a lower activation pressure of 0.15 bar for not only the 8.2 lph emitter, but also the 4, 6, 7 lph emitters. These new drip emitters, with attributes that improve performance and lower cost, are a step closer to making drip irrigation economically accessible to all throughout the world.
by Pulkit Shamshery.
S.M.
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Philip, Kimberley A. "The economics of photovoltaic (PV) drip irrigation systems: A case study for India." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10481.
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Agriculture accounts for 50% of India's gross national product and irrigated agriculture for two thirds of the nation's crop output. The energization of agricultural pumpsets is one of the main goals of India's rural electrification program but the economics of these long power line extensions for small power loads are often unfavourable. Other options for satisfying India's need for remote irrigation water supply systems include the use of photovoltaic (PV) pumps. In this study an attempt was made to determine suitable applications for PV pumping systems in the irrigation sector. Drip irrigation was considered the most appropriate method of irrigation for use with a PV pump. Grapes were considered a suitable crop due high water savings under drip irrigation, the perennial nature of the crop, and high economic returns. Insolation, evapotranspiration, and effective precipitation were determined for a number of stations across India. This information was used to calculate irrigation water requirements for grapes and size a suitable PV pumpset. The cost of irrigating with a PV pump was compared to costs for other remote water pumping options and the net present worth of all costs and benefits for grape cultivation were calculated from both an economic and financial perspective. PV pumping systems did not prove to be the least cost option for irrigation due to the exceptionally low cost of diesel pumpsets in India. In spite of this, the net present worth of grape cultivation with a PV drip irrigation system was found tc be positive as was the incremental benefit of PV drip irrigation over surface irrigation with a diesel pump.
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Rowan, Michael A. "The utility of drip Irrigation for the distribution of on-site wastewater effluent." The Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1078848711.
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Hofmann, W. C., J. L. Stroehlein, B. B. Taylor, C. Michaud, and P. T. Else. "Response of Surface Drip Irrigated Cotton to Water Levels, Varieties and Plant Populations." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219748.
Full textAbstract:
The 1985 and 1986 Cotton Reports have the same publication and P-Series numbers.A drip irrigation trial was conducted at Eloy, Arizona to investigate optimal irrigation levels for cotton. Five irrigation levels (23.6, 26.7, 29.9, 32.8 and 33.8 acre inches) were applied to DPL 41, DPL 90 and DPL 774. The varieties were planted at 5, 10, and 20 pounds/acre. There were no statistical differences in yield in the 3 wetter irrigation treatments. Both of the drier water levels produced significantly lower yields. Significant differences were also detected in the response of the varieties and populations.
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Worden, Brooke Ashley. "An Assessment of the Greatest Impacts on Distribution Uniformity for Drip and Micro Irrigation." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2018. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1942.
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Using the Cal Poly Irrigation Training and Research Centers (ITRC) drip/micro evaluation program, global, or system, DUlq is computed by combining the component DUlq values of: pressure variation, uneven spacing between emitters, unequal drainage and “other” causes. “Other” causes include plugging, wear and manufacturing coefficient. The program also computes what percentage of the non-uniformity is due to each component. Burt (2004) showed that over 95% of the non-uniformity is due to “Other” causes and pressure differences. This thesis looks at what specifically in those components is driving the non-uniformity by analyzing various equipment and field practices and their impact on the distribution uniformity. A regression analysis is used to analyze trends in distribution uniformity in an open environment. The results indicate that more information, specifically water quality, is needed to better analyze which components influence the distribution uniformity of a system.
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Gorman, Kelsey L. "Root-zone characteristics and bermudagrass response to saline water delivered by subsurface drip irrigation." Connect to this title online, 2009. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1246559522/.
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