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1
Nahar, N. "Causes and distribution of arsenic contamination in Bangladesh: evidence from the literature." Water Policy 11, no. 3 (June 1, 2009): 362–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.045.
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In attempting to eliminate disease caused by drinking polluted surface water, millions of tube-wells were drilled in Bangladesh. However, owing to arsenic in groundwater, the availability of safe drinking water has declined from earlier achievement of 97% to 51.2%. This article reviews the causes and distribution of arsenic concentration in rural Bangladesh from a wide variety of literature. Scientists have converged to two hypotheses for causes of arsenic in groundwater: the pyrite oxidation hypothesis and the oxy-hydroxide reduction hypothesis. There is a positive correlation between arsenic content in irrigated groundwater and arsenic contained in soils. There is a significant presence of arsenic in rice and leafy vegetables. Today, arsenic is causing toxicity to human health and creating major social problems. This finding implies that, had there been a precautionary measure taken when a new technology tube-well was being introduced, in the form of testing water for harmful metals, the risk that the rural population is facing now could have been drastically reduced. This lack of precautionary measure, before starting a mass installation of tube-wells for drinking and irrigation should be seen as a “human error” and avoided in future water policy and planning.
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Karim, M. R. "Microbial contamination and associated health burden of rainwater harvesting in Bangladesh." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 8 (April 1, 2010): 2129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.031.
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Rooftop rainwater harvesting has received an increased attention as a potential alternative water supply source both in the coastal and arsenic affected rural areas in Bangladesh. Several programs in installing rainwater harvesting systems have been implemented to mitigate the drinking water problem in the coastal and arsenic affected areas in the country. This study was conducted with a view to assess sanitary integrity, microbial contamination and the associated health risk of the currently practiced rooftop rainwater harvesting mainly used for drinking water supply. Sanitary inspection of the rainwater harvesting systems and an extensive sampling of harvested rainwater from the storage reservoirs and laboratory analysis were conducted. The study findings reveal that harvested rainwater was found to microbiologically contaminated to some extend. The disease burden estimated using QHRA model showed a significant microbial health burden associated with drinking untreated rainwater and both viral and bacterial pathogens dominate the microbial disease burden. In context of arsenic mitigation, rainwater harvesting reduces the health risk from arsenic; however it may increase the microbial disease burden much higher than the level of arsenic health risk at 50 μg/L of Bangladesh standard. Microbial risk needs proper attention through the implementation of a water safety plan for safe and sustainable rainwater harvesting in Bangladesh.
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Bajpai, Rajesh, Vertika Shukla, Upasana Pandey, and D. K. Upreti. "Do Lichens have the Ability to Remove Arsenic from Water?" INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 5, no. 01 (January 1, 2019): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v5i01.8.
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Arsenic (As) contamination of groundwater is a serious threat to human health. Apart from anthropogenic sources, favorable geological conditions also result in elevation of the arsenic problem in Asia, especially in South East Asia. More than 100 million people in South East Asian countries especially Bangladesh, West Bengal (India), Vietnam, China, drink and cook with arsenic-contaminated water, which causes chronic health problems for a long time. A large number of mechanism for removing As from drinking water includes the use of filters, which differ in their efficiency and applicability. In the present study, we propose the use of biofilters prepared from lichen biowaste for removal of arsenic from contaminated water. Six lichen species were tested for the applicability as biofilters. The physicochemical analysis confirmed the presence of high elemental (C, N, H, O) content in the treated lichen species. It was observed that species having high elemental content were able to remove arsenic more effectively.
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Akhter, Tangina, Md Zainul Abedin, Jayanta Kumar Basak, and Farzana Akhter. "Design and Development of Arsenic and Iron Removal Unit for Drinking Water: A Sustainable Approach in Environment." Asia Pacific Journal of Energy and Environment 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/apjee.v3i2.234.
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This study elucidated and attempted to design and development of arsenic and iron removal unit for drinking water. The process of reducing iron and arsenic from water has been experimented by developing a unit in the Department of Farm Structure at Bangladesh Agriculture University, Mymensingh. In order to test the performance of the developed unit, arsenic contaminated water with four different concentrations like 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 mg/l were prepared in the laboratory and passed into the developed unit and the respective output concentrations were found to be 0.00, 0.01, 0.025 and 0.05 mg/l. The input and output concentrations of arsenic were tested in the chemical testing laboratory under the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture, Mymensingh. Iron contaminated water were collected from four selected tube wells of local Mymensingh and were also passed into the developed unit with four input concentrations like 0.18, 0.1532, 0.179 and 0.133 mg/l and the respective output concentrations were found to be 0.10, 0.1021, 0.11 and 0.09 mg/l. The concentrations of Iron were tested in the chemical testing laboratory under the Soil Resource Development Institute, Dhaka. The results have revealed that iron and arsenic content brings to allowable limit. The developed unit has the capacity to remove Arsenic and Iron and help to eradicates hazardous problem of people.
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Merrill, D., A. Shamim, Ali, Jahan, B. Labrique, Christian, and P. West. "Groundwater Iron Assessment and Consumption by Women in Rural Northwestern Bangladesh." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 82, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000089.
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In Bangladesh, approximately 97 % of the rural population uses groundwater as a drinking source. In many areas of the country this water is known to have elevated levels of iron. The contribution to iron intake that this exposure provides, and the impact on health, are unknown. In the pre- and post-monsoon seasons of 2008, we measured iron content of household tube well water, explored local water collection methods, and estimated iron intake through consumption of groundwater for 276 women of reproductive age in a rural setting in northwestern Bangladesh. Groundwater samples were analyzed for total iron (mg/L), arsenic (category of µg/L), pH, temperature (oC), and oxidation-reduction potential (Eh). Participants drank [mean (SD); 2.7 (0.8) L] of water per day, all of which was collected from domestic tube wells. Total iron concentration in groundwater was high, [median (IQR) 16.3 (6.9, 28.2) mg/L], and variable throughout the area. Using this value, estimated daily iron intake [median (IQR)] was 41.1 (16.0, 71.0) mg from drinking water alone. The amount of water consumed was unrelated to its iron concentration (r = - 0.06; p = 0.33) despite potentially unpleasant organoleptic qualities of high iron content in water. Groundwater contributes substantially to daily iron intake of rural Bangladeshi women and currently represents an under-assessed potential source of dietary iron.
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Ohno, K., Y. Matsuo, T. Kimura, T. Yanase, M. H. Rahman, Y. Magara, T. Matsushita, and Y. Matsui. "Effect of rice-cooking water to the daily arsenic intake in Bangladesh: results of field surveys and rice-cooking experiments." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 2 (January 1, 2009): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.844.
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The effect of rice-cooking water to the daily arsenic intake of Bangladeshi people was investigated. At the first field survey, uncooked rice and cooked rice of 29 families were collected. Their arsenic concentrations were 0.22±0.11 and 0.26±0.15 mg/kg dry wt, respectively. In 15 families, arsenic concentration in rice increased after cooking. Good correlation (R2=0.89) was observed between arsenic in rice-cooking water and the difference of arsenic concentration in rice by cooking. In the second survey, we collected one-day duplicated food of 18 families. As a result, we estimated that six of 18 families likely used the arsenic contaminated water for cooking rice even they drank less arsenic-contaminated water for drinking purpose. We also conducted rice-cooking experiments in the laboratory, changing arsenic concentration in rice-cooking water. Clear linear relationships were obtained between the arsenic in rice-cooking water and the difference of arsenic concentration in rice by cooking. Factors that affect arsenic concentration in cooked rice are suggested as follows: (1) arsenic concentration in uncooked rice, (2) that in rice-cooking water, (3) difference in water content of rice before and after cooking, and (4) types of rice, especially, the difference between parboiled and non-parboiled rice.
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Ahmad, Junaid, Bishwanath Goldar, and Smita Misra. "Rural communities' preferences for arsenic mitigation options in Bangladesh." Journal of Water and Health 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 463–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2006.0030.
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In the context of arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh, this paper analyses rural people's preferences for arsenic-free drinking water options. A particular focus is on rural households' willingness to pay for piped water supply which can provide a sustainable solution to the arsenic problem, and how the preference for piped water supply compares with that for various other household/community-based arsenic mitigation technologies. The analysis is based on data collected in a survey of over 2700 households in rural Bangladesh. Six arsenic mitigation technologies were selected for the study: three-kolshi (pitcher) method, activated alumina method (household-based and community-based), dugwell, pond sand filter and deep tubewell (handpump). The survey results indicate that, after taking into consideration the initial and recurring costs, convenience, associated risks and the advantages and disadvantages of each selected technology, the preference of the rural people is overwhelmingly in favor of deep tubewells, followed by the three-kolshi method. The analysis reveals a strong demand for piped water in both arsenic-affected and arsenic-free rural areas, and scope of adequate cost recovery. Between piped water and other arsenic mitigation technologies, the preference of the rural people is found to be predominantly in favor of the former.
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Kundu, Debasish Kumar, Arthur P. J. Mol, and Aarti Gupta. "Failing arsenic mitigation technology in rural Bangladesh: explaining stagnation in niche formation of the Sono filter." Water Policy 18, no. 6 (August 10, 2016): 1490–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2016.014.
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Arsenic contamination of shallow hand pump tube well drinking water in Bangladesh has created opportunities for radical innovations to emerge. One such innovation is the household Sono filter, designed to remove arsenic from water supplies. Applying a strategic niche management approach, and based on interviews, focus groups and a workshop, this article explains the Sono filter's failure to establish itself as a successful niche technology. Three explanatory factors are identified: lack of a strong social network (of technology producers, donors, users, and government actors) around it; diverging expectations regarding its potential to be a long-term solution; and lack of second-order learning amongst key actors. Beyond these three factors that help to explain the lack of successful niche formation, this paper clearly shows that the overwhelming dependency on fund-driven projects also deters successful niche formation in the context of the developing world.
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Hoque, Md Imdadul, Md Aktarul Islam, and Md Niaz Morshed. "Water quality of Barishal sadar upazila in Bangladesh for drinking, irrigation, aquaculture and livestock consumption." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 6, no. 1 (April 8, 2020): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v6i1.46478.
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A study was conducted to assess of groundwater and surface water quality of Barisal sadar upazila. Total 22 water samples (11 pond water and 11 groundwater) were collected from January to March, 2017. Samples were slightly acidic in nature and 7 pond water not suitable for aquaculture in respect of pH. Samples of pond were “excellent” and groundwater samples were “good” for irrigation except two high salinity group water for irrigation for EC. Calcium indicates the samples were suitable for aquaculture but 7 samples were not suitable due to higher Mg content. In respect of K, 9 samples were not suitable for aquaculture. Cu concentrations found suitable for all purposes. For Fe and Zn samples are suitable for irrigation and consumption. Chloride showed, samples were not suitable for livestock consumption except 7 ponds sample. Samples are not suitable for aquaculture in respect of Cl, Fe and Zn. For Manganese, samples (except 1) found suitable for consumption. Samples were “excellent” for sensitive, semi-tolerant and tolerant crops in respect of B. Not any samples responded to CO3 test and HCO3 concentrations found normal. All water sources free from Arsenic contamination. Phosphorus concentration in groundwater might not be harmful for multipurpose use. SAR categorized all samples “excellent” class for irrigation except 2 groundwater samples. 15 samples were “suitable”, 3 were “marginal” and 4 were “unsuitable” for irrigation in respect of RSC. For HT, 13 were “moderately hard” and 09 were “hard” limit for irrigation and samples were suitable for drinking and livestock consumption.
Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2020, 6(1): 44-55
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Quino-Favero, Javier, Raúl Eyzaguirre Perez, Patricia Prieto Veramendi, Paloma Mogrovejo García, and Lisveth Flores del Pino. "Assessing the Removal of Arsenite and Arsenate Mixtures from the Synthetic Bangladesh Groundwater (SBGW) Using Combined Fe(VI)/Fe(III) Treatments and Local Regression Analysis." Water 13, no. 9 (April 21, 2021): 1134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13091134.
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Arsenic is an inorganic pollutant that, depending on oxidation–reduction and pH level conditions, may be found in natural waters in two variants: As(III) and As(V). Any treatment to effectively remove arsenic from water will be conditioned by the presence of one or both variants. In this context, this study assesses using electrochemically produced Fe(VI) with Fe(III) to remove As(III), As(V), and their combinations from the Synthetic Bangladesh Groundwater (SBGW) containing anions that interfere with iron-based arsenic removal processes. The combined use of Fe(VI) and Fe(III) allowed us to remove the total arsenic below the 10 mg L−1 threshold established by the World Health Organization and Peruvian regulations for drinking water. An optimum combination of 1 mg L−1 of Fe(VI) and 30 mg L−1 of Fe(III) was identified and tested on the removal of four different proportions of As(III):As(V) for two total concentrations: 500 and 250 mg L−1. There were no significant differences in the final removal values under the different proportions of As(III):As(V) for each total concentration, with a final removal average of 99.0% and 96.9% for the 500 and 250 µg L−1 concentrations, respectively.
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Adair, Blakely M., Stephen B. Waters, Vicenta Devesa, Zuzana Drobna, Miroslav Styblo, and David J. Thomas. "Commonalities in Metabolism of Arsenicals." Environmental Chemistry 2, no. 3 (2005): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en05054.
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Environmental Context. Health effects associated with inorganic arsenic include various cancers and increased risk of diabetes. Millions of people in Bangladesh and India are at risk through use of contaminated drinking water. When humans ingest inorganic arsenic, it is rapidly converted to methylated metabolites. Although this methylation process is largely understood, the metabolism of other arsenicals (e.g. arsenosugars to dimethylarsenic) is very unclear. Connections among pathways for metabolism of various arsenicals are now being elucidated. Commonalities and differences in these pathways may be important determinants of the risk associated with exposure to these agents. Abstract. Elucidating the pathway of inorganic arsenic metabolism shows that some of methylated arsenicals formed as intermediates and products are reactive and toxic species. Hence, methylated arsenicals likely mediate at least some of the toxic and carcinogenic effects associated with exposure to arsenic. Trimethylarsonium compounds and arsenosugars are two other classes of arsenicals to which humans are routinely exposed and there is evidence that both classes are metabolized to produce methylated arsenicals. Here, we review evidence for production of methylated metabolism and consider the challenges posed in unraveling a complex web for metabolism of arsenicals in humans.
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Ourshalimian, Shadassa, Abu Mohd Naser, Mahbubur Rahman, Solaiman Doza, Jennifer Stowell, K. M. Venkat Narayan, Mohammad Shamsudduha, and Matthew O. Gribble. "Arsenic and fasting blood glucose in the context of other drinking water chemicals: a cross-sectional study in Bangladesh." Environmental Research 172 (May 2019): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.049.
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Safi, Syed Ragib, and Takehiko Gotoh. "Simultaneous Removal of Arsenic and Manganese from Synthetic Aqueous Solutions Using Polymer Gel Composites." Nanomaterials 11, no. 4 (April 18, 2021): 1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11041032.
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The groundwater in approximately 50% of the Bangladesh landmass contains Mn concentrations greater than the limit prescribed by the WHO drinking water guidelines. Although studies have suggested that γ-FeOOH can effectively remove Mn from water, its practicability has not been investigated, considering that the additional processes required to separate the adsorbents and precipitates are not environment-friendly. To improve the efficiency of adsorptive Mn-removal under natural conditions, we employed a cationic polymer gel composite, N,N’-Dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide, methyl chloride quaternary (DMAPAAQ) loaded with iron hydroxide (DMAPAAQ + FeOOH), and a non-ionic polymer gel composite, N,N’-Dimethylacrylamide (DMAA) loaded with iron hydroxide (DMAA + FeOOH). DMAPAAQ + FeOOH exhibited a higher As removal efficiency under natural conditions while being environment-friendly. Our results suggest that the higher efficiency of the cationic gel composite is owed to the higher γ-FeOOH content in its gel structure. The maximum adsorption of Mn by DMAPAAQ + FeOOH was 39.02 mg/g. Furthermore, the presence of As did not influence the adsorption of Mn on the DMAPAAQ + FeOOH gel composite and vice versa. DMAPAAQ adsorbed As and the γ-FeOOH particles simultaneously adsorbed Mn. Our findings can serve as a basis for the simultaneous removal of contaminants such as As, Mn, Cr, and Cd.
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Khaleda, Laila, Mohammad Al Forkan, Fahmida Binta Wali, Md Jibran Alam, Amit Datta, Inzamamul Ismail Shawon, Nazmul Hosain, and Md Zillur Rahman. "Effect of arsenic exposure on human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene expression: Risk of cardiovascular diseases." Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 45, no. 1 (June 15, 2019): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v45i1.41802.
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Background: Exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs) through drinking water is currently a serious threat to public health of millions of people worldwide including Bangladesh. Some recent studies have shown that telomere dysfunction is emerging as an important factor in the pathogenesis of different cardiovascular diseases. Arsenic plays significant role on telomere dysfunction by altering the expression of telomere-related genes. The study was aimed to investigate the effects of arsenic on hTERT mRNA levels and their combined role in increasing CVD susceptibility.
Methods: In this cross sectional study, total of 50 CVD patients who underwent open heart surgery were recruited for this study. Urine, nail and cardiac tissue samples were collected and analyzed for As. Blood samples were quantified for hTERT expression analysis using real-time polymerase chain reaction.
Results: The hTERT mRNA expression was found approx. 10 fold higher in the As-exposed patients than the As-unexposed patients (p<0.01). A strong positive correlation (p<0.01, R>0.3) was found between the hTERT mRNA levels and As contents in the cardiac tissue, nail and urine samples of the study subjects. The significant increase (approx. 4 fold) in the hTERT mRNA expression was found in the patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) than the non-CAD patients.
Conclusions: The results of the study suggest that arsenic exposure increases hTERT mRNA expression which may in turn modify As-induced cardiovascular outcomes. The findings of this study will help to look deep into the association of As exposure in cardiovascular disease pathogenesis to open a new window in the diagnosis and treatment procedure of CVD.
Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2019; 45: 03-10
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Kocar, Benjamin D., Shawn G. Benner, and Scott Fendorf. "Deciphering and predicting spatial and temporal concentrations of arsenic within the Mekong Delta aquifer." Environmental Chemistry 11, no. 5 (2014): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en13244.
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Environmental context Himalayan derived arsenic contaminates groundwater across Asia, ranging from the deltas of Ganges-Brahmaputra of Bangladesh to the interior basins of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers in China, where more than one hundred million people are drinking water with hazardous levels of the toxin. Our ability to predict the distribution and changes in arsenic concentration in aquifers of affected regions has been limited. Here we provide a dynamic model that captures arsenic migration and can be used to forecast changes in groundwater arsenic concentrations. Abstract Unravelling the complex, coupled processes responsible for the spatial distribution of arsenic within groundwaters of South and South-East Asia remains challenging, limiting the ability to predict the subsurface spatial distribution of arsenic. Previous work illustrates that Himalayan-derived, near-surface (0 to 12m) sediments contribute a substantial quantity of arsenic to groundwater, and that desorption from the soils and sediments is driven by the reduction of AsV and arsenic-bearing iron (hydr)oxides. However, the complexities of groundwater flow will ultimately dictate the distribution of arsenic within the aquifer, and these patterns will be influenced by inherent physical heterogeneity along with human alterations of the aquifer system. Accordingly, we present a unified biogeochemical and hydrologic description of arsenic release to the subsurface environment of an arsenic-afflicted aquifer in the Mekong Delta, Kandal Province, Cambodia, constructed from measured geochemical profiles and hydrologic parameters. Based on these measurements, we developed a simple yet dynamic reactive transport model to simulate one- and two-dimensional geochemical profiles of the near surface and aquifer environment to examine the effects of subsurface physical variation on the distribution of arsenic. Our results show that near-surface release (0–12m) contributes enough arsenic to the aquifer to account for observed field values and that the spatial distribution of arsenic within the aquifer is strongly affected by variations in biogeochemical and physical parameters. Furthermore, infiltrating dissolved organic carbon and ample buried particulate organic carbon ensures arsenic release from iron (hydr)oxides will occur for hundreds to thousands of years.
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Woobaidullah, ASM, M. Moklesur Rahman, and M. Zohir Uddin. "Evaluation of hydrogeological conditions through vertical electrical soundings survey at Mankiganj pourashava, Manikganj, central part of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific Research 27, no. 2 (January 4, 2016): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsr.v27i2.26229.
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The Pourashava area of Manikganj, located in the central part of Bangladesh is treated as arsenic hotspot in the country as the outcome of various studies concludes that almost 80% of the domestic tube wells at this area exceed arsenic level of Bangladesh standard (50 ?g/l) for drinking water. To enhance the potable water supply in the area, 15 geoelectric soundings survey using Schlumberger configuration with spreading AB/2 = 300 meters has been executed to decipher the subsurface lithology distribution and aquifers at different depths, to determine the lateral and vertical extent of aquifer at the area. Correlation of the analyzed VES results with primary and secondary borelogs, the subsurface sequence of the area is broadly divided into two geoelectric units. Firstly, the near surface geoelectric unit of resistivity less than 20.0 ?-m represents the top soil composed of silty clay to clay. The thickness of this layer varies from 1 meter to 5 meters. The second geoelectric unit represents the sand layer and is characterized by a resistivity range of 21.0 to 190.0 ?-m. This unit encompasses the very fine sand with variable thickness of 2 to 248m while resistivity is from 21.0 to 30.0 ?-m, very fine to fine sand having thickness from 174-280m and geoelectric value ranges from 31.0 to 40.0 ?-m, fine sand with resistivity from 44.0 to 50.0 ?-m, fine to medium sand having resistivity from 51.0 to 70.0 ?-m, medium sand and medium to coarse sand with resistivity value 75.0 to 110.0 ?-m, and 140.0 to 190.0 ?-m, respectively. The ultimate thickness of this unit could not be determined due to limited spread of survey but at least continues to a depth of 300 m. In the context of groundwater storage, the second geoelectric unit acts as the regional aquifer and is used for groundwater development in the Pourashava area for water supply.Bangladesh J. Sci. Res. 27(2): 109-120, December-2014
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Jahan, Israt, Mohammad Anwarul Abedin, Mohammad Rafiqul Islam, Mahmud Hossain, Tahsina Sharmin Hoque, Quazi Forhad Quadir, Mohammad Ismail Hossain, Ahmed Gaber, Yusuf S. Althobaiti, and Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman. "Translocation of Soil Arsenic towards Accumulation in Rice: Magnitude of Water Management to Minimize Health Risk." Water 13, no. 20 (October 10, 2021): 2816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13202816.
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Globally, the risk of arsenic (As) contamination in soil and rice is well documented across the globe. In Bangladesh, drinking water and rice are two major exposure pathways of As to humans. Therefore, the efficiency of recent technologies to reduce rice As and associated human health risks still need to be deeply investigated. In this direction, a pot experiment was performed to investigate the impact of soil As and agronomic irrigation management on rice (cv. BRRI dhan28) growth, yield, As accumulation, and finally, health risks to humans from consuming rice. Treatment combinations were made with three levels of As (0, 20, and 40 mg kg−1) having two irrigation procedures, including alternate wetting and drying (AWD) and traditional continuous flooding (CF). According to the findings, As pollution in the soil lowered the yield contributing features and rice yield, including panicle length, filled grains per panicle, sterile grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and straw yield. AWD water management significantly improved the growth performance and productivity of rice. Grain yield was increased by 13% in AWD compared to CF. Rice grain and straw As concentrations were increased to 0.56 mg kg−1 and 15.10 mg kg−1, respectively, in soil with 40 mg kg−1 As and CF water management. AWD treatment significantly reduced grain and straw As contents by 16% and 28%, respectively. Increased grain, straw, and total As uptake was noticed with higher soil As concentrations. The study also found that rising soil As raised non-carcinogenic risks (HQ > 1) and carcinogenic risks (CR > 1.010–4) while AWD lowered health risks compared to CF. Thus, rice farming using AWD irrigation could be a viable and long-term solution for reducing As contamination in rice and associated human health hazards.
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Safi, Syed Ragib, and Takehiko Gotoh. "Removal of Manganese Using Polymer Gel Composites." Materials Proceedings 4, no. 1 (November 11, 2020): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iocn2020-07846.
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Manganese is the biggest concern in Bangladesh after Arsenic, as almost 50% area contains groundwater with Mn concentrations greater than the WHO drinking water guidelines. The previous studies suggested that γ-FeOOH could remove Mn effectively from water. However, those studies were conducted at higher pH levels and not in natural conditions. Additionally, the practical applicability of the Mn removal methods was not discussed. Moreover, additional separation processes required to separate the adsorbents and precipitations are not environmentally friendly. Therefore, to improve the Mn removal efficiency at natural pH levels and other natural water conditions, we examined Mn removal by adsorption technology using polymer gel composites. The gel composites were a cationic gel composite, N,N’-dimethylamino propylacrylamide, methyl chloride quaternary (DMAPAAQ), loaded with iron hydroxide (DMAPAAQ + FeOOH), and a non-ionic gel composite, N,N’-Dimethylacrylamide (DMAA), loaded with iron hydroxide (DMAA + FeOOH). DMAPAAQ + FeOOH gel contains 62.01 wt% of γ-FeOOH in its polymer structures because of the unique preparation method and this gel showed better As removal efficiency than the other adsorbents at natural conditions ensuring its environmental friendliness. Our results suggest that the cationic gel composite, DMAPAAQ + FeOOH, removed Mn more than that of DMAA + FeOOH because the content of γ-FeOOH particles was higher in the gel structure of DMAPAAQ + FeOOH. Besides the polymer component of DMAPAAQ + FeOOH contributing to the adsorption of Mn, it carried the higher amount of γ-FeOOH components, which helped to further increase Mn removal. Our results also suggested that the presence of As did not have any effect on the adsorption of Mn with DMAPAAQ + FeOOH gel composite because the polymeric component (DMAPAAQ) adsorbed As and the γ-FeOOH particles adsorbed Mn, which provides the basis for simultaneous adsorption of As and Mn. This research is a base for the simultaneous removal of harmful components such as As, Mn, Cr, Cd, and more.
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van Halem, D., S. A. Bakker, G. L. Amy, and J. C. van Dijk. "Arsenic in drinking water: not just a problem for Bangladesh." Drinking Water Engineering and Science Discussions 2, no. 1 (February 26, 2009): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/dwesd-2-51-2009.
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Abstract. For more than a decade it has been known that shallow tube wells in Bangladesh are frequently contaminated with arsenic concentrations at a level that is harmful to human health. By now it is becoming clear that a disaster of an unheard magnitude is going on: the World Health Organization fears that in the near future 1 in every 10 adult deaths in Bangladesh will be caused by arsenic-related cancers. Other studies show that problems with arsenic in groundwater/drinking water occur in many more countries worldwide, such as in the USA and China. In Europe the focus on arsenic problems is confined to countries with high arsenic levels in their groundwater, such as Romania, Hungary and Italy. In most other European countries, the naturally occurring arsenic concentrations are lower than the drinking water standard of 10 μg L−1. However, from the literature review presented in this paper, it may also be concluded that using the European standard, health risks cannot be excluded. It is therefore recommended that the current arsenic standard be reconsidered.
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Milton, Abul Hasnat, Habibur Rahman, Wayne Smith, Rupendra Shrestha, and Keith Dear. "Water consumption patterns in rural Bangladesh: are we underestimating total arsenic load?" Journal of Water and Health 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2006.0027.
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Risk related to the ingestion of any water contaminants depends on many factors, including the daily per capita amount of consumed water relative to body weight. This study explored the water consumption pattern of a rural arsenic-affected population in Bangladesh. The study findings are likely to contribute to the risk estimation attributable to ingestion of arsenic and other drinking water contaminants. A total of 640 individuals participated in this cross-sectional study carried out in an arsenic-affected rural population in Bangladesh. In this study daily per capita water consumption for drinking purposes was found to be 73.04 ml/kg/d (range = 71.24–74.84 ml/kg/d), which is higher than for both the US and Taiwan populations. This difference in per capita drinking water consumption might contribute to much higher lifetime cancer mortality and other morbidity risks from arsenic among the Bangladesh population compared to either the US or Taiwan populations. Arsenic is also ingested through cooking water which, if considered, might increase the risk further. The findings of this study highlight the urgent need for a holistic water supply programme for Bangladesh, with special emphasis on the arsenic-affected population.
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Chen, Yu, and Habibul Ahsan. "Cancer Burden From Arsenic in Drinking Water in Bangladesh." American Journal of Public Health 94, no. 5 (May 2004): 741–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.94.5.741.
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Khan, M. M. H., K. Aklimunnessa, M. Kabir, and M. Mori. "Determinants of drinking arsenic-contaminated tubewell water in Bangladesh." Health Policy and Planning 22, no. 5 (July 27, 2007): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czm018.
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Vahter, Marie, Nazmul Sohel, Kim Streatfield, and Lars Åke Persson. "Arsenic exposure from drinking water and mortality in Bangladesh." Lancet 376, no. 9753 (November 2010): 1641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(10)62089-2.
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Tan, Swee Ngin, Jean WH Yong, and Yan Fei Ng. "Arsenic exposure from drinking water and mortality in Bangladesh." Lancet 376, no. 9753 (November 2010): 1641–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(10)62090-9.
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Saiduzzaman, BM, AKM Khurshidul Alam, Mominul Haider, Md Shaleh Mahmud, Md Mominul Islam, and Mohammad Manirul Islam. "Relationship between Grades of Bladder Cancer with the Level of Arsenic in Drinking Water." Bangladesh Journal of Urology 24, no. 2 (September 2, 2022): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bju.v24i2.59485.
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Background: Arsenic is a heavy metal and it is considered carcinogenic to humans. In Bangladesh, most of the people consume arsenic polluted water above the nationally accepted level. Several studies have demonstrated that the ingestion of arsenic in drinking water is a strong risk factor for several malignancies including urothelial carcinoma. Clinicopathological features of bladder cancer are related to the amount of arsenic exposure and duration of arsenic exposure into the urinary tract and other risk factors. Aim of the study was to see the relationship between grades of bladder cancers with the level of arsenic in drinking water. Objective: To see the relationship between the grades of bladder cancer with the level of arsenic in drinking water. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study done in the department of urology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Shahbag, Dhaka. In this study, a total of 72 histopathologically proven urothelial bladder carcinoma and history of at least 10 year underground water consumption patients were enrolled. Among them 12 patients were excluded from the study because no arsenic was found in sample underground drinking water. So, 60 patient was participants for this study. Sample of participant’s drinking water was collected by a selective non-reactive container. The level of arsenic level in microgram/Liter was measured by standard kit method and the level of arsenic was recorded. Results: Arsenic exposure 30 years or more was regardless of the amount of arsenic consumption in drinking water was found high-grade cancer. No significant statistical difference was found in the grading of carcinoma with the level of arsenic in drinking water. Conclusion: Arsenic exposure amount is not related to the grades of bladder cancer rather the duration of arsenic exposure in drinking water is related to the grades of bladder cancer. Bangladesh J. Urol. 2021; 24(2): 141-145
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Chowdhury, Uttam K. "Food Chain Arsenic: Additional body burden on health of arsenic." Journal of Food Science and Nutritional Disorders 1, no. 1 (October 25, 2021): 45–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.55124/jfsn.v1i1.123.
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Introduction
Arsenic: The king of poisons, the poisons of kings, and the bane of investigators1. The IARC2 has classified arsenic as a group 1 human carcinogen. Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic can cause cancerous2-5 and non-cancerous health hazards6,7 in humans. Arsenic can get entry into the human body via drinking water, eating food, inhaling dust, and/or ingesting soil.
In arsenic affected areas of West Bengal-India and Bangladesh huge quantity of arsenic is falling on agricultural land. A study in West Bengal-India reported that in a 201 km2 area of the Deganga block in the arsenic-affected district of North 24-Parganas, 6.4 tons of arsenic is falling on agricultural land in one year from 3200 contaminated tube wells for agricultural irrigation8. They expect tons of arsenic is coming with underground water in the arsenic affected areas of West Bengal-India and Bangladesh and falling on irrigated land. Thus, it is expected arsenic is entering the food chain.
Figure. Using tube well water for agricultural irrigation.
Rice and vegetable are the staple food for poor villagers of West Bengal, India and Bangladesh. This is true for the villagers in Kolsur gram-panchayet (G.P.) in Deganga block of North 24-Parganas district, West Bengal-India, where a group of researchers studied for arsenic in soil, rice, and vegetables from fields cultivated with arsenic contaminated water. From the results of total arsenic (drinking water + rice + vegetables + Pantavat + water added for food preparation) body burden to North Kolsur villagers [1185.0 µg for per adult per day and 653.2 µg for per child (around 10 years) per day], as the amount of arsenic coming from rice, vegetables, and water added for Pantavat and food preparation is 485 µg i.e., 41% of total for adult and 253.2 µg i.e., 38.8% for child and from rice and vegetable 285 µg i.e., 24% of total for adult and 153.2 µg i.e., 23.4% for child9-11. Their findings show most of the arsenic coming from food is inorganic in nature10. They reported that 95% and 5% of the arsenic are inorganic arsenic and methylated arsenic in rice, and 96% and 4% are inorganic arsenic and methylated arsenic in vegetables, respectively10.
According to WHO12 1.0 µg of inorganic arsenic per day may give rise to skin effects within a few years.
It has been estimated that based upon the current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standard of 50 µg/L, the lifetime risk of dying from cancer of the liver, lung, kidney, or bladder, from drinking 1 liter per day of water could be as high as 13 per 1000 persons13. Using the same methods, the risk estimate for 500 µgL of arsenic in drinking water would be 13 per 100 persons14. In its latest document on arsenic in drinking water, the U.S. National Research Council (NRC) concluded that exposure to 50 µg/L could easily result in a combined cancer risk15 of 1 in 100. Comparing to the WHO, EPA, and NRC document with arsenic burden to Kolsur villagers from water and food it appears that Kolsur villagers’ risk of suffering from arsenical skin effect and cancer is there. Compared to worldwide arsenic consumption from food, it appears Kolsur villagers are also consuming high amount of inorganic arsenic from food and vegetables. Kolsur village is an example of many such villages in West Bengal-India and Bangladesh.
Furthermore, products from arsenic irrigated water- soil system rich in arsenic are also coming to common marketplace far away from contaminated areas and even people who are not drinking arsenic contaminated water may get arsenic from food products produced from contaminated fields. In West Bengal-India and Bangladesh rice, vegetables, and other products are coming to cities (including Kolkata in West Bengal-India and Dhaka in Bangladesh) from villages and possibility that city people consuming arsenic contaminated products from contaminated areas cannot be ruled out.
References:
Aposhian, H.V., Avram, M.D., Tsaprailis, G., Chowdhury, U.K., 2006. Arsenic: The king of poisons, the poisons of kings, and the bane of investigators (Conference paper). Chem Res. Toxicol., Vol. 16, 1680-1680.
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 1987. In IARC Monograph on the Evaluation of Carcinogenicity Risk to Humans. Overall Evaluation of Carcinogenicity: An Update of IARC Monographs 1-42 (Suppl. 7). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, pp. 100-106.
NRC (National Research Council). 2001. Arsenic in Drinking Water. Update to the 1999 Arsenic in Drinking Water Report. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Chen, C.J., Chen, C.W., Wu, M.M., Kuo, T.L. 1992. Cancer potential in liver, lung, bladder, and kidney due to ingested inorganic arsenic in drinking water. Br. J. Cancer 66, 888-892.
Rossman, T.G., Uddin, A.N., Burns, F.J. 2004. Evidence that arsenite acts as a cocarcinogen in skin cancer. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 198, 394-404.
Huang, Y.K., Tseng, C.H., Huang, Y.L., Yang, M.H., Chen, C.J., Hsueh, Y.M. 2007. Arsenic methylation capacity and hypertension risk in subjects living in arseniasis-hyperendemic areas in southwestern Taiwan, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 218, 135-182.
Tseng, C.H. 2007. Metabolism of inorganic arsenic and non-cancerous health hazards associated with chronic exposure in humans. J. Environ. Biol. 28, 349-357.
Mandal, B.K., 1998. Status of arsenic problem in two blocks out of sixty in eight groundwater arsenic affected districts of West Bengal - India (Ph.D. Thesis). Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India.
Chowdhury, U.K., 2001. Groundwater arsenic contamination status at four geo-morphological areas in Bangladesh (Special reference to arsenic in biological samples and agricultural crops) (Ph.D. Thesis). Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India.
Chowdhury, U.K., Rahman, M.M., Mandal, B.K., Paul, K., Lodh, D., Basu, G.K., Chanda, C.R., Saha, K.C., Mukherjee, S.C., Roy, S., Das, R., Kaies, I., Barua, A.K., Palit, S.K., Quamruzzaman, Q., and Chakraborti, D. Groundwater arsenic contamination and sufferings of people in West Bengal, India, and Bangladesh. Environmental Sciences, 2001, 8, 393-415.
Chowdhury, U.K. (2021). Total arsenic, arsenic species, and trace elements in crop and vegetables grown in an area irrigated with arsenic contaminated water in West Bengal, India (submitted).
WHO (World Health Organization), 1981. Arsenic: Environmental Health Criteria 18. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
Smith, A.H. et al., 1992. Cancer risks from arsenic in drinking water. Environmental Health Perspectives. 97: 259-267.
Smith, A.H. et al., 1999. Cancer risks from arsenic in drinking water: Implications for drinking water standards. In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects, 12-15 July 1998, San Diego, Elsevier Science Ltd., Oxford, UK. pp 191-200.
NRC (National Research Council), 1999. Arsenic in drinking water. Washington, DC, National Academy Press.
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Fewtrell, Lorna, Ron Fuge, and David Kay. "An estimation of the global burden of disease due to skin lesions caused by arsenic in drinking water." Journal of Water and Health 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2005): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2005.0011.
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The global burden of disease due to skin lesions caused by arsenic in drinking water was estimated by combining country-based exposure data with selected exposure–response relationships derived from the literature. Populations were considered to be exposed to elevated arsenic levels if their drinking water contained arsenic concentrations of 50 μg l−1 or greater. Elevated arsenic concentrations in drinking water result in a significant global burden of disease, even when confining the health outcome to skin lesions. The burden of disease was particularly marked in the World Health Organization (WHO) comparative risk assessment (CRA) ‘Sear D' region, which includes Bangladesh, India and Nepal. Unsurprisingly, Bangladesh was the worst affected country with 143 disability adjusted life years (DALYs) per 1,000 population. Although this initial estimate is subject to a large degree of uncertainty, it does represent an important first step in allowing the comparison of the problem relating to elevated arsenic in drinking water to other environmental health outcomes.
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van Halem, D., S. A. Bakker, G. L. Amy, and J. C. van Dijk. "Arsenic in drinking water: a worldwide water quality concern for water supply companies." Drinking Water Engineering and Science 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2009): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/dwes-2-29-2009.
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Abstract. For more than a decade it has been known that shallow tube wells in Bangladesh are frequently contaminated with arsenic concentrations at a level that is harmful to human health. By now it is clear that a disaster of an unheard magnitude is going on: the World Health Organization has estimated that long-term exposure to arsenic in groundwater, at concentrations over 500 μg L−1, causes death in 1 in 10 adults. Other studies show that problems with arsenic in groundwater/drinking water occur in many more countries worldwide, such as in the USA and China. In Europe the focus on arsenic problems is currently confined to countries with high arsenic levels in their groundwater, such as Serbia, Hungary and Italy. In most other European countries, the naturally occurring arsenic concentrations are mostly lower than the European drinking water standard of 10 μg L−1. However, from the literature review presented in this paper, it is concluded that at this level health risks cannot be excluded. As consumers in European countries expect the drinking water to be of impeccable quality, it is recommended that water supply companies optimize arsenic removal to a level of <1 μg L−1, which is technically feasible.
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Mukherjee, A. B., and P. Bhattacharya. "Arsenic in groundwater in the Bengal Delta Plain: slow poisoning in Bangladesh." Environmental Reviews 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): 189–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a01-007.
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The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the problems concerning the widespread occurrences of arsenic in groundwater in Bangladesh, a land with enormous resources of precipitation, surface water, and groundwater. Because of the potential risk of microbiological contamination in the surface water, groundwater was relied on as an alternate source of drinking water. Exploitation of groundwater has increased dramatically in Bangladesh since the 1960s to provide safe water for drinking and to sustain wetland agriculture. The presence of arsenic in the groundwater at elevated concentrations has raised a serious threat to public health in the region. Nearly 6075 million people inhabiting a large geographical area are at potential risk of arsenic exposure, and several thousands have already been affected by chronic arsenicosis. The source of arsenic in groundwater is geogenic and restricted within the Holocene sedimentary aquifers. Mobilization of arsenic from the alluvial aquifers is primarily effected through a mechanism of reductive dissolution of the iron oxyhydroxides within the sediments, rather than by the oxidation of pyrite, as has been hypothesized by other workers. The problem is further accentuated by the fact that arsenic is also found at elevated concentrations in vegetables and rice grown in the areas where high-arsenic groundwater is used for irrigation. Dietary habits among the population are also an important pathway for arsenic ingestion. Studies are in progress at national as well as international levels to alleviate the arsenic crisis in Bangladesh. Besides the identification of arsenic-free tubewells in the affected areas for drinking purposes, purification of groundwater at household level by low-cost arsenic removal techniques is suggested. Rehabilitation of the patients with chronic arsenicosis and arsenic education programs for rural communities must be addressed urgently by the government of Bangladesh. Key words: arsenic, groundwater, chemistry, redox, causes, effects, Bangladesh.
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Brennan, R., and E. McBean. "A performance assessment of arsenic-iron removal plants in the Manikganj District of Bangladesh." Journal of Water and Health 9, no. 2 (April 25, 2011): 317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2011.107.
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In Bangladesh, arsenic contamination of groundwater, microbial contamination of surface water and seasonally variable rainfall make reliable access to acceptable quality drinking water a challenge. Arsenic-iron removal plants (AIRPs) are a relatively inexpensive way of removing arsenic from groundwater for access to safer drinking water. This study evaluated the performance of 21 (of 105) AIRPs installed by a local non-governmental organization (Society for People's Action in Change and Equity) with financial assistance from the Australian High Commission, Dhaka, under the Direct Aid Program of the Australian Government. All AIRPs achieved the Bangladesh standard for arsenic in drinking water of 50 μg L−1 and 17 achieved the World Health Organization guideline of 10 μg L−1. The AIRPs removed 87% of influent arsenic, on average. After cleaning, poor arsenic and iron removal was observed for about 2 days due to inadequate residence time. Chemical processes that may influence AIRP performance are also discussed herein, including iron and arsenic oxidation, arsenic co-precipitation with iron, multiple iron additions, interference by organics, and iron crystallization. Effluent faecal coliform counts were generally low, though were slightly higher than influent counts. Overall, AIRPs were shown to possess considerable promise for use in areas with high natural iron where users are concerned about arsenic and/or iron in their drinking water.
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Hossain, Md Sharif, and Fatema Begum. "Relationship between Urinary Arsenic Level and Urinary Iodine, Radioiodine Uptake, TSH, FT4 Levels: Research is Based on Experimental and Control Groups." Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 1 (March 2, 2012): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v10i1.10010.
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In Bangladesh drinking water is heavily contaminated with arsenic. An estimated 50 million people are at risk from drinking of arsenic contaminated water in Bangladesh and West Bengal in India. Millions of people in many districts of Bangladesh are drinking ground water with arsenic concentrations above acceptable levels (0.05 mg/l) and many of them have already been diagnosed with poisoning symptoms. That is why, in this research an attempt has been made to find the relation between arsenic levels and urinary iodine, radioiodine uptake, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxin (FT4) levels in Bangladeshi population. Another purpose has also been made to find the impacts of arsenic level on simple diffuse goiters. This is a case-control analytic study. The study was carried out at the Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Ultrasound, in collaboration with the thyroid out patient department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh. From our analytical results it has been found that, only the variable radioiodine uptake at 24 hours play significant role for reducing the arsenic level. Also, it has been found that iodine deficiency is not only the factor of causing simple diffuse goiter, but arsenic level is also one of the most important factors of causing simple diffuse goiter in Bangladeshi population. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v10i1.10010 DUJPS 2011; 10(1): 13-20
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FUKUSHIMA, Yosuke, Yoshimi AKGIHARA, Michinori HATAYAMA, Kiyoko HAGIGARA, Akira SAKAI, Daisuke KAMIYA, and Sombo YAMAMURA. "SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH ON ARSENIC CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER IN BANGLADESH." ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH 32 (2004): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/proer.32.21.
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Mostafa, MG, and Nicola Cherry. "Arsenic in drinking water and renal cancers in rural Bangladesh." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 70, no. 11 (August 28, 2013): 768–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2013-101443.
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Rezaul Karim, Md. "Quality and suitability of harvested rainwater for drinking in Bangladesh." Water Supply 10, no. 3 (July 1, 2010): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.144.
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Several programs have been undertaken during the last few years to install rooftop rainwater harvesting systems as an alternative drinking water supply source both in the coastal and arsenic affected areas in Bangladesh. In this study, quality of the harvested rainwater used for drinking water supply was assessed. A total of 308 harvested rainwater samples were collected from the different storage reservoirs located both in coastal and arsenic affected areas and analysed for various physical, chemical and microbial indicators. Most of the physical and chemical water quality parameters were well below the Bangladesh Drinking Water Standard and WHO guideline values. However, the harvested rainwater was found microbiologically contaminated to some extent and the water is not suitable for consumption without treatment. For safe and sustainable rainwater harvesting, WHO guideline and water safely plan (WSP) can be adopted in Bangladesh.
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Kundu, Debasish Kumar, Aarti Gupta, Arthur P. J. Mol, and Mahbuba Nasreen. "Understanding social acceptability of arsenic-safe technologies in rural Bangladesh: a user-oriented analysis." Water Policy 18, no. 2 (August 13, 2015): 318–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2015.026.
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Contamination of shallow tube well drinking water by naturally occurring arsenic is a severe societal and human health challenge in Bangladesh. Multiple technological interventions seeking to ameliorate the problem face hurdles in securing social acceptance, i.e. the willingness of users to receive and use a technology. While most papers focus on expert understanding of social acceptability, this paper analyzes how users themselves understand the factors shaping the social acceptability of safe drinking water options in rural Bangladesh. We then deploy such understanding to comparatively assess which factors users see as most important in securing social acceptance for three safe drinking water options in rural Bangladesh: the arsenic removal household (Sono) filter; the deep tube well; and an improved dug well. We draw on focus groups and semi-structured interviews with technology users in six villages across three districts to analyze how users assess the social acceptability of specific arsenic-safe technologies. Our findings highlight that factors such as availability, affordability and compatibility with existing water use practices, as understood by users, are key to securing users' acceptance of a specific arsenic-safe option. In concluding, we point to a future research agenda to analyze user-oriented social acceptability of arsenic-safe technologies in developing country contexts.
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Edmunds, W. M., K. M. Ahmed, and P. G. Whitehead. "A review of arsenic and its impacts in groundwater of the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna delta, Bangladesh." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 17, no. 6 (2015): 1032–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4em00673a.
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Arsenic in drinking water is the single most important environmental issue facing Bangladesh; between 35 and 77 million of its 156 million inhabitants are considered to be at risk from drinking As-contaminated water.
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Hassan, M. M., and R. Ahamed. "ARSENIC-SAFE AQUIFERS IN COASTAL BANGLADESH: AN INVESTIGATION WITH ORDINARY KRIGING ESTIMATION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W5 (October 5, 2017): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w5-97-2017.
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Spatial point pattern is one of the most suitable methods for analysing groundwater arsenic concentrations. Groundwater arsenic poisoning in Bangladesh has been one of the biggest environmental health disasters in recent times. About 85 million people are exposed to arsenic more than 50&thinsp;μg/L in drinking water. The paper seeks to identify the existing suitable aquifers for arsenic-safe drinking water along with “spatial arsenic discontinuity” using GIS-based spatial geostatistical analysis in a small study site (12.69&thinsp;km<sup>2</sup>) in the coastal belt of southwest Bangladesh (Dhopakhali <i>union</i> of Bagerhat district). The relevant spatial data were collected with Geographical Positioning Systems (GPS), arsenic data with field testing kits, tubewell attributes with observation and questionnaire survey. Geostatistics with kriging methods can design water quality monitoring in different aquifers with hydrochemical evaluation by spatial mapping. The paper presents the interpolation of the regional estimates of arsenic data for spatial discontinuity mapping with Ordinary Kriging (OK) method that overcomes the areal bias problem for administrative boundary. This paper also demonstrates the suitability of isopleth maps that is easier to read than choropleth maps. The OK method investigated that around 80 percent of the study site are contaminated following the Bangladesh Drinking Water Standards (BDWS) of 50&thinsp;μg/L. The study identified a very few scattered “pockets” of arsenic-safe zone at the shallow aquifer.
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Hossain, Md Akbar, Afroza Begum, and Khursheda Akhtar. "Study on Knowledge about Arsenic Contamination in Drinking Water among the People Living in Selected Villages of Bangladesh." Journal of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College 6, no. 2 (March 7, 2017): 57–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jssmc.v6i2.31769.
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Background: Excessive amounts of arsenic (As) in the groundwater in Bangladesh and neighbouring countries are also a major public health problem.Objective: The purpose of the present study was to find out the knowledge of arsenic contamination in drinking water and health hazards due to chronic arsenic toxicity among the people living in selected villages of Bangladesh.Methodology: This cross sectional descriptive type of study was conducted purposively among the people of the selected two villages of Bhanga Upazilla of Faridpur district from January 2007 to June 2007. All the relevant socio-demographic characteristics and data were collected by face to face interview.Results: A total number of 360 people were recruited. It was found that 273(85.3%) of the respondents family member used tube well water for drinking purpose of the respondents, 317(99.1%) persons heard of arsenic contamination in drinking water. About 284 (88.8%) respondents had the correct knowledge about identifying color of arsenic contaminated and arsenic free tube well. It was found that l76(55.5%) people knew the correct answer about the duration of use of arsenic contaminated water to causes chronic arsenic toxicity. It also revealed that 107(33.4%) respondents did not know about sign of chronic arsenic toxicity.Conclusion: Excellent knowledge on arsenic contamination in drinking water and health hazards due to chronic arsenic toxicity is found among the people living in selected villages of Bangladesh.J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll, 2014; 6(2):57-59
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Karim, M. R. "Assessment of rainwater harvesting for drinking water supply in Bangladesh." Water Supply 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.896.
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Rainwater harvesting is a potential option of water supply to the coastal and arsenic affected rural communities in Bangladesh and during the last few years, several projects were undertaken to promote and install various types of rainwater harvesting systems by government organizations and NGOs mainly for drinking and cooking water supply. A study was undertaken to assess the currently practiced rainwater harvesting systems located in the south west coastal and arsenic affected areas in the country. A total of 1,000 rainwater-harvesting systems were investigated using structured questionnaires; among them 14.8% were community based and 85.2% were household rainwater harvesting systems. The results of this assessment are presented in this paper. Availability of the harvested rainwater, operation, storage and maintenance of community based rainwater harvesting and ensuring water quality to meet the drinking water standard are the important issues that must be addressed properly. A protocol for the operation and maintenance according to WHO guideline can be adopted for the safe and sustainable rainwater harvesting in the country.
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Banu, Selina Akhter, Molly L. Kile, David C. Christiani, and Qazi Qumruzzaman. "Study of Prenatal Arsenic Exposure and Reproductive Health Outcome in Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 28, no. 2 (October 23, 2016): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjog.v28i2.30094.
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Objective : There is growing concern that exposure to arsenic during pregnancy can have adverse effects on the developing fetus. To investigate the effect of arsenic exposure on reproductive health outcomes this study was carried out.Materials and methods : This prospective birth cohort study was carried out by Harvard School of Public Health and Dhaka Community Medical College & Hospital in 2004 through the Sirajdikhan and Birahimpur community clinics as a pilot project. The study included 421 pregnancies at the time of enrollment. Water samples were collected at the time of enrollment and within one month of delivery from the tubewell of each participant identified as their primary source of drinking water. These samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.Results: Of 421 pregnancies, 38 women withdrew from the study or were lost to follow up (9.0%), 30 resulted in spontaneous abortion or miscarriage (7.1%), 32 were stillbirths (7.6%) and 321 were live births (76.2%). At the time of enrollment, the average drinking water arsenic exposure level was 31.6 ?g/L (standard deviation, 83.7 ?g/L; range, <1 880 ?g/L). The average drinking water level at one month post delivery was 26.1 ?g/L (standard deviation, 68.2 ?g/L, range: <1 to 460 ?g/L) which indicated that exposure to arsenic contaminated drinking water decreased during pregnancy. However, 31.9% of all participants exceeded the World Health Organizations recommended drinking water arsenic level of 10 ?g/L and 16.9% exceeded the Bangladesh drinking water arsenic regulation of 50 ?g/L. Sixty-three (40.9%) of all women reported an illness during this pregnancy. The odds of reporting any illness during the current pregnancy was 51% higher for those women who used a tubewell that contained more than the Bangladesh drinking water standard during their pregnancy compared to pregnant women who used a tubewell that contained less than 50 ?g As/L adjusting for maternal age, maternal education, and pregnancy history (odds ratio, 1.51; 95% confidence interval, 0.28, 8.16). Of the 321 live births, 64 (15.2%) had a birthweight less than 2500 grams and were classified as low birthweight. The odds of a low birthweight infant was 32.3% greater for those women who used a tubewell that contained more than the Bangladesh drinking water standard during their pregnancy compared to pregnant women who used a tubewell that contained less than 50 ?g As/L adjusting for maternal age, maternal education, gestational age, infant sex, spouses education, mothers weight gain during the first 28 weeks, chewing betel nuts, reporting any illness during pregnancy, environmental tobacco smoke, and pregnancy history (odds ratio, 1.32; 95% confidence interval, 0.19, 9.17). In this sample, 35 infants were born at less than 37 weeks gestational age (8.3%) and were classified as preterm infants. The odds of a preterm infant was 84% greater for those women who used a tubewell that contained more than the Bangladesh drinking water standard during their pregnancy compared to pregnant women who used a tubewell that contained less than 50 ?g As/L adjusting for maternal age, maternal education, spouses education, mothers weight gain during the first 28 weeks, environmental tobacco smoke, and pregnancy history (odds ratio, 1.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.81, 4.17).Conclusion: Arsenic exposure during pregnancy contributed to adverse maternal child health outcomes. It is important to note that none of these associations reached statistical significant and it will be important to confirm these associations in the complete dataset.Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2013; Vol. 28(2) : 76-81
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Hoque, Bilqis A., Sombo Yamaura, Akira Sakai, Sufia Khanam, Mahbooba Karim, Yamen Hoque, Sanowar Hossain, Shoriful Islam, and Obaid Hossain. "Arsenic Mitigation for Water Supply in Bangladesh: Appropriate Technological and Policy Perspectives." Water Quality Research Journal 41, no. 2 (May 1, 2006): 226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2006.026.
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Abstract Drinking of arsenic-contaminated water and the associated health impacts have been reported in developing and developed countries. Bangladesh is faced with the worst arsenic contamination of groundwater in the world, with an estimated 35 to 77 million people at risk of exposure to drinking arsenic-contaminated tubewell water. Lack of appropriate technologies has complicated and inhibited mitigation initiatives. This paper discusses the data obtained during efforts made to develop technologies for safe water supply by the Government of Bangladesh and its national and international partners. It is expected that the information will contribute towards development of appropriate technologies for water supply for millions of people in Bangladesh and other countries. About 95% of Bangladesh's rural population drinks tubewell water. Both arsenic removal and alternative technologies were widely promoted for water supply in these areas. The government and its national and international development partners developed various arsenic mitigation technologies for water supply, but most of the arsenic removal technologies were promoted without sound testing and showed poor, questionable and/or confusing performance in real situations. Also, use of most of the arsenic removal technologies was discontinued after a few to several months of installation. Concerns about the microbiological contamination of safe feed water during treatment were noted in arsenic removal options, in addition to high costs, efficiency, social and/or other problems. The 2004 National Policy for Arsenic Mitigation and its Implementation Plan stated a need for access to safe drinking water for all through alternative water technologies while arsenic removal technologies are developed and promoted after specified verification. The national policy specified and widely promoted alternative options such as improved dugwells, safe tubewells, pond sand filters, rainwater harvester and piped water systems from arsenic-safe water sources. A few of the promoted alternative options showed poor functional and social performance, in addition to supplying microbiologically contaminated water. Arsenic-safe shallow tubewells, deep tubewells and piped water systems may be regarded as appropriate technologies under the existing conditions when the performance of the arsenic removal and alternative water technologies were compared. There are constraints in promoting those three water technologies in various hydrogeological conditions throughout the county. A wide range of appropriate technologies needs to be developed and promoted, and the issue of how to deal with the existing millions of arsenic-contaminated tubewells also needs to be considered. Research and development of sound sciencebased appropriate technologies are urgently recommended for effective realization of the Millennium Development Goal for safe water.
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Dey, Tanmoy Kumar, Priya Banerjee, Madhurima Bakshi, Abhirupa Kar, and Somdeep Ghosh. "Groundwater Arsenic Contamination in West Bengal: Current Scenario, Effects and Probable Ways of Mitigation." International Letters of Natural Sciences 13 (April 2014): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.13.45.
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During the past two decades, Arsenic (As) contamination via groundwater has become a serious issue worldwide and is now a major concern in the Indo-Bangladesh Gangetic delta. Arsenic enters human body through contaminated groundwater consumed as drinking water. Food safety in this region is also facing severe consequences as bio-accumulation of Arsenic is occurring in food crops irrigated with As-contaminated water. Chronic exposure to Arsenic can cause not only cancerous and non-cancer health effects. Reports suggest that about 20 % population in West Bengal is highly affected. Various techniques are being introduced to provide arsenic-free drinking water at an affordable cost. But a rigorous change in habit and mind set for procuring safe drinking water in those surviving in As-contaminated zones is the most essential step towards curbing the fatal consequences of As exposure. Harvesting rain water and utilization of proper purification techniques can be considered a possible alternative of safe drinking water.
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Dey, Tanmoy Kumar, Priya Banerjee, Madhurima Bakshi, Abhirupa Kar, and Somdeep Ghosh. "Groundwater Arsenic Contamination in West Bengal: Current Scenario, Effects and Probable Ways of Mitigation." International Letters of Natural Sciences 13 (April 12, 2014): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-052d41.
Full textAbstract:
During the past two decades, Arsenic (As) contamination via groundwater has become a serious issue worldwide and is now a major concern in the Indo-Bangladesh Gangetic delta. Arsenic enters human body through contaminated groundwater consumed as drinking water. Food safety in this region is also facing severe consequences as bio-accumulation of Arsenic is occurring in food crops irrigated with As-contaminated water. Chronic exposure to Arsenic can cause not only cancerous and non-cancer health effects. Reports suggest that about 20 % population in West Bengal is highly affected. Various techniques are being introduced to provide arsenic-free drinking water at an affordable cost. But a rigorous change in habit and mind set for procuring safe drinking water in those surviving in As-contaminated zones is the most essential step towards curbing the fatal consequences of As exposure. Harvesting rain water and utilization of proper purification techniques can be considered a possible alternative of safe drinking water.
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HAGIHARA, Yoshimi, Maiko SAKAMOTO, Yosuke FUKUSHIMA, Kiyoko HAGIHARA, Akira SAKAI, Sombo YAMAMURA, and Michinori HATAYAMA. "Relationship between Arsenic Contaminated Drinking Water and Social Environment in Bangladesh." Chiikigaku Kenkyu (Studies in Regional Science) 36, no. 1 (2006): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2457/srs.36.189.
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SHIBATA, Sho, Yoshimi HAGIHARA, Kiyoko HAGIHARA, and Akira SAKAI. "A Regional Comparative Study on Arsenic Contaminated Drinking Water in Bangladesh." Studies in Regional Science 40, no. 3 (2010): 763–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2457/srs.40.763.
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Ng, Jack C., and Michael R. Moore. "Arsenic in drinking water: a natural killer in Bangladesh and beyond." Medical Journal of Australia 183, no. 11-12 (December 2005): 562–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb00034.x.
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Ng, Jack Chakmeng, Abul Hasnat Milton, Wayne Smith, Keith Dear, Bruce Caldwell, Malcolm Sim, Geetha Ranmuthugala, et al. "Assessment of two arsenic-contaminated drinking water mitigation interventions in Bangladesh." Toxicology Letters 164 (September 2006): S192—S193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.07.058.
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Khan, Nasreen Islam, Roy Brouwer, and Hong Yang. "Household's willingness to pay for arsenic safe drinking water in Bangladesh." Journal of Environmental Management 143 (October 2014): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.04.018.
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Argos, Maria, Brandon L. Pierce, Alexander van Geen, Joseph Graziano, and Habibul Ahsan. "Arsenic exposure from drinking water and mortality in Bangladesh – Authors' reply." Lancet 376, no. 9753 (November 2010): 1642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(10)62091-0.
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Ahmad, Junaid, Bishwanath Goldar, and Smita Misra. "Value of arsenic-free drinking water to rural households in Bangladesh." Journal of Environmental Management 74, no. 2 (January 2005): 173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.07.011.
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