Relevant bibliographies by topics / Drifters

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Drifters'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Drifters"

1

Lumpkin, Rick, Nikolai Maximenko, and Mayra Pazos. "Evaluating Where and Why Drifters Die*." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 29, no. 2 (February 1, 2012): 300–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-11-00100.1.

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Abstract NOAA ’s Global Drifter Program (GDP) manages a global array of ~1250 active satellite-tracked surface drifting buoys (“drifters”) in collaboration with numerous national and international partners. To better manage the drifter array and to assess the performance of various drifter manufacturers, it is important to discriminate between drifters that cease transmitting because of internal failure and those that cease because of external factors such as running aground or being picked up. An accurate assessment of where drifters run aground would also allow the observations to be used to more accurately simulate the evolution of floating marine debris and to quantify globally which shores are most prone to the deposit of marine debris. While the drifter Data Assembly Center of the GDP provides a metadata file that includes cause of death, the identified cause for most drifters is simply “quit transmitting.” In this study it is shown that a significant fraction of these drifters likely ran aground or were picked up, and a statistical estimate that each drifter ran aground or was picked up is derived.
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Morey, Steven, Nicolas Wienders, Dmitry Dukhovskoy, and Mark Bourassa. "Measurement Characteristics of Near-Surface Currents from Ultra-Thin Drifters, Drogued Drifters, and HF Radar." Remote Sensing 10, no. 10 (October 14, 2018): 1633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10101633.

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Concurrent measurements by satellite tracked drifters of different hull and drogue configurations and coastal high-frequency radar reveal substantial differences in estimates of the near-surface velocity. These measurements are important for understanding and predicting material transport on the ocean surface as well as the vertical structure of the near-surface currents. These near-surface current observations were obtained during a field experiment in the northern Gulf of Mexico intended to test a new ultra-thin drifter design. During the experiment, thirty small cylindrical drifters with 5 cm height, twenty-eight similar drifters with 10 cm hull height, and fourteen drifters with 91 cm tall drogues centered at 100 cm depth were deployed within the footprint of coastal High-Frequency (HF) radar. Comparison of collocated velocity measurements reveals systematic differences in surface velocity estimates obtained from the different measurement techniques, as well as provides information on properties of the drifter behavior and near-surface shear. Results show that the HF radar velocity estimates had magnitudes significantly lower than the 5 cm and 10 cm drifter velocity of approximately 45% and 35%, respectively. The HF radar velocity magnitudes were similar to the drogued drifter velocity. Analysis of wave directional spectra measurements reveals that surface Stokes drift accounts for much of the velocity difference between the drogued drifters and the thin surface drifters except during times of wave breaking.
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Haza, A. C., E. D’Asaro, H. Chang, S. Chen, M. Curcic, C. Guigand, H. S. Huntley, et al. "Drogue-Loss Detection for Surface Drifters during the Lagrangian Submesoscale Experiment (LASER)." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 35, no. 4 (April 2018): 705–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-17-0143.1.

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AbstractThe Lagrangian Submesoscale Experiment (LASER) was designed to study surface flows during winter conditions in the northern Gulf of Mexico. More than 1000 mostly biodegradable drifters were launched. The drifters consisted of a surface floater extending 5 cm below the surface, containing the satellite tracking system, and a drogue extending 60 cm below the surface, hanging beneath the floater on a flexible tether. On some floats, the drogue separated from the floater during storms. This paper describes methods to detect drogue loss based on two properties that distinguish drogued from undrogued drifters. First, undrogued drifters often flip over, pointing their satellite antenna downward and thus intermittently reducing the frequency of GPS fixes. Second, undrogued drifters respond to wind forcing more than drogued drifters. A multistage analysis is used: first, two properties are used to create a preliminary drifter classification; then, the motion of each unclassified drifter is compared to that of its classified neighbors in an iterative process for nearly all of the drifters. The algorithm classified drifters with a known drogue status with an accuracy of virtually 100%. Drogue loss times were estimated with a precision of less than 0.5 and 3 h for 60% and 85% of the drifters, respectively. An estimated 40% of the drifters lost their drogues in the first 7 weeks, with drogue loss coinciding with storm events, particularly those with steep waves. Once the drogued and undrogued drifters are classified, they can be used to quantify the differences in material dispersion at different depths.
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Suara, Kabir, Charles Wang, Yanming Feng, Richard J. Brown, Hubert Chanson, and Michael Borgas. "High-Resolution GNSS-Tracked Drifter for Studying Surface Dispersion in Shallow Water." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 32, no. 3 (March 2015): 579–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-14-00127.1.

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AbstractThe use of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-tracked Lagrangian drifters allows more realistic quantification of fluid motion and dispersion coefficients than Eulerian techniques because such drifters are analogs of particles that are relevant to flow field characterization and pollutant dispersion. Using the fast-growing real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning technique derived from GNSS, drifters are developed for high-frequency (10 Hz) sampling with position estimates with centimeter accuracy. The drifters are designed with small size and less direct wind drag to follow the subsurface flow that characterizes dispersion in shallow waters. An analysis of position error from stationary observation indicates that the drifter can efficiently resolve motion up to 1 Hz. The result of the field deployments of the drifter in conjunction with acoustic Eulerian devices shows a higher estimate of the drifter streamwise velocities. Single particle statistical analysis of field deployments in a shallow estuarine zone yielded estimates of dispersion coefficients comparable to those of dye tracer studies. The drifters capture the tidal elevation during field studies in a tidal estuary.
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Aravind, H. M., Helga S. Huntley, A. D. Kirwan, and Michael R. Allshouse. "Drifter Deployment Strategies to Determine Lagrangian Surface Convergence in Submesoscale Flows." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 41, no. 1 (January 2024): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-22-0129.1.

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Abstract Surface convergence in the ocean is associated with accumulation of buoyant pollutants as well as with vertical transport that is important to biological activity. Such surface convergence regions are marked by a high dilation rate, i.e., the finite time Lagrangian average divergence. Dilation-rate observations are most easily derived from the change of the area encompassed by a drifter swarm over time. The technological advances that have enabled the deployment of large numbers of drifters in a single experiment have raised new questions about optimal deployment strategies for extracting dilation-rate information with acceptable accuracy and as much spatial coverage as possible. Using a submesoscale-resolving operational model of the Mediterranean Sea, we analyze synthetic trajectories of drifter polygons to evaluate the impact of the number of drifters and their initial separation on the accuracy of the resulting dilation-rate estimates. The results confirm that estimates improve as the circumradius of the polygon decreases and as more drifters are added, but with only a marginal improvement for drifter polygons containing more than four drifters. Moreover, GPS positions obtained from drifters in the ocean are subject to uncertainty on the order of 2–50 m, and when this uncertainty is taken into account, an optimal circumradius can be identified that balances uncertainty from position measurements with that from the area approximations. Significance Statement Locating regions of convergence over a finite time interval on the ocean surface can help in pollution mitigation, locating biological hotspots, and even search-and-rescue operations. Finite time convergence can be quantified using the dilation rate, but it is hard to measure in the ocean. Hence, we present a method to estimate the dilation rate using trajectories of drifters, which are instruments widely used by oceanographers during field experiments to understand the local flow features. We show that even though the drifter-based dilation rates are prone to error as a result of a finite number of drifters and limited GPS accuracy, the estimates locate around 90% of the strongest convergent features in our model.
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Pawlowicz, Rich, Cédric Chavanne, and Dany Dumont. "The Water-Following Performance of Various Lagrangian Surface Drifters Measured in a Dye Release Experiment." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 41, no. 1 (January 2024): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-23-0073.1.

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Abstract Many different surface drifter designs have been developed recently to track near-surface ocean currents, but the degree to which these drifters slip through the water because of mechanisms associated with the wind is poorly known. In the 2020 Tracer Release Experiment (TReX), 19 drifters of eight different designs, both commercially available and home-built, were simultaneously released with a patch of rhodamine dye. The dye rapidly spread vertically through the mixed layer but also more slowly dispersed horizontally. Although winds were light, drifters moved downwind from the dye patch at speeds of 3–17 cm s−1 (0.6%–4% of wind speed) depending on the design type. Measurements were made of wind and ocean conditions, and these were incorporated into a boundary layer model at the air–sea interface to estimate complete velocity profiles above and below the surface. Then, a steady-state drag model is used with these profiles to successfully predict drifter slip. Drogued drifters (those with a subsurface drag element) can be affected by Eulerian shear in the upper 0.5 m of the water column, as well as the Stokes drift, but undrogued drifters are in addition greatly affected by direct wind drag, and possibly by resonant interactions with waves. The dye, cycling vertically in the mixed layer, is largely unaffected by all of these factors; therefore, even “perfect” surface drifters do not move with a mixed layer tracer. Significance Statement Surface drifters are used by oceanographers to measure ocean surface currents. However, different designs also slip downwind through the water at rates that are poorly known but are typically around a few percent of the wind speed. In 2020 we simultaneously deployed drifters of eight different designs along with rhodamine dye in a field experiment to see how well the different designs track the water. Here we independently and successfully model drifter slippage for the different designs. Slip factors are then estimated for a range of wind and ocean conditions.
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Spydell, Matthew S., Falk Feddersen, and Jamie Macmahan. "The Effect of Drifter GPS Errors on Estimates of Submesoscale Vorticity." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 36, no. 11 (November 2019): 2101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-19-0108.1.

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AbstractDifferential kinematic flow properties (DKP), such as vertical vorticity, have been estimated from surface drifters. However, previous DKP error estimates were a posteriori and did not include correlated errors across drifters. To accurately estimate submesoscale (≤1 km) DKPs from drifters, errors must be better understood. Here, the a priori vorticity standard error is derived that depends upon the number of drifters in the cluster, the drifter cluster major and minor axes lengths, the instrument velocity error, and the cross-drifter error correlation. Two stationary GPS experiments, with zero vorticity, were performed at separations of O(101–103) m to understand vorticity error and test the derivation using 1 Hz position differences and Doppler shift velocities. Vorticity errors of ±5f (where f is the local Coriolis parameter)were found for ≈40 m separations. The frequency-dependent velocity variances and GPS-to-GPS correlations are quantified. Vorticity estimated with a “blended” velocity has reduced error. The stationary vorticity error can be well predicted given velocity error, correlation, and minor axis length. Vorticity error analysis is applied to submesoscale-sampling in situ GPS drifters near Point Sal, California. The derivation predicts when large high-frequency vorticity fluctuations (indicating noise) occur. Previously, cluster area or ellipticity were used as criteria to distinguish error. We show that the drifter cluster minor axis (narrowness) is a key time-dependent factor affecting vorticity error, and even for velocity errors <0.004 m s−1, the vorticity error exceeds ±5f when cluster minor axis <50 m. These results will aid submesoscale drifter deployment planning.
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Hormann, Verena, Luca R. Centurioni, and Gilles Reverdin. "Evaluation of Drifter Salinities in the Subtropical North Atlantic." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 32, no. 1 (January 2015): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-14-00179.1.

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AbstractSalinity measurements from drifters constitute an important in situ dataset for the calibration and validation of the sea surface salinity satellite missions. A total of 114 satellite-tracked salinity drifters were deployed within the framework of the first Salinity Processes in the Upper Ocean Regional Study (SPURS) experiment in the subtropical North Atlantic focusing on the period August 2012–April 2014. In this study, a subset of 83 drifters, which provided useful salinity measurements in the central SPURS region from a few weeks to more than one year, is evaluated and an ad hoc quality-control procedure based on previously published work and the new observations is described. It was found that the sampling algorithm of the drifters introduces a predominantly fresh bias in the noise level of the salinity data, probably caused by the presence of air bubbles within the measuring cell. Since such noise is difficult to eliminate using statistical methods, extensive editing was done manually instead. Such quality-control procedures cannot be routinely applied to the real-time data stream from the drifters. Therefore, a revision of the sampling algorithm of the drifter’s salinity sensor is needed. Comparisons of the drifter’s salinity measurements with independent datasets further indicate that the sensor can provide reliable observations for up to one year. Finally, little evidence was found that the quality of the drifter’s salinity measurements depends on the presence of the drogue.
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Poulain, Pierre-Marie, Riccardo Gerin, Elena Mauri, and Romain Pennel. "Wind Effects on Drogued and Undrogued Drifters in the Eastern Mediterranean." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 26, no. 6 (June 1, 2009): 1144–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jtecho618.1.

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Abstract The wind effects on drogued and undrogued drifters are assessed using Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment (CODE) and Surface Velocity Program (SVP) drifter datasets and ECMWF wind products in the eastern Mediterranean. Complex and real linear regression models are used to estimate the relative slip of undrogued SVP drifters and to extract the wind-driven currents from the drifter velocities. The frequency response of the wind-driven currents is studied using cross-spectral analysis. By comparing the velocities of cotemporal and nearly collocated undrogued and drogued SVP drifters, it appears that undrogued SVP drifters have a general downwind slippage of about 1% of the wind speed. Time-lagged complex correlations and cross-spectral results show that the wind response is almost simultaneous. The velocities of SVP drifters drogued to 15 m are poorly correlated with the winds (R2 ≈ 3%): wind-driven currents have a magnitude of 0.7% of the wind speed and are 27°–42° to the right of the wind. For undrogued SVP drifters, the correlation with the winds increases to R2 ≈ 22% and the angle between winds and currents decreases to 17°–20°. The magnitude of the wind-driven currents is about 2% of the wind speed. For CODE designs, wind-driven currents are 1% of the wind speed at an angle of about 28° to the right of the wind (R2 ≈ 8%). Spectral and cospectral analyses reveal that the drifters sampled more anticyclonic than cyclonic motions. The inner coherence spectra show that wind and currents are more correlated at temporal scales spanning 3–10 days. They also confirm that the wind response is quasi-simultaneous and that currents are generally to the right of the wind.
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Lumpkin, Rick, Luca Centurioni, and Renellys C. Perez. "Fulfilling Observing System Implementation Requirements with the Global Drifter Array." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 33, no. 4 (April 2016): 685–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0255.1.

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AbstractThe Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) requirements for in situ surface temperature and velocity measurements call for observations at 5° × 5° resolution. A key component of the GOOS that measures these essential climate variables is the global array of surface drifters. In this study, statistical observing system sampling experiments are performed to evaluate how many drifters are required to achieve the GOOS requirements, both with and without the presence of a completed global tropical moored buoy array at 5°S–5°N. The statistics for these simulations are derived from the evolution of the actual global drifter array. It is concluded that drifters should be deployed within the near-equatorial band even though that band is also in principle covered by the tropical moored array, as the benefits of not doing so are marginal. It is also concluded that an optimal design half-life for the drifters is ~450 days, neglecting external sources of death, such as running aground or being picked up. Finally, it is concluded that comparing the drifter array size to the number of static 5° × 5° open-ocean bins is not an ideal performance indicator for system evaluation; a better performance indicator is the fraction of 5° × 5° open-ocean bins sampled, neglecting bins with high drifter death rates.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Drifters"

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Thomas, David A. "Laboratory rip current circulation using video-tracked lagrangian drifters." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0001217.

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Portell, Jeffrey R. "Calibration and validation of inertial measurement unit for wave resolving drifters." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/38994.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
We examine the performance of the Yost Engineering Incorporated 3-Space Sensor Data-Logging (TSS-DL) for use in wave resolving drifters (WRDs) that collect ocean surface wave data. We create a surface wave orbital motion simulator to test the TSS-DL in a controlled, laboratory setting at the Naval Postgraduate School. Tests are conducted in three different configurations at five frequencies within the swell and wind-sea bands. Results from the tests show that the TSS-DL can accurately resolve the vertical simulated wave motions to within37% of the analytic signal amplitude and can resolve the horizontal simulated wave motions to within2133% of the analytic signal amplitude. We further examine some field data collected using the TSS-DL onboard WRDs deployed in June 2013 near the mouth of the Columbia River. This analysis, based on comparison with independent GPS wave measurements, demonstrates that the TSS-DL yields reliable estimates of surface wave spectra and can track surface wave profiles even under extreme conditions with large breaking waves. Overall, this study shows that the TSS-DL is a suitable sensor for use in ocean surface drifters to accurately record surface waves.
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Roth, George. "Monitoring Fjord Circulation Using Iceberg-Mounted GPS as Real-Time Drifters." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/18416.

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Ocean circulation in Greenland's large glacial fjords is one mechanism that controls the rate of submarine melting at the termini of Greenland's outlet glaciers. Here we use hourly position data from GPS units deployed on ten large (>100 meter), deep-keeled icebergs in Sermilik Fjord, SE Greenland. We observe and quantify the motions of these icebergs moving through the mélange, fjord, and shelf regimes. In the mélange, icebergs move outward with glacier flow until pushed loose by large calving events. In the fjord, high frequency, low amplitude tidally-driven motions are superimposed on dominant 1-5 day events with net velocities exceeding 0.1 m/s. We interpret these events as two-layer, intermediary circulation driven by winds along the shelf, where icebergs travel southward in the East Greenland Coastal Current. These results showcase the potential of this novel instrumentation to link iceberg motion with circulation in any large glacial fjord.
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Renner, Angelika H. H. "Advection and dispersion of modelled drifters in the Weddell and Scotia Seas." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.520436.

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BOURLESSAS, PANAGIOTIS. "Rubbish stuff, thick skins, and drifters: making homeless geographies in Athens city centre." Doctoral thesis, Gran Sasso Science Institute, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12571/21021.

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Being a city in and of crisis, Athens, Greece, undergoes dramatic changes in its spatialities. Amidst severe economic austerity, a new poverty management is being established in the city shaping contested landscapes of homelessness, composed by spatialities of homeless stigma. This dissertation is about these very spatialities and the subjectivities shaped therein. And it poses two parallel, dialogic and inextricable questions under one common question mark: how are the homeless geographies of Athens made and how are homeless subjects made along with these geographies? Seeking answers, this work draws from (post-) phenomenological geographic accounts in order to make the human geographies of homelessness of central Athens in practice-oriented, power-ridden and evidence-based manners. A multi-sited ethnographic research practice has been conducted throughout what has been called ‘machinic archipelago’ of provision and care: homeless hostels, a day centre, a night shelter as well as other organisational spaces that aim to address homelessness. The empirics revolve around a conceptual triptych that proves critical for the practical making of Athens’ homeless geographies: Materialities— Bodies—Mobilities. These are (some of) the critical geographic ingredients that produce social difference and ground it in space: they show how homelessness is not a fixed and static category but is lived, embodied, material, discursive, spaced. When spaced through the interrelations of these three elements, homelessness is marked as one —another— of society’s ‘Others’. Yet, what matters is that materialities, bodies and mobilities do not simply co-exist in these geographies; they are practiced therein, in specific possible ways. But they do not statically mark social difference once and forever; they constantly perform social difference and thus position it in broader social and cultural dynamics. And along with these/their geographies, homeless subjectivities are in the making too. Materialities refers to the homeless’ possessions as ‘absent presences’ as well as the ‘objects of care’ that are provided in the machinic archipelago. In an interplay between material divestment and investment, specific objects relate to ideas of stigma; others are involved in specific political economies of provision; others undergo processes of becoming rubbish; and others, like the homeless’ own belongings, acquire emphasised importance for distinct, non-stigmatised subjects that find themselves in spaces of limited materiality. Bodies concerns homelessness as a bodily condition situated in space. In a cleanliness-dirt interplay, the machinic archipelago enables certain bodily practices for the homeless: bodies become personal maps of the past; they are the primal instrument for adjusting to everyday survival; they receive and ingest provided food; they are made through clothes as their extensions; and they perceive critical affective atmospheres produced by the new poverty management. Lastly, mobilities concern the homeless patterns of mobility and friction that take place in the archipelago. Mentalities of managing the poor materialise in a specific ‘sense of mobility’ that is practiced as forced mobility; the homeless experience this mobility as ‘drifters’, through affect and the materiality of their bodies but also negotiate it; frictions perform ideas of stigma; and through outreach work, the machinic archipelago externalises its practices and may contribute to the making of homeless stigma. Overall, the dissertation attempts contributions to existing scholarship in both theoretical and empirical terms. Theoretically, it brings to the fore the role of space and Human Geography in the practice-oriented and relational making of homelessness and homeless subjectivities by bringing together three geographical concepts, namely materialities, bodies and mobilities. Empirically, its contribution rests in the multi-sited qualitative research methodology conducted throughout some of Athens’ homeless spatialities that have escaped academic attention, and in the centrality of human experience thus allowing homeless subjectivities to emerge along with space. Above all, by focusing in such institutionalised spaces, homelessness is presented not as an isolated social construct but located in wider socio-cultural dynamics whereas the critical role of academic practice is highlighted in the making of homeless geographies.
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Gibson, Sean. "Investigating the feasibility of a locally developed carbon-offsetting scheme : the case of the Drifters Desert Nature Reserve." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20210.

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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the context of both climate change and peak oil, it is clear that the tourism industry cannot continue with a business-as-usual approach. Unfettered fossil fuel use is no longer an option and novel approaches need to be explored in order to change the configuration of energy systems. Transport is particularly energy intense and consequently, since it involves travel, so is tourism. The Drifters Desert Nature Reserve (DDNR) is probably a net carbon sink. The property is large and has thousands of long lived trees and bushes: but this would be an ‘easy out’ in an industry which is has a reputation for evading tough questions. Are there affordable techniques that can be employed by the Reserve that will reduce its carbon footprint and enable it to move toward being entirely carbon neutral, without relying on sequestration? A willingness to pay (WTP) survey investigating if clients were prepared to pay a voluntary amount towards reducing the emissions of the DDNR, thereby offsetting some of their own emissions, was conducted; 121 questionnaires were completed. The results were extrapolated out to represent the WTP of the 1055 clients that visited the DDNR in the last year. It was found that 73% of all the clients who stay at the DDNR are willing to pay toward helping the DDNR change the way its systems are configured as a means to offset some of their own emissions debt in getting to the reserve. Lodge clients were prepared to pay almost double the amount clients staying at the campsite would consider. In both cases, WTP was around 10% of the value of the accommodation package chosen. The fossil fuel use and consequent carbon dioxide debt of the DDNR was calculated and emissions were found to be in the region of 30 tonnes per annum. As per the case in the greater Namibia, transport is responsible for the bulk of the carbon dioxide output, with energy provision in this off-grid reserve being a close second. Of four potential interventions considered, two were found to be financially viable, regardless of the WTP of clientele. It is speculated that WTP on a small scale is administratively laborious and the potential contribution of a voluntary offsetting payment was perhaps not high to justify the implementation of the scheme. It was however found that reconfiguring the energy systems would definitely be a worthwhile exercise. On corporate level where efficiencies of size amplify gains, Drifters, as a group of 14 lodges and an overland company, may well find that a transparent voluntary emissions reduction (VER) payment, ring-fenced, appropriately used, and properly implemented, is worthwhile. Ethically, however, injecting VER payments into a balance sheet is problematic, especially where the payback period of the technological interventions is short and the benefits derived are long term.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die gebruik van fossielbrandstowwe wat in die huidige tydsgewrig tot die opwekking van oormatige kweekhuisgasse lei is nie langer aanvaarbaar nie en innoverende opsies om die voortgesette generasie van energie te verseker, sal nagestreef moet word. Een van die grootste verbruikers van energie is vervoer, en vervolgens is dit ook die geval dat toerisme, wat swaar op vervoer staatmaak, ‘n groot gebruiker van energie is. Aangesien daar etlike gevestigde bome en bosse op hierdie woestynreservaat is, is die Drifters Desert Nature Reserve (DDNR) moontlik ‘n netto bespaarder van koolstofgasse, maar dit kan nie sondermeer daargelaat word in ‘n bedryf wat bekend is daarvoor dat dit graag die moeilike vrae vermy nie. Daar is dus gevra: is daar bekostigbare tegnieke wat moontlik by die DDBR aangewend kan word om die koolstofvoetafdruk te verminder en dit in staat kan stel om totaal koolstofneutraal te word, sonder om op ingryping staat te maak? Navorsing is gedoen en 121 vraelyste is voltooi om vas te stel of kliente gewillig sou wees om ‘n vrywillige bydrae te maak om die afskeid van koolstof te beheer en daardeur hul eie koolstofvoetafrdruk te verminder, in ‘n sg “gewilligheid om te betaal” oftewel “willingness to pay” (WTP) opname. Die resultate is deurgevoer as verteenwoordigend van die 1 055 kliente wat verlede jaar die oord besoek het. Daar is gevind dat 73% van die kliente wat die oord besoek bereid sou wees om die DDNR geldelik te help om sy stelsels te verander as ‘n teenrekening om hul eie koolstofbesoedeling op pad daarheen te vergoed. Kliente wat die losie gebruik het was bereid om meer te betaal as diegene wat by die kampeerterrein tuisgegaan het. Die hele reservaat se jaarlikse koolstofdioksied debiet is bereken, en die jaarlikse opwekking is op ongeveer 30-tonne vasgestel. Nes in Namibie as geheel is vervoeruitlaatgasse verantwoordelik vir die oorgrote meerderheid opwekking, met die voorsiening van energie by die afgelee oord kort op sy hakke. Van die vier moontlike ingrypings wat oorweeg is, is twee finansieel die moeite werd gevind, ongeag die kliente se gewilligheid om geldelik by te dra. Die bestuur van aanvraag is ook oorweeg, en hoewel dit nie gekwantifiseer is nie, is dit nes die moontlikheid van tegnologiese innovering, duidelik deel van die oplossing, Daar is gevind dat ‘n stelsel van betaling op plaaslike vlak moeilik sou wees om die administreer, en aangesien selfs die gewilliges nie oorgretig is nie, is daar tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat dit nie die moeite sou loon nie. Ongeag bogenoemde beginsel van toersitebydraes is daar gevind dat dit ongetwyfeld die moeite werd sou wees om die energiestelsels aan te pas. Maar dit sal nie noodwendig op ‘n korporatiewe of ‘n makro-skaal werk nie, veral nie waar grote ‘n rol speel nie. As maatskappygroep mag Drifters vind dat met ‘n deursigtige, vrywillige uitlaatverminderingspaaiement, wat afgebaken, korrek aangewend en effektief bestuur word, die kool die sous werd sou wees.
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Fiorentino, Laura A. "Using Lagrangian Coherent Structures to Study Coastal Water Quality." Scholarly Repository, 2011. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/267.

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In order to understand water quality in the coastal ocean and its effects on human health, the necessity arises to locate the sources of contaminants and track their transport throughout the ocean. Dynamical systems methods are applied to the study of transport of enterococci as an indicator of microbial concentration in the vicinity of Hobie Beach, an urban, subtropical beach in Miami, FL that is used for recreation and bathing on a daily basis. Previous studies on water quality have shown that Hobie Beach has high microbial levels despite having no known point source. To investigate the cause of these high microbial levels, a combination of measured surface drifter trajectories and numerically simulated flows in the vicinity of Hobie Beach is used. The numerically simulated flows are used to identify Lagrangian Coherent Structures (LCSs), which provide a template for transport in the study area. Surface drifter trajectories are shown to be consistent with the simulated flows and the LCS structure. LCSs are then used to explain the persistent water contamination and unusually high concentrations of microbes in the water off of this beach as compared with its neighboring beaches. From the drifter simulations, as well as field experiments, one can see that passive tracers are trapped in the area along the coastline by LCS. The Lagrangian circulation of Hobie Beach, influenced primarily by tide and land geometry causes a high retention rate of water near the shore, and can be used to explain the elevated levels of enterococci in the water.
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Sheridan, Megan. "Mixing and dispersion of a small estuarine plume." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/12817.

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Entrainment velocity, salt flux and the turbulent diffusivity of salt are estimated in the outflow of a small, radially spreading buoyant outflow, just outside of the Teign Estuary mouth, as a means to compare mixing dynamics between very small and larger-scale estuarine and river plumes, and build on a scant knowledge base regarding the former. The analysis was made using a control volume approach, based on the conservation of momentum, volume and salt, from a Lagrangian perspective. Drifting buoys were used to accomplish this. The analysis was based on that employed by McCabe et al. (2008), with some modifications to fit a small-scale outflow, namely: repeat deployments, shorter drifter tracks, and deployment-specific criteria used for choosing the plume base, a step in the analysis used to calculate vertical entrainment, flux and diffusivity. In addition, temperature was used as a proxy for salinity, and this is evaluated in the results. Overall results were compared to a similar study, which was conducted in the Columbia River plume, a system much larger in scale to the Teign. Drifter experiments were conducted on multiple days, under different conditions (i.e. wind, tides, river flow), and those results are discussed briefly, but the focus is on one specific day, April 3, 2014, where conditions most closely matched those of the comparison study, and those results are compared between the two systems. Entrainment velocity was measured along the drifter tracks, in the near-field plume, where shear-induced mixing dominates. Drifter track subsections were chosen so as to avoid source or frontal dynamics, the plume base was chosen for individual deployments as the plume dynamics could change relatively quickly, and repeat deployments were conducted as a way to look at near-field plume evolution over the course of the ebb (and with a smaller plume, time allowed for this) . On April 3, the mean value for entrainment velocity for the four deployments chosen in the Teign outflow was 4.3 x 10-4 ms-1. The mean cast value was slightly higher at 7.6 x 10-4 ms-1, as casts values were typically measured at the beginning of the drifter tracks. Entrainment values at the cast sites were calculated in the same way as the track values, taking plume thickness from hydrographic casts, as a means to evaluate accuracy of track values, which are based on a modelled plume thickness. A rough estimate for the mean entrainment velocity for one pair of drifters used in the Columbia River was 9 x 10-4 ms-1, approximately double that of the Teign, but within the same order of magnitude. Salt flux values ranged from 0-5 x 10-2 psu ms-1 and from 0-3 x 10-2 psu ms-1 for the Teign and the Columbia, respectively, and diffusivities ranged from 0.5-5.8 x 10-2 m2s-1 and from 0.2-9.6 x 10-3 m2s-1. With a similar range of entrainment and salt flux values, and almost an order of magnitude difference between diffusivity values, it was determined that weaker density gradients in the Teign are responsible for the latter, and that this increased level of mixing results in a larger horizontal horizontal salinity gradient, which balances out the terms in the entrainment equation that are related solely to the physical size of the system (i.e. plume thickness, velocity and the vertical salinity gradient). This higher level of mixing of a smaller physical entity, supports the view that smaller plumes mix more thoroughly over a shorter timescale, resulting in a larger impact to the local environment into which they flow.
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ADISSI, FLÁVIA. "THE CONTRIBUTION OF OCEAN DRIFTERS AND NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF OCEAN CURRENTS AND WINDS IN SUPPORT OF THE TERRITORIAL PLANNING: THE CASE OF GUANABARA BAY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2016. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=27618@1.

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Este trabalho aborda a questão da movimentação e acúmulo do lixo flutuante na Baía de Guanabara e contextualiza a problemática da poluição da Baía e seu entorno a partir de diversos temas inter-relacionados, como: o uso dos derivadores e a sua analogia com o lixo flutuante; a existência de projetos que têm ajudado no rastreamento do lixo flutuante na Baía a partir do mapeamento de correntes superficiais e ventos; o saneamento da bacia hidrográfica da Baía, a qualidade da água de seus afluentes e a análise da população que reside no seu entorno; o entendimento de uma visão mais humanista e ecológica no redesenho das cidades e também programas internacionais de revitalização de corpos d água degradados. Dentro deste contexto, são feitas reflexões e análises integradas a partir de uma modelagem da probabilidade de transporte de resíduos da Baía e da paisagem encontrada em seu entorno, através da utilização de produtos cartográficos. Tais análises consideram os dados levantados nos quatro mapas que são apresentados, de forma a prover uma visão mais ampla e integrada do espelho d água e também do entorno da Baía. O objetivo deste trabalho foi entender como o espaço territorial e a ocupação urbana do entorno da Baía podem impactar a poluição do espelho d água da Baía e por ela serem impactados de forma a contribuir com programas de despoluição. Foi feito então um recorte em quatro regiões e realizada uma análise integrada para cada, de forma a prover um melhor entendimento a partir da exemplificação. A análise integrada proporciona uma visão mais abrangente da questão da poluição, auxiliando os gestores dos programas de despoluição a encontrarem relevantes informações para priorizar as ações a serem tomadas.
This work approaches the issue of the movement and accumulation of floating litter in the Guanabara Bay, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It contextualizes the problem of the pollution in the Bay and surroundings, and it does so from several different interrelated issues, such as the use of ocean drifters and their analogy with the floating litter; the existence of projects that have been helping in the tracking of the floating litter in the Bay from the mapping of the surface currents and the winds; the sanitation efforts in the hydrographic basin of the Bay; the quality of the water in the rivers that debouch into the Bay and a better understanding of the population that live in the area; the necessity of a more humanistic and ecological view in the planning of those cities; and also international programs to revitalize degraded water bodies. One of the objectives of this dissertation is to understand how the territorial space and the urban occupation of the Bay s surroundings can impact the pollution in the Bay and be impacted by that pollution. So the entire region was divided in four areas and an integrated analysis was made for each area so that a better understanding could be provided by exemplification. Such integrated analysis provides a more comprehensive view of the pollution problem and helps the depollution program officers to find relevant information and better prioritize actions. The Guanabara Bay plays a strategic role not only around the towns and cities that are part of its hydrographic basins, but in the whole state of Rio de Janeiro and also the entire country. It is one of the most important marine ecosystems from the social, economic and environmental points of view. It is located in the Rio de Janeiro city metropolitan area, with the Brazilian coast s largest population concentration (about 10 million people, or 80 percent of the state s population). A national security area, the Bay shelters two naval bases, one navy shipyard, the Rio de Janeiro Port (the second largest in the country, with more than 2 thousand ship moorings annually), two airports (Antonio Carlos Jobim, and Santos Dumont), and other shipyards and marinas. The Guanabara Bay is also way for innumerous cargo and passenger ferryboats, fishing boats, and other boats for leisure and tourism. The water in the Bay is also used for water sports and aquaculture (fish farming). (KJERFVE, 1997; BERGAMO, 2006 apud CARVALHO, 2011).
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Johnson, David. "The spatial and temporal variability of nearshore currents." University of Western Australia. Centre for Water Research, 2004. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2004.0067.

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The nearshore current field, defined here as the residual horizontal flow after averaging over the incident wave period, exhibits variability at a range of time and space scales. Some of the variable currents are low frequency gravity wave motions. However, variable, rotational (in the sense of possessing vertical vorticity) flow can also exist as part of the overall nearshore current field. A field and numerical modelling investigation of these variable rotational currents has been carried out. Drifters, which were developed for surfzone use, enabled measurement of the nearshore current structure; the design and testing of these new instruments is described. Two sets of field measurements, using the new drifters and Eulerian instruments were carried out for conditions with swell perpendicular to a plane beach and in strong longshore currents. In the perpendicular swell conditions, an interesting and well-defined feature of the measured trajectories was the development of transient rip currents. Discrete vortices were also observed. In the longshore current case, trajectories with the longshore current displacement removed had complex meandering paths. Lagrangian data were used to make estimates of length scales and dispersion, both of which provide strong evidence that the current field cannot be due to low frequency gravity waves alone. Under the assumption of equipartition of kinetic and potential energy for low frequency gravity waves, Eulerian measurements of velocities and pressure show significant energy due to non-divergent, rotational flow in both the perpendicular swell and longshore current case. A numerical model that can simulate horizontal flow with a directionally spread, random wave field incident on a plane beach was implemented. The model developed transient rip currents that are qualitatively very similar to those seen in the drifter trajectories from the field. The number and intensity of rip currents in the model depended on the beach slope and incident wave spectra. The energy content and cross-shore flux (and hence transport of material) of the rotational current flow component in the simulated flow fields is comparable to that due to low frequency gravity waves. The modelling also provided some evidence that there may be universal characteristics of the rotational currents. The field results and modelling show that variable rotational currents are ubiquitous in the field even when longshore currents and hence shear waves are not present. The term “infragravity turbulence” is suggested to describe the general class of nearshore hydrodynamics not directly associated with shear waves, which is largely disorganised, but contains well defined features such as transient rips currents and large scale horizontal vortices. The results have important implications in the understanding of the transport of material, including sediment, biological material, pollution, and sometimes bathers, in the nearshore zone.
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Books on the topic "Drifters"

1

Nathan, Galli, ed. Drifters. 2nd ed. [United States]: Lulu, 2008.

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Tuttle, W. C. Arizona drifters. Leicester: Linford, 1988.

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Clarke, Cally. Hunters & drifters. Birkenhead, Auckland: Reed, 1991.

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A, Michener James. The drifters. Ealing: Corgi, 1986.

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Paul, Heike, Alexandra Ganser, and Katharina Gerund, eds. Pirates, Drifters, Fugitives. Heidelberg, Germany: Universitätsverlag WINTER, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.33675/2012-82538586.

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Figures of mobility appear prominently in US-foundational narratives of ‘discovery,’ the ‘Puritan errand,’ and westward expansion; the protagonists of these hegemonic tales of settlement and nation-building are (mostly) European travellers, pioneers, and colonists. By contrast, figures such as pirates, drifters, and fugitives are for the most part absent from canonical narratives of new world beginnings and may be considered as expressing/representing alternative mobilities. Their stories and their representations raise questions of legitimacy and legality – often from a transnational perspective – and imply a critique of the American empire and its concomitant domestic discourses of marginalization. Yet, pirates, drifters, and fugitives also appear as ambiguous figures with regard to US-exceptionalist rhetoric: they may tap their subversive potential, while they are also bound to and complicit with the ideologies they seek to expose. In the context of the so-called New American Studies and the emergent field of Mobility Studies, this volume investigates these figures in a variety of cultural productions (pamphlets, song lyrics, autobiographies, novels, memorials, legal texts, video, television, and film) from the 17th century to the present.
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Chinchinian, Harry. Beware of the drifters. Clarkston, WA: Plum Tree Press, 1998.

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Minden, Don. ʻĀbir al-ṣaḥrāʼ =: Desert drifters. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: D. and B. Minden, 1986.

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group), Drifters (Musical. The very best of the Drifters. Los Angeles: Rhino, 1993.

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Taylor, James. Scottish steam drifters: With those who served. [Fraserburgh]: Visual Image Productions, 1991.

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Paine, Lauran. The Drifter: A western duo. Waterville, Me: Five Star, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Drifters"

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Grierson, John. "Drifters." In 100 Silent Films, 64–65. London: British Film Institute, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84457-569-5_26.

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Isacco, Anthony, and Jay C. Wade. "Religious Drifters." In Religion, Spirituality, and Masculinity, 189–200. New York : Routledge, 2019. | Series: The Routledge series on counseling and psychotherapy with boys and men: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315231488-10.

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Cohen, Scott A. "Drifters – Tourism." In Encyclopedia of Tourism, 1–2. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01669-6_61-2.

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Rhodes, Paul. "A Drifters Handbook." In Beyond the Psychology Industry, 1–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33762-9_1.

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Cuadro, Danilo Luis Calliari, Anabela Anahí Berasategui, and María Clara Menéndez. "Zooplankton: The Ocean Drifters." In Marine Biology A Functional Approach to the Oceans and their Organisms, 113–49. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429399244-8.

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Blair, Gregory. "Parisian Drifters: Flânerie and Dérive." In Errant Bodies, Mobility, and Political Resistance, 25–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95747-0_3.

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Cohen, Scott. "Chapter 5. Reconceptualising Lifestyle Travellers: Contemporary ‘Drifters’." In Beyond Backpacker Tourism, edited by Kevin Hannam and Anya Diekmann, 64–84. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/9781845411329-008.

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Fehimović, Dunja. "Of Moles and Giraffes: Recluses, Drifters, and Disconnection." In National Identity in 21st-Century Cuban Cinema, 195–245. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93103-6_5.

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Wei, Cong, Xi Yu, Herbert G. Tanner, and M. Ani Hsieh. "Synchronous Rendezvous for Networks of Active Drifters in Gyre Flows." In Distributed Autonomous Robotic Systems, 413–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05816-6_29.

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Carus, A. W. "Engineers and Drifters: The Ideal of Explication and Its Critics." In Carnap’s Ideal of Explication and Naturalism, 225–39. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230379749_16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Drifters"

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Gaskell, Eric, and Xiaobo Tan. "Dynamic Modeling of a Steerable Drifter." In ASME 2020 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2020-3295.

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Abstract Drifters are energy-efficient platforms for monitoring rivers and oceans. Prior work largely focused on free-floating drifters that drift passively with flow and have little or no controllability. In this paper we propose steerable drifters that use multiple rudders for modulating the hydrodynamic forces and thus maneuvering. A dynamic model for drifters with multiple rudders is presented. Simulation is conducted to examine the behavior of the drifter in two different flow conditions, uniform flow and parabolic flow. When there is no difference in relative flow between the rudders, as in uniform flow, the drifter can only be controlled until its velocity approaches that of the water. However, when present, local flow differentials can be exploited to initiate motion lateral to the ambient flow and control the trajectory of the drifter to some degree. The motion of the drifter is further classified as belonging to one of three major modes, rotational, oscillatory, and stable. The behavior of the drifter in a simulated river was mapped for different rudder angles. Identifying the parameters that induce each mode lays the groundwork for developing a feedback control scheme for the drifter.
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Silvestrova, Ksenia, Ksenia Silvestrova, Stanislav Myslenkov, Stanislav Myslenkov, Andrey Zatsepin, Andrey Zatsepin, Vladimir Baranov, and Vladimir Baranov. "SURFACE GPS-DRIFTERS FOR STUDY COASTAL WATER DYNAMICS IN THE BLACK SEA. RESULTS AND EXPERIENCE FROM 2013 TO 2015 YEAR." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b937d09a5a9.71390911.

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This work presents the description and results of drifter experiments which were held in coastal zone of the Black Sea every summer and sometimes in autumn since 2013. Surface GSM/GPS drifters were used for observation coastal currents with spatial resolution 100–200 m and temporal variability from 5-10 minutes . Some parameters of sub-mesoscale eddies was described due to experiments. An optional battery pack allowed to extent autonomy to 19 days (one of the drifters covered a distance of ~ 300 km).The results of experiments include a comparison of the drifter trajectories with bottom-tracked ADCP and moored ADCP data. The speed and direction of current velocity from the ADCP data coincide with the data from drifters. We demonstrate that using drifter data for analysis of water dynamics gives a more comprehensive pattern of actual processes in comparison to using the ADCP data alone.
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Silvestrova, Ksenia, Ksenia Silvestrova, Stanislav Myslenkov, Stanislav Myslenkov, Andrey Zatsepin, Andrey Zatsepin, Vladimir Baranov, and Vladimir Baranov. "SURFACE GPS-DRIFTERS FOR STUDY COASTAL WATER DYNAMICS IN THE BLACK SEA. RESULTS AND EXPERIENCE FROM 2013 TO 2015 YEAR." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b43158d1d8a.

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This work presents the description and results of drifter experiments which were held in coastal zone of the Black Sea every summer and sometimes in autumn since 2013. Surface GSM/GPS drifters were used for observation coastal currents with spatial resolution 100–200 m and temporal variability from 5-10 minutes . Some parameters of sub-mesoscale eddies was described due to experiments. An optional battery pack allowed to extent autonomy to 19 days (one of the drifters covered a distance of ~ 300 km).The results of experiments include a comparison of the drifter trajectories with bottom-tracked ADCP and moored ADCP data. The speed and direction of current velocity from the ADCP data coincide with the data from drifters. We demonstrate that using drifter data for analysis of water dynamics gives a more comprehensive pattern of actual processes in comparison to using the ADCP data alone.
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Keeley, Robert, Robert Keeley, and Robert Keeley. "Data Management System for Surface Drifters." In OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society. European Space Agency, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5270/oceanobs09.cwp.47.

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Mirza, Diba, and Curt Schurgers. "Collaborative Localization for Fleets of Underwater Drifters." In Oceans 2007. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans.2007.4449391.

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Xanthidis, Marios, Alberto Quattrini Li, and Ioannis Rekleitis. "Shallow coral reef surveying by inexpensive drifters." In OCEANS 2016 - Shanghai. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceansap.2016.7485639.

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Maccready, Tyler. "Multiscale vorticity from a swarm of drifters." In 2015 IEEE/OES Eleventh Current, Waves and Turbulence Measurement (CWTM). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cwtm.2015.7098096.

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Shirokov, I. B., A. S. Mironov, and A. N. Grekov. "Ocean Surface State Monitoring with Drifters Array." In 2020 Zooming Innovation in Consumer Technologies Conference (ZINC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/zinc50678.2020.9161797.

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Sullivan, Deidre, Jill Zande, and Alfred Hochstaedter. "Teaching with ocean drifters and Google Earth." In OCEANS 2011. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/oceans.2011.6107269.

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Mirza, Diba, and Curt Schurgers. "Energy-efficient localization in networks of underwater drifters." In the second workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1287812.1287827.

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Reports on the topic "Drifters"

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Rainville, E., James Thomson, Melissa Moulton, and Morteza Derakhti. DUNEX MicroSWIFT Drifters. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46644.

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The University of Washington Applied Physics Lab team collected these data using microSWIFT wave buoys at the USACE Field Research Facility as part of the USCRP funded project DUNEX (During Nearshore Events Experiment). The files contain both directly measured and computed quantities from the drifting wave buoys. The collection and processing of these data is explained in the github repository at https://github.com/SASlabgroup/DUNEXMainExp along with examples of how these data can be used. The link to the actual data files is https://chldata.erdc.dren.mil/thredds/catalog/frf/projects/Dunex/UW_drifters/catalog.html
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2

Riser, Stephen C. PALACE Drifters and the Global Cellular Network. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada629723.

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Riser, Stephen C. PALACE Drifters and the Global Cellular Network. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada389836.

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Niiler, Pearn P., and Luca Centurioni. Air-Deployed Ocean Drifters for Typhoon Observations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada546816.

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Garwood, Jr, and Roland W. Simulation of Lagrangian Drifters in the Labrador Sea. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada628989.

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Garwood, Jr, and Roland W. Simulation of Lagrangian Drifters in the Labrador Sea. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada630595.

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Olson, Donald B. Theory and Observation of Ocean Fronts: Indian Ocean Drifters. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada306623.

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Guza, R. T., and Falk Feddersen. Transport and Dispersion of Dye-tracer and Drifters at a Tidal Inlet. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada614273.

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Centurioni, Luca, and Pearn P. Niiler. Measurements of 3-D Circulation and Dispersion in Skagit Bay from Lagrangian Drifters. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada547163.

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Valdes, James R., and Heather Furey. WHOI 260Hz Sound Source - Tuning and Assembly. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/27173.

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Sound sources are designed to provide subsea tracking and re‐location of RAFOS floats and other Lagrangian drifters listening at 260Hz. More recently sweeps have been added to support FishChip tracking at 262Hz. These sources must be tuned to the water properties where they are to be deployed as they have a fairly narrow bandwidth. The high‐Q resonator’s bandwidth is about 4Hz. This report documents the tuning, and provides an overview of the sound source assembly.
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