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Journal articles on the topic 'Drawbead simulator'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Trzepiecinski, Tomasz, and Romuald Fejkiel. "A 3D FEM-Based Numerical Analysis of the Sheet Metal Strip Flowing Through Drawbead Simulator." Metals 10, no. 1 (December 25, 2019): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10010045.

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Drawbeads are elements of the stamping die and they are used to compensate material flow resistance around the perimeter of the drawpiece or to change the stress state in specific regions of the drawpiece. This paper presents the results of experimental and numerical analyses of tests of sheet metal flowing through a drawbead. The tests have been carried out using a special tribological simulator of the drawbead. Experimental tests to determine the coefficient of friction (COF) have been carried out for three widths of sheet metal strip and two drawbead heights. The three-dimensional (3D) elastic-plastic numerical computations were performed using the MSC. Marc program. Special attention was given to the effect of material flow through the drawbead on the distribution of the normal stress on the tool-sheet interface. The mesh sensitivity analysis based on the value of the drawing force of the specimen being pulled through the drawbead allowed an optimal mesh size to be determined. The errors between the numerically predicted values of the COF and the values experimentally determined ranged from about 0.95% to 7.1% in the cases analysed. In the case of a drawbead height of 12 mm, the numerical model overestimated the value of the COF for all specimen widths analysed. By contrast, in the case of a drawbead height of 18 mm, all experimentally determined friction coefficients are underestimated by Finite Element Method (FEM). This was explained by the different character of sheet deformation under friction and frictionless conditions. An increase in the drawbead height, with the same sheet width, increases the value of the COF.

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2

Trzepieciński, Tomasz. "Numerical modeling of the drawbead simulator test." Scientific Letters of Rzeszow University of Technology - Mechanics 84, no. 3/2012 (2012): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7862/rm.2012.6.

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3

Trzepiecinski, Kubit, Slota, and Fejkiel. "An Experimental Study of the Frictional Properties of Steel Sheets Using the Drawbead Simulator Test." Materials 12, no. 24 (December 4, 2019): 4037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12244037.

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This article presents the results of an experimental investigation of the frictional resistance arising in a drawbead during sheet metal forming. The frictional characterization of DC04 deep drawing quality steels commonly used in the automotive industry is carried out using a friction simulator. The effects of some parameters of the friction process on the value of the coefficient of friction have been considered in the experimental investigations. The friction tests have been conducted on different strip specimens, lubrication conditions, heights of drawbead and specimen orientations in relation to the sheet rolling direction. The results of drawbead simulator tests demonstrate the relationship that the value of the coefficient of friction of the test sheets without lubrication is higher than in the case of lubricated sheets. The lubricant reduces the coefficient of friction, but the effectiveness of its reduction depends on the drawbead height and lubrication conditions. Moreover, the effectiveness of the reduction of the coefficient of friction by the lubricant depends on the specimen orientation according to the sheet rolling direction. In the drawbead test, the specimens oriented along the rolling direction demonstrate a higher value of coefficient of friction when compared to the samples cut transverse to the rolling direction. The smaller the width of the specimen, the lower the coefficient of friction observed. The difference in the coefficient of friction for the extreme values of the widths of the specimens was about 0.03–0.05. The use of machine oil reduced the coefficient of friction by 0.02–0.03 over the whole range of drawbead heights. Heavy duty lubricant even reduced the frictional resistances by over 50% compared to dry friction conditions. The effectiveness of friction reduction by machine oil does not exceed 30%.

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4

Weinmann, K. J., J. R. Michler, V. D. Rao, and A. R. Kashani. "Development of a Computer-Controlled Drawbead Simulator for Sheet Metal Forming." CIRP Annals 43, no. 1 (1994): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-8506(07)62208-2.

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5

Reid, Jean V., and Rajeev G. Kamat. "Evaluating the performance of can-body stock using the drawbead simulator." JOM 48, no. 6 (June 1996): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03222961.

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6

Michler, J. R., K. J. Weinmann, A. R. Kashani, and S. A. Majlessi. "A strip-drawing simulator with computer-controlled drawbead penetration and blankholder pressure." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 43, no. 2-4 (June 1994): 177–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-0136(94)90020-5.

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7

Trzepieciński, Tomasz, and Hirpa G. Lemu. "Frictional Conditions of AA5251 Aluminium Alloy Sheets Using Drawbead Simulator Tests and Numerical Methods." Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 60, no. 1 (January 15, 2014): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2013.1310.

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8

Li, Siu Ping, Alper Güner, and A. Erman Tekkaya. "Analysis of Drawbead Behaviour for Sandwich Sheets in Sheet Forming Simulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 794 (October 2015): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.794.59.

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Lightweight sandwich sheets represent an alternative in the framework of body lightweight construction. They are made of metal face sheets which form a shear-resistant bond with the thermoplastic core layer. The present work describes the drawbead behavior of sandwich sheets and how it can be modelled in a numerical simulation. Drawbeads are used to control the rate of material flow into the die cavity and are located in the binder area. In the numerical simulation they are either modelled as physical drawbeads or replaced by an equivalent drawbead in which a certain drawbead restraining force (DBRF) is specified as a boundary condition. The values of DBRF can be obtained in a strip test, via numerical simulation or predicted with the aid of a drawbead model. In the current study, strip tensile tests through different physical drawbeads are conducted for sandwich materials. With the obtained variables, restraining forces and thinning values, the results from numerical simulations can be evaluated. Once an optimal simulation approach is found, a parameter study can be conducted to analyze the main influencing factors on drawbead behavior. The results from this study can be leveraged to create a semi-empirical drawbead model.

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9

Qiu, Xiao Gang, and Hao Huang. "Comparing Study on Real Drawbead and Equivalent Drawbead Based on Finite Element Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 430-432 (January 2012): 1056–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.430-432.1056.

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The dynamic explicit finite element software DYNAFORM was used to simulate the real and equivalent drawbead model. Analyzed the influence of the blank hold force (BHF) and virtual velocity on blank’s deformation behavior after passing through drawbead, compared the results of the FE simulation. The simulation results were confirmed by experiments. The study shows that the equivalent drawbead model can’t simulate the blank’s behavior precisely when it passing the real drawbeads, the effect of BHF on real drawbead model is larger than equal drawbead model; the proper range of virtual velocity was obtained at the same time.

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10

Sena, Khemajit, and Surasith Piyasin. "Position and the Size of Drawbeads for Sheet Metal Forming with the Finite Element Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 607 (July 2014): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.607.112.

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This study aims to find a solution to improve the formability in a deep drawing process. For this purpose drawbeads were used to avoid wrinkles and ruptures. The finite element method was applied to simulate the 3D metal forming process using a die and drawbead. The drawbead amount, position, size and form were studied for their affects on the formability. 3 drawbead patterns with 3 different heights were examined. The simulation was performed for each drawbead pattern and each drawbead geometrical parameter and the failure elements were counted. The best pattern chosen was the pattern that resulted in the least failure elements.

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11

Wang, Guang Kai, Si Yuan Cheng, Su Yang Li, and Xiang Wei Zhang. "Application of Numerical Simulation in Stamping Process of Complex Box-Type Parts." Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (July 2011): 579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.579.

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Due to the recent development both in the numerical simulation technology and computer technology, the role of numerical simulation in sheet forming industry has been continuously increasing in recent years. This paper describes the application of numerical simulation technology in the forming process of a complex box-type part with Dynaform and gives a fairly accurate forecast of defects that may appear in the forming process. Prediction of the effect of design parameters such as blank holding force and drawbeads on forming quality is investigated. The study indicates that blank holding force and drawbead directly affect the metal flow and formability of stamping. Then, by adjusting blank holding force and setting appropriate drawbeads, an optimized stamping process plan is obtained and is validated in experiments. Finally the phenomenon and displacement of distortion springback are predicted in the springback simulation, which is useful to further improve the quality of this kind of part.

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12

Wang, Hong Wei, Er Wei Su, and Feng Wang. "Influence Study on Drawbead Setting to Formability of Automobile Sump Based on Numerical Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 146-147 (October 2010): 883–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.146-147.883.

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Drawbead is an important factor to automobile sump forming process, proper drawbead setting can improve the forming quality significantly, such as uniforming the sump thickness. Using the drawbead setting theory in dynaform software, the drawbead on the compressive annular part which lie in the shallow part of sump was set, that is, three separate line segment shape equivalent drawbead were arranged alone the shallow part of the die. The influence law of different drawbead parameters to the sump thickness variation has been simulated. Simulating results show that after setting drawbead, reduction of sump thickness is reduced 15% relative to not setting one, and drawbead setting has significant influence to the sump forming quality. It is helpful for forming mold design.

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13

Sirivedin, K., K. Krueger, V. Thoms, Dietmar Suesse, Roland Mueller, and M. Schatz. "Investigation of the Strain Hardening and Bauschinger Effect of Low and High Strength Steel Application in Drawbead-Tester by Experiment and Numerical Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 55-57 (August 2008): 761–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.55-57.761.

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The research is aimed to investigate Bauschinger effect and strain hardening by the application of drawbead-tester. Generally, the drawbead is used to control the material flow into the die cavity in sheet metal forming process. When the material is flowing into the drawbead, it may cause the development of strain hardening and/or Bauschinger effect. This work consists of two main equipment particularly developed for the experiments. They are drawbead-tester and three-point bending device. The drawbead-tester provides the possibility to integrate the optical in-process strain analysis system. Whereas the sheet metal was being formed in the drawbead, the local strain of the sheet metal was evaluated. At the same time, the drawbead restraining and holding forces were measured. The three point bending device and numerical simulation method are used to investigate the Bauschinger effect. In the experiment, the cyclic bending forces were measured and compared with the result obtained by numerical simulation.

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14

Schey, John A. "Speed effects in drawbead simulation." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 57, no. 1-2 (February 1996): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-0136(95)02061-6.

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15

Zhang, Yan Qin, and Zhao Hu Deng. "Optimization Design of Drawbead Based on CAE and Neural Network." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 2727–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.2727.

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In this paper, application of drawbead optimization using FEM simulation and neural network was discussed for the drawing of car door. A neural network model was established to simulate the nonlinear mapping relation between the drawbead force and sheet forming parameters. The samples needed for training and testing were obtained by FEM simulation. Once the ANN trained successfully, the drawbead optimized design could be realized by using the ANN.

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16

Chen, Jie Lai, Da Zhi Jiang, and Ya Yan Huang. "Application of Radial Basis Function Networks Combined with Genetic Algorithm in Predicting the Geometric Parameters of Drawbead." Applied Mechanics and Materials 101-102 (September 2011): 790–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.101-102.790.

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The drawbead plays a very important role in automobile covering part forming processes. Traditional drawbead design mainly depends on designers’ experience. In order to obtain proper restraining force during die try-out, it is often necessary to adjust the drawbead through a very complicated procedure. It is thus meaningful to study the relationship between the parameters used to reflect metal forming effects and the geometric parameters of drawbead and then create a prediction model for them. This paper employs the radial basis function neural network technology to predict the geometric parameters of drawbead used in forming processes, where the genetic algorithm is used to optimize the neural network structure. Simulation results show that the proposed approach outperforms the curve fitting method.

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17

Liu, Gang, Zhongqin Lin, and Youxia Bao. "Optimization Design of Drawbead in Drawing Tools of Autobody Cover Panel." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 124, no. 2 (March 26, 2002): 278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1448523.

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In the tooling design of autobody cover panels, design of drawbead will affect the distribution of drawing restraining force along mouth of dies and the relative flowing velocity of the blank, and consequently, will affect the distributions of strain and thickness in a formed part. Therefore, reasonable design of drawbead is the key point of cover panels’ forming quality. An optimization design method of drawbead, using one improved hybrid optimization algorithm combined with FEM software, is proposed in this paper. First, we used this method to design the distribution of drawbead restraining force along the mouth of a die, then the actual type and geometrical parameters of drawbead could be obtained according to an improved drawbead restraining force model and the improved hybrid optimization algorithm. This optimization method of drawbead was used in designing drawing tools of an actual autobody cover panel, and an optimized drawbead design plan has been obtained, by which deformation redundancy was increased from 0% under uniform drawbead control to 10%. Plastic strain of all area of formed part was larger than 2% and the minimum flange width was larger than 10 mm. Therefore, not only better formability and high dent resistance were obtained, but also fine cutting contour line and high assembly quality could be obtained. An actual drawing part has been formed using the optimized drawbead, and the experimental results were compared with the simulating results in order to verify the validity of the optimized design plan. Good agreement of thickness on critical areas between experimental results and simulation results proves that the optimization design method of drawbead could be successfully applied in designing actual tools of autobody cover panels.

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18

Moon, S. J., M. G. Lee, S. H. Lee, and Y. T. Keum. "Equivalent drawbead models for sheet forming simulation." Metals and Materials International 16, no. 4 (August 2010): 595–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12540-010-0812-2.

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19

Fang, Hui Min, and Guang Sheng Zhang. "Numerical Simulation of Stamping Forming of Automobile Cover." Applied Mechanics and Materials 33 (October 2010): 496–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.33.496.

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The main defect of the inner-hood is break, which was obtained by the numerical simulation of it’s forming process. The main impacted parameters of sheet metal forming process are corner radius of die, friction coefficient, clearance between punch and die and the height of drawbead. The maximum impact of the break of forming factors was drawbead high, followed by the die gap, die edge and the friction coefficient which were obtained by the four factors orthogonal optimized simulation. The comparison between the results of numerical simulation and actual operation proved the accuracy of the numerical simulation.

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20

Liu, Jun Hui, and Feng Liang. "Car-Door Forming Optimization and Numerical Simulation Based on Trust Region Method." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 767–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.767.

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Put forward a kind of integrated control method of sheet metal forming quality aiming at optimization problems of numerical simulation technologies on car-door forming. Build response objective functions with the use of forming limit drawing and acquire corresponding data through Latin hypercube design, so as to build response surface model of response objectives and design parameters. Control space variation of design parameters with the use of trust region method with convergence and gain the optimal portfolio for the height of drawbeads through iterative computations. Compared with traditional optimization methods of drawbeads based on gradient method, this method has such features: few test numbers and high optimization precision. In order to verify validity of this optimization method, combinatorial optimization results for drawbeads height of a certain car side-door inner plate is given.

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21

Yang, Y. Y., Z. H. Jin, R. F. Wang, and Y. Z. Wang. "2D elasto-plastic FE simulation of the drawbead drawing process." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 120, no. 1-3 (January 2002): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(01)01052-4.

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22

Zhang, R. H., and H. Miao. "Research on Self-Propelled High Spray Machine Steel Stamping Forming." Advanced Materials Research 670 (March 2013): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.670.128.

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In this paper through simulation a single factor analysis and research four parameters of Self-propelled high Spray Machine steel stamping forming ,including die gap(), die radius(r), friction coefficient(f) and drawbead height(h), on the impact of sheet forming. Considering the defects of steel forming in the actual production, the most important parameters is determined and four parameters and three level orthogonal experiments are carried out. The drawbead height (h) is the most important parameter affecting in steel forming that should be strictly controlled in the actual production. The die gap () is secondary. The die radius (r) and the friction coefficient (f) affect the least. In order to improve the quality of stamping, the3r2f3h3 process combination should be adopted, which provided some theoretical guidance in actual production

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23

Huang, H. M., S. D. Liu, and S. Jiang. "Stress and Strain Histories of Multiple Bending-Unbending Springback Process." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 123, no. 4 (July 24, 2001): 384–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1395574.

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A drawbead model with sheet metal passing through multiple bending-unbending processes was employed in this study to understand the springback phenomenon and to develop a numerical simulation technique for more accurate prediction of the springback process. The deformation process is simulated using an implicit finite element modeling code. The predicted results were compared with the physically measured ones, including clamping and restraining forces, thickness strains, and the curvatures of the deformed sheets. Consideration of the Bauschinger effect and employment of a combined isotropic and kinematic hardening models greatly improve the prediction accuracy. Stress and strain histories under various conditions during the drawing process are studied in detail in an attempt to provide a better basis for comparison for dynamic explicit solutions.

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24

Qiu, Xiao Gang, and Huai An Yi. "The Study on Multi-Factor Coupling Numerical Simulation for Vehicle Cover Panel Stamping Forming." Advanced Materials Research 156-157 (October 2010): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.156-157.320.

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This article uses UG to establish the three-dimensional model for the automobile cover panel parts, and establish a parts technological addendum surface and binder surface. This model has been converted to DYNAFORM, in which the parts finite element model is established. It also uses DYNAFORM software to carry out simulation analysis and orthogonal analysis of the geometric parameters of rib, obtaining the influence rule of the drawbead geometric parameters to drawbead resistance. It has studied the influence of many factors on the parts forming such as blank size, blank holder force(BHF), the material parameter and so on. The result shows that during the process of stamping, the shape and size of blank has played an important role in the sheet flowing; BHF has a great influence upon the wrinkling and cracking of the parts; material parameter, the value of r, mainly affects the drawing deformation while the value of n produces a great impact on the plane strain, bulging deformation. Through optimizing the shape and size of the blank and BHF, it obtains the best material properties parameters to satisfy the parts smooth forming that is: 0.25, 2.15. After the scene stamping production, it confirms the practicality of the optimization solutions.

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25

Li, Guang Bu, Li Dai, Ming Hua Xu, and Feng Ying Shi. "Track Link-Terrain Interaction Simulation Based on Terramechanics." Key Engineering Materials 572 (September 2013): 640–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.572.640.

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A review of terramechanics terrain models and discuss on their application in link-terrain, wheel-terrain and tire-terrain interaction are taken. Three kinds of pressure–sinkage relationship proposed by Bekker and Reece are studied. The loading and unloading is introduced in the model. And the relationship between the maximum shear stress and applied normal pressure is derived. The link tractive effort and drawbar pull at a given slip of an assumed shape and mass are deduced. Also the link moves in two dimensions. At last, the relationship of terrain sinkage vs. time, terrain pressure vs. sinkage and drawbar pull vs. slip for the link-terrain interface are simulated. The simulation is in good agreement with that got by Bekker.

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26

Samuel, M. "Influence of drawbead geometry on sheet metal forming." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 122, no. 1 (March 2002): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(01)01233-x.

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27

Sunanta, Aekkapon, and Surasak Suranuntchai. "Finite Element Simulation of Deep Drawing Processes for Shell Bar RR Impact RH/LH." Applied Mechanics and Materials 875 (January 2018): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.875.24.

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Finite Element Method (FEM) is one of the most useful techniques to analyze problems in metal forming process because of this technique can reduce cost and time in die design and trial step [1]. This research is aimed to predict the optimal parameters in order to eliminate cracks and wrinkles on automotive deep drawing product “Shell Bar RR Impact RH/LH”. The material was made from high strength steel JSC440W sheet with thickness 1.8 mm. The parameters that had been investigated were blank holder force (BHF) and drawbead restraining force (DBRF). In order to simplify the process, punch and die in the simulation were assumed to be a rigid body, which neglected the small effect of elastic deformation. The material properties assumed to be anisotropic, behaved according to the constitutive equation of power law and deformed elastic-viscoplastic, which followed Barlat 3 components yield function. Most of the defects such as cracks and wrinkles were found during the processes on the parts. In the past, the practical productions were performed by trial and error, which involved high production cost, long lead time and wasted materials. From the results, when decreased blank holder force to 30 tons, cracks on the part were removed but wrinkles had a tendency to increase in part area because of this part is the asymmetrical shape. Finally, applying about drawbead restraining force at 154.49 and 99.75 N/mm could improve product quality. In conclusion, by using the simulation technique, the production quality and performance had been improved.

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28

Ding, Hong Yan, Mu Jian Xia, Yue Zhang, and Guang Hong Zhou. "Numerical Simulation and Optimization of Drawing for Shallow Tapered Surface." Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (July 2011): 682–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.682.

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It was hard to predict crack and wrinkle which are the main failure modes when drawing for the shallow tapered parts. In this paper crack and wrinkle can be avoided effectively by using the software DYNAFORM in combination with orthogonal design of experiment method. The influence of normal anisotropy coefficient, friction coefficient, drawbead resistance and blank holding force on deep drawing shallow tapered surface was analyzed by numerical simulation. The results show that the minimum-wall-thickness was the main criterion for the drawing process but not the only criterion. Crack and wrinkle can be moderately eliminated finally after optimization of the parameters and following trim process in the drawing for shallow tapered surface.

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29

Liu, Ming Jun, Bai Liu, and Fei Tang. "The Forming Scheme of a Silencer Cover in Progressive Die." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.311.

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The drawing scheme of a silencer cover in the progressive die was studied. This cover was formerly processed by several single punching dies and now was produced by a progressive die. The drawing scheme was hard to determine. Therefore, the explicit dynamic software DYNAFORM was applied to make simulations about the drawing process. According to comparisons between the simulation and experiment results, the optimized drawing scheme, blank layout, blank size, binding force and some other process parameters were determined. The defects were eliminated after the proper drawbead was set. Experiments showed that numerical simulation provided an efficient way for the optimization of the forming scheme in the progressive die production.

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30

Cheng, Lei, Wei Zhang, Bao Chun Lu, Hui Jun Gong, and Yong Zheng Song. "Optimization of Drawbeads for Springback Based on RSM and NSGA-II." Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (October 2010): 902–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.902.

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To improve material flow of sheet metal, draw beads are used to prevent wrinkling and springback during deep drawing process. Firstly, taking BenchMark2 "S-Rail-08" of NUMSIHEET’2008 as a study case, based on the orthogonal tests of finite element simulation of stamping process, a springback prediction model which adopts response surface method (RSM) was proposed to predict the springback influenced by draw beads parameters approximately. Then, in order to reduce springback, non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II), is implemented to inverse and optimize both geometry and layout parameters of draw beads cost-efficiently. Finally, the validation of optimal parameters set and the feasible of this optimize approach are confirmed by finite element simulation of S-Rail springback.

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31

Kim, Changman, Youngseok Im, Youngmoo Heo, Naksoo Kim, Ghichan Jun, and Daegyo Seo. "Finite-element analysis and experimental verification for drawbead drawing processes." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 72, no. 2 (December 1997): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(97)00149-0.

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32

Chen, H., X. Fang, Z. Zhang, X. Xie, H. Nie, and X. Wei. "Parameter optimisation of a carrier-based UAV drawbar based on strain fatigue analysis." Aeronautical Journal 125, no. 1288 (February 11, 2021): 1083–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2021.1.

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ABSTRACTCarrier-based unmanned aerial aircraft (UAV) structure is subjected to severe tensile load during takeoff, especially the drawbar, which affects its fatigue performance and structural safety. However, the complex structural features pose great challenges for the engineering design. Considering this situation, a structural design, fatigue analysis, and parameters optimisation joint working platform are urgently needed to solve this problem. In this study, numerical analysis of strain fatigue is carried out based on the laboratory fatigue failure of the carrier-based aircraft drawbar. Taking the sensitivity of drawbar parameters to stress and life into account and optimum design of drawbar with fatigue life as a target using the parametric method, this study also includes cutting-edge parameters of milling cutters, structural details of the drawbar and so on. Then an experimental design is applied using the Latin hypercube sampling method, and a surrogate model based on RBF neural network is established. Lastly, a multi-island genetic algorithm is introduced for optimisation. The results show that the error between the obtained optimal solution and simulation is 0.26%, while the optimised stress level is reduced by 15.7%, and the life of the drawbar is increased by 122%.

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33

Carleer, B. D., P. T. Vreede, P. Drent, M. F. M. Louwes, and J. Huétink. "Modelling drawbeads with finite elements and verification." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 45, no. 1-4 (September 1994): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-0136(94)90319-0.

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34

Abu-Hamdeh, Nidal H. "Stability and Computer Simulation of Trailed Implement under Different Operating Conditions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 826 (February 2016): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.826.61.

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The mechanics of a trailer system moving up and down sloping ground under different operating conditions was theoretically simulated. A computer program was developed to analyze the system to predict the effect of both the trailer loading weight and the slope angle on the off-road vehicle stability, traction ability, and drawbar loading. The results of this analysis showed that the off-road vehicle becomes unstable when towing a 3750 kg trailer uphill at 28° slope angle. Insufficient traction occurred at slope angles ranging from 15° to 18° corresponding to trailer weight of 3750 to 750 kg. The parallel component of drawbar pull reached a maximum value of (17318) N when the trailer was pushing the off-road vehicle downhill at 30° slope angle. The normal component (normal to the tractive surface) showed similar maximum values for both uphill and downhill motions of the system. The use of computer analysis in this study provided a significant improvement in predicting the effect of different parameters on stability and control of off-road vehicle-trailer combination on sloping ground.Keywords: Stability, Traction, Sloping ground, Drawbar.

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35

Sahay, C. S., and V. K. Tewari. "Computer Simulation of Tractor Single-point Drawbar Performance." Biosystems Engineering 88, no. 4 (August 2004): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2004.05.005.

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Liu, Yanfang. "ELABORATE IMPLEMENTATION OF AN EQUIVALENT DRAWBEAD MODEL IN THE NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SHEET METAL FORMING." Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 41, no. 01 (2005): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2005.01.114.

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37

Keum, Y. T., B. Y. Ghoo, and J. H. Kim. "Application of an expert drawbead model to the finite element simulation of sheet forming processes." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 111, no. 1-3 (April 2001): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(01)00501-5.

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38

Chen, Fuh-Kuo, and Jia-Hong Liu. "Analysis of an equivalent drawbead model for the finite element simulation of a stamping process." International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 37, no. 4 (April 1997): 409–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0890-6955(96)00063-6.

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39

Courvoisier, Ludovic, Marion Martiny, and Gérard Ferron. "Analytical modelling of drawbeads in sheet metal forming." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 133, no. 3 (February 2003): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(02)01124-x.

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Taherizadeh, Aboozar, Abbas Ghaei, Daniel E. Green, and William J. Altenhof. "Finite element simulation of springback for a channel draw process with drawbead using different hardening models." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 51, no. 4 (April 2009): 314–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2009.03.001.

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41

Ghoo, B. Y., and Y. T. Keum. "Expert drawbead models for sectional FEM analysis of sheet metal forming processes." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 105, no. 1-2 (September 2000): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(00)00646-4.

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42

Keum, Y. T., J. H. Kim, and B. Y. Ghoo. "Expert drawbead models for finite element analysis of sheet metal forming processes." International Journal of Solids and Structures 38, no. 30-31 (July 2001): 5335–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7683(00)00342-5.

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43

Sheriff, N. Mohamed, and M. Mohamed Ismail. "Numerical design optimisation of drawbead position and experimental validation of cup drawing process." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 206, no. 1-3 (September 2008): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.12.017.

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44

Šmerda, Tomáš, and Jiří Čupera. "Combined loading of tractor’s engine." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 58, no. 1 (2010): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201058010199.

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The paper deals with influence of combined load of engine on drawbar properties of a tractor. The aim was focused on determination of power consumed via PTO and the impact on drawbar pull. During the development of the tractor is assumed that certain work will transfer operations from 60 to 60% over the PTO. Combined loading of engine power significantly reduces driving force as well as drawbar pull. In general, any change in power distribution will affect power balance and overall efficiency. Nevertheless, decreasing of drawbar force enables higher efficiency due to lower resistance in transmission to PTO. Previous researches have shown that the overall loss can achieve at the most 15 %. Ordinary efficiency of pulling tractor will not cross the limit of 70 %. The contribution brings the results of experimental work where the load was changed. The combined load can be simulated with using of chassis dynamometer along with a dynamometer connected over the PTO. Basic levels of absorbed power over the PTO were set to 50, 70 and 90 kW. These points usually presents needs for main field operations. Settings of the test were carried out of constant power transferred over the PTO. Variable part of engine power is consumed to movement what means change in tractor velocity. The results of experiment have been evaluated using spreadsheet editor and statistical software and were built into plots.

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45

Jung, D. W. "Static-explicit finite element method and its application to drawbead process with spring-back." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 128, no. 1-3 (October 2002): 292–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(02)00468-5.

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46

Iwata, Takamichi, and Noritoshi Iwata. "A novel approach of springback analysis using a drawbead and a die shoulder database in sheet metal forming simulation." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 95, no. 9-12 (December 14, 2017): 3535–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-017-1471-y.

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47

Eklarkar, Shripad V., and V. M. Nandedkar. "Finite Element simulation and Optimisation of blank holder force and rectangular drawbead geometry using Taguchi method for hemispherical cup." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1070, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 012129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1070/1/012129.

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48

Halkaci, Huseyin Selcuk, Mevlut Turkoz, and Murat Dilmec. "Enhancing formability in hydromechanical deep drawing process adding a shallow drawbead to the blank holder." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 214, no. 8 (August 2014): 1638–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2014.03.008.

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49

Zhai, Guanglong, and Tieqiu Huang. "Exploring Tractive Performance of Planetary Rover's Rigid Wheels on Mixed Terrain." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 38, no. 6 (December 2020): 1240–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20203861240.

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Based on insufficient studies of the tractive performance of a planetary rover's rigid wheels in soft soil and hard mixed soil terrains, a method for studying the tractive performance is presented. The Wong-Reece' interaction model was used as the dynamic model for wheel-soil contact. The sinkage model and the drawbar pull force model were modified and then verified with experimental results. Based on the Hertz contact theory, a nonlinear friction spring damping model was adopted as the wheel-bedrock contact model. An additional terrain hardness array was introduced for setting and recognizing the mixed terrain with ground mechanics parameters. With the platform for co-simulating the navigation and dynamics of a planetary rover, the simulation program was developed to dynamically simulate the whole planetary rover with two wheel-ground contact models. Taking the Mars rover as an example, its whole model was established with the MSC.Adams software. The dynamic simulation of the Mars rover on the soft terrain and mixed terrain was carried out respectively. The simulation results show that the Mars rover's velocity fluctuates greatly on the mixed terrain, and that the Mars rover gains greater drawbar pull force when traveling on the mixed terrain than on the only soil terrain.

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50

Abu-Hamdeh, Nidal H., and Hamid F. Al-Jalil. "Computer simulation of stability and control of tractor-trailed implement combinations under different operating conditions." Bragantia 63, no. 1 (2004): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0006-87052004000100015.

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Abstract:

The mechanics of a tractor-trailer system moving up and down sloping ground under different operating conditions was theoretically simulated. A computer program was developed to analyze the system to predict the effect of both the trailer loading weight and the slope angle on the tractor stability, traction ability, and drawbar loading. The program was used to analyze a tractor-trailer system moving at uniform motion up and downhill. The results of this analysis showed that the tractor becomes unstable when towing a 3750 kg trailer uphill at 28° slope angle. Insufficient traction occurred at slope angles ranging from 15° to 18° corresponding to trailer weight of 3750 to 750 kg. The parallel component of drawbar pull reached a maximum value of 17318 N when the trailer was pushing the tractor downhill at 30° slope angle. The normal component (normal to the tractive surface) showed similar maximum values for both uphill and downhill motions of the system. The use of computer analysis in this study provided a significant improvement in predicting the effect of different parameters on stability and control of tractor-trailer combination on sloping ground.

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