Journal articles: 'DRAT'

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Zhang, Yaoping, Edward L. Pohlmann, Cale M. Halbleib, Paul W. Ludden, and Gary P. Roberts. "Effect of PII and Its Homolog GlnK on Reversible ADP-Ribosylation of Dinitrogenase Reductase by Heterologous Expression of the Rhodospirillum rubrum Dinitrogenase Reductase ADP-Ribosyl Transferase–Dinitrogenase Reductase-Activating Glycohydrolase Regulatory System inKlebsiella pneumoniae." Journal of Bacteriology 183, no. 5 (March 1, 2001): 1610–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.5.1610-1620.2001.

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ABSTRACT Reversible ADP-ribosylation of dinitrogenase reductase, catalyzed by the dinitrogenase reductase ADP-ribosyl transferase–dinitrogenase reductase-activating glycohydrolase (DRAT-DRAG) regulatory system, has been characterized in Rhodospirillum rubrum and other nitrogen-fixing bacteria. To investigate the mechanisms for the regulation of DRAT and DRAG activities, we studied the heterologous expression of R. rubrum draTG in Klebsiella pneumoniae glnB and glnK mutants. In K. pneumoniae wild type, the regulation of both DRAT and DRAG activity appears to be comparable to that seen in R. rubrum. However, the regulation of both DRAT and DRAG activities is altered in a glnB background. Some DRAT escapes regulation and becomes active under N-limiting conditions. The regulation of DRAG activity is also altered in a glnBmutant, with DRAG being inactivated more slowly in response to NH4 + treatment than is seen in wild type, resulting in a high residual nitrogenase activity. In aglnK background, the regulation of DRAT activity is similar to that seen in wild type. However, the regulation of DRAG activity is completely abolished in the glnK mutant; DRAG remains active even after NH4 + addition, so there is no loss of nitrogenase activity. The results with this heterologous expression system have implications for DRAT-DRAG regulation inR. rubrum.

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Oetjen, Janina, and Barbara Reinhold-Hurek. "Characterization of the DraT/DraG System for Posttranslational Regulation of Nitrogenase in the Endophytic Betaproteobacterium Azoarcus sp. Strain BH72." Journal of Bacteriology 191, no. 11 (April 3, 2009): 3726–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01720-08.

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ABSTRACT DraT/DraG-mediated posttranslational regulation of the nitrogenase Fe protein by ADP-ribosylation has been described for a few diazotrophic bacteria belonging to the class Alphaproteobacteria. Here we present for the first time the DraT/DraG system of a betaproteobacterium, Azoarcus sp. strain BH72, a diazotrophic grass endophyte. Its genome harbors one draT ortholog and two physically unlinked genes coding for ADP-ribosylhydrolases. Northern blot analysis revealed cotranscription of draT with two genes encoding hypothetical proteins. Furthermore, draT and draG2 were expressed under all studied conditions, whereas draG1 expression was nitrogen regulated. By using Western blot analysis of deletion mutants and nitrogenase assays in vivo, we demonstrated that DraT is required for the nitrogenase Fe protein modification but not for the physiological inactivation of nitrogenase activity. A second mechanism responsible for nitrogenase inactivation must operate in this bacterium, which is independent of DraT. Fe protein demodification was dependent mainly on DraG1, corroborating the assumption from phylogenetic analysis that DraG2 might be mostly involved in processes other than the posttranslational regulation of nitrogenase. Nitrogenase in vivo reactivation was impaired in a draG1 mutant and a mutant lacking both draG alleles after anaerobiosis shifts and subsequent adjustment to microaerobic conditions, suggesting that modified dinitrogenase reductase was inactive. Our results demonstrate that the DraT/DraG system, despite some differences, is functionally conserved in diazotrophic proteobacteria.

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Wang, H., and A. Norén. "Metabolic regulation of nitrogen fixation in Rhodospirillum rubrum." Biochemical Society Transactions 34, no. 1 (January 20, 2006): 160–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0340160.

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Nitrogenase activity in Rhodospirillum rubrum is post-translationally regulated by DRAG (dinitrogenase reductase glycohydrolase) and DRAT (dinitrogenase reductase ADP-ribosylation transferase). When a sudden increase in fixed nitrogen concentration or energy depletion is sensed by the cells, DRAG is inactivated and DRAT activated. We propose that the regulation of DRAG is dependent on its location in the cell and the presence of an ammonium-sensing protein.

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4

Shinbrot, Troy. "Drat such custard!" Nature 438, no. 7070 (December 2005): 922–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/438922a.

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5

Moure, Vivian R., Karamatullah Danyal, Zhi-Yong Yang, Shannon Wendroth, Marcelo Müller-Santos, Fabio O. Pedrosa, Marcelo Scarduelli, et al. "The Nitrogenase Regulatory Enzyme Dinitrogenase Reductase ADP-Ribosyltransferase (DraT) Is Activated by Direct Interaction with the Signal Transduction Protein GlnB." Journal of Bacteriology 195, no. 2 (November 9, 2012): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01517-12.

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ABSTRACTFe protein (dinitrogenase reductase) activity is reversibly inactivated by dinitrogenase reductase ADP-ribosyltransferase (DraT) in response to an increase in the ammonium concentration or a decrease in cellular energy inAzospirillum brasilense,Rhodospirillum rubrum, andRhodobacter capsulatus. The ADP-ribosyl is removed by the dinitrogenase reductase-activating glycohydrolase (DraG), promoting Fe protein reactivation. The signaling pathway leading to DraT activation by ammonium is still not completely understood, but the available evidence shows the involvement of direct interaction between the enzyme and the nitrogen-signaling PIIproteins. InA. brasilense, two PIIproteins, GlnB and GlnZ, were identified. We used Fe protein fromAzotobacter vinelandiias the substrate to assess the activity ofA. brasilenseDraTin vitrocomplexed or not with PIIproteins. Under our conditions, GlnB was necessary for DraT activity in the presence of Mg-ADP. The PIIeffector 2-oxoglutarate, in the presence of Mg-ATP, inhibited DraT-GlnB activity, possibly by inducing complex dissociation. DraT was also activated by GlnZ and by both uridylylated PIIproteins, but not by a GlnB variant carrying a partial deletion of the T loop. Kinetics studies revealed that theA. brasilenseDraT-GlnB complex was at least 18-fold more efficient than DraT purified fromR. rubrum, but with a similarKmvalue for NAD+. Our results showed that ADP-ribosylation of the Fe protein does not affect the electronic state of its metal cluster and prevents association between the Fe and MoFe proteins, thus inhibiting electron transfer.

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Yakunin, Alexander F., Alexander S. Fedorov, Tatyana V. Laurinavichene, Vadim M. Glaser, Nikolay S. Egorov, Anatoly A. Tsygankov, Vladislav V. Zinchenko, and Patrick C. Hallenbeck. "Regulation of nitrogenase in the photosynthetic bacteriumRhodobacter sphaeroidescontainingdraTGandnifHDKgenes fromRhodobacter capsulatus." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 47, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w00-144.

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The photosynthetic bacteria Rhodobacter capsulatus and Rhodospirillum rubrum regulate their nitrogenase activity by the reversible ADP-ribosylation of nitrogenase Fe-protein in response to ammonium addition or darkness. This regulation is mediated by two enzymes, dinitrogenase reductase ADP-ribosyl transferase (DRAT) and dinitrogenase reductase activating glycohydrolase (DRAG). Recently, we demonstrated that another photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, appears to have no draTG genes, and no evidence of Fe-protein ADP-ribosylation was found in this bacterium under a variety of growth and incubation conditions. Here we show that four different strains of Rba. sphaeroides are incapable of modifying Fe-protein, whereas four out of five Rba. capsulatus strains possess this ability. Introduction of Rba. capsulatus draTG and nifHDK (structural genes for nitrogenase proteins) into Rba. sphaeroides had no effect on in vivo nitrogenase activity and on nitrogenase switch-off by ammonium. However, transfer of draTG from Rba. capsulatus was sufficient to confer on Rba. sphaeroides the ability to reversibly modify the nitrogenase Fe-protein in response to either ammonium addition or darkness. These data suggest that Rba. sphaeroides, which lacks DRAT and DRAG, possesses all the elements necessary for the transduction of signals generated by ammonium or darkness to these proteins.Key words: nitrogenase regulation, nitrogenase modification, photosynthetic bacteria.

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Zalewska, Beata, Rafał Piątek, Katarzyna Bury, Alfred Samet, Bogdan Nowicki, Stella Nowicki, and Józef Kur. "A surface-exposed DraD protein of uropathogenic Escherichia coli bearing Dr fimbriae may be expressed and secreted independently from DraC usher and DraE adhesin." Microbiology 151, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 2477–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.28083-0.

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The dra gene cluster, expressed by uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains, determines bacterial attachment and invasion. The Dr fimbrial structures formed at the bacterial cell surface are composed of DraE subunits. The Dr fimbriae-coding cluster contains six open reading frames – draA, draB, draC, draD, draP and draE – among which the draE gene encodes the structural fimbrial subunit DraE. Very little is known about E. coli surface expression of the draD gene product. The expression of DraD and its role in the biogenesis of Dr fimbriae were determined by constructing mutants in the dra operon and by immunoblot and immunofluorescence experiments. In this study, DraD was found to be a surface-exposed protein. The expression of DraD was independent of the DraC usher and DraE fimbrial subunits. Polymerization of DraE fimbrial subunits into fimbrial structures did not require expression of the DraD protein.

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8

Kim, Kitai, Yaoping Zhang, and Gary P. Roberts. "Correlation of Activity Regulation and Substrate Recognition of the ADP-Ribosyltransferase That Regulates Nitrogenase Activity in Rhodospirillum rubrum." Journal of Bacteriology 181, no. 5 (March 1, 1999): 1698–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.5.1698-1702.1999.

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ABSTRACT In Rhodospirillum rubrum, nitrogenase activity is regulated posttranslationally through the ADP-ribosylation of dinitrogenase reductase by dinitrogenase reductase ADP-ribosyltransferase (DRAT). Several DRAT variants that are altered both in the posttranslational regulation of DRAT activity and in the ability to recognize variants of dinitrogenase reductase have been found. This correlation suggests that these two properties are biochemically connected.

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9

Kiesl, Benjamin, Adrián Rebola-Pardo, Marijn J. H. Heule, and Armin Biere. "Simulating Strong Practical Proof Systems with Extended Resolution." Journal of Automated Reasoning 64, no. 7 (July 31, 2020): 1247–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10817-020-09554-z.

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Abstract Proof systems for propositional logic provide the basis for decision procedures that determine the satisfiability status of logical formulas. While the well-known proof system of extended resolution—introduced by Tseitin in the sixties—allows for the compact representation of proofs, modern SAT solvers (i.e., tools for deciding propositional logic) are based on different proof systems that capture practical solving techniques in an elegant way. The most popular of these proof systems is likely DRAT, which is considered the de-facto standard in SAT solving. Moreover, just recently, the proof system DPR has been proposed as a generalization of DRAT that allows for short proofs without the need of new variables. Since every extended-resolution proof can be regarded as a DRAT proof and since every DRAT proof is also a DPR proof, it was clear that both DRAT and DPR generalize extended resolution. In this paper, we show that—from the viewpoint of proof complexity—these two systems are no stronger than extended resolution. We do so by showing that (1) extended resolution polynomially simulates DRAT and (2) DRAT polynomially simulates DPR. We implemented our simulations as proof-transformation tools and evaluated them to observe their behavior in practice. Finally, as a side note, we show how Kullmann’s proof system based on blocked clauses (another generalization of extended resolution) is related to the other systems.

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10

Grunwald, Sandra K., Matthew J. Ryle, William N. Lanzilotta, and Paul W. Ludden. "ADP-Ribosylation of Variants of Azotobacter vinelandiiDinitrogenase Reductase by Rhodospirillum rubrumDinitrogenase Reductase ADP-Ribosyltransferase." Journal of Bacteriology 182, no. 9 (May 1, 2000): 2597–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.9.2597-2603.2000.

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ABSTRACT In a number of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, nitrogenase is posttranslationally regulated by reversible ADP-ribosylation of dinitrogenase reductase. The structure of the dinitrogenase reductase from Azotobacter vinelandii is known. In this study, mutant forms of dinitrogenase reductase from A. vinelandii that are affected in various protein activities were tested for their ability to be ADP-ribosylated or to form a complex with dinitrogenase reductase ADP-ribosyltransferase (DRAT) fromRhodospirillum rubrum. R140Q dinitrogenase reductase could not be ADP-ribosylated by DRAT, although it still formed a cross-linkable complex with DRAT. Thus, the Arg 140 residue of dinitrogenase reductase plays a critical role in the ADP-ribosylation reaction. Conformational changes in dinitrogenase reductase induced by an F135Y substitution or by removal of the Fe4S4 cluster resulted in dinitrogenase reductase not being a substrate for ADP-ribosylation. Through cross-linking studies it was also shown that these changes decreased the ability of dinitrogenase reductase to form a cross-linkable complex with DRAT. Substitution of D129E or deletion of Leu 127, which result in altered nucleotide binding regions of these dinitrogenase reductases, did not significantly change the interaction between dinitrogenase reductase and DRAT. Previous results showed that changing Lys 143 to Gln decreased the binding between dinitrogenase reductase and dinitrogenase (L. C. Seefeldt, Protein Sci. 3:2073–2081, 1994); however, this change did not have a substantial effect on the interaction between dinitrogenase reductase and DRAT.

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11

Lamb, David Alex, Ivor Durham, and Joseph M. Newcomer. "DRAT: A program for maintaining listings." Journal of Systems and Software 7, no. 2 (June 1987): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0164-1212(87)90020-3.

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12

Ma, Yan, and Paul W. Ludden. "Role of the Dinitrogenase Reductase Arginine 101 Residue in Dinitrogenase Reductase ADP-Ribosyltransferase Binding, NAD Binding, and Cleavage." Journal of Bacteriology 183, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.1.250-256.2001.

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ABSTRACT Dinitrogenase reductase is posttranslationally regulated by dinitrogenase reductase ADP-ribosyltransferase (DRAT) via ADP-ribosylation of the arginine 101 residue in some bacteria.Rhodospirillum rubrum strains in which the arginine 101 of dinitrogenase reductase was replaced by tyrosine, phenylalanine, or leucine were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis of thenifH gene. The strain containing the R101F form of dinitrogenase reductase retains 91%, the strain containing the R101Y form retains 72%, and the strain containing the R101L form retains only 28% of in vivo nitrogenase activity of the strain containing the dinitrogenase reductase with arginine at position 101. In vivo acetylene reduction assays, immunoblotting with anti-dinitrogenase reductase antibody, and [adenylate-32P]NAD labeling experiments showed that no switch-off of nitrogenase activity occurred in any of the three mutants and no ADP-ribosylation of altered dinitrogenase reductases occurred either in vivo or in vitro. Altered dinitrogenase reductases from strains UR629 (R101Y) and UR630 (R101F) were purified to homogeneity. The R101F and R101Y forms of dinitrogenase reductase were able to form a complex with DRAT that could be chemically cross-linked by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide. The R101F form of dinitrogenase reductase and DRAT together were not able to cleave NAD. This suggests that arginine 101 is not critical for the binding of DRAT to dinitrogenase reductase but that the availability of arginine 101 is important for NAD cleavage. Both DRAT and dinitrogenase reductase can be labeled by [carbonyl-14C]NAD individually upon UV irradiation, but most 14C label is incorporated into DRAT when both proteins are present. The ability of R101F dinitrogenase reductase to be labeled by [carbonyl-14C]NAD suggested that Arg 101 is not absolutely required for NAD binding.

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13

Kuspit, Judith C. "One Long Magnificent “Drat” and Then-Some." Contemporary Psychoanalysis 42, no. 3 (July 2006): 478–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00107530.2006.10747118.

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14

Zhang, Yaoping, Edward L. Pohlmann, Paul W. Ludden, and Gary P. Roberts. "Functional Characterization of Three GlnB Homologs in the Photosynthetic Bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum: Roles in Sensing Ammonium and Energy Status." Journal of Bacteriology 183, no. 21 (November 1, 2001): 6159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.21.6159-6168.2001.

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ABSTRACT The GlnB (PII) protein, the product ofglnB, has been characterized previously in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum. Here we describe identification of two other PII homologs in this organism, GlnK and GlnJ. Although the sequences of these three homologs are very similar, the molecules have both distinct and overlapping functions in the cell. While GlnB is required for activation of NifA activity in R. rubrum, GlnK and GlnJ do not appear to be involved in this process. In contrast, either GlnB or GlnJ can serve as a critical element in regulation of the reversible ADP ribosylation of dinitrogenase reductase catalyzed by the dinitrogenase reductase ADP-ribosyl transferase (DRAT)/dinitrogenase reductase-activating glycohydrolase (DRAG) regulatory system. Similarly, either GlnB or GlnJ is necessary for normal growth on a variety of minimal and rich media, and any of the proteins is sufficient for normal posttranslational regulation of glutamine synthetase. Surprisingly, in their regulation of the DRAT/DRAG system, GlnB and GlnJ appeared to be responsive not only to changes in nitrogen status but also to changes in energy status, revealing a new role for this family of regulators in central metabolic regulation.

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Zhang, Y., R. H. Burris, and G. P. Roberts. "Cloning, sequencing, mutagenesis, and functional characterization of draT and draG genes from Azospirillum brasilense." Journal of Bacteriology 174, no. 10 (1992): 3364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.174.10.3364-3369.1992.

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16

Inoue, Akio, Toru Shigematsu, Makoto Hidaka, Haruhiko Masaki, and Takeshi Uozumi. "Cloning, sequencing and transcriptional regulation of the draT and draG genes of Azospirillum lipoferum FS." Gene 170, no. 1 (April 1996): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(95)00852-7.

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Huergo, Luciano F., Leda S. Chubatsu, Emanuel M. Souza, Fábio O. Pedrosa, Maria B. R. Steffens, and Mike Merrick. "Interactions between PII proteins and the nitrogenase regulatory enzymes DraT and DraG in Azospirillum brasilense." FEBS Letters 580, no. 22 (September 5, 2006): 5232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2006.08.054.

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Wilkinson, Frances C. "Emotional Intelligence in Library Disaster Response Assistance Teams: Which Competencies Emerged?" College & Research Libraries 76, no. 2 (March 1, 2015): 188–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crl.76.2.188.

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This qualitative study examines the relationship between emotional intelligence competencies and the personal attributes of library disaster response assistance team (DRAT) members. Using appreciative inquiry protocol to conduct interviews at two academic libraries, the study presents findings from emergent thematic coding of interview transcripts, documents, and artifacts as well as through the application of predetermined concept choice mapping of the data. Study findings suggest a strong relationship between emotional intelligence competencies and attributes exhibited by DRAT members as they dealt with the disasters at their respective institutions and may inform library leaders who appoint and provide training for team members.

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Zhang, Yaoping, Edward L. Pohlmann, Paul W. Ludden, and Gary P. Roberts. "Mutagenesis and Functional Characterization of theglnB, glnA, and nifA Genes from the Photosynthetic Bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum." Journal of Bacteriology 182, no. 4 (February 15, 2000): 983–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.4.983-992.2000.

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ABSTRACT Nitrogen fixation is tightly regulated in Rhodospirillum rubrum at two different levels: transcriptional regulation ofnif expression and posttranslational regulation of dinitrogenase reductase by reversible ADP-ribosylation catalyzed by the DRAT-DRAG (dinitrogenase reductase ADP-ribosyltransferase–dinitrogenase reductase-activating glycohydrolase) system. We report here the characterization ofglnB, glnA, and nifA mutants and studies of their relationship to the regulation of nitrogen fixation. Two mutants which affect glnB (structural gene for PII) were constructed. While PII-Y51F showed a lower nitrogenase activity than that of wild type, a PIIdeletion mutant showed very little nif expression. This effect of PII on nif expression is apparently the result of a requirement of PII for NifA activation, whose activity is regulated by NH4 + in R. rubrum. The modification of glutamine synthetase (GS) in theseglnB mutants appears to be similar to that seen in wild type, suggesting that a paralog of PII might exist inR. rubrum and regulate the modification of GS. PII also appears to be involved in the regulation of DRAT activity, since an altered response to NH4 + was found in a mutant expressing PII-Y51F. The adenylylation of GS plays no significant role in nif expression or the ADP-ribosylation of dinitrogenase reductase, since a mutant expressing GS-Y398F showed normal nitrogenase activity and normal modification of dinitrogenase reductase in response to NH4 + and darkness treatments.

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Jannah, Mita Hapsari, and Suyoto Suyoto. "TEORI HUMANISTIK DALAM MULTIMEDIA PEMBELAJARAN BILANGAN BULAT." Jurnal Karya Pendidikan Matematika 5, no. 2 (October 26, 2018): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26714/jkpm.5.2.2018.68-75.

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This study aims to develop elementary V class multimedia based on humanistic theory on integer competencies that is valid, practical, and effective. The development model is a 4D (define, design, development, disseminate) model. In the define stage there are interviews and observations to study the curriculum and the needs of teachers and students. In the design stage, draft I multimedia was designed using Adobe Flash Player. In the development stage, draft I is valid based on questionnaires from media and material expert validators. Furthermore, the results of field notes and student and teacher response questionnaires indicate that draft II is practical. Then drat III was tested by independent t-test which resulted that draft III is effective. Draft III developed into a final product which was then disseminated at the disseminate stage with the delivery of products to teachers, training of teachers, and publications in national journals.

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Anderson, G. ,Brooke, and Dirk Eddelbuettel. "Hosting Data Packages via drat: A Case Study with Hurricane Exposure Data." R Journal 9, no. 1 (2017): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.32614/rj-2017-026.

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Liang, J. H., G. M. Nielsen, D. P. Lies, R. H. Burris, G. P. Roberts, and P. W. Ludden. "Mutations in the draT and draG genes of Rhodospirillum rubrum result in loss of regulation of nitrogenase by reversible ADP-ribosylation." Journal of Bacteriology 173, no. 21 (1991): 6903–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.173.21.6903-6909.1991.

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Wong Monge, Anayansi, and Alejandra María Rojas González. "Análisis de la calidad de aguas de vertido en el Distrito de Riego Arenal-Tempisque (DRAT)." Revista Ingeniería 31, no. 2 (April 8, 2021): 57–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/ri.v31i2.44123.

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El Distrito de Riego Arenal-Tempisque (DRAT) es la dependencia gubernamental que regula la distribución del agua de riego en las fincas agrícolas de la provincia de Guanacaste. El DRAT monitorea semestralmente la calidad del agua de vertido utilizada en irrigación, a través de reportes operacionales. Sin embargo, no es una práctica común en distritos de riego realizar estudios donde se analice el comportamiento de los parámetros medidos en el tiempo. Este estudio desarrolló una evaluación multivariada y geoestadística a partir de la caracterización de dos variables microbiológicas y veinte parámetros físico-químicos de la calidad del agua con respecto a componentes espaciales como: localización, área y distancia. Además, se realizó un análisis de estadística descriptiva para doce puntos de muestreo evaluados en un período de diez años (2008-2018). Se aplicó un análisis de componentes principales (ACP), donde los autovectores no mostraron diferencias apreciables para visualizar el peso de las variables de forma independiente. No obstante, el análisis permitió agrupar los parámetros que explican el comportamiento dentro del sistema estudiado como: la concentración de sales (CP1); las sustancias activas al azul de metileno y el contenido de nitratos totales (CP2); y la dinámica biológica (CP3); que se pueden relacionar con prácticas agrícolas. Adicionalmente, se llevó a cabo un análisis de conglomerados jerárquicos para los lugares en estudio y una regresión de mínimos cuadrados parciales (PLS2) con respecto a las variables geoestadísticas, obteniéndose que para ambas pruebas los resultados fueron concordantes con el ACP.

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Pawlowski, Alice, Kai-Uwe Riedel, Werner Klipp, Petra Dreiskemper, Silke Groß, Holger Bierhoff, Thomas Drepper, and Bernd Masepohl. "Yeast Two-Hybrid Studies on Interaction of Proteins Involved in Regulation of Nitrogen Fixation in the Phototrophic Bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus." Journal of Bacteriology 185, no. 17 (September 1, 2003): 5240–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.185.17.5240-5247.2003.

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ABSTRACT Rhodobacter capsulatus contains two PII-like proteins, GlnB and GlnK, which play central roles in controlling the synthesis and activity of nitrogenase in response to ammonium availability. Here we used the yeast two-hybrid system to probe interactions between these PII-like proteins and proteins known to be involved in regulating nitrogen fixation. Analysis of defined protein pairs demonstrated the following interactions: GlnB-NtrB, GlnB-NifA1, GlnB-NifA2, GlnB-DraT, GlnK-NifA1, GlnK-NifA2, and GlnK-DraT. These results corroborate earlier genetic data and in addition show that PII-dependent ammonium regulation of nitrogen fixation in R. capsulatus does not require additional proteins, like NifL in Klebsiella pneumoniae. In addition, we found interactions for the protein pairs GlnB-GlnB, GlnB-GlnK, NifA1-NifA1, NifA2-NifA2, and NifA1-NifA2, suggesting that fine tuning of the nitrogen fixation process in R. capsulatus may involve the formation of GlnB-GlnK heterotrimers as well as NifA1-NifA2 heterodimers. In order to identify new proteins that interact with GlnB and GlnK, we constructed an R. capsulatus genomic library for use in yeast two-hybrid studies. Screening of this library identified the ATP-dependent helicase PcrA as a new putative protein that interacts with GlnB and the Ras-like protein Era as a new protein that interacts with GlnK.

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Huergo, Luciano F., Mike Merrick, Rose A. Monteiro, Leda S. Chubatsu, Maria B. R. Steffens, Fábio O. Pedrosa, and Emanuel M. Souza. "In VitroInteractions between the PIIProteins and the Nitrogenase Regulatory Enzymes Dinitrogenase Reductase ADP-ribosyltransferase (DraT) and Dinitrogenase Reductase-activating Glycohydrolase (DraG) inAzospirillum brasilense." Journal of Biological Chemistry 284, no. 11 (January 8, 2009): 6674–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m807378200.

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Huergo, Luciano F., Emanuel M. Souza, Maria B. R. Steffens, M. Geoffrey Yates, F�bio O. Pedrosa, and Leda S. Chubatsu. "Effects of over-expression of the regulatory enzymes DraT and DraG on the ammonium-dependent post-translational regulation of nitrogenase reductase in Azospirillum brasilense." Archives of Microbiology 183, no. 3 (February 19, 2005): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00203-005-0763-z.

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Ariyad, Fikri, and Ali Masyhar. "Abortion by Rape Victim: A Dilemma in the Drat of Penal Code and Indonesian Health Law." Journal of Law and Legal Reform 1, no. 4 (July 31, 2020): 631–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v1i4.39659.

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In this present time, the debate about abortion in Indonesia is increasingly crowded. Abortion is also carried out by women - victims of rape to reduce the burden they suffered. The regulation on abortion in Indonesia has been regulated in the statutory regulations, namely the Criminal Code, especially in Article 346, Article 347, Article 348, and Article 349. In the RKUHP (Draft of Criminal Code), abortion regulation is regulated in two chapters namely, Chapter XIV Article 501 and Chapter XIX Articles 589, 590, 591, 592. In addition, the government has also issued several regulations governing abortion such as Government Regulation No. 61 of 2014 concerning Reproductive Health and also Law No. 36 of 2009 concerning health. However, the various regulations that exist between the Criminal Code, RKUHP, PP and the Act actually contradict to each other. There is no synchronization between the regulations regarding abortion by women rape victims. The KUHP and RKUHP clearly do not allow abortion in Indonesia and do not legalize it without any exception, including abortion carried out by women victims of rape. Whereas in Law Number 36 of 2009 concerning health, abortion can be carried out on an indication of medical emergencies and pregnancy due to rape that causes psychological trauma, so abortionists cannot be prosecuted as criminal.

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Binks, S., and P. Davies. "Case of the month: "Oh! Drat!--A case of transcutaneous superwarfarin poisoning and its recurrent presentation"." Emergency Medicine Journal 24, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 307–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emj.2006.044925.

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Prayitno, Gunarwan, and Estu Sinduningrum. "Proses Pembuatan Selongsong Tabung Pelindung Detector Geiger Muller Tipe Side Window." Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknoka 3 (December 22, 2018): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22236/teknoka.v3i0.2823.

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Pembuatan pelindung detector Geiger Muller salah satunya untuk melindung detector tersebut dari benturan benda keras saat digunakan. Pada waktu penguunaaan umumnya detector diletakan terdepan dalam sistim rangkaian deteksi.untuk mendapatkan hasil cahan maksimum, oleh karena itu setiap detector harus dilindungi oleh suatu bahan yang tahan benturan benda keras, tetapi tidak mengurangi jumlah cacahan detektor. Batangan aluminium solid dibubut hingga menyerupai tabung, salah satu bagian ujung dibuat drat atau ulir, dudipersiapkan untuk penutup . sehingga seluruh bagian detector tertutup oleh aluminium, dipilih bahan pelindung yang tidak bersifat penyerap radiasi atau (absorber). Pada pembuatan ini dipilih suatu bahan tipe Alumunium solid, dengan alasan mudah didapat dipasaran dengan harga terjangkau. Pembuatan selongsong tabung detector merupakan penyempurnaan dan penyelesaian tahap akhir pembuatan detector Geiger Muller tipe side window.

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Roberts, David M., Pietà G. Schofield, Suzanne Donn, and Tim J. Daniell. "Directed terminal restriction analysis tool (DRAT): an aid to enzyme selection for directed terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphisms." Methods in Ecology and Evolution 3, no. 1 (July 29, 2011): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210x.2011.00139.x.

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Piątek, Rafał, Beata Zalewska, Olga Kolaj, Michał Ferens, Bogdan Nowicki, and Józef Kur. "Molecular Aspects of Biogenesis of Escherichia coli Dr Fimbriae: Characterization of DraB-DraE Complexes." Infection and Immunity 73, no. 1 (January 2005): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.73.1.135-145.2005.

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ABSTRACT The Dr hemagglutinin of uropathogenic Escherichia coli is a fimbrial homopolymer of DraE subunits encoded by the dra operon. The dra operon includes the draB and draC genes, whose products exhibit homology to chaperone-usher proteins involved in the biogenesis of surface-located polymeric structures. DraB is one of the periplasmic proteins belonging to the superfamily of PapD-like chaperones. It possesses two conserved cysteine residues characteristic of the FGL subfamily of Caf1M-like chaperones. In this study we obtained evidence that DraB cysteines form a disulfide bond in a mature chaperone and have the crucial function of forming the DraB-DraE binary complex. Expression experiments showed that the DraB protein is indispensable in the folding of the DraE subunit to a form capable of polymerization. Accumulation of DraB-DraEn oligomers, composed of head-to-tail subunits and the chaperone DraB, was observed in the periplasm of a recombinant E. coli strain which expressed DraB and DraE (but not DraC). To investigate the donor strand exchange mechanism during the formation of DraE oligomers, we constructed a series of DraE N-terminal deletion mutants. Deletion of the first three N-terminal residues of a potential donor strand resulted in a DraE protein lacking an oligomerization function. In vitro data showed that the DraE disulfide bond was not needed to form a binary complex with the DraB chaperone but was essential in the polymerization process. Our data suggest that assembly of Dr fimbriae requires a chaperone-usher pathway and the donor strand exchange mechanism.

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Grussenmeyer, William. "Draw and drag." ACM SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing, no. 111 (January 29, 2015): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2809904.2809907.

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Butler, Karen L., and Sheila L. Kelly. "Diabetes Risk Assessment Tool (DRAT): A Tool for the Identification of Non-traditional Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes." Canadian Journal of Diabetes 32, no. 4 (January 2008): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1499-2671(08)24235-8.

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Zhang, Yaoping, Kitai Kim, Paul W. Ludden, and Gary P. Roberts. "Isolation and characterization of draT mutants that have altered regulatory properties of dinitrogenase reductase ADP-ribosyltransferase in Rhodospirillum rubrum." Microbiology 147, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-147-1-193.

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ŁOPUSZAŃSKA, JULILA. "ZRÓŻNICOWANIE NARCYZMU I MAKIAWELIZMU U OSÓB UZDOLNIONYCH PLASTYCZNIE I OSÓB O UZDOLNIENIACH PRZECIĘTNYCH." Studia Psychologica 16, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/sp.2016.16.02.05.

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Narcyzm i makiawelizm to dwie z trzech składowych Ciemnej Triady Osobowości, opisanej po raz pierwszy przez Paulhusa i Williamsa. Konstrukt ten charakteryzuje się wysokim nasileniem pewnych cech, m.in. egoizmem i tendencją do manipulowania innymi ludźmi. Przeprowadzone badania miały na celu udzielenie odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy osoby uzdolnione plastycznie różnią się od osób o przeciętnych uzdolnieniach pod względem nasilenia cech narcystycznych i makiawelistycznych.W badaniach wzięło udział 141 osób. Spośród nich 74 były studentami Akademii Sztuk Pięknych, 67 było studentami innych uczelni, niezwiązanych z dziedzinami artystycznymi. Badania przeprowadzono, wykorzystując Kwestionariusz Narcyzmu NPI Ruskina i Halla w polskiej adaptacji Bazińskiej i Drat-Ruszczak oraz skalę Mach IV Christiego i Geis, badającą postawę makiawelistyczną.Uzyskane wyniki pokazują, iż uzdolnienia plastyczne są czynnikiem istotnie różnicującym poziom badanych cech. Osoby uzdolnione plastycznie charakteryzują się wyższym poziomem makiawelizmu oraz narcyzmu w pewnym zakresie w porównaniu do osób o uzdolnieniach przeciętnych. Ponadto wyniki pokazały, iż znaczenie ma nie tylko fakt posiadania uzdolnień, lecz także przekonanie o własnym artyzmie.

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Arias Araya, María Fernanda. "Bioindicadores de contaminación en aguas residuales de sistemas agropecuarios en el Distrito de Riego Arenal Tempisque, Guanacaste, Costa Rica." Oriolus 1, no. 1 (July 16, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47633/oriolus.v1i1.269.

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Los canales de drenaje son una característica prominente de muchas áreas agrícolas de manejo intensivo. Estos pequeños cuerpos de agua poco profundos albergan comunidades de macroinvertebrados, que se asemeja a pequeños ecosistemas lénticos naturales. En este estudio se realizó una evaluación de la comunidad de macroinvertebrados en cuatro drenajes principales (Falconiana, Tamarindo, Bagatzí y La Guaria) y dos secundarios (Lomas y Paso Hondo) del Distrito de Riego Arenal-Tempisque (DRAT) ubicado en la provincia de Guanacaste. Los macroinvertebrados fueron recolectados utilizando el método de sustratos artificiales, los cuales fueron colonizados por los organismos durante los meses de marzo, abril, junio, julio, agosto y noviembre de 2018. Los canales con mayor abundancia de macroinvertebrados fueron Tamarindo, Bagatzí y Falconiana, mayor riqueza Falconiana y La Guaria. Según el Índice BMWP-CR los canales de drenaje presentan aguas de calidad muy mala, extremadamente contaminadas, aguas de calidad mala, muy contaminadas; yaguas de calidad mala, contaminadas.

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Zhu, Yu, Mary C. Conrad, Yaoping Zhang, and Gary P. Roberts. "Identification of Rhodospirillum rubrum GlnB Variants That Are Altered in Their Ability To Interact with Different Targets in Response to Nitrogen Status Signals." Journal of Bacteriology 188, no. 5 (March 1, 2006): 1866–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.188.5.1866-1874.2006.

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ABSTRACT In Rhodospirillum rubrum, NifA, the transcriptional activator for the nif genes, is posttranslationally activated only by the uridylylated form of GlnB, one of three PII homologs in the organism. We have used the yeast two-hybrid system to detect variants of GlnB that interact better with NifA than does wild-type GlnB. When examined for physiological effects in R. rubrum, these GlnB* variants activated NifA in the presence of NH4 +, which normally blocks NifA activation completely, and in the absence of GlnD, whose uridylylation of GlnB is also normally essential for NifA activation. When these variants were tested in the two-hybrid system for their interaction with NtrB, a receptor that should interact with the nonuridylylated form of GlnB, they were uniformly weaker than wild-type GlnB in that interaction. When expressed in R. rubrum either as single-copy integrants or on multiple-copy plasmids, these variants were also dramatically altered in terms of their ability to regulate several other receptors involved in nitrogen metabolism, including GlnE, NtrB/NtrC, and DRAT (dinitrogenase reductase ADP-ribosyl transferase)-DRAG (dinitrogenase reductase-activating glycohydrolase). The consistent pattern throughout is that these GlnB variants partially mimic the uridylylated form of wild-type GlnB, even under nitrogen-excess conditions and in strains lacking GlnD. The results suggest that the role of uridylylation of GlnB is primarily to shift the equilibrium of GlnB from a “nitrogen-sufficient” form to a “nitrogen-deficient” form, each of which interacts with different but overlapping receptor proteins in the cell. These GlnB variants apparently shift that equilibrium through direct structural changes.

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Asman, Aulia Rizky, and Endang Pudji Widjajati. "ANALISIS KEBIJAKAN PERAWATAN MESIN SECARA CORRECTIVE DAN PREVENTIVE DENGAN METODE RCM DI CV XYZ." JUMINTEN 2, no. 3 (May 31, 2021): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33005/juminten.v2i3.283.

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PT XYZ Merupakan pabrikan yang memproduksi segala jenis tiang yang berbahan plat ataupun pipa, Tiang PJU, Tiang PLTS, Tiang APIL, Tiang Highmast,Tiang CCTV,Tiang Decorative,Tiang Taman, dan beragam jenis tiang lainnya. CV Rahayu Sentosa juga memproduksi Guard Rail dan kelengkapannya, Panel Box, dan lain-lainnya. Permasalahan yang ada di perusahaan ini adalah, perusahaan selama ini melakukan sistem perawatan mesin hanya menggunakan metode Breakdown Maintenance. Metode ini hanya akan dilakukan ketika suatu mesin mendapatkan kegagalan fungsi dalam aktivitas produksinya atau lebih tepatnya mengalami kerusakan pada komponennya. Dari beberapa kasus didapatkan kerusakan-kerusakan pada mesin produksi yang terjadi di perusahaan yang mengakibatkan adanya downtime.Permaslahan utama perusahaan yaitu ada pada mesin syntric TKG, yang mana setiap adanya kerusakan terjadi perusahaan selalu menggunakan sistem corrective maintenance yang membuat downtime dan mengakibatkan terhambatnya aktivitas produksi.Dalam Penelitian ini digunakan metode Reliability Centered Maintenance dengan analisa kualitatif terdiri dari FMEA( Failure Mode And Effect Analyze) dan RCM Decision Worksheet. Hasil Penelitian diperoleh bahwa Berdasarkan dari data frekuensi kerusakan ditemukan komponen yang mempunyai frekuensi kerusakan terbanyak adalah V-Belt, Bearing, Spring, Flywheel, Drat, Hidrolis.

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Sójka-Zielińska, Katarzyna. "Stulecie Kodeksu cywilnego szwajcarskiego." Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne 64, no. 2 (October 31, 2018): 27–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/cph.2012.64.2.02.

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The Swiss Civil Code (Schweizerisches Zivilgesetzbuch – ZGB) came into being on 1 January 1912 culminating the series of so called great civil codifications of continental Europe. The vast experience in the codification work within the Roman legal culture allowed the editors of the ZGB, and its author, Eugen Huber in particular, to create a truly original work that perfectly combined long legal traditions of individual Swiss cantons with the requirements of contemporary expectations, the ideas of individualism with those of social solidarity, the liberal slogans with the policy of interventionism, and the letter of law with the principles of equity and the canons of ethics. The staring point for the Swiss Civil Code was a draft authored by W. Munziger, which referred to the Zurich Code Civil, the German commercial code, the Austrian ABGB of 1861 and the Dresdener law of obligations of 1866. Another important stage was the initiative of the Swiss Juristenverein which in 1884 proposed a comparative study of all cantonal private law systems. The results of that study were to serve as a basis for the future nationwide unification of the legal system. Between 1893 and 1898 Eugen Huber developed three preliminary drafts, covering family law, succession law and rights in property. In 1900 they were published as a government project and put forward for a public discussion carried out by a 31-member expert group, with wide participation of individual citizens and interest groups. Eventually, on 10 December, the project was unanimously adopted as Schweizerisches Zivilgesetzbuch, Codice civile svizzero (ZGB) to come into force and be binding as of 1 January 1912. Among the many states drat drew on the Swiss Civil Code when drafting their own codes were Lichtenstein, Austria, Hungary, Greece, Italy and Turkey. In the latter, the ZGB was adopted as part of the reforms under Kamal Atatürk. The Swiss codification was highly valued by the civil lawyers in the Second Polish Republic.

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Berecz, Patrícia. "Present situation and future prospects for Hungarian fruit and vegetable sector." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 29 (July 28, 2008): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/29/2966.

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Changes in people’s lifestyles and the emergence of nutritional science have created favorable opportunities for a boom in fruit and vegetable consumption, which have been fully exploited by the adaptive fruit producer and exporter countries. Unfortunately, Hungary is not one of these countries. Affected by a number of uncertainty factors, the Hungarian fruit and vegetable sector has fallen behind international trends, seeking opportunities for survival (Erdész, 2007).The impacts of the country’s accession to the EU have been more adverse than expected. While no administrative measures are used to control production and the increasing competition and import have put Hungarian producers to a loosing position. The cooperation producers, the well-organized work of professionals and the coordinated activity of producers marketing organizations may resolved some of the problems affecting the sector.The fruit and vegetable sector can also anticipate significant changes during the new seven-years budget period of the CAP reform.With the new drat reform of the sector, the European Commission intends to simplify the common organization of the fruit and vegetable market, improve competitiveness, increase market orientation, promote fruit and vegetable consumption and to continue the environmental efforts.Hungary has had great expectations concerning the reform of market regulation, but the Commission proposal didn’t bear out the expectations, because the new proposal includes insignificant changes in important issues and fails to provide sufficient additional resources for the catching up of he new member states.

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41

Lubecka-Stawowska, Paulina. "Narcissism in musicians. The level of narcissism in students of the Instrumental Faculty and the Faculty of Vocal and Acting Performance of the Academy of Music in Łódź." Konteksty Kształcenia Muzycznego 6, no. 1 (10) (June 30, 2020): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.2352.

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An artist is a person who adds color to reality and changes it through their activity. They want their works of art to be noticed and admired. Narcissistic personality qualities occurring in musicians can not only contribute to the development of musical skills but also facilitate the development of a musical career. Narcissistic features are more frequently attributed to the Vocal Faculty students than to those from the Instrumental Faculty. The key issue of the research described in the article was a search for differences in the intensity and structure of narcissism in musicians of the two aforementioned specializations. The aim was to examine intensity of this particular personality trait in the surveyed musicians and to study importance of narcissism for planning and developing an artistic career. The research procedure involved completing the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) questionnaire by Raskin and Hall, in the Polish adaptation by Bazińska and Drat-Ruszczak, and the Hope for Success Questionnaire by Snyder, edited by Łaguna, Trzebiński and Zięba. The research subjects comprised regular students of 1st-cycle and 2nd-cycle study programs. In total, the research covered 121 people studying at the Academy of Music in Łódź. The origins of the phenomenon of narcissism was described as well as the development of the concept till contemporary times and hope for success were examined in the surveyed students of various specializations. Correlations between narcissism and the above-mentioned variables were explored and positive aspects of the phenomenon occurring in the group of musicians were enumerated.

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Gao, Mingyu, Christina Delimitrou, Dimin Niu, Krishna T. Malladi, Hongzhong Zheng, Bob Brennan, and Christos Kozyrakis. "DRAF: A Low-Power DRAM-Based Reconfigurable Acceleration Fabric." IEEE Micro 37, no. 3 (2017): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mm.2017.50.

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43

Stokstad, E. "PESTICIDE TESTING: EPA Draft Rules for Human Subjects Draw Fire." Science 309, no. 5732 (July 8, 2005): 232b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.309.5732.232b.

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Kuester, Theres, and Daniel Spengler. "Structural and Spectral Analysis of Cereal Canopy Reflectance and Reflectance Anisotropy." Remote Sensing 10, no. 11 (November 8, 2018): 1767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10111767.

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The monitoring of agricultural areas is one of the most important topics for remote sensing data analysis, especially to assist food security in the future. To improve the quality and quantify uncertainties, it is of high relevance to understand the spectral reflectivity regarding the structural and spectral properties of the canopy. The importance of understanding the influence of plant and canopy structure is well established, but, due to the difficulty of acquiring reflectance data from numerous differently structured canopies, there is still a need to study the structural and spectral dependencies affecting top-of-canopy reflectance and reflectance anisotropy. This paper presents a detailed study dealing with two fundamental issues: (1) the influence of plant and canopy architecture changes due to crop phenology on nadir acquired cereal top-of-canopy reflectance, and (2) the anisotropic reflectance of cereal top-of-canopy reflectance and its inter-annual variations as affected by varying contents of biochemical constituents and changes on canopy structure across green phenological stages between tillering and inflorescence emergence. All of the investigations are based on HySimCaR, a computer-based approach using 3D canopy models and Monte Carlo ray tracing (drat). The achieved results show that the canopy architecture significantly influences top-of-canopy reflectance and the bidirectional reflectance function (BRDF) in the VNIR (visible and near infrared), and SWIR (shortwave infrared) wavelength ranges. In summary, it can be said that the larger the fraction of the radiation reflected by the plants, the stronger is the influence of the canopy structure on the reflectance signal. A significant finding for the anisotropic reflectance is that the relative row orientation of the cereal canopies is mapped in the 3D-shape of the BRDF. Summarised, this study provides fundamental knowledge for improving the retrieval of biophysical vegetation parameters of agricultural areas for current and upcoming sensors with large FOV (field of view) with respect to the quantification of uncertainties.

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Millet, Grégoire, J. C. Chatard, and D. CHOLLET. "Effects of kicking, performance and drag during draft swimming in elite triathletes." Les Cahiers de l'INSEP 24, no. 1 (1999): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/insep.1999.2115.

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Defina, Defina, Yumna Rasyid, and Sakura Ridwan. "ASSESSMENT OF STUDENTS ON BIPA TEACHING MATERIALS SPECIAL MATERIALS OF AGRICULTURE." LITERA 18, no. 1 (April 29, 2019): 150–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/ltr.v18i1.15613.

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ASSESSMENT OF STUDENTS ON BIPA TEACHING MATERIALS SPECIAL MATERIALS OF AGRICULTURE Defina1), Yumna Rasyid2), Sakura Ridwan2)Institut Pertanian Bogor1) dan Universitas Negeri Jakarta2)email: defina@ipb.ac.id Abstract Every teaching and learning process needs to be evaluated. One aspect that is evaluated is teaching material that is prepared and used by the teacher. Evaluation of teaching material can be done by asking for an assessment of students (students) as users of the material. This study aims to describe the results of student evaluations of integrative and content-based Indonesian language teaching material models for specific purposes of agriculture for foreign speakers. This research is evaluative research. The evaluation used in learning is program evaluation and not learning outcomes. Respondents were 14 students of BIPA IPB Developing Country Partnership Program (KNB). Data analysis based on the feasibility evaluation category with three criteria, namely discarded, maintained with revision, and maintained. The results of the study are as follows. First, the results of student evaluations are subject to the draft teaching material in the high category, with details: draft one 4.0 (high); second draft 4.3 (high); and third draft 4.5 (very high). Secondly, the input submitted, namely the need to add a variety of listening tasks (draft first), variations in the overall form of the task (second draft), perfecting the task of listening, reading, and layout (third draft). Keywords: assessment, users, teaching materials BIPA, agriculture PENILAIAN MAHASISWA TERHADAP BAHAN AJAR BIPA MATERI KHUSUS PERTANIAN AbstrakSetiap proses belajar mengajar perlu dievaluasi. Salah satu aspek yang dievaluasi adalah materi ajar yang disusun dan digunakan oleh guru. Evaluasi materi ajar dapat dilakukan dengan meminta penilaian pemelajar (mahasiswa) sebagai pengguna dari materi tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan hasil penilaian mahasiswa terhadap model materi ajar bahasa Indonesia integratif dan berbasis isi untuk tujuan khusus pertanian bagi penutur asing. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian evaluatif. Evaluatif yang digunakan dalam pembelajaran adalah evaluasi program dan bukan penilaian hasil belajar. Responden adalah 14 orang mahasiswa BIPA IPB Program Kemitraan Negara Berkembang (KNB). Analisis data berdasarkan kategori evaluasi kelayakan dengan tiga kriteria, yakni dibuang, dipertahankan dengan revisi, dan dipertahankan. Hasil penelitian sebagai berikut. Pertama, hasil penilaian mahasiswa terdadap draf materi ajar pada kategori tinggi, dengan rincian: draf satu 4,0 (tinggi); draf kedua 4,3 (tinggi); dan draf ketiga 4,5 (sangat tinggi). Kedua, masukan yang disampaikan, yaitu perlu ditambahkan variasi tugas menyimak (draf kesatu), variasi bentuk tugas secara keseluruhan (draf kedua), menyempurnakan tugas menyimak, membaca, dan tata letak (draf ketiga). Kata kunci: penilaian, pengguna, materi ajar BIPA, bidang pertanian

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BRANDWOOD, A. "Mechanical Properties and Factors of Safety of Spider Drag-lines." Journal of Experimental Biology 116, no. 1 (May 1, 1985): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.116.1.141.

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Experiments were carried out to determine the strain energy capacity and breaking strain of spider drag-line silk. These properties are discussed in terms of a mathematical model of a spider falling on a drag-line. It was found that the strain energy capacity of the drag-line was in sufficient to absorb the potential energy lost by a falling spider and that in order to avoid failure of the drag-line the spider dissipates energy by other means, particularly by using itsinertia to draw drag-line silk from its spinnerets.

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SAMSON, KURT. "School Sport Concussions Draw National Attention as More States Draft Return-to-Play Laws." Neurology Today 10, no. 5 (March 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nt.0000369542.29084.37.

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Budish, Eric, and Estelle Cantillon. "The Multi-unit Assignment Problem: Theory and Evidence from Course Allocation at Harvard." American Economic Review 102, no. 5 (August 1, 2012): 2237–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.5.2237.

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We use theory and field data to study the draft mechanism used to allocate courses at Harvard Business School. We show that the draft is manipulable in theory, manipulated in practice, and that these manipulations cause significant welfare loss. Nevertheless, we find that welfare is higher than under its widely studied strategyproof alternative. We identify a new link between fairness and welfare that explains why the draft performs well despite the costs of strategic behavior, and then design a new draft that reduces these costs. We draw several broader lessons for market design, regarding Pareto efficiency, fairness, and strategyproofness. (JEL D63, D82, I23)

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Korotkova, Natalia, Yuliya Yarova-Yarovaya, Veronika Tchesnokova, Nina Yazvenko, Mike A. Carl, Ann E. Stapleton, and Steve L. Moseley. "Escherichia coli DraE Adhesin-Associated Bacterial Internalization by Epithelial Cells Is Promoted Independently by Decay-Accelerating Factor and Carcinoembryonic Antigen-Related Cell Adhesion Molecule Binding and Does Not Require the DraD Invasin." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 9 (June 16, 2008): 3869–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00427-08.

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ABSTRACT The Dr family of Escherichia coli adhesins are virulence factors associated with diarrhea and urinary tract infections. Dr fimbriae are comprised of two subunits. DraE/AfaE represents the major structural, antigenic, and adhesive subunit, which recognizes decay-accelerating factor (DAF) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-related cell adhesion molecules (CEACAMs) CEA, CEACAM1, CEACAM3, and CEACAM6 as binding receptors. The DraD/AfaD subunit caps fimbriae and has been implicated in the entry of Dr-fimbriated E. coli into host cells. In this study, we demonstrate that DAF or CEACAM receptors independently promote DraE-mediated internalization of E. coli by CHO cell transfectants expressing these receptors. We also found that DraE-positive recombinant bacteria adhere to and are internalized by primary human bladder epithelial cells which express DAF and CEACAMs. DraE-mediated bacterial internalization by bladder cells was inhibited by agents which disrupt lipid rafts, microtubules, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activity. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopic examination of epithelial cells detected considerable recruitment of caveolin, β1 integrin, phosphorylated ezrin, phosphorylated PI3K, and tubulin, but not F-actin, by cell-associated bacteria. Finally, we demonstrate that the DraD subunit, previously implicated as an “invasin,” is not required for β1 integrin recruitment or bacterial internalization.

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Journal articles on the topic 'DRAT'

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